Gotowa bibliografia na temat „LPG incineration”

The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder incineration test is an important part of the cylinder periodic inspection to clean up the residual gas and ensure the safety of subsequent inspection items. However, the cylinder needs to be incinerated several times due to the uneven temperature distribution of the cylinder, leading to low incineration efficiency and waste of energy. In this study, a cylinder incineration test is experimentally investigated and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is established to analyze the influence of incinerator structure parameters and cylinder types on the temperature uniformity of the cylinder. The results show that the temperature distribution of the middle surface of the cylinder is most uneven. With the increase of the burner nozzle diameter and the incinerator diameter, the standard deviation of temperature decreases at first and then increases, and the minimum is reached at 150 mm and 530 mm, respectively. The optimized design is found to have a better temperature uniformity of the cylinder with the burner nozzle angle of 0?. The optimal incinerator diameter for different types of LPG cylinders is different and decreases as the cylinder diameter decreases.

This paper presents the stages of development and construction of a prototype of a shell and tube heat recovery for reuse heat energy of the products generated by combustion of hazardous waste incinerator class I. The performance and energy recovered by this system were calculated. It was transported the values found for a typical plant for the incineration of 1,000 kg h-1. Thus, to preheat the combustion air and drying the waste was obtained a reduction in the consumption of LPG 46 and 45%, respectively. Considering the complexity of the process, it was found that the preheating system is simpler and can be deployed in a shorter time and lower cost when compared to a drying residue.

District heating systems (DHSs) which utilize excess heat play an important role in energy infrastructure in many European countries. In contrast to Europe, the DHS is not common and excess heat is not reused effectively in Japan. Almost all the DHSs in Japan were designed as first-generation district heating (1GDH) systems or 2GDH systems. No 4GDH systems have been introduced in Japan. The present study designs a 4GDH system utilizing excess heat from a wide area of Northern Japan and evaluates its feasibility. First, available heat amounts from two excess heat resources were calculated: waste incineration plants and thermal power plants. Second, heat demand from both residential and commercial sectors was estimated using a 1 km mesh, and a heat load curve was created for each mesh based on load curve data. Third, the DHS was designed with excess heat plants as a supply-side heat resource, and spatial information of the demand side made use of the geographical information system (GIS). Further analysis was conducted on selected DHSs in three cities in order to evaluate those systems’ feasibility based on energy efficiency, CO2 emissions, and economic aspects. The result shows that 70.5 PJ of heat can be supplied by DHS in Northern Japan, replacing imported fossil fuels such as petroleum and LPG with regional excess heat. The designed DHS could supply heat with equivalent costs compared to European countries.

To control the secondary atmosphere pollution produced by exhaust gas in process of garbage incineration, the paper presented a sort of intelligence fusion control strategy in city garbage incineration. In the paper, aimed at the running properties of garbage incinerator and combined the mechanism of garbage combustion and contamination generation, it studied the characteristic of controlled combustion process, proposed a sort of fusion control strategy based on human simulated intelligence for controlled process, constructed the corresponding control algorithm. Finally it took a two order model of combustion process with large lag as an example that is very nearly similar to controlled process characteristic of garbage incineration, and made the contrast experiment of digital simulation respectively by the Smith optimal controller and the presented fusion control algorithm by means of the platform of MATLAB. The response curve of simulation shows that the fusion control algorithm is better than by Smith optimal controller in control effect of anti-jamming performance and control index obviously. The experiment results show that the proposed fusion control strategy is reasonable, feasible and effective for secondary pollution control, and it is high in control precision, better in dynamical and steady quality, and very strong in robustness.

This study assessed the energy potential, economic feasibility, and environmental performance of landfill gas (LFG) recovery, incineration, and anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies for Phnom Penh municipality in Cambodia, from 2023 to 2042. The economic analysis utilized the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), payback period (PBP), and net present value (NPV) to evaluate the feasibility of each technology. Additionally, environmental performance was assessed following the IPCC 2006 guidelines. The results indicate that incineration produced the highest energy output, ranging from 793.13 to 1625.81 GWh/year, while the LFG and AD technologies yielded equivalent amounts of 115.44–271.81 GWh/year and 162.59–333.29 GWh/year, respectively. The economic analysis revealed an average LCOE of 0.070 USD/kWh for LFG, 0.053 USD/kWh for incineration, and 0.093 USD/kWh for AD. Incineration and LFG recovery were found to be economically feasible, with positive NPVs and a potential for profit within 8.36 years for incineration and 7.13 years for LFG. In contrast, AD technology had a negative NPV and required over 20 years to generate a return on investment. However, AD was the most promising technology regarding environmental performance, saving approximately 133,784 tCO2-eq/year. This study provides valuable technical information for policymakers, development partners, and potential investors to use in order to optimize waste-to-energy investment in Cambodia.

A feasibility study on the use of a thermal plasma process for the destruction of HFC-23 is carried out in comparison with an incineration process. The material and energy balances for both processes are calculated using the commercial simulator, Pro/II (ver. 8.0). Based on the computational analysis, the volume of the plasma process and NOx and CO2 emissions in the plasma process are 25, 10 and 40% of those in the incineration process, respectively. Therefore, more compact units can be employed in the plasma process. However, the operating cost of the plasma process would be higher than that of the incineration process using LNG as a fuel.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) play an essential role, emphasizing responsible resource use, production, and consumption, including waste management. In addition, SDG 3, 7, 11, 12, and 13 are directly/indirectly related to waste management. This study aims to determine a suitable waste-to-energy (WtE) technology in Chittagong City, Bangladesh, focusing on cleaner technology. Anaerobic digestion, gasification, incineration, and landfill gas (LFG) recovery were considered as possible alternatives. Technical, economic, environmental, and social issues have been considered as necessary criteria for evaluation. An analytical hierarchy process was applied to rank these technologies based on stakeholders’ perceptions. The study found that anaerobic digestion (AD) ranked first, receiving 38% of overall weight. The second preferred technology is LFG (27%). Gasification and incineration stood at third and fourth, respectively (21% and 14%). According to a sensitivity study, the decision is only sensitive to the economy. LFG will become the most favoured solution for WtE conversion if the economy prioritizes more than 38%. Subsequently, this study’s findings will help achieve Bangladesh’s SDG agenda.

Abstract Nowadays in many countries legislation places stringent limits on the dumping of untreated sludge as land fill. One option for handling sludge is incineration. However, log-soaking bottom sludge contains a remarkable amount of sand, which hinders its use as fuel. This gives rise to the need for an appropriate means for separating sand from sludge. A pilot apparatus for the separation of sand from log-soaking bottom sludge was designed. The pilot apparatus consisted of a drum washer and gravity settling. The water consumption of the process was very low. The separation of sand was remarkable and the resulting sludge could be used in grate firing boilers after drying.

Background Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a suitable process for treating high moisture MSW with biogas and biofertilizer production. However, the low stability of AD performance and low methane production results from high moisture MSW due to the fast acidify of carbohydrate fermentation. The effects of organic loading and incineration fly ash addition as a pH adjustment on methane production from high moisture MSW in the single-stage AD and two-stage AD processes were investigated. Results Suitable initial organic loading of the single-stage AD process was 17 gVS L−1 at incineration fly ash (IFA) addition of 0.5% with methane yield of 287 mL CH4 g−1 VS. Suitable initial organic loading of the two-stage AD process was 43 gVS L−1 at IFA addition of 1% with hydrogen and methane yield of 47.4 ml H2 g−1 VS and 363 mL CH4 g−1 VS, respectively. The highest hydrogen and methane production of 8.7 m3 H2 ton−1 of high moisture MSW and 66.6 m3 CH4 ton−1 of high moisture MSW was achieved at organic loading of 43 gVS L−1 at IFA addition of 1% by two-stage AD process. Biogas production by the two-stage AD process enabled 18.5% higher energy recovery than single-stage AD. The 1% addition of IFA into high moisture MSW was useful for controlling pH of the two-stage AD process with enhanced biogas production between 87–92% when compared to without IFA addition. Electricity production and energy recovery from MSW using the coupled incineration with biogas production by two-stage AD process were 9,874 MJ ton−1 MSW and 89%, respectively. Conclusions The two-stage AD process with IFA addition for pH adjustment could improve biogas production from high moisture MSW, as well as reduce lag phase and enhance biodegradability efficiency. The coupled incineration process with biogas production using the two-stage AD process was suitable for the management of MSW with low area requirement, low greenhouse gas emissions, and high energy recovery.

Commercially available disposable sanitary napkins are the most common method of menstrual hygiene management in most urban regions of India (van Eijk, 2016) (Mathiyalagen et al., 2017). It is estimated that in India a waste of 58,500 million sanitary napkins can be generated each year (Garg et al., 2012). A typical sanitary napkin consists of several layers made from cellulosic fibres, polypropylene fibres, superabsorbent polymer, etc. (Das & Pourdeyhimi, 2014). Due to non-biodegradability of certain materials, disposal of such napkins is a major environmental concern. Among other issues, soiled napkins contain human blood and endometrial tissue which attract stray dogs and other pests posing a threat to human and environmental safety. Such napkins can be completely destroyed through incineration leaving behind only incombustible ash. Institution-based commercially available incinerators have been gaining popularity in urban cities as it is a convenient and safe method of source destruction of soiled napkins. However, they can contribute to significant air pollution within the city limits and at present there are no emission standards in India for such incinerators. The present study investigates into the performance of two commercially available sanitary napkin incinerators (Incinerator-1 and Incinerator-2). The emphasis is on quantification of combustion efficiency and emissions, basically CO and CO2 to assess the quality of combustion. The emission values are used to evaluate the systems’ baseline performance under controlled conditions and compare the same with Indian (CPCB) standards for MSW incinerators (upper limit of 100 mg/m3 for CO when corrected to 11 % oxygen in the stack gas and minimum combustion efficiency of 99 %). From preliminary studies on Incinerator-1, it was determined that the average values of CO and CO2, emitted from combustion of one napkin were 465 mg/m3 and 0.19 % respectively (15,505 mg/m3 and 6.33 % when corrected to 11 % oxygen). In the case of Incinerator-2, the average values of CO and CO2 emitted from combustion of one napkin were 148 mg/m3 and 0.23 % respectively (3,432 mg/m3 and 5.35 % when corrected to 11 % oxygen). The combustion efficiencies did not exceed 84 % for Incinerator-1 and 95 % in the case of Incinerator-2. Further, parametric analysis was carried out to determine the role of parameters like batch size and combustion chamber temperature in the formation of product species. The evaluation clearly established the shortcomings in the combustion chambers to handle five-napkin batches and the need for quick heating to temperatures above 600 °C. In addition, the need for air supply directed in the primary combustion zone for reducing CO emissions was explored. Experimental studies were conducted by injecting atmospheric air at locations above and under the burning fuel bed to determine the effect of air flow rate on the product gas emissions. The results obtained are used to optimize the air flow rate and location within the chamber to achieve maximum air-fuel mixing to facilitate better quality combustion. The effect of air supply to the incinerator on the product gas emissions have been addressed. Through the improved design, the CPCB emission standards for MSW incinerators have been met in the case of incineration of a single napkin with resulting combustion efficiency over 99 %. The emissions of CO have been reduced to 48 mg/m3 (94 mg/m3 when corrected to 11 % oxygen). However, the systems still had certain shortcomings especially its inability to handle larger batch sizes. Based on the findings an alternate method of incineration using LPG was investigated and preliminary tests conducted with LPG shower promising results. The CO emissions for 1-napkin batches was reduced by over 90 % when compared to cold-start electric resistance incineration and by over 45 % compared to pre-heated condition. Additionally, combustion efficiencies of over 99 % were obtained in the case of 5-napkin batch size. There is scope to further optimize this LPG incineration with extensive investigations into various operational and design parameters like air supply rate, residence time and combustion chamber design.

The objectives of this paper are to develop a combined power generation cycle using refuse incineration and LNG cold energy, and to conduct parametric analysis to investigate the effects of key parameters on the thermal and exergy efficiencies. The combined cycle consists of an ammonia–water Rankine cycle with refuse incinerator and a LNG cold energy cycle with use of regasified LNG as the extra fuel in the incinerator. The combined cycle is compared with the conventional steam Rankine cycle.

The present work describes the state-of-the-art technology for a Sideway Faced Porous Radiant Burner (SFPRB) of 10–15 kW capacity, operated by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) applicable for industrial furnace and incinerator. The newly developed SFPRB is a two layer burner, consisting of a reaction zone and a preheat zone. The combustion zone is of reticulated SiC ceramic matrix of porosity 90%, diameter 120 mm and thickness 20 mm and the preheat zone is of Al2O3 ceramic having 463 through holes (diameter 1.5 mm), with 15 mm thickness and 120 mm diameter. The work presents the effect of geometrical parameters (length of mixing pipe and diameter of orifice) on the radial temperature distribution of burner surface. Experimentation has been done in 15 kW input power to study the behavior of air-fuel mixture entering the burner. Ultimately, it is focused for uniform temperature distribution on the burner surface with a suitable arrangement. The work also presents a detailed account of the temperature distribution along the two main burner axes and the emission measurements (CO and NOx) for the suitable SFPRB. Investigation was done for an input power range of 10–15 kW with an equivalence ratio of 0.5.

Plutonium is a significant proliferation concern as well as a major contributor to the long-term toxicity of nuclear waste. Partial incineration in PWRs with uranium-MOX fuel is often considered to mitigate these concerns. Thorium-MOX is an alternative fuel with superior material properties and higher plutonium destruction rates, as shown in multiple feasibility studies. However, the core performance and operational characteristics (e.g. discharge burn-up, feasibility of controlling the core) are ultimately dependent on the core loading pattern (LP) and burnable poison (BP) design. In this paper, the LP for Th-Pu fuel of various compositions is optimized for (1) discharge burn-up, (2) radial form factor (RFF), (3) cycle length, (4) moderator temperature coefficient (MTC), and (5) reactivity swing over cycle. Maximizing the cycle length makes the discharge burn-up and reactivity swing worse due to placement of once- and twice-burnt fuel near the core periphery. It also makes the MTC less negative. The harder neutron spectrum of Th-Pu fuel compared to conventional U fuel favours the use of distributed integral burnable poisons to control the reactivity swing over the cycle. This leads to a significant amount of dissimilarity between LPs with relatively similar performance measures, and between optimal LPs for different Pu loadings in the fuel. The RFF can vary throughout the cycle but a careful placement of the assemblies can mitigate this. The cycle reactivity swing is controlled using enriched soluble boron, which makes the MTC worse, and this constrains feasibility for high Pu loading in the fuel.

In December 2007 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took place in Bali. It was based on the IPCC report no. 4 presented in Barcelona on November 2007. The messages are briefly: • Warming of the climate system is unequivocal; • Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human activities have grown since pre-industrial times; • Continued GHG emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century; • Key mitigation technologies in the waste sector: Landfill Gas (LFG) methane recovery; waste incineration with energy recovery; composting of organic waste; controlled waste water treatment; recycling and waste minimisation; biocovers and biofilters to optimise methane oxidation. The above by the IPCC proposed mitigation technologies for the waste sector can be categorized regarding specific waste treatment scenarios and their efficiency expressed in kg CO2 equivalent emitted per ton of waste. • Landfill w/o LFG recovery 1850 kg CO2-eq; • Landfill with LFG recovery 250–775 kg CO2-eq; • Energy-from-Waste plant −1000..−100 kg CO2-eq. With a population of little over 300 million people and a per capita municipal waste generation rate of 760 kg/person.year, the total waste generated in the USA is about 230 million Mg/year (OECD). With the treatment scenarios discussed above, the following can be stated: • If all wastes were landfilled waste disposal would correspond to 425 million tons of CO2 equivalents. • If all wastes were incinerated in Energy-from-Waste (EfW) plants, the emissions could be reduced by about 500 million tons of CO2 equivalents (about 9% of today’s US CO2 output) and make the waste management sector a GHG emissions sink. • The total electricity generated from EfW plants could be as high as 15,000 MW replacing about 50 standard 300 MW power plant units. To an average US 4 person household about 3 t/year of municipal solid wastes can be allocated, corresponding to an annual difference between landfilling without LFG recovery and EfW treatment of about 6.9 Mg CO2-eq /year. If this household wanted to achieve the same reduction of CO2 equivalent emissions by other means than having these wastes burnt in a modern EfW plant, they have the following options: • Remove one automobile from use (EPA: 6.0 Mg CO2-eq /year); • Cut household electricity consumption by 80% (EIA: 7.8 Mg CO2-eq /year). The European parliament commission has proposed to reduce CO2 emissions in Europe to 20–30% below 1990 levels. In comparison with Europe, annual GHG emissions (CO2-eq/person year) in the U.S. today are on a level about double that of the Europe. In order to achieve a similar reduction in the U.S., significant efforts have to be done on all energy fronts. Energy-from-Waste (EfW) is one of them, which at the same time solves a space and pollution problem and does not leave these issues to future generations.