Artykuły w czasopismach: „Lower limb asymmetry”

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Hughes, Gerwyn, Perry Musco, Samuel Caine i Lauren Howe. "Lower Limb Asymmetry After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Athletic Training 55, nr 8 (30.06.2020): 811–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0244-19.

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Objectives To identify reported (1) common biomechanical asymmetries in the literature after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in adolescents during landing and (2) timescales for asymmetry to persist postsurgery. Data Sources We identified sources by searching the CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases using the following search terms: asymmetry OR symmetry AND landing AND biomechanics OR kinematics OR kinetics. Study Selection We screened the titles and abstracts of 85 articles using our inclusion criteria. A total of 13 articles were selected for further analysis. Data Extraction Three reviewers independently assessed the methodologic quality of each study. We extracted the effect sizes directly from studies or calculated them for biomechanical variables assessing asymmetry between limbs of participants with ACL reconstruction. We conducted meta-analyses on variables that were assessed in multiple studies for both double- and single-limb landings. Data Synthesis Asymmetry was more commonly identified in kinetic than kinematic variables. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction appeared to have a large effect on asymmetry between limbs for peak vertical ground reaction force, peak knee-extension moment, and loading rate during double-limb landings, as well as mean knee-extension moment and knee energy absorption during both double- and single-limb landings. Conclusions Our findings suggested that return-to-sport criteria after ACL reconstruction should incorporate analysis of the asymmetry in loading experienced by each limb rather than movement patterns alone.

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Nolan, Lee. "Lower Limb Strength in Sports-Active Transtibial Amputees". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 33, nr 3 (styczeń 2009): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03093640903082118.

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The aim of this study was to compare hip strength in sports-active transtibial (TT) amputees, sedentary TT amputees and sports-active non-amputees. Three ‘active’ (exercising recreationally at least three times per week) TT amputees, four ‘inactive’ or sedentary TT amputees and nine ‘active’ able-bodied persons (AB) underwent concentric and eccentric hip flexion and extension strength testing on both limbs on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60 and 120°/s. Little strength asymmetry was noted between the limbs of the active TT amputees (8% and 14% at 60 and 120°/s, respectively), their residual limb being slightly stronger. Inactive TT amputees demonstrated up to 49% strength asymmetry, their intact limb being the stronger. Active TT amputees demonstrated greater peak hip torques (Nm/kg) for all conditions and speeds compared to inactive TT amputees. Peak hip torques (Nm/kg), were greater in the active TT amputees' residual limb compared to AB. While inactive TT amputees and AB had similar flexion/extension ratios, active TT amputees exhibited a lower ratio indicating overdeveloped hip extensors with respect to their hip flexors. It is not known whether this is due to the demands of sport or exercise with a prosthetic limb, or remaining residual thigh atrophy.

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Ilnicka, Lidia, Zbigniew Trzaskoma, Ida Wiszomirska, Andrzej Wit i Michał Wychowański. "Lower limb laterality versus foot structure in men and women". Biomedical Human Kinetics 5, nr 1 (2.11.2013): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2013-0006.

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Abstract Study aim: The aim of the study was to determine connections between the functional asymmetry of limbs and the morphological asymmetry of feet. Material and methods: The study population consisted of 56 students: 30 females (mean age 20.29 ± 0.59 years) and 26 males (mean age 20.41 ± 0.78 years). The measurements of body build were taken with classical instruments. Body build was assessed on the basis of body height, body mass, and BMI. Seven features of the foot and 8 indices of foot arches were assessed. Assessment of laterality in upper and lower limbs was conducted on the basis of data from repeated interviews, and then verified with simple motor tests that imitated characteristic functions of the limbs. Asymmetry indices were calculated in order to determine asymmetries of the features. Mollison’s index was applied to assess dimorphic differences. Results: Features that were statistically different in the foot of the dominant limb and in the foot of the non-dominant limb were: among the group of females, the foot length without hindfoot, and the Clarke’s angle; among the group of males - the foot length without toes. Analyses of results of this study do not allow for a claim that laterality of lower extremities has a considerable impact on indices of longitudinal and transverse foot arches. Conclusions: The following conclusions were formulated on the basis of the conducted analysis regarding the group of subjects with homogeneous right laterality: - in females, the dominant limb’s foot is characterized by a shorter bone arm lever for dorsiflexors; - in males, the dominant limb’s foot is characterized by a shorter bone arm lever for plantaflexors.

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Cromie, Susanne, Julian G. Greenwood i John F. McCullagh. "Does Irish-dance training influence lower-limb asymmetry?" Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 12, nr 6 (listopad 2007): 500–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576500701575140.

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Girard, Olivier, Franck Brocherie, Jean-Benoit Morin i Grégoire P. Millet. "Lower limb mechanical asymmetry during repeated treadmill sprints". Human Movement Science 52 (kwiecień 2017): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.02.008.

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Caraballo, Israel, Francisco Casado-Rodríguez, José V. Gutiérrez-Manzanedo i José Luis González-Montesinos. "Strength Asymmetries in Young Elite Sailors: Windsurfing, Optimist, Laser and 420 Classes". Symmetry 13, nr 3 (6.03.2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13030427.

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Strength asymmetries in the upper and lower limbs may affect the body movements of the joints or limbs. Although asymmetries in the upper limbs have been studied in sailors, those in lower limbs have not been evaluated in this sport population. The aims of this study were: (i) to analyze lower limb asymmetries in young elite sailors in order to quantify the magnitude of asymmetry between limbs for variables that were established as reliable in a healthy population, and (ii) to evaluate the presence of differences between classes and sexes in inter-limb asymmetries in elite youth sailors. Sixty-eight young Spanish elite sailors (9–19 years of age) participated voluntarily in our study. Single-leg vertical countermovement jump (VCJ), single-leg horizontal countermovement jump and hand dynamometry tests were used to evaluate the strength of the upper and lower limbs. More than 50% of the sailors presented asymmetries in the lower limbs. The boys’ group and Optimist class presented a greater percentage of strength asymmetry.

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Farrell, John W., Debra A. Bemben, Christopher D. Black, Daniel J. Larson, Gabriel Pardo, Cecilie Fjeldstad-Pardo i Rebecca D. Larson. "Evaluation of Power Production Asymmetry during Cycling in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 18 (17.09.2019): 3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183445.

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Lower limb asymmetries have been observed in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and have been associated with mobility impairment. An incremental cycling test was performed on a cycle ergometer to determine peak power output (PPO) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Then, participants cycled at 50%, 60%, and 70% of their PPO to assess the contribution of each lower limb to power production. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to detect group × intensity differences in power production asymmetry. Eight PwMS and six healthy individuals (Non-MS) completed the study. No statistically significant (p > 0.05) group × intensity interactions or main effects were present when examining between-limb differences in power production. The current data do not indicate a statistically significant difference in power production asymmetry between groups and exercise intensities. Previous research has established a 10% difference between contralateral limbs as a threshold for asymmetry. The average asymmetry in power production in PwMS exceeded the 10% threshold at all measured outputs, suggesting the presence of asymmetry in power production.

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Kowal, Mateusz, Małgorzata Paprocka Borowicz, Anna Starczewska i Alicja Rutkowska-Kucharska. "Biomechanical Parameters of Gait after Unilateral Above-knee Amputation. Current State of Research". Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 20, nr 4 (30.08.2018): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.3355.

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The aim of this paper is to present the current state of research on gait parameters in people after unilateral amputation above the knee joint and to compare these gait parameters with those of healthy people. The relevant literature does not include any similar publications. Modern prostheses do not eliminate the asymmetry of gait, although its consequences are diminished. An above-knee amputation leads to significant differences in ground reaction force parameters (GRF) between the sound and amputated limb. The amputated limb is characterised by lower values of vertical and antero-posterior GRF parameters in comparison with the intact limb. Moreover, during the contact of the heel with the ground, the degree of hip joint flexion of the amputated limb decreases in comparison with the intact limb. Other symptoms of asymmetry between the limbs include asymmetry of pelvic movement in the transverse plane and of the range of movement in the ankle joint. Decreased muscle torque on the hip joint in the amputated limb additionally increases asymmetry of biomechanical gait parameters after unilateral transfemoral amputation.

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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, Azahara, Gabriel Gual, Daniel Romero-Rodriguez i Viswanath Unnitha. "Lower Limb Neuromuscular Asymmetry in Volleyball and Basketball Players". Journal of Human Kinetics 50, nr 1 (1.04.2016): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0150.

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AbstractThe primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the agreement between the dominant leg (DL) (determined subjectively) and the stronger leg (SL) (determined via a functional test) in a group of basketball and volleyball players. The secondary objective was to calculate lower limb neuromuscular asymmetry when comparing the DL vs the non-dominant leg (NDL) and the SL vs the weaker (WL) leg in the whole group and when differentiating by sex. Seventy-nine male and female volleyball and basketball players (age: 23.7 ± 4.5 years) performed three single-leg vertical countermovement jumps (SLVCJ) on a contact mat. Vertical jump height and an inter-limb asymmetry index (ASI) were determined. Only 32 (40%) of the subjects had a concordance between the perception of their dominant leg and the limb reaching the highest jump height. Using the DL as the discriminating variable, significant (p<0.05) inter-limb differences were found in the total group of players. When comparing between sexes, significant differences (p<0.05) arose in the female group only. With regard to the WL vs. the SL, significant (p<0.05) differences were noted in the whole group and when stratified into males and females. The mean ASI ranged from 9.31% (males) to 12.84% (females) and from 10.49% (males) to 14.26% (females), when comparing the DL vs. the NDL and the SL vs. the WL, respectively. Subjective expression of leg dominance cannot be used as a predictor of limb jump performance. Vertical jump asymmetry of 10-15% exists and this can be considered as a reference value for male and female basketball and volleyball players.

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Pawik, Łukasz, Malwina Pawik, Magdalena Karwacka, Emilia Wysoczańska, Aleksandra Schabowska, Natalia Kuciel, Karolina Biernat, Agnieszka Dębiec-Bąk, Joanna Lewandowska i Felicja Fink-Lwow. "Body Balance after Fascial Therapy in Athletes with Soft Lower Limb Muscle Injuries". Symmetry 13, nr 9 (28.08.2021): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091586.

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Background: Most injuries in competitive sports are due to overstrain and excessive muscular and fascial tension. This study aimed to assess the effects of a single session of fascial therapy on balance and lower limb weight-bearing in professional athletes following a lower limb soft-tissue injury. Methods: A pedobarographic platform was used to assess the weight-bearing on both lower limbs and corporal balance. A total of 41 athletes with an acute soft-tissue injury involving the quadriceps femoris muscle were included in the study. Each patient underwent myofascial therapy in the injured limb only. The therapy was intended to release tension and improve proprioception. Results: The injured and healthy limbs showed significant asymmetry in body weight distribution. Before treatment, the patients bore less weight on the injured limb than on the healthy limb. After fascial therapy, eyes-closed tests showed an improved weight distribution symmetry between the two lower limbs. There were no significant differences in the values of the evaluated balance parameters between those measured at baseline and those measured after the therapy, measured after the rehabilitation session. Conclusions: A single fascial therapy session has a beneficial effect on corporal balance in runners with an injured lower limb.

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Sannicandro, I., A. Piccinno, R. A. Rosa i S. De Pascalis. "Functional asymmetry in the lower limb professional soccer players". British Journal of Sports Medicine 45, nr 4 (27.03.2011): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.170.

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Bishop, Chris, Giuseppe Coratella i Marco Beato. "Intra- and Inter-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Soccer: A Comparison of Professional and Under-18 Players". Sports 9, nr 9 (13.09.2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9090129.

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(1) Background: the present study examined the isokinetic peak torque exerted by both knee extensors and flexors, anterior–posterior imbalance and the magnitude and direction of inter-limb asymmetry in professional and academy soccer players. (2) Methods: one hundred soccer players (professional = 50, elite academy = 50) volunteered to take part in this investigation. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the knee extensor (quadriceps) and flexors muscle (hamstrings) torques of the limbs as well as inter-limb asymmetries—using a standard percentage difference equation. (3) Results: professional players exhibited significantly greater (effect size [ES] = large) strength levels in the quadriceps and hamstrings under both testing conditions, significantly higher (small to moderate) intra-limb ratio values for 60°·s−1 but not for the 300°·s−1 test condition, significantly (small to moderate) lower inter-limb asymmetry values for all test conditions, with the exception of the hamstrings at 60°·s−1 and the direction of asymmetry was poor to slight, indicating that limb dominance was rarely the same between groups. (4) Conclusions: this study shows that isokinetic assessments, i.e., peak torque exerted by both knee extensors and flexors and intra-limb ratio, and the subsequent inter-limb asymmetry, i.e., magnitude and direction, can differentiate between professional and academy soccer players.

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Beato, Marco, Damien Young, Adam Stiff i Giuseppe Coratella. "Lower-Limb Muscle Strength, Anterior-Posterior and Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Professional, Elite Academy and Amateur Soccer Players". Journal of Human Kinetics 77, nr 1 (30.01.2021): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0058.

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Abstract Given the importance of the lower-limb strength and strength balance in soccer players and its relationship with injury prevention and performance, the present study compared quadriceps and hamstrings strength, the conventional (Hconc:Qconc), functional (Hecc:Qconc) hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio and inter-limb strength asymmetry in professional, elite academy and amateur male soccer players. In this cross-sectional study, two hundred-six soccer players (professional = 75, elite academy = 68, amateurs = 63) volunteered to participate. Quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic peak torque was investigated at 60° .s-1 in both the concentric and eccentric modality and at 300°.s-1 in the concentric modality. The conventional Hconc:Qconc, functional Hecc:Qconc ratio and quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry were then calculated. Professional players presented greater quadriceps and hamstrings strength than elite academy (effect size from small to moderate) and amateur players (moderate to very large). Both the conventional Hconc:Qconc and functional Hecc:Qconc ratio were greater in professional than elite academy and amateur players (small to moderate). Overall, quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry was greater in amateurs than professional (small to very large) and elite academy (trivial to large) players. The present findings provide coaches and medical staffs with normative lower-limb muscle strength data on professional, academy and amateur soccer players. Overall lower-limb muscle strength and inter-limb strength asymmetry could be used to evaluate possible inference on injury prevention and performance. The hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio poorly differentiates between the soccer players background and offers limited prediction for injury prevention and performance.

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Nikityuk, Igor E., Elizaveta L. Kononova i Yuriy E. Garkavenko. "Characteristics of body balance disorder in children with unilateral lower limb shortening". Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 7, nr 3 (2.10.2019): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ptors7345-54.

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Background. In modern orthopedics, the problem of unilateral shortening of the lower limbs in children is extremely important. In the process of child growth, there occurs progression of the shortened segment, which leads to anatomical asymmetry of the lower limbs and an increase in the imbalance of the limb load. Secondary deformities of the pelvis and spine aggravate the patients disability. The features of abnormal postural balance of the body depending on the etiology of the disease, such as congenital or acquired, as well as the degree of preservation of motor stereotypes in children with unilateral shortening of the lower limbs, are still understudied. Aim. The aims of this work are to study postural stability in children with unilateral shortening of the lower limbs and to assess the disorders of body balance depending on the etiology of the lesion. Materials and methods. The standard stabilometric values of 11 healthy children (average age, 11.9 0.73 years) were determined (group 1), as well as the statokinesiogram parameters in 22 patients with unilateral shortening of the lower limb. The second group included 11 children (average age, 11.9 1.05 years) with congenital shortening of the lower limb (average shortening, 4.8 0.8 cm). The third group also consisted of 11 children (average age, 12.2 0.78 years), but with acquired shortening of the lower limb (average shortening, 4.5 0.38 cm). Statistical research included correlation analysis. Results. A significant decrease in the stability of the vertical balance was observed in both groups of patients, which was demonstrated by pronounced deviations from the nominal values of stabilometric parameters, compared with healthy children: an increased center of pressure displacement, large values of the statokinesiogram area, and the length of the pressure displacement path. It was possible to determine the state of adaptive postural mechanisms for assessing the formation of the degree of adequacy of the motor strategy in patients with unilateral shortening of the lower limb, depending on the etiology of the lesion, owing to the method of stabilometry. Conclusion. An appropriate adaptive motor stereotype has been formed in patients with acquired shortening of the lower limb; in the new conditions, the system for ensuring postural balance is stabilized. There is a different strategy for maintaining posture stability characterized by a nonoptimal motor stereotype in patients with congenital shortening of the lower limb. The stabilometric assessment of the asymmetry of the lower limb load is a promising method for studying the formation of compensatory mechanisms for controlling the locomotion system, which is important when planning rehabilitation measures.

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Knihs, Débora Aparecida, Haiko Bruno Zimmermann i Juliano Dal Pupo. "Acute and Delayed Effects of Fatigue on Ground Reaction Force, Lower Limb Stiffness and Coordination Asymmetries During a Landing Task". Journal of Human Kinetics 76, nr 1 (11.01.2021): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0054.

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Abstract Landing is a critical phase of movement for injury occurrence, in which lower limbs should be used equally to better absorb the shock. However, it has been suggested that fatigue can lead to the appearance of asymmetries. The aim of this study was to verify the acute and delayed effects of fatigue on the lower limb asymmetry indexes of peak ground reaction force, leg stiffness and intra-limb coordination during a landing task. Fifteen physically active men performed a fatigue protocol composed of 14 sets of 10 continuous vertical jumps, with a one-minute rest interval between the sets. A step-off landing task was performed before, immediately after, 24 h and 48 h after the fatigue protocol. Two force plates and a video analysis system were used. The symmetry index equation provided the asymmetry indexes. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and effect size analysis were utilized. Inferential statistics did not show the effect of fatigue in the asymmetry indexes for any variable or condition (p > .05). Moderate effect sizes were observed for peak ground reaction force (0.61) and leg stiffness (0.61) immediately after the application of the protocol. In conclusion, fatigue does not seem to significantly change the asymmetries of lower limbs, especially regarding intra-limb coordination. The moderate effects observed for peak ground reaction force and leg stiffness asymmetries suggest that these variables may be acutely affected by fatigue.

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Madruga-Parera, Marc, Daniel Romero-Rodríguez, Chris Bishop, Maria Reyes Beltran-Valls, Alex T. Latinjak, Marco Beato i Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe. "Effects of Maturation on Lower Limb Neuromuscular Asymmetries in Elite Youth Tennis Players". Sports 7, nr 5 (8.05.2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7050106.

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Neuromuscular asymmetries have been previously associated with reduced performance. Similarly, maturation has shown that youth athletes may experience a loss of motor control, which could also lead to compromised physical performance. The present study aimed to evaluate and quantify the level of asymmetry among chronological and maturational groups. Forty-one youth tennis players performed the single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), star excursion balance test (SEBT) and a change of direction speed (CODS) test. Differences were found between the strongest and weakest limbs across all tests (p < 0.001), and also for SEBT in the posteromedial direction (p = 0.02), SEBT composite score (p < 0.01) in maturation groups, and for SEBT posterolateral direction (p = 0.03) and SEBT composite score (p = 0.01) in chronological groups. The SLCMJ showed the largest inter-limb asymmetries for the circa peak height velocity (PHV) group (19.31 ± 12.19%) and under-14 (U14) group (17.55 ± 9.90%). Chronological and maturation groups followed similar trends for inter-limb asymmetries, but the biological index showed larger asymmetry scores in the jumping test at PHV compared to that found in the chronological group (U14). These results show that inter-limb differences may be heightened during PHV. Practitioners can use this information to inform the decision-making process when prescribing training interventions in youth tennis players.

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Sadeghi, Heydar, Paul Allard i Morris Duhaime. "Contributions of Lower-Limb Muscle Power in Gait of People Without Impairments". Physical Therapy 80, nr 12 (1.12.2000): 1188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/80.12.1188.

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AbstractBackground and Purpose. Although gait asymmetry in rehabilitation has been documented, little is known about propulsion and control tasks performed by each limb and how these tasks are managed between the lower limbs. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the leading limb contributes mainly to forward progression, whereas the trailing limb provides control and propels the lower limb to a lesser extent. Subjects. Nineteen men with an average age of 26.2 years (SD=3.2, range=21–34) and no history of orthopedic ailments participated in the study. Methods. Muscle power was determined using an 8-camera high-speed video system synchronized with 2 force plates. The principal-component analysis method was applied to reduce and classify 52 gait variables for each limb, and Pearson correlations were used to determine the interactions within the data sets for each limb. Results. Gait propulsion was initiated by the hip of the leading limb shortly after heel-strike and was maintained throughout the stance phase. Control was the main task of the trailing limb, as evidenced by the power absorption bursts at the hip and knee. Conclusion and Discussion. Within-limb interaction further emphasized the functional relationship between forward progression and control tasks and highlighted the importance of frontal- and transverse-plane actions during gait.

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Manolova, Anna. "LOWER-LIMB ASYMMETRY IN BALANCE ABILITY OF YOUNG BADMINTON PLAYERS". Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2, December (20.12.2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/jass.2018.02.4.

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Ramsey, Kara Wong, Thomas Slavin, Tiong Han Tjoeng i Surabhi Jain. "Newborn With Unilateral Lower Extremity Vascular Malformation and Limb Asymmetry". NeoReviews 15, nr 2 (31.01.2014): e82-e85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/neo.15-2-e82.

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Gupta, S., L. Nicholson, D. Shirley i R. Adams. "Asymmetry of muscle activation in a symmetrical, bilateral lower limb". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 9 (grudzień 2006): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.080.

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Girard, O., J. Morin, J. Ryu, P. Read i N. Townsend. "Running velocity has no influence on lower limb mechanical asymmetry". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21 (listopad 2018): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.035.

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Kons, Rafael Lima, Fernando Diefenthaeler, Lucas B. R. Orssatto, Raphael Luiz Sakugawa, Jorge Nelson da Silva Junior i Daniele Detanico. "Relationship between lower limb asymmetry and judo-specific test performance". Sport Sciences for Health 16, nr 2 (19.11.2019): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11332-019-00606-5.

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Arnold, John, Shylie Mackintosh, Sara Jones i Dominic Thewlis. "Asymmetry of lower limb joint loading in advanced knee osteoarthritis". Gait & Posture 39 (czerwiec 2014): S20—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.04.030.

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Arnold, J. B., S. F. Mackintosh, S. Jones i D. Thewlis. "Asymmetry of lower limb joint loading in advanced knee osteoarthritis". Gait & Posture 40 (sierpień 2014): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.05.033.

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Rozanski, Gabriela M., Andrew H. Huntley, Lucas D. Crosby, Alison Schinkel-Ivy, Avril Mansfield i Kara K. Patterson. "Lower limb muscle activity underlying temporal gait asymmetry post-stroke". Clinical Neurophysiology 131, nr 8 (sierpień 2020): 1848–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.04.171.

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Kalata, Maros, Tomas Maly, Mikulas Hank, Jakub Michalek, David Bujnovsky, Egon Kunzmann i Frantisek Zahalka. "Unilateral and Bilateral Strength Asymmetry among Young Elite Athletes of Various Sports". Medicina 56, nr 12 (10.12.2020): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56120683.

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Background and objective: Type of physical activity may influence morphological and muscular asymmetries in the young population. However, less is known about the size of this effect when comparing various sports. The aim of this study was to identify the degree of bilateral asymmetry (BA) and the level of unilateral ratio (UR) between isokinetic strength of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) among athletes of three different types of predominant locomotion in various sports (symmetric, asymmetric and hybrid). Material and methods: The analyzed group consisted of young elite athletes (n = 50). The maximum peak muscle torque of the KE and KF in both the dominant (DL) and non-dominant (NL) lower limb during concentric muscle contraction at an angular velocity of 60°·s−1 was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. Results: Data analysis showed a significant effect of the main factor (the type of sport) on the level of monitored variables (p = 0.004). The type of sport revealed a significant difference in the bilateral ratio (p = 0.01). The group of symmetric and hybrid sports achieved lower values (p = 0.01) of BA in their lower limb muscles than those who played asymmetric sports. The hybrid sports group achieved higher UR values (p = 0.01) in both lower limbs. Conclusions: The results indicate that sports with predominantly symmetrical, asymmetrical, and hybrid types of locomotion affected the size of the BA, as well as the UR between KE and KF in both legs in young athletes. We recommend paying attention to regular KE and KF strength diagnostics in young athletes and optimizing individual compensatory exercises if a higher ratio of strength asymmetry is discovered.

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Mohamed, Abeer, Andrew Sexton, Kirsten Simonsen i Chris A. McGibbon. "Development of a Mechanistic Hypothesis Linking Compensatory Biomechanics and Stepping Asymmetry during Gait of Transfemoral Amputees". Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (3.02.2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4769242.

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Objective. Gait asymmetry is a common adaptation observed in lower-extremity amputees, but the underlying mechanisms that explain this gait behavior remain unclear for amputees that use above-knee prostheses. Our objective was to develop a working hypothesis to explain chronic stepping asymmetry in otherwise healthy amputees that use above-knee prostheses. Methods. Two amputees (both through-knee; one with microprocessor knee, one with hydraulic knee) and fourteen control subjects participated. 3D kinematics and kinetics were acquired at normal, fast, and slow walking speeds. Data were analyzed for the push-off and collision limbs during a double support phase. We examined gait parameters to identify the stepping asymmetry then examined the external work rate (centre of mass) and internal (joint) power profiles to formulate a working hypothesis to mechanistically explain the observed stepping asymmetry. Results. Stepping asymmetry at all three gait speeds in amputees was characterized by increased stance phase duration of the intact limb versus relatively normal stance phase duration for the prosthesis limb. The prosthesis limb contributed very little to positive and negative work during the double support phase of gait. To compensate, the intact leg at heel strike first provided aid to the deficient prosthetic ankle/foot during its push-off by doing positive work with the intact knee, which caused a delayed stance phase pattern. The resulting delay in toe-off of the intact limb then facilitated the energy transfer from the more robust intact push-off limb to the weaker colliding prosthesis side. This strategy was observed for both amputees. Conclusions. There is a sound scientific rationale for a mechanistic hypothesis that stepping asymmetry in amputee participants is a result of a motor adaptation that is both facilitating the lower-leg trajectory enforced by the prosthesis while compensating for the lack of work done by the prosthesis, the cost of which is increased energy expenditure of the intact knee and both hips.

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Cejudo, Antonio, Víctor Jesús Moreno-Alcaraz, Mark De Ste Croix, Fernando Santonja-Medina i Pilar Sainz de Baranda. "Lower-Limb Flexibility Profile Analysis in Youth Competitive Inline Hockey Players". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 12 (17.06.2020): 4338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124338.

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During puberty, the growth of the bones is faster than that of the muscles, which may result in muscular tightness. Muscular tightness and asymmetry have been associated with an increase in injury incidence. The assessment of a joint range of motion (ROM) could help to identify athletes classified as high injury risk. The objectives of the present study were to describe the lower-extremity flexibility profile (LEFP) of youth competitive inline hockey players using the ROM-SPORT battery (I) and to identify muscular tightness and asymmetry (II). Seventy-four young players were examined for maximum passive ankle, knee, and hip ROMs. Muscle asymmetry or tightness was classified according to cutoff scores previously described. The LEFP of the 74 players was 10.8° for hip extension, 26° for hip adduction, 33.6° for ankle dorsiflexion, 38.6° for ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed, 36.7° for hip abduction, 46° for hip internal rotation, 60.6° for hip external rotation, 65.1° for hip abduction with the hip flexed, 66.3° for hip flexion with the knee extended, 119.7° for knee flexion, and 133.7° for hip flexion. The individual analysis of the flexibility values identified tightness in all players for one or more movement, except for hip abduction. A low prevalence of asymmetries was observed (range: 5.4% to 17.6% of players) depending on the ROM.

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Higgs, Jeremy P., Laura E. Diamond, David J. Saxby, Maria Constantinou i Rod S. Barrett. "Individuals with Unilateral Mild-to-Moderate Hip Osteoarthritis Exhibit Lower Limb Kinematic Asymmetry during Walking But Not Sit-to-Stand". Symmetry 13, nr 5 (28.04.2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050768.

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Asymmetry during gait is associated with the evolution of secondary osteoarthritis. Kinematic asymmetry has been reported in advanced stages of hip osteoarthritis but has not been evaluated in earlier stages of the disease or has it been directly compared with unilateral and bilateral hip osteoarthritis. Our objective was to evaluate within-group symmetry and compare between-group asymmetry for three-dimensional pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle kinematics during walking and sit-to-stand in individuals with unilateral mild-to-moderate hip OA, bilateral mild-to-moderate hip osteoarthritis, and healthy controls. Twelve individuals with unilateral mild-to-moderate hip OA, nine individuals with bilateral mild-to-moderate symptomatic and radiographic hip OA, and 21 age-comparable healthy controls underwent three-dimensional motion analysis during walking and sit-to-stand. Pelvis and lower limb joint angles were calculated using inverse kinematics and between-limb symmetry was assessed for each group. Any resulting asymmetries (most affected minus contralateral limb) were compared between groups. Participants with unilateral hip osteoarthritis exhibited significantly less hip extension (7.90°), knee flexion (4.72°), and anterior pelvic tilt (3.38°) on their affected limb compared with the contralateral limb during the stance phase of walking. Those with unilateral hip osteoarthritis were significantly more asymmetrical than controls for sagittal plane hip and pelvis angles. No significant asymmetries were detected within- or between-groups for sit-to-stand. Individuals with unilateral hip osteoarthritis exhibited lower limb asymmetries consistent with those reported in advanced stages of disease during walking, but not sit-to-stand. Consideration of the possible negative effects of gait asymmetry on the health of the affected and other compensating joints appears warranted in the management of hip OA.

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Cleland, Brice T., i Sangeetha Madhavan. "Ipsilateral Motor Pathways and Transcallosal Inhibition During Lower Limb Movement After Stroke". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 35, nr 4 (11.03.2021): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968321999049.

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Background Stroke rehabilitation may be improved with a better understanding of the contribution of ipsilateral motor pathways to the paretic limb and alterations in transcallosal inhibition. Few studies have evaluated these factors during dynamic, bilateral lower limb movements, and it is unclear whether they relate to functional outcomes. Objective Determine if lower limb ipsilateral excitability and transcallosal inhibition after stroke depend on target limb, task, or number of limbs involved, and whether these factors are related to clinical measures. Methods In 29 individuals with stroke, ipsilateral and contralateral responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation were measured in the paretic and nonparetic tibialis anterior during dynamic (unilateral or bilateral ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion) and isometric (unilateral dorsiflexion) conditions. Relative ipsilateral excitability and transcallosal inhibition were assessed. Fugl-Meyer, ankle movement accuracy, and walking characteristics were assessed. Results Relative ipsilateral excitability was greater during dynamic than isometric conditions in the paretic limb ( P ≤ .02) and greater in the paretic than the nonparetic limb during dynamic conditions ( P ≤ .004). Transcallosal inhibition was greater in the ipsilesional than contralesional hemisphere ( P = .002) and during dynamic than isometric conditions ( P = .03). Greater ipsilesional transcallosal inhibition was correlated with better ankle movement accuracy ( R2 = 0.18, P = .04). Greater contralateral excitability to the nonparetic limb was correlated with improved walking symmetry ( R2 = 0.19, P = .03). Conclusions Ipsilateral pathways have increased excitability to the paretic limb, particularly during dynamic tasks. Transcallosal inhibition is greater in the ipsilesional than contralesional hemisphere and during dynamic than isometric tasks. Ipsilateral pathways and transcallosal inhibition may influence walking asymmetry and ankle movement accuracy.

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YU, CHANG HO, MI YU, KYUNG KIM i TAE KYU KWON. "EFFECT OF CYCLE ERGOMETER USING AN MR ROTARY BRAKE ON LOWER LIMB EXERCISE". Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, nr 06 (grudzień 2013): 1340017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519413400174.

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In this study, a new cycle ergometer system using a magneto-rheological (MR) rotary brake was developed to improve muscular strength and reduce asymmetric pedaling characteristics for the rehabilitation of hemiplegia patients. For evaluation of this cycle ergometer, the characteristics of lower limb muscles were analyzed according to three factor of cycle system with MR rotary brake: (1) the electrical current of MR rotary brake, (2) the intensity and duration of cycling, (3) the application of visual feedback. The results showed that muscle activity was significantly different for various levels of current applied to the MR rotary brake. A higher current was associated with a higher integrated electromyography (IEMG) of the lower limb muscle. In low-intensity and long-term condition, IEMG of RF, TA, VL and VAS increased in the late stage of exercise (compared to the early stage), however, decreased in high-intensity and short term condition. The asymmetry of pedaling between the dominant and non-dominant leg was 19.63% in the non-visual feedback mode and 1.97% in the visual feedback mode. Therefore, our new cycle system using an MR brake with real time control of mechanical resistance can be used to enhance muscle strength in patients with hemiplegia and elderly people. Increased muscular activity of the lower limbs in patients with hemiplegia and the elderly is expected with low-intensity training over a long-term period.

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Pacheco-Barrios, K., CB Pinto, FG Saleh Velez, D. Duarte, ME Gunduz, M. Simis, AC Lepesteur Gianlorenco i in. "Structural and functional motor cortex asymmetry in unilateral lower limb amputation with phantom limb pain". Clinical Neurophysiology 131, nr 10 (październik 2020): 2375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.06.024.

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Auvinet, Edouard, Franck Multon i Jean Meunier. "New Lower-Limb Gait Asymmetry Indices Based on a Depth Camera". Sensors 15, nr 3 (24.02.2015): 4605–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150304605.

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Yen, Sheng-Che, Laura C. Olsavsky, Caitlin M. Cloonan, Amelia R. Llanos, Kara J. Dwyer, Mohsen Nabian i Amir Bahador Farjadian. "An examination of lower limb asymmetry in ankle isometric force control". Human Movement Science 57 (luty 2018): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.11.004.

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Marchetti, Paulo, Vincent Martinez, Farzad Jalilvand, Shahan Awakimian, Leran Lhanie, Marisa Pikkel, Priscyla Nardi Marchetti, Roberto Magalhaes, Josinaldo Da Silva i Willy Gomes. "Vertical force distribution between lower limbs in different lunge techniques". Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging 7, nr 2 (30.04.2020): 06–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/jbemi.72.8100.

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The lunge exercise is considered a bilateral and multi-joint exercise; in this way, each lower limb presents different force distributions in different techniques and body positions. The purpose of this study was to measure the vertical force distribution between lower limbs in different lunge exercises. Thirty-two young, resistance-trained (male=27, 27±6 years, 174.6±9.6 cm, 79.1±14.2 kg; female=7, 24±4 years, 165.2±2.6 cm, 67.1±13.5 kg) performed 3 different lunge techniques on the floor [traditional (TL), partial (PL), and long (LL)] and two on the step [Rear-Foot-Elevated Lunge (RFEL) and RFEL at 50% (RFEL50)] in two static positions (upper and lower) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. For the assessment of the vertical force, two portable force plates were positioned under the anterior and posterior lower limb for all lunge techniques. Factorial ANOVA was used to test differences between exercises (TL, PL, LL, RFEL, and RFEL50), limbs and moments. An alpha of 5% was used. In conclusion, lunge techniques as the TL, PL, and LL presented differences in force between legs and positions, however similarities between techniques, and might be applied for different sports under unilateral conditions. Lunges with step (RFEL or RFEL50) presented high asymmetry between lower limbs and emphasis on the anterior leg.

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Glassbrook, Daniel J., Joel T. Fuller, Jacqueline A. Alderson i Tim L. A. Doyle. "Measurement of lower-limb asymmetry in professional rugby league: a technical note describing the use of inertial measurement units". PeerJ 8 (23.06.2020): e9366. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9366.

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Background Quantifying lower-limb load and asymmetry during team sport match-play may be important for injury prevention and understanding performance. However, current analysis methods of lower-limb symmetry during match-play employ wearable microtechnology that may not be best suited to the task. A popular microtechnology is global positioning systems (GPS), which are torso worn. The torso location, and the summary workload measures calculated by GPS are not suited to the calculation of lower-limb load. Instead, research grade accelerometers placed directly on the lower-limb may provide better load information than GPS. This study proposes a new technique to quantify external mechanical load, and lower-limb asymmetry during on-field team sport play using inertial measurement units. Methods Four professional rugby league players (Age: 23.4 ± 3.1 years; Height: 1.89 ± 0.05 m; Mass: 107.0 ± 12.9 kg) wore two accelerometers, one attached to each foot by the boot laces, during match simulations. Custom Matlab (R2017b, The Mathworks Inc, Natick, MA) code was used to calculate total time, area under the curve (AUC), and percentage of time (%Time) spent in seven acceleration categories (negative to very high, <0 g to >16 g), as well as minimum and maximum acceleration during match simulations. Lower-limb AUC and %Time asymmetry was calculated using the Symmetry Angle Equation, which does not require normalization to a reference leg. Results The range of accelerations experienced across all participants on the left and right sides were 15.68–17.53 g, and 16.18–17.69 g, respectively. Clinically significant asymmetry in AUC and %Time was observed for all but one participant, and only in negative (<0 g) and very high accelerations (>16 g). Clinically significant AUC differences in very high accelerations ranged from 19.10%–26.71%. Clinically significant %Time differences in negative accelerations ranged from 12.65%–25.14%, and in very high accelerations from 18.59%–25.30%. All participants experienced the most AUC at very low accelerations (2–4 g), and the least AUC at very high accelerations (165.00–194.00 AU vs. 0.32–3.59 AU). The %Time results indicated that all participants spent the majority of match-play (73.82–92.06%) in extremely low (0–2 g) to low (4–6 g) acceleration intensities, and the least %Time in very high accelerations (0.01%–0.05%). Discussion A wearable located on the footwear to measure lower-limb load and asymmetry is feasible to use during rugby league match-play. The location of the sensor on the boot is suited to minimize injury risk occurring from impact to the sensor. This technique is able to quantify external mechanical load and detect inter limb asymmetries during match-play at the source of impact and loading, and is therefore likely to be better than current torso based methods. The results of this study may assist in preparing athletes for match-play, and in preventing injury.

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Ryu, Sihyun, i Taek-kyun Lee. "Biomechanical Parameters that May Influence Lower Limb Injury during Landing in Taekwondo". Medicina 57, nr 4 (12.04.2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040373.

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Background and Objectives: The jumping kick of Taekwondo was a unilateral exercise that repeatedly moves in one direction. The exercise was exposed to the risk of injury due to the heavy ground reaction force and load in the landing. The first purpose of this study was to compare the impact force (IF), peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF), vertical loading rate (VLR), vertical stiffness (VS), and landing foot angle (LFA) during the landing of the jumping kick according to the experience of lower injury. The second purpose of this study was to investigate the lower extremities’ strength and the bilateral/ipsilateral asymmetry between the groups; Material and Methods: Ten injury-experience athletes (IG, age: 21.0 ± 0.8 years; height: 170.5 ± 4.1 cm; body weight: 66.7 ± 6.0 kg; career: 8.1 ± 5.0 years) and seven non-injury experience athletes (NG, age: 22.9 ± 4.0 years; height: 173.4 ± 3.1 cm; body weight: 67.9 ± 7.9 kg; career: 8.3 ± 5.0 years) participated; Results: There was no statistical difference between the two groups in the landing and lower extremity muscle strength impact variables. However, in the bilateral asymmetry of the ankle plantar flexor and the ipsilateral asymmetry of the hip abductor/adductor, IG was statistically larger than NG (p < 0.05). The landing foot angle also showed negative correlation to all impact variables (IF, PVGRF, VLR, and VS) (p < 0.05); Conclusions: It is desirable to place the landing foot down at a wide angle to prevent injury in performing Taekwondo jumping kicks. Although NGs have been shown to have better muscle strength symmetry and balance in some areas compared to IG, further research is needed to determine whether they are effective in preventing injury.

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Velasco, Javier Villaplana, i Cristina Blasco Lafarga. "Muscular imbalances and their impact on the health of the tennis player: Assessments of explosive strength in the lower limbs by means of jumps". ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review 24, nr 68 (30.04.2016): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52383/itfcoaching.v24i68.173.

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This paper discusses the existence of asymmetry in tennis players lower limbs, if these asymmetries impact on determining capabilities as Explosive Strength and Elastic Explosive Strength, and if so, how they are affected by fatigue. This paper holds the hypothesis that there exist differences in the capabilities of useful strength in the lower limb muscles, and that these muscular differences or asymmetries are the source of injury for developing tennis players.

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Machado, Carolina Neis, Ana Paula Moratelli Prado, Elisa Dell'Antonio, Deise Ferreira de Oliveira, Suzana Matheus Pereira i Helio Roesler. "Analysis of lower limb force in foot work exercise of Pilates". Fisioterapia em Movimento 29, nr 4 (grudzień 2016): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.004.ao02.

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Abstract Introduction: Pilates is a physical exercise method that uses the resistance of springs to modulate the overload from exercises. Objective: To characterize the force versus time curve of the foot work exercise; verify and compare the force applied by the same limb during the foot work exercise against the resistance of two types of springs with different elastic constants, and verify and compare the asymmetry of force applied by right and left lower limbs during the foot work exercise against the resistance of the same type of spring. Methods: Twenty healthy adult individuals familiarized with Pilates were evaluated. Two extensometric force plates adapted to the Reformer apparatus were used. Each participant performed 10 repetitions of the exercise against the resistance of two pairs of springs with different elastic constants. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used with significance levels of p < 0.05. Results: The exercise's standard curve showed that the peak force is reached in the point of maximum hip and knee extension during the execution of the exercise. There were differences between force production by the same limb for different springs (p < 0.001) and between left and right limb when spring with lower elastic constant was used (p = 0.006). No differences were found between right and left limb when spring with higher elastic constant was used (p = 0.108). Conclusion: The knowledge of the force versus time curve and the quantification of unilateral force are important elements in the evaluation and prescription of exercises.

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Sannicandro, Italo, Giacomo Cofano, Anna Rosa Rosa, Paolo Traficante i Andrea Piccinno. "FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN AND LOWER LIMB STRENGTH ASYMMETRY IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS". British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, nr 4 (luty 2017): 381.3–382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.248.

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Helme, Mark, Jason Tee, Stacey Emmonds i Chris Low. "Does lower-limb asymmetry increase injury risk in sport? A systematic review". Physical Therapy in Sport 49 (maj 2021): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.03.001.

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Pau, Massimiliano, Bruno Leban, Michela Deidda, Federica Putzolu, Micaela Porta, Giancarlo Coghe i Eleonora Cocco. "Kinematic Analysis of Lower Limb Joint Asymmetry During Gait in People with Multiple Sclerosis". Symmetry 13, nr 4 (3.04.2021): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040598.

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The majority of people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS), report lower limb motor dysfunctions, which may relevantly affect postural control, gait and a wide range of activities of daily living. While it is quite common to observe a different impact of the disease on the two limbs (i.e., one of them is more affected), less clear are the effects of such asymmetry on gait performance. The present retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the magnitude of interlimb asymmetry in pwMS, particularly as regards the joint kinematics, using parameters derived from angle-angle diagrams. To this end, we analyzed gait patterns of 101 pwMS (55 women, 46 men, mean age 46.3, average Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 3.5, range 1–6.5) and 81 unaffected individuals age- and sex-matched who underwent 3D computerized gait analysis carried out using an eight-camera motion capture system. Spatio-temporal parameters and kinematics in the sagittal plane at hip, knee and ankle joints were considered for the analysis. The angular trends of left and right sides were processed to build synchronized angle–angle diagrams (cyclograms) for each joint, and symmetry was assessed by computing several geometrical features such as area, orientation and Trend Symmetry. Based on cyclogram orientation and Trend Symmetry, the results show that pwMS exhibit significantly greater asymmetry in all three joints with respect to unaffected individuals. In particular, orientation values were as follows: 5.1 of pwMS vs. 1.6 of unaffected individuals at hip joint, 7.0 vs. 1.5 at knee and 6.4 vs. 3.0 at ankle (p < 0.001 in all cases), while for Trend Symmetry we obtained at hip 1.7 of pwMS vs. 0.3 of unaffected individuals, 4.2 vs. 0.5 at knee and 8.5 vs. 1.5 at ankle (p < 0.001 in all cases). Moreover, the same parameters were sensitive enough to discriminate individuals of different disability levels. With few exceptions, all the calculated symmetry parameters were found significantly correlated with the main spatio-temporal parameters of gait and the EDSS score. In particular, large correlations were detected between Trend Symmetry and gait speed (with rho values in the range of −0.58 to −0.63 depending on the considered joint, p < 0.001) and between Trend Symmetry and EDSS score (rho = 0.62 to 0.69, p < 0.001). Such results suggest not only that MS is associated with significantly marked interlimb asymmetry during gait but also that such asymmetry worsens as the disease progresses and that it has a relevant impact on gait performances.

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Forczek, Wanda, i Robert Staszkiewicz. "An Evaluation of Symmetry in the Lower Limb Joints During the Able-Bodied Gait of Women and Men". Journal of Human Kinetics 35, nr 1 (1.12.2012): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0078-5.

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For many years, mainly to simplify data analysis, scientists assumed that during a gait, the lower limbs moved symmetrically. However, even a cursory survey of the more recent literature reveals that the human walk is symmetrical only in some aspects. That is why the presence of asymmetry should be considered in all studies of locomotion. The gait data were collected using the 3D motion analysis system Vicon. The inclusion criteria allowed the researchers to analyze a very homogenous group, which consisted of 54 subjects (27 women and 27 men). Every selected participant moved at a similar velocity: approximately 1,55 m/s. The analysis included kinematic parameters defining spatio-temporal structure of locomotion, as well as angular changes of the main joints of the lower extremities (ankle, knee and hip) in the sagittal plane. The values of those variables were calculated separately for the left and for the right leg in women and men. This approach allowed us to determine the size of the differences, and was the basis for assessing gait asymmetry using a relative asymmetry index, which was constructed by the authors. Analysis of the results demonstrates no differences in the temporal and phasic variables of movements of the right and left lower limb. However, different profiles of angular changes in the sagittal plane were observed, measured bilaterally for the ankle joint.

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Kuo, Chien-Chung, Hsing-Po Huang, Hsuan-Yu Lu, Tsan-Yang Chen, Ting-Ming Wang i Tung-Wu Lu. "Effects of Tendon Release Surgery on Inter-Limb Leg Stiffness Control in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy during Gait". Applied Sciences 11, nr 10 (17.05.2021): 4562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104562.

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Impaired motor control and musculotendon tightness in the lower extremities are characteristic features of patients with diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Tendon release surgery (TRS) helps improve joint and leg stiffness, but the effects of TRS on inter-limb coordination in terms of the total leg stiffness, and the bilateral symmetry in leg stiffness during gait, remain unknown. Ten children with spastic diplegic CP scheduled for TRS and ten healthy controls participated in this study. The inter-limb sharing of total leg stiffness during double-limb support phase and bilateral leg stiffness symmetry during stance phase of gait were calculated using the kinematic and ground reaction force data measured by a motion analysis system. Before TRS, the patients with diplegic CP walked with a decreased share of total leg stiffness during weight-acceptance (p < 0.05) and with increased bilateral leg stiffness asymmetry during single-limb support and weight-transfer during gait (p < 0.05) when compared to healthy controls. After TRS, the bilateral leg stiffness asymmetry was significantly reduced in the CP group, especially in the terminal stance phase, with inter-limb sharing of total leg stiffness becoming similar to that in controls (p > 0.05). The surgery seemed to improve the lower limb control and increased the bilateral limb symmetry during gait.

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Zahraee, Maryam Hassan, Mohammad Taghi Karimi, Javid Mostamand i Francis Fatoye. "Analysis of Asymmetry of the Forces Applied on the Lower Limb in Subjects with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/289491.

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Objective. Several studies have investigated asymmetry and loading patterns in different spine pathologies, motor disorders, and other conditions; there is a lack of knowledge on these aspects in chronic low back pain (CLBP). The aim of this study was to analyse asymmetry and loading patterns in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NCLBP) compared to normal individuals, during walking.Method. Forty participants (20 healthy subjects and 20 patients with NCLBP) participated in the study. Asymmetry of the force was measured based on the Asymmetry Index (ASI). The difference in the mean values of all data between the two groups was examined using the independentt-test.Results. The mean value of the first peak of ground reaction force of normal subjects was1.02±0.0354 N/BW compared to1.038±0.099 N/BW in NCLBP patientsP=0.25and0.1004±0.036 N/BW mediolateral force applied on the leg in normal subjects compared to0.089±0.022 N/BW in NCLBP patientsP=0.214. The Asymmetry Index (ASI) of the first peak of vertical force was2.59%±1.89%and3.88%±2.94%for NCLBP and normal subjects, respectively,P= 0.2.Conclusion. Therefore, it can be concluded that NCLBP subjects follow avoidance-endurance model without any limitation during walking.

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Diefenthaeler, Fernando, Joscelito De Oliveira Berneira, Vanderson Luis Moro i Felipe Pivetta Carpes. "Influence of saddle height and exercise intensity on pedalling asymmetries in cyclists". Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 18, nr 4 (19.09.2016): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n4p411.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n4p411 Pedaling asymmetries quantified during stationary cycling, when cyclist body positioning and intensity remain unchanged, may not fully reproduce the training and competition situations, in which cyclists experience different intensities and may opt for different saddle positioning aiming at power output optimization. Previous studies showed that torque and power can be asymmetric in cyclists. It is not clear whether changes in saddle height and exercise intensity may affect asymmetries. The aim of the present study was to determine pedaling asymmetries during cycling at different saddle heights and different exercise intensities. Twelve competitive cyclists performed an incremental maximal test, a constant-load (“heavy” intensity domain), and a Wingate test. Constant load and the Wingate tests were repeated using three different saddle heights (reference and lower or higher by 2.5% of the distance from the pubic symphysis to the ground). Crank torque was recorded throughout the pedaling cycle. Asymmetry (higher torque for the preferred limb) was found in all saddle heights (p<0.001) in both intensities. Asymmetry index was similar across the saddle positions (p>0.05) in both intensities. Our results suggest that asymmetric cyclists present a consistent pattern regardless of small changes in the saddle height or in exercise intensity. For practical implication, cyclists producing asymmetric torque may be adapted to this condition so they are continuously exposed to asymmetric effort and overload on the lower limbs.

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Millis, D. L., i D. A. Hicks. "Kinetic and kinematic evaluation of compensatory movements of the head, pelvis and thoracolumbar spine associated with asymmetric weight bearing of the pelvic limbs in trotting dogs". Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 27, nr 06 (2014): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-14-04-0057.

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SummaryObjectives: To determine ground reaction forces, head and pelvis vertical motion (HVM and PVM, respectively), and thoraco-lumbar lateral angular motion (LAM) of the spine using kinematic gait analysis in dogs with mild asymmetric weight-bearing of the pelvic limbs while trotting.Methods: Twenty-seven hound-type dogs were fitted with reflective markers placed on the sagittal crest of the skull, the ischiatic tuberosity, and thoracolumbar spine of dogs to track motion while trotting. Kinetic and kinematic data were used to characterize asymmetry between the left and right pelvic limbs, and to describe HVM, PVM and thoraco-lumbar LAM. Maximum and minimum position and total motion values were determined for each measured variable.Results: Dogs with asymmetric weight bearing of the pelvic limbs had greater PVM on the side with a greater peak vertical force (PVF), and greater thoraco-lumbar LAM toward the side with a lower PVF while trotting. No differences in mean HVM were detected, and there were no significant correlations between the magnitude of HVM, PVM and thoraco-lumbar LAM and the degree of asymmetric weight bearing.Clinical significance: Dogs with subtle asymmetric weight bearing of a pelvic limb had patterns of body motion that may be useful in identifying subtle lameness in dogs; greater PVM on the side with greater weight bearing and greater thoraco-lumbar LAM toward the side with less weight bearing while trotting. Description of these compensatory movements is valuable when evaluating dogs with subtle weight bearing asymmetry in the pelvic limbs and may improve the sensitivity of lameness detection during subjective clinical lameness examination.

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Zych, Magdalena, Ian Rankin, Donal Holland i Giacomo Severini. "Temporal and spatial asymmetries during stationary cycling cause different feedforward and feedback modifications in the muscular control of the lower limbs". Journal of Neurophysiology 121, nr 1 (1.01.2019): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00482.2018.

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Motor adaptations are useful for studying the way in which the lower limbs are controlled by the brain. However, motor adaptation paradigms for the lower limbs are typically based on locomotion tasks, where the necessity of maintaining postural stability is the main driver of adaptation and could possibly mask other underlying processes. In this study we investigated whether small temporal or spatial asymmetries can trigger motor adaptations during stationary cycling, where stability is not directly compromised. Fourteen healthy individuals participated in two experiments: in one of the experiments, the angle between the crank arms of the pedals was altered by 10° to induce a temporal asymmetry; in the other experiment, the length of the right pedal was shortened by 2.4 cm to induce a spatial asymmetry. We recorded the acceleration of the crank arms and the electromographic signals of 16 muscles (8 per leg). The analysis of the accelerometer data was used to investigate the presence of motor adaptations. Muscle synergy analysis was performed on each side to quantify changes in neuromuscular control. We found that motor adaptations are present in response to temporal asymmetries and are obtained by progressively shifting the activation patterns of two synergies on the right leg. Spatial asymmetries, on the other hand, appear to trigger a feedback-driven response that does not present an aftereffect. This response is characterized by a steplike decrease in activity in the right gastrocnemius when the asymmetry is present and likely reflects the altered task demands. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The processes driving lower limb motor adaptations are not fully clear, and previous research appears to indicate that adaptations are mainly driven by stability. We show that lower limb adaptations can be obtained also in the absence of an explicit balance threat. We also show that adaptations are present when kinematic error cannot be compensated for, suggesting the presence of intrinsic error measures regulating the timing of activation of the two legs.

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Hill, Allen, i Julie Nantel. "The effects of arm swing amplitude and lower-limb asymmetry on gait stability". PLOS ONE 14, nr 12 (20.12.2019): e0218644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218644.

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Pietraszewski, Przemysław, Artur Gołaś, Aleksander Matusiński, Sylwia Mrzygłód, Aleksandra Mostowik i Adam Maszczyk. "Muscle Activity Asymmetry of the Lower Limbs During Sprinting in Elite Soccer Players". Journal of Human Kinetics 75, nr 1 (31.10.2020): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0049.

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Abstract The analysis of movement patterns through EMG activity provides the opportunity to identify the muscle groups most involved in a particular exercise, and to determine the scope of inter-limb deficiencies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a side-to-side muscle activity asymmetry between the left and the right lower limb during sprinting in soccer players. Sixteen professional soccer players took part in the study. Their age, body mass and body height equaled 23.7 ± 7.6 years, 81.2 ± 10.8 kg and 179.3 ± 12.2 cm, respectively. The sprint test consisted of two maximal sprints over 30 m with a 5-min rest interval between each sprint. EMG was recorded bilaterally from the quadriceps, hamstrings and gluteal muscles. Regression analysis revealed a significant effect of a side-to-side average muscle activity asymmetry between the left and right hamstring (LH/RH) muscles during the speed tests at 5 m (p = 0.044), and 30 m (p = 0.045), as well as the left and right glutes (LG/RG) at 5 m (p = 0.044) and 30 m (p = 0.043). Our results indicate that hamstring and glute muscles should be selectively and additionally activated during resistance training in soccer players to prevent injuries and improve sprint performance.

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