Artykuły w czasopismach: „Low latency transmission”

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Huang, Lei, Xiaoyu Zhao, Wei Chen i H. Vincent Poor. "Low-Latency Short-Packet Transmission over a Large Spatial Scale". Entropy 23, nr 7 (19.07.2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070916.

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Short-packet transmission has attracted considerable attention due to its potential to achieve ultralow latency in automated driving, telesurgery, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and other applications emerging in the coming era of the Six-Generation (6G) wireless networks. In 6G systems, a paradigm-shifting infrastructure is anticipated to provide seamless coverage by integrating low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks, which enable long-distance wireless relaying. However, how to efficiently transmit short packets over a sizeable spatial scale remains open. In this paper, we are interested in low-latency short-packet transmissions between two distant nodes, in which neither propagation delay, nor propagation loss can be ignored. Decode-and-forward (DF) relays can be deployed to regenerate packets reliably during their delivery over a long distance, thereby reducing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss. However, they also cause decoding delay in each hop, the sum of which may become large and cannot be ignored given the stringent latency constraints. This paper presents an optimal relay deployment to minimize the error probability while meeting both the latency and transmission power constraints. Based on an asymptotic analysis, a theoretical performance bound for distant short-packet transmission is also characterized by the optimal distance–latency–reliability tradeoff, which is expected to provide insights into designing integrated LEO satellite communications in 6G.

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Lee, Sunwoo, i Donghyeok An. "Enhanced Flow Control for Low Latency in QUIC". Energies 15, nr 12 (9.06.2022): 4241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124241.

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Low-latency communication is becoming more popular as applications that demand real-time interaction, such as autonomous mobile vehicles and tactile Internet, have recently gained prominence. In this paper, we propose a fast autotuning algorithm to support low-latency communication in the Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC) protocol. The transmission rate is adjusted by the fast autotuning based on the quantity of unused buffers. If the buffer has large free space, the receive window is quickly enlarged to increase the transmission rate and reduce the transmission delay. The fast autotuning is evaluated in this paper through extensive simulations, and the results show that the fast autotuning effectively reduces the transmission latency and increases throughput.

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Liu, Qing, Heming Wang, Fangxu Lyu, Geng Zhang i Dongbin Lyu. "A Low-Latency, Low-Jitter Retimer Circuit for PCIe 6.0". Electronics 12, nr 14 (17.07.2023): 3102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143102.

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As the PCIe 6.0 specification places higher requirements on signal integrity and transmission latency, it becomes especially important to improve signal transmission performance at the physical layer of the transceiver interface. Retimer circuits are a key component of high-speed serial interfaces, and their delay and jitter size directly affect the overall performance of PCIe. For the typical retimer circuit with large-latency and low-jitter performance, this paper proposes a low-latency and low-jitter Retimer circuit based on CDR + PLL architecture for PCIe 6.0, using a jitter-canceling filter circuit to eliminate the frequency difference between the retiming clock and data, reduce the retiming clock jitter, and improve the quality of Retimer output data. The data are sampled using the retiming clock and then output, avoiding the problem of large penetration latency of typical retimer circuits. The circuit is designed using the CMOS 28 nm process. Simulation results show that when 112 Gbps PAM4 data are input to the retimer circuit, the Retimer penetration latency is 27.3 ps, which is 83.5% lower than the typical Retimer structure; the output jitter data are 741 fs, a 31.4% reduction compared to the typical retimer structure.

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Wu, Yiliang, Xue Bai, Yendo Hu i Minghong Chen. "A Novel Video Transmission Latency Measurement Method for Intelligent Cloud Computing". Applied Sciences 12, nr 24 (15.12.2022): 12884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412884.

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Low latency video transmission is gaining importance in time-critical applications using real-time cloud-based systems. Cloud-based Virtual Reality (VR), remote control, and AI response systems are emerging use cases that demand low latency and good reliability. Although there are many video transmission schemes that claim low latency, they vary over different network conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods that can accurately measure end-to-end latency online, continuously, without any content modification. This research brings these applications one step closer to addressing these next generation use cases. This paper analyzes the cause of end-to-end latency within a video transmission system, and then proposes three methods to measure the latency: timecode, remote online, and lossless remote video online. The corresponding equipment was designed and implemented. The actual measurement of the three methods using related equipment proved that our proposed method can accurately and effectively measure the end-to-end latency of the video transmission system.

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He, Shiwen, Ju Ren, Jiaheng Wang, Yongming Huang, Yaoxue Zhang, Weihua Zhuang i Sherman Shen. "Cloud-Edge Coordinated Processing: Low-Latency Multicasting Transmission". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 37, nr 5 (maj 2019): 1144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2906791.

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Shanto, Md Amirul Hasan, Binodon, Amit Karmaker, Md Mahfuz Reza i Md Abir Hossain. "Cluster-Based Transmission Diversity Optimization in Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication". Network 2, nr 1 (17.03.2022): 168–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/network2010012.

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Intra-vehicular communication is an emerging technology explored spontaneously due to higher wireless sensor-based application demands. To meet the upcoming market demands, the current intra-vehicular communication transmission reliability and latency should be improved significantly to fit with the existing 5G and upcoming 6G communication domains. Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) can be widely used to enhance the quality of communication and services of 5G and beyond. The 5G URLLC service is highly dependable for transmission reliability and minimizing data transmission latency. In this paper, a multiple-access scheme named Cluster-based Orthogonal Frequency Subcarrier-based Multiple Access (C-OFSMA) is proposed with 5G URLLC’s high requirement adaptation for intra-vehicular data transmission. The URLLC demanded high reliability of approximately 99.999% of the data transmission within the extremely short latency of less than 1 ms. C-OFSMA enhanced the transmission diversity, which secured more successful data transmission to fulfill these high requirements and adapt to such a network environment. In C-OFSMA, the available sensors transmit data over specific frequency channels where frequency selection is random and special sensors (audio and video) transmit data over dedicated frequency channels. The minimum number of subcarrier channels was evaluated for different arrival rates and different packet duplication conditions in order to achieve 99.999% reliability within an air-interface latency of 0.2 ms. For the fixed frequency channel condition, C-OFSMA and OFSMA were compared in terms of reliability response and other packet duplication. Moreover, the optimal number of clusters was also evaluated in the aspects of the reliability response for the C-OFSMA system.

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Lin, Ge, Xu Renhui, Peng Laixian, Li Aijing i Yang Yaoqi. "A low-delay information sharing algorithm for multiple-radio-per-platform networking". International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, nr 2 (luty 2021): 155014772199442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147721994424.

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In order to ensure the strong real-time information sharing of Aerial Ad hoc Network, a low-delay information sharing algorithm for multiple-radio-per-platform networking is proposed based on the directional transmission capability of phased-array antenna. The algorithm introduces virtual nodes and virtual links in the process of topology generation first. By extracting topology information and choosing link grouping, it can effectively reduce redundant transmission and transmission latency of information sharing. Then, it is verified through simulation that the algorithm can reduce the latency by up to 49.8% and eliminate transmission redundancy. In addition, a direction selection algorithm is proposed for the variation of antenna beam direction. Simulation results show that the algorithm can further reduce the latency of information sharing and ensure the real time of information sharing, thus further improving the network performance.

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Bae, Duck-Hyun, Hyun-Suk Lee i Jang-Won Lee. "Low Latency Uplink Transmission Scheme in Mobile Communication Networks". Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 42, nr 1 (31.01.2017): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2017.42.1.77.

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Xu, Yanqing, Chao Shen, Tsung-Hui Chang, Shih-Chun Lin, Yajun Zhao i Gang Zhu. "Transmission Energy Minimization for Heterogeneous Low-Latency NOMA Downlink". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19, nr 2 (luty 2020): 1054–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2950318.

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Ilter, Mehmet Cagri, i Halim Yanikomeroglu. "Convolutionally Coded SNR-Adaptive Transmission for Low-Latency Communications". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 67, nr 9 (wrzesień 2018): 8964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2018.2844019.

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Hao, Wanming, Ming Zeng, Gangcan Sun i Pei Xiao. "Edge Cache-Assisted Secure Low-Latency Millimeter-Wave Transmission". IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7, nr 3 (marzec 2020): 1815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2957351.

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de Boeij, Jeroen, Maarten Haazen, Peter Smulders i Elena Lomonova. "Low-Latency Wireless Data Transfer for Motion Control". Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/591506.

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This paper discusses a new approach for wireless motion control. Existing wireless techniques suffer from large closed loop delays of several milliseconds, which is unacceptable in precision motion systems. These large delays are mainly caused by the protocol used, since these are optimized for transferring large amounts of data, not to minimize transmission delay. A new protocol and wireless system are proposed that reduce the closed loop transmission delay to less than 300 microseconds. The system has been verified in a real control system, and measurements show the performance, which is more than ten times better than existing techniques.

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Marinšek, Alexander, Daan Delabie, Lieven De Strycker i Liesbet Van der Perre. "Physical Layer Latency Management Mechanisms: A Study for Millimeter-Wave Wi-Fi". Electronics 10, nr 13 (3.07.2021): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131599.

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Emerging applications in fields such as extended reality require both a high throughput and low latency. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is considered because of the potential in the large available bandwidth. The present work studies mmWave Wi-Fi physical layer latency management mechanisms, a key factor in providing low-latency communications for time-critical applications. We calculate physical layer latency in an ideal scenario and simulate it using a tailor-made simulation framework, based on the IEEE 802.11ad standard. Assessing data reception quality over a noisy channel yielded latency’s dependency on transmission parameters, channel noise, and digital baseband tuning. Latency in function of the modulation and coding scheme was found to span 0.28–2.71 ms in the ideal scenario, whereas simulation results also revealed its tight bond with the demapping algorithm and the number of low-density parity-check decoder iterations. The findings yielded tuning parameter combinations for reaching Pareto optimality either by constraining the bit error rate and optimizing latency or the other way around. Our assessment shows that trade-offs can and have to be made to provide sufficiently reliable low-latency communication. In good channel conditions, one may benefit from both the very high throughput and low latency; yet, in more adverse situations, lower modulation orders and additional coding overhead are a necessity.

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Chen, Hua Sheng, Wei Hua Li, You Miao Qu i Chang De Li. "GC_NDMR：A Stable and Low Latency Multipath Routing Protocol in Connectivity of MANET and Internet". Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (luty 2013): 1984–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1984.

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Using multipath routing technology in MANET can improve network stability and reduce end-to-end latency. This paper proposes a Gateway-Centric, Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol called GC_NDMR to provide efficient data transmission scheme in the connectivity of MANET and Internet. The main idea of GC_NDMR is setting up multipath routing from source nodes to the gateway in MANET, and assigning data flows on multipath based on hops and latency algorithm. Simulation shows that, compared with single path routing protocol AODV interconnect scheme, GC_NDMR has more stable and low end-to-end latency performance. GC_NDMR meets the need of data transmission in the connectivity of MANET and Internet.

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Zhang, Liya, Wei Yang i Chenxin Li. "Enhanced High-Definition Video Transmission for Unmanned Driving in Mining Environments". Applied Sciences 14, nr 10 (19.05.2024): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14104296.

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In the development of intelligent mines, unmanned driving transportation has emerged as a key technology to reduce human involvement and enable unmanned operations. The operation of unmanned vehicles in mining environments relies on remote operation, which necessitates the low-latency transmission of high-definition video data across multiple channels for comprehensive monitoring and precise remote control. To address the challenges associated with unmanned driving in mines, we propose a comprehensive scheme that leverages the capabilities of 5G super uplink, edge collaborative computing, and advanced video transmission strategies. This approach utilizes dual-frequency bands, specifically 3.5 GHz and 2.1 GHz, within the 5G super uplink framework to establish an infrastructure designed for high-bandwidth and low-latency information transmission, crucial for real-time autonomous operations. To overcome limitations due to computational resources at terminal devices, our scheme incorporates task offloading and edge computing methodologies to effectively reduce latency and enhance decision-making speed for real-time autonomous activities. Additionally, to consolidate the benefits of low latency, we implement several video transmission strategies, such as optimized network usage, service-specific wireless channel identification, and dynamic frame allocation. An experimental evaluation demonstrates that our approach achieves an uplink peak rate of 418.5 Mbps with an average latency of 18.3 ms during the parallel transmission of seven channels of 4K video, meeting the stringent requirements for remote control of unmanned mining vehicles.

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Yang, Dan, Xuhan Xu, Tianyang Chen, Yanhao Chen i Junjie Zhang. "Low Latency TOE with Double-Queue Structure for 10Gbps Ethernet on FPGA". Sensors 23, nr 10 (12.05.2023): 4690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104690.

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The TCP protocol is a connection-oriented and reliable transport layer communication protocol which is widely used in network communication. With the rapid development and popular application of data center networks, high-throughput, low-latency, and multi-session network data processing has become an immediate need for network devices. If only a traditional software protocol stack is used for processing, it will occupy a large amount of CPU resources and affect network performance. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a double-queue storage structure for a 10G TCP/IP hardware offload engine based on FPGA. Furthermore, a TOE reception transmission delay theoretical analysis model for interaction with the application layer is proposed, so that the TOE can dynamically select the transmission channel based on the interaction results. After board-level verification, the TOE supports 1024 TCP sessions with a reception rate of 9.5 Gbps and a minimum transmission latency of 600 ns. When the TCP packet payload length is 1024 bytes, the latency performance of TOE’s double-queue storage structure improves by at least 55.3% compared to other hardware implementation approaches. When compared with software implementation approaches, the latency performance of TOE is only 3.2% of the software approaches.

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Kuschnerov, Maxim, Brian J. Mangan, Kerrie Gong, Vincent A. J. M. Sleiffer, Maximilian Herrmann, Jeffrey W. Nicholson, John Michael Fini i in. "Transmission of Commercial Low Latency Interfaces Over Hollow-Core Fiber". Journal of Lightwave Technology 34, nr 2 (15.01.2016): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2015.2469144.

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Kim, Eunkyung, Yuro Lee i Heesoo Lee. "An Applicable Repeated Transmission for Low Latency and Reliable Services". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 69, nr 8 (sierpień 2020): 8468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2995846.

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Yu, Kan, Mikael Gidlund, Johan Åkerberg i Mats Bj̈orkman. "Reliable and Low Latency Transmission in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks". Procedia Computer Science 5 (2011): 866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2011.07.120.

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Chen, Huamin, Ruijie Fang, Tao Chen, Peng Wang, Zhuwei Wang, Shaofu Lin i Fan Li. "A Novel Adaptive UE Aggregation-Based Transmission Scheme Design for a Hybrid Network with Multi-Connectivity". Symmetry 15, nr 9 (15.09.2023): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15091766.

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With the progress of the eras and the development of science and technology, the requirements of device-to-device (D2D) connectivity increased rapidly. As one important service in future systems, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) has attracted attention in many applications, especially in the Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and other scenarios due to its characteristics of ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability. However, in order to achieve the requirement of ultra-low latency, energy consumption often increases significantly. The optimization of energy consumption and the latency of the system in the communication field are often in conflict with each other. In this paper, in order to optimize the energy consumption and the latency jointly under different scenarios, and since the detailed requirements for latency and reliability are diverse in different services, we propose an adaptive UE aggregation (AUA)-based transmission scheme that explores the diversity gain of multiple simultaneous paths to reduce the overall latency of data transmission, wherein multiple paths correspond to multiple coordination nodes. Furthermore, it could provide the feasibility of link adaptation by adjusting the path number according to the real transmission environment. Then, unnecessary energy waste could be avoided. To evaluate the performance, the energy-delay product (EDP) is proposed for the latency and energy comparison. The provided simulation results align with the numerical data. Through the analysis, it can be proven that the proposed scheme can achieve a joint optimization of latency and energy consumption to meet different types of URLLC services.

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Duplishcheva, Natalia V., Eugeny V. Rogozhnikov, Edgar M. Dmitriyev, Serafim A. Novichkov, Dmitry V. Lakontsev i Evgeny Y. Ageev. "Providing ultra-reliability and low latency of 5G NR traffic". T-Comm 16, nr 1 (2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2022-16-1-22-29.

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The pace of development of telecommunication technologies is increasing every year. More and more devices are using wireless technologies for transmitting information. This increases the pressure on the network, which leads to an increase in the delay in the transmission of data and a decrease in the speed of transmission of information. The development of telecommunications technologies has also affected Internet traffic, as well as the development of the automated industrial production sector (communication with industrial robots, i.e., digitization of production and development of smart factories), the health sector (remote health care), the transport industry (intelligent transport systems, high-speed trains) and the energy sector (intelligent networks). Together, this increases the re-quirements for speed, low delay and reliability of transmission. The evolution of data transmission systems from 4G to 5G is designed to meet the ever-increasing demands of wireless networks. However, one of the current challenges in research on fifth generation networks is the high cost of equipment needed to research new protocols, fine-tune algorithms, optimize network architecture, and organize network topologies. The application of new network solutions is the main obstacle in the study of the radio channel for most lab oratories and research centers. In this regard, the transition from field experiments, which require large economic costs and time resources, to simulation modeling using the NS-3 network simulator is a cost-effective solution in the study of 5G networks. This article presents the features of traffic and the results of modeling the data transmission of ultra-reliable low latency traffic in 5G networks (URLLC) using the NS-3 network simulator.

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Petkova, Radostina, Vladimir Poulkov, Agata Manolova i Krasimir Tonchev. "Challenges in Implementing Low-Latency Holographic-Type Communication Systems". Sensors 22, nr 24 (8.12.2022): 9617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249617.

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Holographic-type communication (HTC) permits new levels of engagement between remote users. It is anticipated that it will give a very immersive experience while enhancing the sense of spatial co-presence. In addition to the newly revealed advantages, however, stringent system requirements are imposed, such as multi-sensory and multi-dimensional data capture and reproduction, ultra-lightweight processing, ultra-low-latency transmission, realistic avatar embodiment conveying gestures and facial expressions, support for an arbitrary number of participants, etc. In this paper, we review the current limitations to the HTC system implementation and systemize the main challenges into a few major groups. Furthermore, we propose a conceptual framework for the realization of an HTC system that will guarantee the desired low-latency transmission, lightweight processing, and ease of scalability, all accompanied with a higher level of realism in human body appearance and dynamics.

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Saravanakumar, U., P. Suresh i S. P. Vimal. "Low-power, low-latency transceiver design using d-TGMS flip-flop for on-chip interconnects". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 1 (29.01.2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.8730.

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The routers in Network on Chips (NoCs) are used to transmit the data among the Processing Elements (PEs) in the field, and it can be done through transmission links between the routers. Traditionally, the data transmission between the PEs of NoC is carried out by the parallel bus which consumes more power, leads to be complex routing strategies and occupies more area within the field. Instead of parallel bus, serializes and deserialisers are used for serial data transmission, which consumes very less power and area than traditional method. To implement serialiser-deserialiser at the transceiver in the router for on chip communication, a three-level encoding technique is implemented in this design, which eliminates power hungry blocks in earlier works, such as Phase Locked Loops, Feed Forward Equalizers, Decision Feedback Equalizers and the repeaters along the transmission line. In this paper, a low-power transceiver is proposed using modified C2MOS flip flop and Dynamic TGMS flip flop circuits in order to minimize the delay. The power reduction of 35.683% and the delay reduction of 44.71% were achieved in the proposed transceiver than the NAND gate based D flip flop transceivers.

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Tian, Yunke, Yong Bai i Dake Liu. "Low-Latency QC-LDPC Encoder Design for 5G NR". Sensors 21, nr 18 (18.09.2021): 6266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186266.

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In order to meet the low latency and high throughput requirements of data transmission in 5th generation (5G) New Radio (NR), it is necessary to minimize the low power encoding hardware latency on transmitter and achieve lower base station power consumption within a fixed transmission time interval (TTI). This paper investigates parallel design and implementation of 5G quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes encoder. The designed QC-LDPC encoder employs a multi-channel parallel structure to obtain multiple parity check bits and thus reduce encoding latency significantly. The proposed encoder maps high parallelism encoding algorithms to a configurable circuit architecture, achieving flexibility and support for all 5G NR code length and code rate. The experimental results show that under the 800 MHz system frequency, the achieved data throughput ranges from 62 to 257.9 Gbps, and the maximum code length encoding time under base graph 1 (BG1) is only 33.75 ns, which is the critical encoding time of our proposed encoder. Finally, our proposed encoder was synthesized on SMIC 28 nm CMOS technology; the result confirmed the effectiveness and feasibility of our design.

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Zhou, Xinbing, Peng Hao i Dake Liu. "PCCNoC: Packet Connected Circuit as Network on Chip for High Throughput and Low Latency SoCs". Micromachines 14, nr 3 (21.02.2023): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14030501.

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Hundreds of processor cores or modules are integrated into a single chip. The traditional bus or crossbar is challenged by bandwidth, scalability, and silicon area, and cannot meet the requirements of high end applications. Network-on-chip (NoC) has become a very promising interconnection structure because of its good scalability, predictable interconnect length and delay, high bandwidth, and reusability. However, the most available packet routing NoC may not be the perfect solution for high-end heterogeneous multi-core real-time systems-on-chip (SoC) because of the excessive latency and cache cost overhead. Moreover, circuit switching is limited by the scale, connectivity flexibility, and excessive overhead of fully connected systems. To solve the above problems and to meet the need for low latency, high throughput, and flexibility, this paper proposes PCCNoC (Packet Connected Circuit NoC), a low-latency and low-overhead NoC based on both packet switching (setting-up circuit) and circuit switching (data transmission on circuit), which offers flexible routing and zero overhead of data transmission latency, making it suitable for high-end heterogeneous multi-core real-time SoC at various system scales. Compared with typically available packet switched NoC, our PCCoC sees 242% improved performance and 97% latency reduction while keeping the silicon cost relatively low.

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Shah, Fadia, Jianping Li i Raheel Ahmed Memon. "SDN Low Latency for Medical Big Data Using Wavelets". Sukkur IBA Journal of Computing and Mathematical Sciences 1, nr 1 (30.06.2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjcms.v1i1.4.

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New era is the age of 5G. The network has moved from the simple internet connection towards advanced LTE connections and transmission. The information and communication technology has reshaped telecommunication. For this, among many types of big data, Medical Big Data is one of the most sensitive forms of data. Wavelet is a technical tool to reduce the size of this data to make it available for the user for more time. It is also responsible for low latency and high speed data transmission over the network. The key concern is the Medical Big Data should be accurate and reliable enough so that the recommended treatment should be the concerned one. This paper proposed the scheme to support the concept of data availability without losing crucial information, via Wavelet the Medical Data compression and through SDN supportive architecture by making data availability over the wireless network. Such scheme is in favor of the efficient use of technology for the benefit of human beings in the support of medical treatments.

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Fletcher, Michael, Eric Paulz, Devin Ridge i Alan J. Michaels. "Low-Latency Wireless Network Extension for Industrial Internet of Things". Sensors 24, nr 7 (26.03.2024): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24072113.

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The timely delivery of critical messages in real-time environments is an increasing requirement for industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks. Similar to wired time-sensitive networking (TSN) techniques, which bifurcate traffic flows based on priority, the proposed wireless method aims to ensure that critical traffic arrives rapidly across multiple hops to enable numerous IIoT use cases. IIoT architectures are migrating toward wirelessly connected edges, creating a desire to extend TSN-like functionality to a wireless format. Existing protocols possess inherent challenges to achieving this prioritized low-latency communication, ranging from rigidly scheduled time division transmissions, scalability/jitter of carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols, and encryption-induced latency. This paper presents a hardware-validated low-latency technique built upon receiver-assigned code division multiple access (RA-CDMA) techniques to implement a secure wireless TSN-like extension suitable for the IIoT. Results from our hardware prototype, constructed on the IntelFPGA Arria 10 platform, show that (sub-)millisecond single-hop latencies can be achieved for each of the available message types, ranging from 12 bits up to 224 bits of payload. By achieving one-way transmission of under 1 ms, a reliable wireless TSN extension with comparable timelines to 802.1Q and/or 5G is achievable and proven in concept through our hardware prototype.

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Yan, Binghao, Qinrang Liu, JianLiang Shen, Dong Liang, Bo Zhao i Ling Ouyang. "A survey of low-latency transmission strategies in software defined networking". Computer Science Review 40 (maj 2021): 100386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2021.100386.

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Su, Xiao, i Tao Wang. "Efficient peer assignment for low-latency transmission of scalable coded images". Journal of Communications and Networks 10, nr 1 (marzec 2008): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2008.6388331.

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Taguchi, Makoto, Toshihiro Mizuguchi, Takehiko Abe i Hiroyuki Hamazumi. "Development of Low-Latency Digital Transmission System for Specified Radio Microphone". Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 68, nr 5 (2014): J202—J209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.68.j202.

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Hu, Jinxian, Jinfeng Wang i Rengang Li. "Low-Latency Ultra-Wideband High-Speed Transmission Protocol Based on FPGA". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1621 (sierpień 2020): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1621/1/012066.

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Srisomboon, Kanabadee, Tinnaphob Dindam i Wilaiporn Lee. "Empowered Hybrid Parent Selection for Improving Network Lifetime, PDR, and Latency in Smart Grid". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (24.05.2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5551152.

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To support the constraints of smart meters—low power and memory—of AMI network, RPL is considered as the most suitable routing protocol to be implemented in practice. Network lifetime, PDR, and latency are the critical issues to be focused on and addressed. Generally, single parent selection scheme cannot satisfy all expected performance requirements of RPL based on AMI network due to tradeoff between workload balancing and transmission performance, PDR and latency. Moreover, the single parent also suffers from the package size and transmission range. Then, multiparent solution is proposed to overcome these demerits using multipath transmission strategy. Although the existing multiparent solutions, MELT and MAHP, overcome the issue of transmission performance, they present low network lifetime since multiparent solution consumes high energy in data transmission. In this paper, we propose an “empowered hybrid parent selection (EHPS)” that exploits the merits of multiparent solution and the single parent with cognitive radio technology in a hybridizing scheme. To split the data packet efficiently under multipath transmission strategy, a fuzzy AHP (FAHP) is adopted; therefore, EHPS balances the workload effectively and maximizes the network lifetime over long transmission range and large data size. Moreover, by exploiting cognitive radio, EHPS is flexible to the transmission range and data size since it achieves the highest transmission performance, highest PDR, and lowest latency among others, while maintaining high network lifetime.

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Arya, Sudhanshu, Jingda Yang i Ying Wang. "Towards the Designing of Low-Latency SAGIN: Ground-to-UAV Communications over Interference Channel". Drones 7, nr 7 (20.07.2023): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7070479.

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We present a novel and first-of-its-kind information-theoretic framework for the key design consideration and implementation of a ground-to-unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (G2U) communication network with an aim to minimize end-to-end transmission delay in the presence of interference in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN). To characterize the transmission delay, we utilize Fano’s inequality and derive the tight upper bound for the capacity for the G2U uplink channel in the presence of interference, noise, and potential jamming. In addition, as a function of the location information of the UAV, a tight lower bound on the transmit power is obtained subject to the reliability constraint and the maximum delay threshold. Furthermore, a relay UAV in the dual-hop relay mode, with amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol, is considered, for which we jointly obtain the optimal positions of the relay and the receiver UAVs in the presence of interference, with straight-line, circular, and helical trajectories as UAV tracing. Interestingly, increasing the power gives a negligible gain in terms of delay minimization, though may greatly enhance the outage performance. Moreover, we prove that there exists an optimal height that minimizes the end-to-end transmission delay in the presence of interference. We show the interesting result of the delay analysis. In particular, it is shown that receiver location and the end-to-end signal-to-noise power ratio play a critical role in end-to-end latency. For instance, with the transmitter location fixed to (0,0,0) and the interferer location set to (0, 500 m, 0), the latency generally increases with increasing the receiver’s vertical height (z-axis). With the receiver’s horizontal coordinates, i.e., (xR,yR) set to (0, 0) reducing the receiver’s height from 200 m to 50 m decreases the delay latency (codeword length) by more than 30% for an interference-limited channel. Whereas, for an interference channel with a signal-to-noise power ratio equal to 30 dB, the latency decreases by approximately 2%. The proposed framework can be used in practice by a network controller as a system parameters selection criteria, where among a set of parameters, the parameters leading to the lowest transmission latency can be incorporated into the transmission. The based analysis further set the baseline assessment when applying Command and Control (C2) standards to mission-critical G2U and UAV-to-UAV (U2U) services.

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Sidorenko, V., W. F. J. Müller, W. Zabolotny, I. Fröhlich, D. Emschermann i J. Becker. "Evaluation of GBT-FPGA for timing and fast control in CBM experiment". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 02 (1.02.2023): C02052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02052.

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Abstract Timing and Fast Control (TFC) system for the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is being developed with focus on low and deterministic data transmission latency. This helps to minimize data corruption in the free-streaming Data Acquisition (DAQ) system during occasional data bursts caused by the expected beam intensity fluctuations. Proven in latency-optimized experimental data transport applications, the GBT-FPGA core is expected to positively contribute to the TFC system performance. In this work, the core has been integrated as the primary communication interface and its effect on transmission latency and quality of time distribution has been evaluated.

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Karam, Sana Nasim, Kashif Bilal, Abdul Nasir Khan, Junaid Shuja i Said Jadid Abdulkadir. "Energy-efficient routing protocol for reliable low-latency Internet of Things in oil and gas pipeline monitoring". PeerJ Computer Science 10 (29.02.2024): e1908. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1908.

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The oil and gas industries (OGI) are the primary global energy source, with pipelines as vital components for OGI transportation. However, pipeline leaks pose significant risks, including fires, injuries, environmental harm, and property damage. Therefore, maintaining an effective pipeline maintenance system is critical for ensuring a safe and sustainable energy supply. The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a cutting-edge technology for efficient OGI pipeline leak detection. However, deploying IoT in OGI monitoring faces significant challenges due to hazardous environments and limited communication infrastructure. Energy efficiency and fault tolerance, typical IoT concerns, gain heightened importance in the OGI context. In OGI monitoring, IoT devices are linearly deployed with no alternative communication mechanism available along OGI pipelines. Thus, the absence of both communication routes can disrupt crucial data transmission. Therefore, ensuring energy-efficient and fault-tolerant communication for OGI data is paramount. Critical data needs to reach the control center on time for faster actions to avoid loss. Low latency communication for critical data is another challenge of the OGI monitoring environment. Moreover, IoT devices gather a plethora of OGI parameter data including redundant values that hold no relevance for transmission to the control center. Thus, optimizing data transmission is essential to conserve energy in OGI monitoring. This article presents the Priority-Based, Energy-Efficient, and Optimal Data Routing Protocol (PO-IMRP) to tackle these challenges. The energy model and congestion control mechanism optimize data packets for an energy-efficient and congestion-free network. In PO-IMRP, nodes are aware of their energy status and communicate node’s depletion status timely for network robustness. Priority-based routing selects low-latency routes for critical data to avoid OGI losses. Comparative analysis against linear LEACH highlights PO-IMRP’s superior performance in terms of total packet transmission by completing fewer rounds with more packet’s transmissions, attributed to the packet optimization technique implemented at each hop, which helps mitigate network congestion. MATLAB simulations affirm the effectiveness of the protocol in terms of energy efficiency, fault-tolerance, and low latency communication.

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Lubna, Tabassum, Imtiaz Mahmud i You-Ze Cho. "Low Latency and High Data Rate (LLHD) Scheduler: A Multipath TCP Scheduler for Dynamic and Heterogeneous Networks". Sensors 22, nr 24 (15.12.2022): 9869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249869.

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The scheduler is a crucial component of the multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) that dictates the path that a data packet takes. Schedulers are in charge of delivering data packets in the right order to prevent delays caused by head-of-line blocking. The modern Internet is a complicated network whose characteristics change in real-time. MPTCP schedulers are supposed to understand the real-time properties of the underlying network, such as latency, path loss, and capacity, in order to make appropriate scheduling decisions. However, the present scheduler does not take into account all of these characteristics together, resulting in lower performance. We present the low latency and high data rate (LLHD) scheduler, which successfully makes scheduling decisions based on real-time information on latency, path loss, and capacity, and achieves around 25% higher throughput and 45% lower data transmission delay than Linux’s default MPTCP scheduler.

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Rose, Heather J., i Raju Metherate. "Auditory Thalamocortical Transmission Is Reliable and Temporally Precise". Journal of Neurophysiology 94, nr 3 (wrzesień 2005): 2019–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00860.2004.

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We have used the auditory thalamocortical slice to characterize thalamocortical transmission in primary auditory cortex (ACx) of the juvenile mouse. “Minimal” stimulation was used to activate medial geniculate neurons during whole cell recordings from regular-spiking (RS cells; mostly pyramidal) and fast-spiking (FS, putative inhibitory) neurons in ACx layers 3 and 4. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were considered monosynaptic (thalamocortical) if they met three criteria: low onset latency variability (jitter), little change in latency with increased stimulus intensity, and little change in latency during a high-frequency tetanus. Thalamocortical EPSPs were reliable (probability of postsynaptic responses to stimulation was ∼1.0) as well as temporally precise (low jitter). Both RS and FS neurons received thalamocortical input, but EPSPs in FS cells had faster rise times, shorter latencies to peak amplitude, and shorter durations than EPSPs in RS cells. Thalamocortical EPSPs depressed during repetitive stimulation at rates (2–300 Hz) consistent with thalamic spike rates in vivo, but at stimulation rates ≥40 Hz, EPSPs also summed to activate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and trigger long-lasting polysynaptic activity. We conclude that thalamic inputs to excitatory and inhibitory neurons in ACx activate reliable and temporally precise monosynaptic EPSPs that in vivo may contribute to the precise timing of acoustic-evoked responses.

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Khun, Aung Thura Phyo, Lin Shan, Yuto Lim i Yasuo Tan. "MCST Scheme for UAV Systems over LoRa Networks". Drones 7, nr 6 (2.06.2023): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7060371.

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In recent years, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) has received widespread popularity with long-range and wide-area communication at low power for the Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Among many vendors of LPWAN, long-range low-power wireless communications, also called LoRa, is one of the competing standards and is well known in both academia and industrial communities as an emerging research area. Among the LoRa applications, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) systems are emerging with the benefits of extended battery life and a long communication range. In this paper, we investigate the network capacity with the mixture of concurrent and sequential transmission (MCST) scheme over LoRa networks. From the simulation results, it can be seen that MCST is suitable for implementation in the LoRa network. Specifically, MCST can achieve higher throughput with low transmission latency and energy consumption compared to the existing CSMA approach LoRa MAC. Besides, we also propose a modified MCST over the LoRa (mMCST/LoRa) scheme to mitigate the transmission latency further. The simulation results reveal a better performance in terms of throughput, latency and energy consumption, regardless of the frame payload size and the number of nodes in the network.

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Pandey, Brijesh Chander, i Saif Khan Mohammed. "A Low-Latency Transmission Method for Massive MIMO Systems With Low Control Signaling Overhead". IEEE Transactions on Communications 67, nr 5 (maj 2019): 3292–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2895347.

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G, LokaManjari, Nikhila K, K. Annapurna i B. Seetha Ramanjaneyulu. "Qualitative Examination of Credit Based Shaper in IEEE 802.1AVB". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, nr 1s5 (30.12.2019): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1380.1291s519.

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Switched Ethernethasenteredinto industrial networking applications more than a decade ago. But the concern of non-determinism about its transmissions is still to be addressed. It is the main issue in industrial applications where the transmissions need to be time-sensitive. AVB (Audio Video Bridging) is one mechanism that can help in improving this determinism. AVB is a set of technical standards used to transport the low-latency streaming services over Ethernet networks. In order to provide low latency, AVB specify the traffic shaping mechanisms that are used to serialize the set of frames. Traffic shaping and transmission selection can be performed by the Credit Based Shaper in AVB. In this paper we analyze the credit based shaper by changing the payload of AVB and observing the impact on best effort traffic. Analysis results indicate that it offers good throughputs at appropriate load conditions.

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Hao, Peng, Shengbing Zhang, Xinbing Zhou, Yi Man i Dake Liu. "PaCHNOC: Packet and Circuit Hybrid Switching NoC for Real-Time Parallel Stream Signal Processing". Micromachines 15, nr 3 (23.02.2024): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15030304.

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Real-time heterogeneous parallel embedded digital signal processor (DSP) systems process multiple data streams in parallel in a stringent time interval. This type of system on chip (SoC) requires the network on chip (NoC) to establish multiple symbiotic parallel data transmission paths with ultra-low transmission latency in real time. Our early NoC research PCCNOC meets this need. The PCCNOC uses packet routing to establish and lock a transmission circuit, so that PCCNOC is perfectly suitable for ultra-low latency and high-bandwidth transmission of long data packets. However, a parallel multi-data stream DSP system also needs to transmit roughly the same number of short data packets for job configuration and job execution status reports. While transferring short data packets, the link establishment routing delay of short data packets becomes relatively obvious. Our further research, thus, introduced PaCHNOC, a hybrid NoC in which long data packets are transmitted through a circuit established and locked by routing, and short data packets are attached to the routing packet and the transmission is completed during the routing process, thus avoiding the PCCNOC setup delay. Simulation shows that PaCHNOC performs well in supporting real-time heterogeneous parallel embedded DSP systems and achieves overall latency reduction 65% compared with related works. Finally, we used PaCHNOC in the baseband subsystem of a real 5G base station, which proved that our research is the best NoC for baseband subsystem of 5G base stations, which reduce 31% comprehensive latency in comparison to related works.

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Benhayoun, Mhammed, Mouhcine Razi, Anas Mansouri i Ali Ahaitouf. "Embedded Parallel Implementation of LDPC Decoder for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications". Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2023 (21.10.2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5573438.

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Ultra-reliable low-latency communications, URLLC, are designed for applications such as self-driving cars and telesurgery requiring a response in milliseconds and are very sensitive to transmission errors. To match the computational complexity of LDPC decoding algorithms to URLLC applications on IoT devices having very limited computational resources, this paper presents a new parallel and low-latency software implementation of the LDPC decoder. First, a decoding algorithm optimization and a compact data structure are proposed. Next, a parallel software implementation is performed on ARM multicore platforms in order to evaluate the latency of the proposed optimization. The synthesis results highlight a reduction in the memory size requirement by 50% and a three-time speedup in terms of processing time when compared to previous software decoder implementations. The reached decoding latency on the parallel processing platform is 150 μs for 288 bits with a bit error ratio of 3.410–9.

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Guo, Zhongfu, Xinsheng Ji, Wei You, Mingyan Xu, Yu Zhao, Zhimo Cheng, Deqiang Zhou i Lingwei Wang. "LERMS: A Low-Latency and Reliable Downlink Packet-Level Encoding Transmission Method in Untrusted 5GA Edge Network". Entropy 25, nr 7 (21.06.2023): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25070966.

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The increasing demand for end-to-end low-latency and high-reliability transmissions between edge computing nodes and user elements in 5G Advance edge networks has brought new challenges to the transmission of data. In response, this paper proposes LERMS, a packet-level encoding transmission scheme designed for untrusted 5GA edge networks that may encounter malicious transmission situations such as data tampering, discarding, and eavesdropping. LERMS achieves resiliency against such attacks by using 5GA Protocol data unit (PDU) coded Concurrent Multipath Transfer (CMT) based on Lagrangian interpolation and Raptor’s two-layer coding, which provides redundancy to eliminate the impact of an attacker’s malicious behavior. To mitigate the increased queuing delay resulting from encoding in data blocks, LERMS is queue-aware with variable block length. Its strategy is modeled as a Markov chain and optimized using a matrix method. Numerical results demonstrate that LERMS achieves the optimal trade-off between delay and reliability while providing resiliency against untrusted edge networks.

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Milovanovic, Dragorad, Zoran Bojkovic, Madhavsingh Indoonundon i Tulsi Pawan Fowdur. "5G Low-latency Communication in Virtual Reality services: Performance Requirements and Promising Solutions". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 20 (9.07.2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2021.20.10.

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This work explores low-latency communication enabled by the Fifth Generation of mobile networks (5G) and its integration in emerging virtual reality (VR) applications. Mobile VR is at the crossroad between mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (uRLLC) services. The current trends in wireless multimedia communication are introduced. A review of mobile VR and haptics requirements is made and end-to-end (E2E) latency components in uRLLC downlink physical layer are described. Moreover, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in short-packet downlink transmission is discussed. It is pointed out that NOMA is a promising technology for realizing massive mobile connectivity and more comprehensive research is required to better understand its suitability for VR applications.

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Schwerk, Johannes, Lucas Kemper, Kendra A. Bussey, Stefan Lienenklaus, Siegfried Weiss, Luka Čičin-Šain, Andrea Kröger i in. "Type I Interferon Signaling Controls Gammaherpesvirus Latency In Vivo". Pathogens 11, nr 12 (17.12.2022): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121554.

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Gammaherpesviruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, are important human pathogens involved in lymphoproliferative disorders and tumorigenesis. Herpesvirus infections are characterized by a biphasic cycle comprised of an acute phase with lytic replication and a latent state. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is a well-established model for the study of lytic and latent life cycles in the mouse. We investigated the interplay between the type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune response and MHV-68 latency using sensitive bioluminescent reporter mice. Adoptive transfer of latently infected splenocytes into type I IFN receptor-deficient mice led to a loss of latency control. This was revealed by robust viral propagation and dissemination of MHV-68, which coincided with type I IFN reporter induction. Despite MHV-68 latency control by IFN, the continuous low-level cell-to-cell transmission of MHV-68 was detected in the presence of IFN signaling, indicating that IFN cannot fully prevent viral dissemination during latency. Moreover, impaired type I IFN signaling in latently infected splenocytes increased the risk of virus reactivation, demonstrating that IFN directly controls MHV-68 latency in infected cells. Overall, our data show that locally constrained type I IFN responses control the cellular reservoir of latency, as well as the distribution of latent infection to potential new target cells.

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Ashok Kumar, Jitendra Kumar, Arvind Kumar. "Production-Inventory Model with Preservation Technology Investment with Carbon Emission and Partial Backlogging". Mathematical Statistician and Engineering Applications 71, nr 3s2 (16.08.2022): 1699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/msea.v71i3s2.394.

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This study examines how well the Twin concatenation strategy for error-correcting capabilities performs with the BCH code. Low complexity BCH codes are the main focus. The quantity of mistakes introduced into the transmission channel has a significant impact on the quality of digital transmission. The Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes are frequently employed in storage and communication systems. In next-generation wireless networks, low-latency communication is one of the most crucial application situations. The time needed for a packet to be transmitted through a channel is a common definition of latency in communication-theoretic studies. However, due to the strict latency requirements and complexity-restricted receivers, the time needed for packet decoding must be taken into account in the overall delay analysis through precise modeling. The new Twin CC algorithm has been proved to perform better than the current approach.

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Zohdy, Maha, Ali Tajer i Shlomo Shamai (Shitz). "Broadcast Approach to Uplink NOMA: Queuing Delay Analysis". Entropy 24, nr 12 (30.11.2022): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24121757.

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Emerging wireless technologies are envisioned to support a variety of applications that require simultaneously maintaining low latency and high reliability. Non-orthogonal multiple access techniques constitute one candidate for grant-free transmission alleviating the signaling requirements for uplink transmissions. In open-loop transmissions over fading channels, in which the transmitters do not have access to the channel state information, the existing approaches are prone to facing frequent outage events. Such outage events lead to repeated re-transmissions of the duplicate information packets, penalizing the latency. This paper proposes a multi-access broadcast approach in which each user splits its information stream into several information layers, each adapted to one possible channel state. This approach facilitates preventing outage events and improves the overall transmission latency. Based on the proposed approach, the average queuing delay of each user is analyzed for different arrival processes at each transmitter. First, for deterministic arrivals, closed-form lower and upper bounds on the average delay are characterized analytically. Secondly, for Poisson arrivals, a closed-form expression for the average delay is delineated using the Pollaczek-Khinchin formula. Based on the established bounds, the proposed approach achieves less average delay than single-layer outage approaches. Under optimal power allocation among the encoded layers, numerical evaluations demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly minimizes average sum delays compared to traditional outage approaches, especially under high arrival rates.

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Mtowe, Daniel Poul, i Dong Min Kim. "Edge-Computing-Enabled Low-Latency Communication for a Wireless Networked Control System". Electronics 12, nr 14 (22.07.2023): 3181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143181.

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This study proposes a novel strategy for enhancing low-latency control performance in Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCSs) through the integration of edge computing. Traditional networked control systems require the receipt of raw data from remote sensors to enable the controller to generate an appropriate control command, a process that can result in substantial periodic communication traffic and consequent performance degradation in some applications. To counteract this, we suggest the use of edge computing to preprocess the raw data, extract the essential features, and subsequently transmit them. Additionally, we introduce an adaptive scheme designed to curtail frequent data traffic by adaptively modifying periodic data transmission based on necessity. This scheme is achieved by refraining from data transmission when a comparative analysis of the previously transmitted and newly generated data shows no significant change. The effectiveness of our proposed strategy is empirically validated through experiments conducted on a remote control system testbed using a mobile robot that navigates the road by utilizing camera information. Through leveraging edge computing, only 3.42% of the raw data was transmitted. Our adaptive scheme reduced the transmission frequency by 20%, while maintaining an acceptable control performance. Moreover, we conducted a comparative analysis between our proposed solution and the state-of-the-art communication framework, WebRTC technology. The results demonstrate that our method effectively reduces the latency by 58.16% compared to utilizing the WebRTC alone in a 5G environment. The experimental results confirm that our proposed strategy significantly improves the latency performance of a WNCS.

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Gupta, Bhola, i Prof Sonal Sharma. "Low Latency Adaptive Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks for Mobile Sink Conditions". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, nr 11 (1.11.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27025.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have several applications in large scale industries, defense, climate monitoring, automation, medicine etc. The active areas of research in WSNs are reducing the energy consumption and delay in data transmission. In this proposed work, an energy-aware clustering for wireless sensor networks using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm which is implemented at the base station is presented. We define a new cost function, with the objective of simultaneously minimizing the intra-cluster distance and optimizing the energy consumption of the network. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Particle Swarm Optimization, Optimized Transmission, Energy Consumption, Network Delay.

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Borzycki, Krzysztof, i Tomasz Osuch. "Hollow-Core Optical Fibers for Telecommunications and Data Transmission". Applied Sciences 13, nr 19 (26.09.2023): 10699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910699.

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Hollow-core optical fibers (HCFs) have unique properties like low latency, negligible optical nonlinearity, wide low-loss spectrum, up to 2100 nm, the ability to carry high power, and potentially lower loss then solid-core single-mode fibers (SMFs). These features make them very promising for communication networks and similar applications. However, this class of fibers is still in development. Current applications are almost exclusively limited to low-latency data links for High-Speed Trading (HST); other uses are in the trial stage now. In this paper, we comprehensively review the progress in the development of HCFs including fiber design, fabrication and parameters (with comparisons to conventional single-mode fibers) and support technologies like splicing and testing. A variety of HCF applications in future telecom networks and systems is analyzed, pointing out their strengths and limitations. Additionally, we review the influence of filler gas and entry of contaminants on HCF attenuation, and propose a new fusion splicing technique, avoiding the destruction of the fiber’s photonic cladding at high temperature.

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