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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Love – early works to 1800"
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Lippit, Yukio. "Puppy Love: The Legacy of Yi Am’s Paintings in Edo-Period Japan". Korean Journal of Art History 313 (31.03.2022): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31065/kjah.313.202203.002.
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This essay examines the Japanese reception of the Korean painter Yi Am 李巌(b. 1499), and by extension considers the relationship between ink painting technique and pictorial meaning. In particular, it examines how Yi Am’s unique approach to the painting of puppies with blended washes of ink opened up new interpretive possibilities among Japanese viewers. Although Yi Am’s puppy paintings appear to have been circulating in Japan as early as the seventeenth century, they were misattributed to Chinese painters such as Mao Yi, and Yi Am’s seal was mistaken as belonging to a Japanese monk-painter of the Muromachi period. The monochrome ink puppy paintings of the Kyoto artist Tawaraya Sōtatsu 俵屋宗達(ca. 1600-1640), however, depict the bodies of their canine protagonists with the same wash-based approach found in Yi Am’s works, and appear to have been catalyzed in some way by an encounter with the Korean artist’s paintings. In the case of Sōtatsu, this approach eventually came to be known as tarashikomi, a signature technique of the Rinpa School, and therefore it is no exaggeration to state that Yi Am’s works played a role in inspiring one of the most recognizable techniques of early modern Japanese painting. Although dog and puppy paintings are traditionally linked to auspicious meanings, Sōtatsu’s puppy paintings appear to have been associated within a Zen Buddhist themes, in particular the koan “A Dog Has No Buddha-Nature.” This Zen Buddhist framework of meaning can be gleaned from inscriptions on his paintings by Zen monks such as Isshi Bunshu 一絲文守(1608-1646) and Tangai Musen 丹崖無染(1693-1763). I would propose that the particular wash-based approach of Yi Am and Sōtatsu to this subject was particularly significant in generating this association. The eighteenth-century painter-poet Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村(1716-1784) also based his puppy paintings upon models derived from Yi Am. In the case of Buson, however, the cultural meaning of these works can be gleaned from his haikai poetry, in particular a poem accompanying a Maruyama Okyo 円山応挙(1733-1795) painting of a puppy that associates its inky body with the interiority of a poetic subject. The final case study examined in this essay is Itō Jakuchū 伊藤若冲(1716-1800). Jakuchū left a number of puppy paintings that embody Zen Buddhist themes in highly sophisticated ways. Because he was close to Tangai Musen, it is likely that he was aware of Sōtatsu’s puppy paintings, and indirectly familiar with those of Yi Am. Thus the case could be made that Yi Am’s wash-based technique opened up a new horizon of interpretive possibility among Japanese painters extending from Sōtatsu to Jakuchū.
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Peretiat'ko, Artem, i Mariia Selezneva. "The Image of a Romantic Female-Beloved between Two Cultures: The Attempts at Translating of Adam Mickiewicz’ Love Lyrics by Cossack Officer Ivan Ul’ianov". Central-European Studies 6 (2023): 245–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0877.2023.6.9.
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The study of the evolution of the narratives created by the Don Cossacks in the first half of the nineteenth century is a difficult research task because apart from records, only individual texts, often taken out of context, have survived from this time. Nonetheless, research on such topics seems quite promising. The texts of Don authors often clearly demonstrate the mechanism of transformation of the works of high culture of the nineteenth century when interpreted by amateurs. Taking into account the inevitably individual character of such a transformation in each single case, within the framework of a microhistorical approach we have examined a particular variant of such a transformation, that is the translations of Adam Mickiewicz’s love lyrics by a Cossack officer, Ivan S. Ul'inov (1803–1874). He was a nineteenth-century Don public figure, major-general, and writer. His extensive legacy, most of which has never been published, includes hitherto unknown prose translations of the Polish poet's lyrics, made in the 1820s. Nine of the eleven poems translated by Ulyanov are lyrical works about the inaccessibility of the beloved or separation from her. At the same time, within the framework of traditional Cossack matrimonial practices, the main form of interaction between the sexes was the marriage contracted by the will and in the interests of the parents and involving long separations between husband and wife due to regular service outings. Deviations from the traditional Cossack understanding of the gender role of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are often found in the texts (including autobiographical ones) of other Don Cossacks who were influenced by European culture. In a similar context, Ul'ianov’s inept translations demonstrate how the text about Polish culture changed its meaning when transferred to the Cossack environment: poems on the theme of the inaccessible beloved familiar to the Polish reader were translated into prose about the possibility of a different gender role of a woman, a complete novelty for the Cossack reader.
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Zhuk, Alexandra D. "The Problem of Genre in the Hymns by the Lake Poets and Thomas Moore". Imagologiya i komparativistika, nr 15 (2021): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/15/1.
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Though there are many seminal works on early Romanticism and Thomas Moore’s poetry, their hymns remain understudied. This article focuses on the genre problem in the hymns by the Lake Poets (S.T. Coleridge, W. Wordsworth, R. Southey) and Thomas Moore, whose poetry is studied in context of English Literature and German Romanticism. The characteristics of the hymn are emotionality, associative composition, abundance of repetitions and parallelisms, archaic grammatical forms of verbs and pronouns, and the use of verb contractions. The combination of genres in hymns results in such variants as the odic hymn, the idyllic and elegiac hymn, the mythological hymn, and even the satirical hymn, with each of them evolving in its own way in the period under study. The odic hymn is represented in “Hymn before Sun-rise, in the Vale of Chamouni” (1802) by S.T. Coleridge and “Hymn. For the Boatmen, as They Approach the Rapids under the Castle of Heidelberg” (1820/1822) and “To the Laborer’s Noon-Day Hymn” (1834/1835) by W. Wordsworth. These poems have such odic features as comparisons and conditional and cause-and-effect syntactic constructions. Coleridge’s hymn going back to the psalms of praise was influenced by German Romanticism, while Wordsworth’s hymns feature religious vocabulary and quotations from the Mass. The mythological hymn comes in two versions – one with idyllic features (“Hymn to the Earth” (1799, publ.1834) by S.T. Coleridge) and the mythological hymn-fragment (“Fragment of a mythological hymn to Love” (1812) by T. Moore). The fist is the translation of Stolberg’s hymn, from which the leitmotif of the Earth as the mother and the nanny of the World is borrowed. The image of the Earth has anthropomorphic features, with the marriage of the Earth and Heaven going back to W. Blake. The myth created by T. Moore is more complex. The creation of the world begins with the marriage of Love and Psyche. Love appears as the masculine principle of the Universe, while Psyche as the feminine one. The plot goes back to the ancient myths of the world creation from the Chaos and marriage of Eros and Psyche. However, T. Moore changed the myth and transformed the heroes into a source of life. “Hymn to the Penates” (1796) by R. Southey combines the idyllic, elegiac, publicistic and hymn features proper. The idyllic features are related to the image of the Penates that turn into a force controlling human lives and the souls of the dead. The childhood memories give rise to the elegiac features. The publicistic features appear in the verses of the people who do not worship the Penates. The composition, repetitions and parallelisms in the satirical “A Hymn of Welcome after the Recess” (1813) by T. Moore go back to the hymn genre; however the main stylistic devices used are irony and metonymy. Summing up, the genre of hymn in the works by the Lake Poets and Thomas Moore undergoes significant transformations, which will be further developed in late Romanism.
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Verkhovykh, Lyudmila N. "TO THE STUDY OF THE ORIGINS OF DOMESTIC LINGUISTIC LOCAL HISTORY STUDIES AND REGIONAL ONOMASTICS". Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 26, nr 1 (20.03.2022): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2022-1-81-93.
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The article presents an analysis of scientific literature devoted to the study of the linguistic local history direction of language learning. The aim of the work is to describe the origins of Russian linguistic local history, regional onomastics based on the use of textological analysis, descriptive method, elements of comparative and comparative-historical methods. The material of the research is presented by works that have a linguistic local history character, starting from the 30s of 18th century. Based on the analysis of scientific works of the 18th and early 19th centuries, including the linguistic local history component, the author comes to the following conclusions. Since the first third of the 18th century in Russia, there have been some fragmentary attempts at linguistic local lore commenting when describing settlements by historians, geographers, physicians, and biologists who participated in research expeditions across Russia. Of particular importance in this respect was the historical and regional studies activities of V.N. Tatishchev, who compiled detailed questions for the study of settlements in Russia, prepared the first part of the “Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil”. The material of the research shows that the origins of scientific linguistic regional studies in Russia are associated with the activities of V.K. Trediakovsky and M.V. Lomonosov. M.V. Lomonosov consistently introduced the linguistic local history component into the research methodology, which was applied in practice in the compilation of the “Russian grammar”, in the organization of centralized work on the historical and geographical study of Russian settlements, in the development of the foundations of teaching Russian students in their native language. M.V. Lomonosov is the founder of the linguistic local history direction in Russian linguistics. The beginning of scientific regional onomastic research is associated with the activities of E.A. Bolkhovitinov, who for the first time in 1800 gave a detailed historical and linguistic description of the toponymy and microtoponymy of the Voronezh Territory.
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Тангаева, Н. И. "Sentimental Traditions in M. N. Makarov’s “Letters of a Russian Traveler” (1805 and 1824)". Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, nr 1(74) (1.04.2022): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2022.74.1.010.
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В статье анализируются малоизвестные журнальные публикации М. Н. Макарова начала XIX века в аспекте их преемственности традициям сентиментализма. Сочинения Макарова «Несколько писем русского путешественника из Англии в Россию» (1805) и «Август Адольф Фридерик Десалверт» (1824) рассматриваются с опорой на повествовательную структуру прозы Н. М. Карамзина. Повести Макарова представляют интерес для исследования, по крайней мере, в двух аспектах: во-первых, в контексте его малоизученной прозы; во-вторых, как свидетельство влияния карамзинской повествовательной традиции. В ходе сопоставительного анализа опубликованных анонимно сочинений Макарова (атрибутировано В. Э. Вацуро) установлены прямые параллели с сюжетно-повествовательной структурой повестей Карамзина «Бедная Лиза» и «Остров Борнгольм». В названных произведениях Макарова обнаружены ключевые особенности сентиментального повествования: следование жанровой структуре автобиографических жанров, путевого очерка, дневниковых записей, использование типичных мотивов: случайная встреча, влюбленность, угроза разлуки, совместные прогулки, враждебная природа, болезнь, сон, соблазнение и др. Образный ряд произведений восходит к рыцарской и сентиментальной поэтике. Исследование показало продуктивность сформированных в сентиментальной прозе Карамзина тем и мотивов для русской литературы последующего периода. The article analyzes little-known journal publications of the early 19th century, namely M. N. Makarov’s “Several Letters of a Russian Traveler from England to Russia” (1805) and “August Adolf Friederike Desalvert” (1824), through the prism of continuity of traditions of sentimentalism characteristic of N. M. Karamzin’s prosaic works. Being underinvestigated and honoring N. M. Karamzin’s narrative legacy, M. N. Makarov’s novellas are research-worthy. A comparative analysis of these texts, whose authorship has been attributed to M. N. Makarov by V. E. Vatsuro, enables us to trace parallel story lines in M. N. Makarov’s novellas and in N. M. Karamzin’s “Poor Lisa” and “Bornholm Island”. M. N. Makarov’s “Several Letters of a Russian Traveler from England to Russia” and “August Adolf Friederike Desalvert” reek of sentimentalism and are characterized by genre-imposed confines (autobiographical essay, travel essay, diary entries), cliché motifs (chance meeting, falling in love, the threat of separation, joint walks, hostile nature, illness, sleep, seduction, etc.), the use of chivalric and sentimental imagery. The research shows that N. M. Karamzin’s sentimental legacy played a major role in shaping literary traditions of the centuries to come.
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Доманский, Валерий Анатольевич. "TURGENEV AND SIBERIAN JOURNALISM BEGINNING 1880S YEARS". Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, nr 4(216) (6.07.2021): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-4-131-139.
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Введение. Проведен анализ сибирских газет начала 1880-х гг., в которых имеются сведения о И. С. Тургеневе: иркутские газеты «Сибирь» (1873–1887), «Восточное обозрение» (1882–1906) и томские «Сибирская газета» (1881–1888), «Сибирский вестник» (1885–1905). Цель – выявление рецепции личности и творчества великого русского писателя сибирским образованным обществом и понимание его роли в духовной жизни Сибири и России. Материал и методы. Использовались биографический, историко-литературный, историко-функциональный, культурно-исторический и сравнительно-типологический методы. Материалом послужили сибирские и центральные периодические издания 1880-х гг. Результаты и обсуждение. Тургенев оказался знаковой фигурой для культурной жизни Сибири. Его произведения продавались в книжных магазинах Томска, Омска, Барнаула, Иркутска, находились во многих библиотеках Сибири. С появлением первых сибирских газет на их страницах печатались рецензии и материалы о творчестве и событиях жизни русского писателя. Наиболее часто его имя встречалось на страницах «Сибирской газеты». История любви члена редколлегии «Сибирской газеты» С. С. Синегуба была известна в среде революционеров-народников. Она нашла, по мнению автора статьи, свое отражение в разработке любовной интриги Нежданова, Марианны и Соломина (роман «Новь»). Негласным редактором газеты являлся Ф. В. Волховский, политический ссыльный, судимый по «процессу 193-х». В 1877 г. Тургенев не был лично знаком с Волховским, но активно общался с Г. А. Лопатиным, его приятелем и соратником по политической деятельности, и вместе с ним основал Русскую общественную библиотеку в Париже. Особое внимание уделено анализу материалов о И. С. Тургеневе на страницах иркутских и томских периодических изданий: это перепечатки и комментарии статей центральных газет о произведениях Тургенева, собственные рецензии и отзывы о писателе сибирских литераторов. Некоторые из них – Н. И. Наумов, И. В. Омулевский (и, возможно, Н. М. Ядринцев) – были лично знакомы с ним и присутствовали на встречах И. С. Тургенева с редакцией журнала «Слово» и «Русское богатство». Именно в мартовском номере радикального журнала «Слово» в 1881 г. впервые в России опубликовано знаменитое стихотворение Тургенева «Крокет в Виндзоре» (1876). Заключение. Сибирская общественность внимательно следила за творчеством Тургенева, в сибирских газетах печатались сведения о его болезни. После смерти писателя сообщалось о панихидах, которые проходили в ряде сибирских городов. Рассмотрены некрологи и посмертные статьи о Тургеневе, талантливо написанные редакторами «Восточного обозрения» и «Сибирской газеты». В них отмечалось большое значение творчества выдающегося русского писателя и его общественной деятельности для формирования гражданского самосознания сибиряков. Introduction. The analysis of Siberian newspapers of the early 1880s, which contains information about I. S. Turgenev: Irkutsk newspapers «Siberia» (1873–1887), «Eastern Review» (1882–1906) and Tomsk; Sibirskaya Gazeta (1881–1888), Sibirskiy Vestnik (1885–1905). The purpose of the study was to identify the reception of the personality and work of the great Russian writer by the Siberian educated society and an understanding of his role in the spiritual life of Siberia and Russia. Material and methods. In the course of its implementation, a system of methods was used: biographical, historicalliterary, historical-functional, cultural-historical and comparative-typological. Results and discussion. Turgenev turned out to be a significant figure for the cultural life of Siberia. His works were sold in bookstores in Tomsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Irkutsk, and were in many libraries in Siberia. With the appearance of the first Siberian newspapers, reviews and materials about the work and events of the life of the Russian writer were printed on their pages. Most often his name was found on the pages of the «Siberian newspaper». The love story of S. S. Sinegub was known among the populist revolutionaries. She found, in the opinion of the author of the article, its reflection in the development of the love affair of Nezhdanov, Marianna and Solomin (novel «Nov»). The secret editor of the newspaper was F. V. Volkhovsky, a political exile, tried in the socalled «trial of the 193s» in 1877 y. Turgenev was not personally acquainted with Volkhovsky, but actively communicated with G. A. Lopatin, his friend and associate in political activities, and together with him founded the Russian Public Library in Paris. Particular attention in the article is paid to the analysis of materials about Turgenev on the pages of Irkutsk and Tomsk periodicals: these are reprints and comments and articles of central newspapers about the works of Turgenev, their own reviews and reviews of the writer of Siberian writers. Some of them – N. I. Naumov, I. V. Omulevsky (and, possibly, N. M. Yadrintsev) – were personally acquainted with him and were present at Turgenev’s meetings with the editors of the magazine «Slovo» and «Russkoe Bogatstvo». It was in the March issue of the radical magazine «Slovo» in 1881 that Turgenev’s famous poem «Croquet in Windsor» (1876) was first published in Russia. Conclusion. The Siberian public closely followed the work of Turgenev, information about his illness was published in Siberian newspapers. After his death, it was reported about memorial services, which took place in a number of Siberian cities. The author of the article reviewed obituaries and posthumous articles about Turgenev, talentedly written by the editors of «Vostochny Obozreniye» and «Sibirskaya Gazeta». They noted the great importance of the work of the outstanding Russian writer and his social activities for the formation of civic consciousness of Siberians.
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Hanson, Jeffrey. "The Oneness of Love in Works of Love". Religions 14, nr 12 (8.12.2023): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14121517.
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Kierkegaard’s claim that God just is love implies that love is ultimately one reality. Indeed, on more than one occasion, Kierkegaard will make this point explicitly as well as implicitly by frequently asserting the oneness of love. For example, early on in Works of Love, he states plainly that “this love for the neighbor is not related as a type to other types of love. Erotic love is defined by the object; friendship is defined by the object; only love for the neighbor is defined by love”. What Kierkegaard means by this is that preferential loves are defined by a factor in addition to love itself: the object of that love. Neighbor-love is defined by love itself, which takes as its object the neighbor, or in other words, “unconditionally every human being”. Preferential loves are specified as it were by the person loved in this manner. Neighbor-love is not related as a type to other types of love in that neighbor-love is paradigmatic love; preferential loves are specified, but as recent commentators have shown, are not thereby precluded from also being or filtered by or infused by or coincident with neighbor-love as well. The point of this passage is that there are not distinct, enumerated types of love that, taken together, can be amalgamated into something called “love”, which would be inclusive of distinct kinds. The current paper argues that neighbor-love is meant to be thought of as paradigmatic. Therefore, as a paradigmatic unity, it will also exhibit qualities ordinarily associated with preferential love. Put differently, my claim is that we have reason to conclude that, in the end, features of preferential love will be manifest in neighbor-love just as surely as neighbor-love has an effect on preferential love. I wish to take seriously the claim of Works of Love that, ultimately, love is one. Love, being one, is not comprised of distinct types or subsets. I demonstrate the importance of this point by explaining how all love has its ultimate origin in God (and God just is love). While seemingly a truism, I argue from a variety of passages that the oneness of love has multiple implications throughout the text, implications that further support the theory that neighbor-love is not an alternative to, but rather encompasses features of, preferential loves.
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Leffler, Yvonne. "Svensk 1800-talslitteratur i världen". Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 48, nr 1-2 (1.01.2018): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54797/tfl.v48i1-2.7597.
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Swedish Literature as World Literature in the Nineteenth Century. Top Selling Novels by Women Writers
So far, Swedish literary history has been the construction of a nation’s cultural heritage based on certain authorships. This most certainly was the case when the history of the Swedish nineteenth-century novel was written. In textbooks, the important writers before Strindberg and Lagerlöf are Carl Jonas Love Almqvist and Viktor Rydberg. Sometimes a couple of female novelists are included, such as Fredrika Bremer and Emilie Flygare-Carlén. The actual circulation of Swedish novels in translation shows another picture. While Bremer and Flygare-Carlén, together with Marie Sophie Schwartz, were very popular novelists in both Europe and the United States, Almqvist’s and Rydberg’s novels reached very few readers outside of Scandinavia. This article aims to examine the export of Swedish novels in the nineteenth century. Statistics based on the SWED database, constructed in connection to the research project Swedish Women Writers on Export in the Nineteenth Century, is used to describe the distribution of Swedish novels across borders and their translation into different target languages. Similarities and dissimilarities in distribution and reception will be discussed, as well as some of the reasons behind these differences. The number of translated titles, as well as the transcultural circulation of the three most translated and top-selling novelists, Bremer, Flygare-Carlén and Schwartz, are compared to the circulation of Almqvist’s and Rydberg’s translated works. Based on these comparisons, it becomes obvious that if the history of Swedish literature were written from a transcultural perspective based on the contemporary audience’s choice of literary works and writers, it would look very different from the nation-based literary history of today. For example, Almqvist and Rydberg would be edged out by female novelists such as Bremer,Flygare-Carlén, and Schwartz.
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Abdul Malik, Mohd Puaad, Faisal @. Ahmad Faisal Abdul Hamid i Rahimin Affandi Abdul Rahim. "Analyse Malay Fiqh Works Writing 1600-1800". Al-Muqaddimah: Online journal of Islamic History and Civilization 6, nr 2 (31.12.2018): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/muqaddimah.vol6no2.6.
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In essence, this article will focus on the subject classical Malay fiqh works 1600-1800. Classical Malay fiqh works are Malay intellectual works produced by Malay Muslim scholars in various topics of Islamic law including worship (ibadah), commercial transaction law (muamalah), family law (munakahat) and others. This fiqh Malay work played an important role in Malay society at the beginning of Islamic development in the Malay world. It is a means of communication, scientific knowledge or developmental science. The premise of this article analyzes the writing of fiqh works that developed in the early days of the great intellectual nature of the Malay world. There are features of fiqh writing in the year 1600 and it is different from the features of fiqh writing in 1700 and 1800. The discussion of this writing includes the difference between the writing text and the style of writing fiqh and being reviewed from various scopes, items and writing features. The method of analysis used is the method of historiography or historicalism which examines the development of an idea. Facts obtained will be thoroughly screened using the Malay induction history approach. Research shows that the earliest classic Malay fiqh writing has its own identity and superiority and is a Malay intellectual work.
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ANDREEV, Felix. "FATAL LOVE OF KHARKIV WOMEN". 6, nr 6 (7.12.2021): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2521-6481-2021-6-01.
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The article is devoted to the cultural study of the life and work of two famous Kharkiv women who lived and worked in Kharkiv in the second half of the XIX - first half of the XX century - Eulalia Pavlovna Kadmina and Anna Yakivna Brovar, better known as Anna Mar. The article updates the biography of Eulalia Kadmina, analyzes her creative path, emphasizes the prominent personalities of that time who had a great influence on the life of the artist (such as: Nikolai Grigoryevich Rubinstein, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Alexandra Dormidontovna Alexandrova-Kochetova). The article mentions the life stories of other famous women of that time - Elizaveta Dormidontivna Lavrovska, Oleksandra Valerianivna Panayeva-Kartsova, Emilia Karlivna Pavlovska. The reproduction of the image of Eulalia Pavlovna Kadmina in literature is studied, in particular in the novel "After Death" by Ivan Turgenev, in the story "Theatrical Character" by Nikolai Leskov, in the story "The Last Debut" by Alexander Kuprin and others. The author of the article researches the biography of Anna Yakivna Brovar (Anna Mar), analyzes her stories that were published in magazines of that time. Anna Mar's early works are autobiographical, the main characters of her early works are young women, lonely, disorganized, half-hungry, dreaming of love, a meeting with a courageous and good man. The fascination with Buddhism, and later the conversion to Catholicism, was reflected in the subsequent works of Anna Mar. A separate series of works is dedicated to the activities of the Polish House of Kharkiv, a public and cultural center created by the Polish community of Kharkiv. At this time, she chose European decadence and symbolism as aesthetic and spiritual landmarks. Lyrical miniatures become an artistic form of her works. The main themes of the writer's works in recent years are loneliness, death and suicide.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Love – early works to 1800"
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McNally, Louis K. "The Weather of 1785: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Meteorological Reconstruction Using Forensic Synoptic Analysis". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/McNallyLK2004.pdf.
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Préfontaine, Jennifer. "Secrets des femmes". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98575.
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The goal of this thesis is a critical edition of the Secrets des femmes, a text attributed to Arnold de Vilanova. In the exegetic tradition, this attribution has been widely argued. Our preliminary findings lead to the same conclusions. The text composed in French couldn't have been written by Vilanova, who would have composed it in Latin, the language of the "clerks", or in Catalan, his first language. Critical tradition shows that the Secrets des femmes is based on three manuscripts. But we have demonstrated that the Mazarine's manuscript is not at the base of this work, but rather of a text entitled Les Termes et secrets des femmes. For the critical edition, which is the objective of our study, there is no doubt that the Arsenal's text is the basic manuscript, while the Vatican's manuscript is the Arsenal's metalanguage.
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Labriola, Daniele. "On Plato's conception of philosophy in the Republic and certain post-Republic dialogues". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4497.
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This dissertation is generally concerned with Plato's conception of philosophy, as the conception is ascertainable from the Republic and certain ‘post-Republic' dialogues. It argues that philosophy, according to Plato, is multi-disciplinary; that ‘philosophy' does not mark off just one art or science; that there are various philosophers corresponding to various philosophical sciences, all of which come together under a common aim: betterment of self through intellectual activity. A major part of this dissertation is concerned with Plato's science par excellence, ‘the science of dialectic' (he epistêmê dialektikê). The science of dialectic is distinguished in Plato by being concerned with Forms or Kinds as such; the science of dialectic, alone amongst the philosophical sciences, fully understands what it means for Form X to be a Form. I track the science of dialectic, from its showcase in Republic VI and VII, and analyze its place in relation to the other philosophical sciences in certain post-Republic dialogues. Ultimately, I show that, whilst it is not the only science constituting philosophy, Plato's science of dialectic represents the intellectual zenith obtainable by man; the expert of this science is the topmost philosopher. In this dissertation I also argue that Socrates, as variously depicted in these dialogues, always falls short of being identified as the philosopher par excellence, as that expert with positive knowledge of Forms as such. Yet I also show that, far from being in conflict, the elenctic Socrates and the philosopher par excellence form a complementary relationship: the elenctic philosopher gets pupils to think about certain things in the right way prior to sending them off to work with the philosopher par excellence.
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蔡瑞珩. "《鍼經指南》之鍼刺手法研究". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/132.
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《鍼經指南》為元代竇默，字漢卿，所著。其所記載的鍼刺手法上承《黃帝內經》、《難經》，下啟《金鍼賦》、《玉龍歌》、《鍼灸大成》等，為鍼刺手法發展史上里程碑，亦是後世各種複式手法發展的啟蒙。 本文通過對《鍼經指南》相關鍼刺手法的篇章進行整理，從＂呼吸補瀉＂、＂燃轉補瀉＂、＂提插補瀉＂、＂迎隨補瀉＂、＂寒熱補瀉＂，及＂手指補瀉十四法＂等方面展開分析，分別探討《鍼經指南》的學術淵源和《鍼經指南》對元明時期鍼刺手法發展的影響。最後將相關醫家觀點與《鍼經指南》中鍼刺手法理論進行對比分析，討論其異同點。 通過資料整理，學術思想的對比分析，筆者總結《鍼經指南》對鍼刺手法理論主要貢獻是：1.提出調息治神法﹔ 2.熱補涼瀉復合補瀉手法﹔ 3.＂提鍼豆許＂手法技巧﹔ 4.＂瀉南補北＂迎隨補瀉理論。元代與明代主要鍼灸醫家的手法技巧和鍼刺理論均從《鍼經指南》的內容中發展與推衍出來。 根據研究結果顯示，鍼刺手法自《鍼經指南》后空前發展。鍼刺補瀉理論體系更加完善，手法操作更加繁複。符合由簡而繁的事物發展規律。此外，後世醫家在臨床實踐中將《鍼經指南》的鍼刺手法理論與當代文化思想結合并產生新的鍼刺手法及鍼刺理論，從另一方面體現了理論與實踐相結合的哲學思想。 關鍵詞：誠刺手法﹔《鍼經指南》﹔竇漢卿
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Clausen, Ian Arthur. "The weight of love : locating and directing the soul in Augustine's early works". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31025.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore the weight of love in Augustine’s early works (AD 386-95). By the weight of love, this thesis refers to the location and direction of the soul qua lover. According to Augustine, every soul has a journey to attend to, and every journey comes replete with obstacles on the way. To negotiate these obstacles involves attending to the weight of love, taking care to place the soul in relation to the truth. To achieve this, Augustine embarks on three pivotal early works to develop an itinerary for spiritual awakening. In De Academicis (AD 386), he forges a path “from Cicero to Christ” in order to deliver the soul from scepticism, and to present it to the true philosophy. In De vera religione (AD 390-1), he paves a way “from aversion to transcendence” in order to overcome Manichean pride, and to embrace the humility of Christ. Finally in De libero arbitrio (AD 388-95), he charts a course “from faith to understanding” whereby the soul overcomes temptation to blame God for sin, and gains awareness of its location as a sinner in Adam. By examining each itinerary in chronological order, this thesis establishes the place of love as a driving mechanism in the early works, and thereby reveals a profound continuity in Augustine’s early approach to the soul as lover.
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Kotarcic, Ana. "Aristotle's concept of lexis : a theory of language and style". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7754.
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Aristotle's concept of lexis has been discussed by numerous scholars, yet no comprehensive account of lexis has been produced so far. To fill this gap in scholarship, this thesis offers a systematic analysis of Aristotle's concept of lexis by dividing it into three levels, which allow a step-by-step approach to understanding this multi-layered concept. By considering Plato's and Isocrates' thoughts on lexis, Chapter 1 outlines the intellectual context in which Aristotle's ideas on the concept of lexis developed. Chapters 2-5 focus on the three levels of lexis and Chapter 6 brings a concluding discussion of metaphor. In Chapter 2 the linguistic elements treated under the notion of lexis and Aristotle's theory of language are delineated. These not only present Aristotle's thoughts on language as an abstract system, but they also form the most fundamental level upon which the remainder of Aristotle's thoughts on the concept of lexis are based. Chapter 3 explores Aristotle's remarks regarding individuals' use of linguistic elements as determined by sociolinguistic factors. Aristotle's occasional statements about language usage within the concept of lexis provide valuable pieces of evidence for studies in sociolinguistics and for his ideas on lexis on its third level as discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. In Chapter 4 the intra-textual aspect of Aristotle's remarks on lexis as a means for the creation of different kinds of poetry and rhetoric, i.e. lexis as technē, is examined. In Chapter 5 extra-textual factors are considered and are followed by a discussion of the purpose and function of lexis on its third level. Chapter 6 concludes the discussion of lexis by focusing on metaphor, the linguistic and stylistic element par excellence treated under the notion of lexis, which further highlights the benefits of a three-level approach to Aristotle's concept of lexis.
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Littlehailes, Lucy Elizabeth. "Vital heat, conception and development in Aristotle". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a8e96b05-0ff7-4791-a65a-6135be68df57.
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In this account of the pan that heat plays in the conception and development of living substances according to Aristotle, I begin by examining the concept of heat. I discover that Aristotle uses a distinction between to thermon and thermotes: the former is, in living substances, material; the latter is never material, being the powerful aspect of heat. For example, an animal possesses heat (to thermon) which maintains it through its power (thermotes) to concoct. I then turn to the biological works. Conception, it seems, does not fit the standard account of change, but is rather a concoction, performed by the heat of the semen. Nor is the usual account of conception ascribed to Aristotle adequate: I attempt to demonstrate that he held a more moderate account in which pneuma, the nature of which is to thermon, is transmitted to the embryo. I then examine the development of the embryo, which is performed using to thermon as a tool. The transmission and development of the rational psuche in particular has often caused problems: I offer an account of the transmission of psuche from parent to embryo, and describe the part that pneuma plays in this transmission and in the development and operation of the various levels of psuche. Development extends from foetal development until adulthood, and this poses another problem for the standard account of change as it appears to be neither substantial nor accidental change, yet these are apparently exhaustive possibilities. I conclude that development, like conception, is a concoction performed by the vital heat. Finally, I turn to the conception and development of spontaneously generated animals, and of abnormal animals such as monsters. I demonstrate the relationship between these generations and sexual generation, and the significance of heat and pneuma.
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周瑩. "古代飲茶致病的文獻探究". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/127.
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中國茶文化源遠流長，茶作為一種日常飲品，與咖啡、可可並稱為世界三大無酒精飲料。近年來，隨著人們生活水平的日益提高，茶葉的保健功效越來越受到社會的重視。據各文獻史料記載，我國飲用茶葉已有千年曆史，記載有關茶葉的文獻古籍繁多。而一直以來，茶葉與“健康”一詞密不可分，古人經過歸納前人的記述總結出了茶葉的二十四功效，如清熱、消食、醒酒、去疾等，並對茶有著極高的評價，然而很少人注意到通過飲茶所達到的有利功效需要建立在適度飲茶，科學飲茶的前提下，盲目品飲只會起到相反效果。與此同時，隨著醫學經驗、藥學知識的日益豐富，不當飲茶所帶來的一些副作用同樣也引起了古代醫學家與茶人的重視，人們開始不僅只是單純的追求茶葉的口感，更多的是開始關注飲茶對身體的影響及飲茶時的身心體驗，通過自己多年的親身感悟，長期與他人的經驗分享，總結歸納出了飲茶的利弊，教導後人飲茶需有度，因人而飲。 本文擬在分析我國古代文獻中飲茶不當導致的疾病，尋找飲用單一味茶葉對人體所產生的不良反應，其中不包括複方茶及非茶之“茶”，通過歸納、整理，探究古代不當飲茶所造成的對人體的危害疾病，提出適度飲茶，健康飲茶，科學飲茶的觀念，為今後的茶學及醫學研究不當飲茶致病因素提供古代文獻線索依據。 關鍵字：過度飲茶，過派飲茶，飲茶致病
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Harrop, Patrick H. "Inseminate architecture : an archontological reading of Athanasius Kircher's Turris Babel". Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56976.
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Among the vast assembly of Biblical mythology, the tower of Babel stands as an exclusive representation of the limits of human endeavor. As a paradigmatic extremity, it circumscribes the field of civic artifice. Babel is the absolute limit, and in that regard, its presence is enduring and timeless. The legacy of exegetic readings are textual shades, emanating from the point source of the paradigm. Athanasius Kircher's Turris Babel is an appropriate and intentional unfolding of this condition.Firstly, that in the awakening of the Baroque scholar to history, origin materializes as the sole legitimate chronological reference.
Secondly, that the paradigmatic extremities collapse into the empirical standard of the theoretical discourse.
This thesis is a speculative study of architecture, drawn through Turris Babel, in the shadow of the paradigmatic limits of Babel. Written in three parts, each dealing with the implications of artifice in confrontation with the post-Babel adversaries of dispersion, tyranny, and decay.
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朱加正 i Ka-ching Chu. "Reflections of the development and philosophy of Mathematics originating in a comparative study of Liu Hui's redaction of 'JiuZhang Suan Shu' and Euclid's 'Elements'". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31211380.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Love – early works to 1800"
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Catherine. Fire of love!: Understanding Purgatory. Manchester, N.H: Sophia Institute Press, 1996.
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Andre. The art of courtly love. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
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Plato. El banquet: Fedre : dues obres mestres d'un dels més grans pensadors de tots els temps. Wyd. 2. Barcelona: Edicions 62, 2008.
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Claude, Gruget, i Martin Pierre, red. Dialogo d'amore. Poitiers: UFR Langues littératures, 1998.
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ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad Ibn Ḥazm. Tawq al-ḥamāmah fĭ al-ulfah wa-al-ullāf. Bayrūt: Dār Kutub al-`ilmiyah, 1997.
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Ficino, Marsilio. El libro dell'amore. Firenze: L.S. Olschki, 1987.
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Casoni, Guido. Della magia d'amore. Torino: Res, 2002.
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Casoni, Guido. Della magia d'amore. Palermo: Sellerio, 2003.
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ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Naṣr Shayzarī. Rawḍat al-qulūb wa-nuzhat al-muḥibb wa-al-maḥbūb. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003.
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Plato. Fine talk at Agathon's: A version of Plato's Symposium : together with an essay on the dialogue. Cambridge: Cambridge Quarterly Publications, 1992.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Love – early works to 1800"
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Gowing, Laura. "The Politics of Women’s Friendship in Early Modern England". W Love, Friendship and Faith in Europe, 1300–1800, 131–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524330_7.
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Tadmor, Naomi. "Friends and Neighbours in Early Modern England: Biblical Translations and Social Norms". W Love, Friendship and Faith in Europe, 1300–1800, 150–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524330_8.
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Roberts, Sasha. "Reading Shakespeare's Tragedies of Love: Romeo and Juliet, Othello, and Antony and Cleopatra in Early Modern England". W A Companion to Shakespeare's Works, Volume 1, 108–33. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470996539.ch7.
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Tsentourou, Naya. "‘Let Lovers Sigh Out the Rest’: Witnessing the Breath in the Early Modern Emotional Body". W The Life of Breath in Literature, Culture and Medicine, 175–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4_9.
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AbstractThis essay examines how breath is observed, recorded, and accounted for in cases of love melancholy in early modern literary and medical texts. It draws on the poetry of George Herbert and the works of Robert Burton and Jacques Ferrand on lovesickness to argue that writing on the respiration of the melancholic lover in the Renaissance involves a process of performative displacement as well as entanglement, most visible in the practice of intertextuality. As Tsentourou shows, intertextual references to emotional breathing blur the binary between patient and physician, casting bodies and texts as spaces where the detached witness conspires with the lovesick subject, and, in turn, with the reader.
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Prieto, Moisés. "Corrupt and Rapacious: Colonial Spanish-American Past Through the Eyes of Early Nineteenth-Century Contemporaries. A Contribution from the History of Emotions". W Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 105–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0255-9_5.
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AbstractAround 1800, merchants, scientists and adventurers travelled to Latin America with different purposes. Their multifaceted interests in a world region, experiencing a threshold of independence from Spanish colonial rule, inspired new historical and political works about the continent’s recent past. The Enlightenment provided not only the philosophical armamentarium against corruption, but it also paved the way to a new expression of sentiments and to the loss of fear when addressing injustice. Some examples of these are Hipólito Villaroel’s list of grievances and Humboldt’s Political essay. These two authors provide some thoughts on the political landscape of New Spain (now Mexico), while the two Swiss physicians Rengger and Longchamp describe the ruthless and odd dictator Francia of independent Paraguay as a champion of anti-corruption. Finally, Argentine dictator Rosas—and his robberies as described by Rivera Indarte, Sarmiento and other anonymous authors—represent the embodiment of corruption through pure larceny, for whose crimes the Spanish colonial past apparently no longer served as a comparison.
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Hutchings, William. "15. Epistle to Miss Blount with the Works of Voiture; Epistle to Miss Blount, on her Leaving the Town after the Coronation; An Epistle to a Lady". W ‘Wit’s Wild Dancing Light’, 169–80. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0372.16.
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Chapter 15. An Epistle to a Lady is the culmination of Pope’s growing concern for the nature and social positioning of women, set within his recurrent emphasis on the power of friendship. Its finale joyfully and respectfully celebrates its addressee, Martha Blount, whom he has known for over twenty years. The shorter Epistle to Miss Blount with the Works of Voiture and Epistle to Miss Blount, on her Leaving the Town after the Coronation emerge from the early years of Pope’s friendship with the sisters Teresa and Martha Blount. The span of these friendships, matched by the arc of the poems themselves, embodies enduring respect and love. A recurrent counterpoint of Pope’s characteristically satirical sketches absorbs these poems within the texture of his broad ethical vision.
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Brino, Omar. "Early Writings on Ethics". W The Oxford Handbook of Friedrich Schleiermacher, 417–33. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198846093.013.25.
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Abstract The short Monologen (1800) and the broad Grundlinien einer Kritik der bisherigen Sittenlehre (1803) argue for an ethical perspective based on mutually “formative” (bildende) interactions between individuals and communities as well as between peculiarity and universality. Whereas in the Monologen this perspective is presented in an “effusive” and “evocative” style, the Grundlinien develop it at a theoretically deeper level, detailing an impressive systematic confrontation with ancient, modern, and contemporaneous philosophers. The Vertraute Briefe über die Lucinde von Schlegel (1800) also consider conjugal love and the relationship of sexes from a “formative” ethical perspective. There are some differences between these early works and the later writings, both in an attenuation of the more “ideal” and “prophetic” aspects and in an accentuation of the “institutional” and “pragmatic” ones; however, the republications of the Monologen until 1829 and the systematic relationships between the Grundlinien and the late academic papers demonstrate a specific continuity on important basic principles of Schleiermacher’s “formative” ethical thought.
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Radcliffe, Philip. "General Characteristics". W Mendelssohn, 137–47. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198164937.003.0017.
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Abstract Early in the nineteenth century the distinction between ‘classical’ and ‘modern’ was less strongly marked than it is at the present day, and it was easier for the average music-lover to enjoy the works of living and recently dead composers without relying so much for his daily bread on the masterpieces of the past. The year 1809 marks not only the birth of Mendelssohn but also the death of Haydn, whose music, however, like that of Mozart, was already widely known and loved. The existing works of Beethoven, for all their provocative qualities, were not as far removed from the everyday language of music as is much of the more provocative work of the twentieth century.
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Dworkin, Ira. "Visual Cultures". W Congo Love Song. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632711.003.0007.
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This chapter considers the significant influence of William Sheppard on U.S. visual culture. In 1890, soon after he arrived in the Congo, he expresses his intent to collect Congolese artifacts, mostly Bakuba, for Hampton’s “Curiosity Room,” which was the basis for its renowned art museum. In the early 1940s after Viktor Lowenfeld established the Hampton art department, John Biggers, Samella Lewis, Elizabeth Catlett, Charles White, and other artists, who were students or teachers there, studied Sheppard’s textile collection. In particular, the color palette and geometry found in Biggers’s work recall both African American quilts and Bakuba textiles, indicating that, beyond political topics, Sheppard’s influence includes a wide aesthetic vocabulary. Twentieth-century African American visual artists developed an innovative cultural practice based on their immersion in a collection whose provenance links it to the movement for reform in the Congo.
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Abulafia, David. "The Greek and the unGreek, 1830–1920". W The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0044.
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An important feature of the Fifth Mediterranean was the discovery of the First Mediterranean, and the rediscovery of the Second. The Greek world came to encompass Bronze Age heroes riding the chariots described by Homer, and the Roman world was found to have deep roots among the little-known Etruscans. Thus, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries entirely new perspectives on the history of the Mediterranean were opened up. An early lead was given by the growth of interest in ancient Egypt, discussed in the previous chapter, though that was closely linked to traditional biblical studies as well. In the eighteenth century, the Grand Tour introduced well-heeled travellers from northern Europe to classical remains in Rome and Sicily, and Englishmen saw it as an attractive alternative to time spent at Oxford or Cambridge, where those who paid any attention to their studies were more likely to be immersed in ancient texts than in ancient objects. On the other hand, aesthetic appreciation of ancient works of art was renewed in the late eighteenth century, as the German art historian Winckelmann began to impart a love for the forms of Greek art, arguing that the Greeks dedicated themselves to the representation of beauty (as the Romans failed to do). His History of Art in Antiquity was published in German in 1764 and in French very soon afterwards, and was enormously influential. In the next few decades, discoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum, in which Nelson’s cuckolded host, Sir William Hamilton, was closely involved, and then in Etruria, further enlarged northern European interest in ancient art, providing interior designers with rich patterns, and collectors with vast amounts of loot – ‘Etruscan vases’, nearly all in reality Greek, were shipped out of Italy as the Etruscan tombs began to be opened up. In Greece, it was necessary to purchase the consent of Ottoman officials before excavating and exporting what was found; the most famous case, that of the Parthenon marbles at the start of the nineteenth century, was succeeded by other acquisitions for northern museums: the Pergamon altar was sent to Berlin, the facings of the Treasury of Atreus from Mycenae were sent to the British Museum, and so on.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Love – early works to 1800"
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Krupchanov, A. "THE THEME OF DEATH IN THE LITERARY WORKS OF YU.M. POLYAKOV". W VIII International Conference “Russian Literature of the 20th-21st Centuries as a Whole Process (Issues of Theoretical and Methodological Research)”. LCC MAKS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3742.rus_lit_20-21/265-269.
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The themes of life and death, love and death, creativity and death, social upheavals and death are key in the writer's work. In the early period of his work, for example, in the novella One Hundred Days Before the Order (1980, published 1987), the final scene does not give a verydefinite answer - the soldier found in the ditch is either asleep or dead. The final remains open. In the works of the 1990s, the theme of death can be resolved both satirically (The Goat in the Milk (1994, published 1995)), tragic (The Sky of the Fallen (1997)) and dramatic (The Voroshilovsky Rifleman (1999)). At the turn of the 2000s and in the early 2000s, the writer used artistic techniques (metatext, Deus ex machina) that made it possible to “cancel” the physical death of the main characters (“I Plotted an Escape” (1999) and “The Mushroom King, or 36 Hours in the Life of an Almost Lonely Man” (2005)). This does not cancel the hero's severe moral crisis, but it preserves the possibility of positive changes. The novel the Plaster Trumpeter (2008-2022) is also a metatext. The writer dwells on such aspects as the attitude to death in society, the death of historical figures, death as an existential philosophical phenomenon, death and art. Death becomes almost the only irrevocable and authentic phenomenon in the life of a modern person surrounded by mirages. An important clarification of the author's position, in comparison with his previous work, can be considered the emphasis on the fact that art, regardless of whether it shows the physical death of a person or not, should help him to abandon mirages, see the truth and give hope to overcome at least moral death.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Love – early works to 1800"
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Robledo, Ana, i Amber Gove. What Works in Early Reading Materials. RTI Press, luty 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0058.1902.
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Access to books is key to learning to read and sustaining a love of reading. Yet many low- and middle-income countries struggle to provide their students with reading materials of sufficient quality and quantity. Since 2008, RTI International has provided technical assistance in early reading assessment and instruction to ministries of education in dozens of low- and middle-income countries. The central objective of many of these programs has been to improve learning outcomes—in particular, reading—for students in the early grades of primary school. Under these programs, RTI has partnered with ministry staff to produce and distribute evidence-based instructional materials at a regional or national scale, in quantities that increase the likelihood that children will have ample opportunities to practice reading skills, and at a cost that can be sustained in the long term by the education system. In this paper, we seek to capture the practices RTI has developed and refined over the last decade, particularly in response to the challenges inherent in contexts with high linguistic diversity and low operational capacity for producing and distributing instructional materials. These practices constitute our approach to developing and producing instructional materials for early grade literacy. We also touch upon effective planning for printing and distribution procurement, but we do not consider the printing and distribution processes in depth in this paper. We expect this volume will be useful for donors, policymakers, and practitioners interested in improving access to cost-effective, high-quality teaching and learning materials for the early grades.