Rozprawy doktorskie: „LOPAC”

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Hrňa, Lukáš. "Úprava rychloupínacího zařízení pro aplikace prosévacích lopat". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230539.

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This thesis deals with the adjustment of quit camping equipment for application on screener crusher bucket Allu SC 3-20 in order to streamline both digging into the bucket, and the actual screening. Using simulation methods in the Adams programme, forces are detected for the digging with the original suspension. Imperfections are revealed for the current full suspension and suggestions made for the new proposedsuspension. The new shape quick release mechanism is designed in CATIA modeler and the I-Deas programme provides final strength control of parts for the proposed mechanism. Finally, both variants are coMPared in terms of digging, sifting the material complexity of the design and the necessary restrictive criteria.

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Frank, Matthew I. "LoPC-- modeling contention in parallel algorithms". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47439.

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Kutzer, Pia Elfriede Seyra [Verfasser], i Kai [Gutachter] Lopau. "Langzeitergebnisse einer steroidfreien Immunsuppression ein Jahr nach Nierentransplantation / Pia Elfriede Seyra Kutzer ; Gutachter: Kai Lopau". Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122021011/34.

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Silva, Edlaine Correia Sinézio da Silva. "Desenvolvimento da metodologia Lopa-Bayesiana em dois estágios / Edlaine Correia Sinézio da Silva". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/11845.

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Capes
Nas últimas décadas o Gás Natural Liquefeito- GNL tem se destacado enquanto promissora fonte de energia e consequentemente sua utilização vem crescendo consideravelmente. Todavia, devido à natureza inflamável do metano- principal componente do GNL- a ocorrência de acidentes com o seu vazamento nos terminais de transporte e armazenamento podem proporcionar perigo para a sociedade. Dentre os principais perigos associados ao GNL, está transição rápida de fase (RTP), incêndio em poça, incêndio em nuvem e explosões. Neste contexto, a Análise de Camadas de Proteção (LOPA) é uma forma simplificada de avaliação de risco que fornece resultados quantificados de risco com menos tempo e esforço do que a Análise Quantitativa de Riscos (AQR), por exemplo. A LOPA é um método semi-quantitativo que gera uma estimativa numérica da frequência de falha do cenário mitigado. Para o cálculo da frequência de falha do cenário, é necessário obter dados de falha. Contudo, por tratar-se de um terminal de GNL, os dados de falhas de equipamentos são esparsos, não sendo estatisticamente confiáveis por tratar-se de uma indústria recente. Neste caso, a análise Bayesiana é uma ótima ferramenta, pois possibilita utilizar dados específicos da planta em estudo e dados genéricos. Sejam os dados genéricos obtidos nos bancos de dados procedentes de várias indústrias, operando em diferentes condições, faz-se necessário considerar a não-homogeneidade da população. No entanto, na literatura encontra-se aplicações clássica da análise Bayesiana. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa propôs melhorar a metodologia apresentada na literatura utilizando os mesmos dados, porém empregando a Análise Bayesiana em Dois Estágios. O primeiro estágio é uma análise não homogênea, que considera a variabilidade populacional dos dados de falha entre os bancos de dados, e o segundo estágio gera uma distribuição a posteriori atualizada após a introdução dos dados específicos da planta. Finalmente, esta pesquisa comprovou que a metodologia LOPA-Bayesiana em Dois Estágios é mais viável, pois ela apresentou para a frequênca dos cenários mitigados, valores superiores aos encontrados em pesquisa anterior, o que confirma a subestimação do nível de incerteza.

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Steigenberger, Jana Su [Verfasser], Kai [Gutachter] Lopau i Ingo [Gutachter] Klein. "Kosten der Nierentransplantation in Abhängigkeit von der Transplantatfunktion / Jana Su Steigenberger. Gutachter: Kai Lopau ; Ingo Klein". Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1111124930/34.

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Muniz, Márcio Vinicios Pereira. "Análise crítica da contribuição da técnica lopa na gestão de segurança de processo na indústria". Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2016. https://appdesenv.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/1935.

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Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-07-19T19:28:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_MSG_Marcio_Muniz_Final.pdf: 2620890 bytes, checksum: b3ca9261af59621b5f9407cc5ee2bb4c (MD5)
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O objetivo da presente dissertação é desenvolver uma análise crítica da contribuição da metodologia LOPA para a gestão de segurança de processo na indústria e perpetuar sua aplicação. Como modelo metodológico, utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa exploratória, através de um questionário aplicado. Utilizaram-se os resultados do questionário para avaliar o perfil dos respondentes, testou-se a confiabilidade interna das escalas do questionário através da utilização do alfa de Cronbach e executou-se um modelo de triangulação a luz do referencial teórico, dos resultados do questionário e da experiência e dos conhecimentos teóricos do pesquisador. Como resultados, detectou-se a baixa disponibilidade de estudos guiados pela comunidade científica internacional que efetivamente relacionem a utilização da metodologia LOPA com a gestão de segurança de processos, confirmou-se o baixo nível de difusão do conhecimento e de utilização da metodologia LOPA e detectou-se a alta relevância de inclusão da metodologia em um sistema de gestão de segurança de processos. As confiabilidades internas calculadas para os clusters do questionário obtiveram classificação alta e muito alta.
The main goal of this Dissertation is develop a critical analysis of the LOPA methodology contribution to the Process Safety Management in the Industry and to disseminate the LOPA. The Dissertation methodological model included a Bibliographical Research and an Exploratory Research (Through a survey applied, mainly, to the process safety professionals. The Dissertation tested the internal reliability of the survey scales (Through the Cronbach alfa tool), evaluated the survey participants profile and used a triangulation model considering the theoretical framework, the survey results and the experience and theoretical knowledge of the researcher. The Results detected the low availability of studies guided by international scientific community that effectively connect the methodology LOPA with Process Safety Management, the low level of dissemination of knowledge and the low utilization frequency of methodology LOPA and detected the high significance of LOPA inclusion in a Process Safety Management System. The internal reliability values calculated to the survey clusters obtained high and very high classification.

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Au, Thi Huong. "Optimisation et manipulation d'une source de photons uniques par des structures photoniques 2D et 3D à base de matériau polymère à température ambiante". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN046.

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Cette thèse a été consacrée à l'étude théorique et expérimentale du couplage contrôlé de la source de photon unique (SPS) aux structures photoniques multidimensionnelles, par l'utilisation de la méthode dite écriture directe par laser (DLW) par absorption ultra-faible à un photon (LOPA). La thèse est constitutée de trois parties principales suivantes:La première partie concerne le caractérisation et l'optimisation des dots quantiques (QD) colloïdaux CdSe/CdS. La dépendance de la longeur d'onde d'excitation a été étudiée. En utilisant une excitation à 532 nm, seul le core est excité et l’effet d'Auger est donc supprimé. Cette approche permet donc d'obtenir avec la suppression de la commutation intermittente et une source de photon unique très stable à température ambiante. Afin d’obtenir une meilleure performance des QDs sur une longue période, nous avons ensuite étudié l'influence du milieu dans lequel les QDs sont logés sur leurs propriétés optiques. En intégrant les QDs dans les matrices de polymère SU-8, nous avons montré que l'environnement polymérique permet non seulement de conserver de bonnes caractéristiques des QDs CdSe/CdS avec une photostabilité élevée, mais également de nous offrir une excellente accessibilité à la fabrication des structures en polymère contenant une particule unique.Dans la deuxième partie, la technique LOPA DLW est utilisée pour le couplage des QDs uniques dans diverses structures photoniques. Deux dispositifs, l’antenne du type ''pilier diélectrique'' sous-lambda et la membrane de réseau circulaire (cavité du type ''bulleye''), ont été étudiés théoriquement et expérimentalement pour améliorer l’émission du QD couplé en termes de l'émission spatiale et de l’émission radiative spontanée de l’émetteur.Dans la troisième partie, la manipulation de la SPS est démontrée en couplant le QD unique à des structures magnéto-photoniques multidimensionnelles. À l'aide d'un champ magnétique externe, le mouvement contrôlable d'un seul QD a été démontré dans un environnement fluidique. En contrôlant l'amplitude et l'orientation du champ magnétique externe, la position et l'orientation de la SPS à base d'un QD ont été manipulées à la demande. Les propriétés optiques, magnétiques et mécaniques des dispositifs magnéto-photoniques hybrides ont été étudiées pour montrer les capacités multifonctionnelles de telles structures
The thesis has been devoted to study the controlled coupling of a colloidal quantum dot (QD) based single photon source (SPS) into multidimensional polymeric photonic structures by using low-one photon absorption (LOPA) direct laser writing (DLW) technique. The thesis consists of three main parts:The first part addresses the characteristic optimization of the CdSe/CdS based SPS. The excitation wavelength dependence of the QDs was investigated. By using 532 nm, only the core of the QD is excited with the suppression of the Auger effects. Thus, this approach allows for obtaining the suppression of fluorescence intermittency and a stable single-photon emission at ambient conditions. In order to obtain the long-term high fluorescence quality of the QDs, we then studied the influence of the local dielectric medium on the optical properties of the QDs. By incorporating the QDs into a photoresist (SU-8), we demonstrated that the polymeric environment not only enables the long-term preservation of the QD with high photostability but also provides us excellent accessibility to fabricate polymeric structures containing SPS.In the second part, the LOPA-based DLW is employed for the coupling of single QD into various photonic structures. Two devices including submicropillar dielectric antenna and 3D membrane bulleye cavity are theoretically and experimentally investigated to enhance the fluorescence emission of the single QD in terms of far-field angular radiation pattern and the spontaneous radiative emission of the emitter.In the third part, the manipulation of SPS is demonstrated by coupling the single QD into multidimensional magneto-photonic structures. With the aid of an external magnetic field, the controllable movement of the coupled QD was performed in the fluidic environment. The position and orientation of the SPS coupled in the structure were manipulated on demand. The mechanical, magnetic and optical properties of the device are investigated showing the multifunctional capabilities of magneto-photonic structures

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Kurtz, Stefanie Corinne [Verfasser], Kai [Gutachter] Lopau i Hubertus [Gutachter] Riedmiller. "Die Anwendung von Donor-Score-Systemen am Beispiel des Nierentransplantationsprogrammes Würzburg / Stefanie Corinne Kurtz. Gutachter: Kai Lopau ; Hubertus Riedmiller". Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1111783950/34.

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Fernandes, Sergio. "Produção de proteína LOPAP recombinante (protease ativadora de protrombina da lagarta Lonomia obliqua), purificação, avaliação de estabilidade e estudos estruturais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-27012015-100207/.

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LOPAP, proteína isolada da toxina de lagartas Lonomia obliqua, possui ação ativadora de protrombina, efeito pró-coagulante e ação citoprotetora em células do endotélio humano, em cultura. Tem cadeia única com 181 resíduos de aminoácidos e 21 kDa. Sua estrutura terciária é formada por oito folhas-b fechadas em uma extremidade, mantidas juntas por pontes de hidrogênio, em formato de barril. Está classificada como pertencente ao grupo das Lipocalinas (proteínas de transporte). Neste trabalho estudou-se o LOPAP, que foi produzido recombinante em cultivo de Pichia pastoris em biorreator e purificado. Avaliou-se sua estabilidade quanto às atividades enzimática e citoprotetora, e sua estrutura secundária. Não foi detectada ativação de protrombina para o r-LOPAP obtido, mas foi observada ação citoprotetora. Considerando estes resultados e a análise de sua estrutura secundária por dicroísmo circular, concluiu-se que a proteína foi expressa com tamanho e sequência corretos, mas sem uma estrutura terciária correta, o que é determinante para a atividade enzimática.
LOPAP, a protein isolated from the toxin of Lonomia obliqua caterpillars, has prothrombin activation action, procoagulant effect and cytoprotection action in human endothelium cells culture. It has only chain with 181 amino acid residues and 21 kDa of size. Its tertiary structure is made by eight b-sheets closed at one end, hold together by hydrogen bonds, barrel-shaped. It is classified as belonging to the Lipocalin group (proteins of transport). This work studied the LOPAP, which was produced recombinant in Pichia pastoris culture in bioreactor, was purified, and it was evaluated its stability related to enzymatic and cytoprotection activities, and its secondary structure. It was not detected prothrombin activation for the r-LOPAP obtained, but it was observed a cytoprotective effect. Regarding these results and the analysis of its secondary structure, by circular dichroism, it was concluded that the protein was expressed with correct size and sequence, but without a correct tertiary structure, which is determinant for the enzymatic activity.

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Wlian, Luana [UNIFESP]. "Ação de um Peptídeo Derivado do Lopap em Cultura de Fibroblastos e em Modelo Experimental de Lesão Cutânea em Ratos". Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2009. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/8863.

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O processo de reparação tecidual é um complexo de reações entre células e mediadores bioquímicos que são desencadeados a partir de uma lesão. Neste estudo avaliamos a ação do peptídeo 4 obtido a partir da sequência de aminoácidos do Lopap (Lonomia obliqua prothrombin activator protease) em cultura de fibroblastos para se avaliar a expressão de moléculas de matriz extracelular e receptores de membrana de interleucina-8 e em modelo experimental de lesão cutânea em ratos para se analisar o efeito da molécula em estudo no processo de reparação tecidual. Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar machos de 6 a 8 semanas, randomizados em 5 grupos experimentais. Após a anestesia, os ratos foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico, onde oito secções circulares de pele de 6 mm de diâmetro foram circunscritas na região dorsal e tratadas com solução salina ou com o peptídeo 4. Após diferentes períodos (3, 7, 14 e 21 dias) realizaram-se análises para se avaliar o processo de reparação tecidual entre os grupos. Concluímos que o peptídeo 4 é capaz de estimular fibroblastos em cultura, além de promover o aceleramento do processo de reparação tecidual em modelo in vivo, com maior deposição de colágeno, glicosaminoglicanos e melhor reorganização tecidual.
The process of tissue repair is a complex of reactions between cells and biochemical mediators that are triggered from an injury. This study evaluated the effect of peptide 4 derived from the amino acid sequence of Lopap (Lonomia obliqua prothrombin activator protease) in culture of fibroblasts to evaluate the expression of molecules of extracellular matrix and the membrane receptors of interleukin-8 and in experimental model of skin lesion in rats to examine the effect of the molecule in the process of tissue repair. We used 40 male Wistar rats with 6 to 8 weeks, randomized to 5 experimental groups. After anesthesia, the rats were submitted to surgery, where eight circular full-thickness of skin from 6 mm of diameter were surrounded in the back and treated with saline or with peptide 4. After different periods (days 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after wounding) were carried out tests to evaluate the process of tissue repair between the groups. We conclude that peptide 4 is able to stimulate fibroblasts in culture and promote the acceleration of the process of tissue repair in vivo model with greater deposition of collagen, glycosaminoglycans and better tissue reorganization.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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Verdier, Nicolas. "Etudes théoriques et Développement d'une version optimisée du mini compteur d'aérosols LOAC pour des applications atmosphériques et spatiales". Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3064.

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Le LOAC est un compteur d’aérosols optique qui permet de compter les particules atmosphériques de 0.2 à 100µ m et de les classer par gamme de taille. Pour cela, cet instrument est constitué d’un laser qui illumine une chambre dans laquelle sont injectés les particules par pompage. La lumière diffusée par chacune d’elle est alors mesurée selon deux angles ce qui permet d’évaluer la nature (gouttelettes, sels, suies, ,..). Fabriqué à plus de 150 exemplaires, ce capteur permet de documenter les couches de l’atmosphère à l’aide de ballons dans toutes les régions du globe depuis 2011. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à détailler le fonctionnement de tous les sous-systèmes de l’instrument et d’en proposer une version aux performances améliorées pour l’exploration des atmosphères planétaires. En guise d’introduction, ce mémoire présente l’intérêt scientifique du LOAC pour l’exploration spatiale et rappel la logique de développement et les atouts de cet appareil en regard des nombreux autres dispositifs destinés à caractériser les aérosols. Dans une seconde partie le dimensionnement détaillé d’une version d’ingénierie est proposé dans le but d’introduire de nouvelles fonctionnalités indispensables à tout instrument spatial. Enfin, la dernière partie de ce document s’attache au design d’une version plus performante intégrant de nouveaux concepts tant sur le plan matériel que logiciel
LOAC is an optical aerosol counter which allows atmospheric particles from 0.2 to 100µ m to be counted and classified by size range. This instrument consists of a laser which illuminates a chamber where the particles are injected by pumping. The light scattered by each of them is then measured from two angles, which makes it possible to assess the nature of the aerosols (liquid, salts, soot, etc.). Manufactured in more than 150 copies, this sensor has been used to document the layers of the atmosphere using balloons in all regions of the world since 2011. The objective of this thesis is to detail how works the different subsystems of the instrument and to propose a performance improved version for the planetary atmospheres’ exploration. In the introduction, this thesis presents the scientific interest of LOAC for space exploration and recalls the logic of development and the advantages of this device compared to the many other devices intended to characterize aerosols. In a second part, the detailed sizing of an engineering version is proposed in order to introduce new functionalities essential to any space instrument. Finally, the last part of this document focuses on the design of a more efficient version incorporating new concepts on both the hardware and software levels

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Villena, Tapia Guillermo Harold [Verfasser]. "Development and Application of a new Long Path Absorption Photometer (LOPAP) Instrument for the Sensitive Detection of NO2 / Guillermo Harold Villena Tapia". Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1046605909/34.

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Carvalho, Linda Christian Carrijo. "LOPAP (Lonomia obliqua prothrombin activator protease): clonagem e expressão em levedura Pichia pastoris, obtenção de um peptídeo sintético, análise estrutural e avaliação de suas potenciais aplicações". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-11022010-104758/.

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O Lopap é um ativador de protrombina da lagarta L. obliqua, pertence à família das lipocalinas e apresenta atividade antiapoptótica. O Lopap foi obtido na forma recombinante (rLopap), na levedura P. pastoris, por metodologia escalonável, e sua atividade foi avaliada in vitro e in vivo. O tratamento com rLopap reduziu o tempo de sangramento em animais anticoagulados com enoxaparina. Por outro lado, um peptídeo derivado do Lopap, designado antiapoptotic peptide (AP), foi capaz de induzir a síntese de colágeno em cultura de fibroblastos e na derme de animais. A região correspondente a AP apresentou propriedades físicas e estruturais semelhantes a seqüências relacionadas em outras lipocalinas com atividade antiapoptótica. Estes resultados abrem perspectivas para aplicações do Lopap, como uma molécula procoagulante, e de AP, através de sua ação na modulação celular, como um componente cosmético, no reparo e remodelamento tecidual e em disfunções que envolvem morte celular e perda de colágeno.
Lopap is a prothrombin activator from the L. obliqua caterpillar, belongs to the lipocalin family, and displays antiapoptotic activity. Lopap was obtained in the recombinant form (rLopap) in the P. pastoris yeast, by a scaled up methodology, and its activity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with rLopap reduced the bleeding time in animals anticoagulated with enoxaparin. On the other hand, a Lopap-derived peptide, designated antiapoptotic peptide (AP), was able to induce collagen synthesis in fibroblast culture and in the animal dermis. The region corresponding to AP had similar physical and structural properties when compared with other antiapoptotic lipocalins. These results open perspectives for the use of Lopap, as a procoagulante molecule, and the use of AP, based on its cell modulation effects, as a cosmetic component, aiding tissue repair and in dysfunctions involving cell death and loss of collagen.

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Nascimento, Ana Karina de Lima. "Atividade antioxidante e antiproliferativa de extratos de folhas de Plukenetia volubilis L. (EUPHORBIACEAE)". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12613.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Plukenetia volubilis conhecida popularmente como sacha incha ou amendoa lopo, ? uma planta oleaginosa e trepadeira, pertecente a fam?lia Euphorbiaceae. Suas sementes apresentam alto valor nutritivo e suas folhas s?o utilizadas pela popula??o amaz?nica para tratar doen?as de pele, contudo essa a??o n?o ? comprovada cientificamente. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho prev? uma prospec??o qu?mica e biol?gica de diferentes extratos obtidos das folhas de P. volubilis. : extrato aquoso (EA), metan?lito (EM), etan?lico (EE), clorof?rmico (EC) e hex?nico (EH). A triagem fitoqu?mica foi realizada por meio de rea??es qu?micas de identifica??o e an?lise por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), utilizando diferentes eluentes e reveladores. Como parte das an?lises de constitui??o qu?mica dos extratos, foram realizadas dosagens de compostos fen?licos, a??cares totais e prote?nas. Em rela??o ?s atividades biol?gicas, foi avaliada a capacidade antioxidante dos extratos e seus efeitos sob c?lulas tumorais e normais. Com os resultados obtidos foi poss?vel detectar por meio das reacoes a presen?a de compostos fen?licos, flavonoides, saponinas e alcaloides. Por meio da an?lise por CCD foi poss?vel verificar a presen?a de compostos com estruturas de terpenos, polifen?is e flavon?ides. O extrato metan?lico (EM) apresentou uma banda de colora??o verde e Rf 0,65 similar ao padr?o de flavon?ide canferol. Com as metodologias de dosagem qu?mica foi observado uma elevada quantidade de a??cares totais nos extratos de P. volubilis. Os testes para avalia??o da atividade antioxidante revelaram que todos os extratos apresentam capacidade antioxidante. No teste de capacidade antioxidante total (expresso como equivalente em ?cido asc?rbico, EEA/g), os extratos apresentaram valores que variaram entre 59,31 a 97,76 EAA/g. Para o teste de DPPH os valores de sequestro variaram de 88,3% a 62,8%. O teste de viabilidade celular, verificado por meio da redu??o do composto MTT possibilitou observar que os extratos foram capazes de diminuir a viabilidade das c?lulas cancer?genas HeLa e A549, sendo mais eficazes para linhagem HeLa. Os extratos EM e EH (250 ?g/mL) apresentaram redu??o da prolifera??o de HeLa para 54,3 e 48,5%, respectivamente. Enquanto que os extratos EH e EA induziram de forma significativa a prolifera??o de fibroblastos normais 3T3, cerca de 70% a mais que o controle. Resultado semelhante foi observado em macr?fagos Raw, onde foi verificado que a prolifera??o dessas c?lulas tratadas com os extratos EM, EC e EA foi a duas vezes mais que o controle. Nenhum efeito foi observado nas c?lulas CHO quando tratadas com os extratos. Outra abordagem utilizada foi a de citometria de fluxo de modo a avaliar marcadores de morte celular em c?lulas HeLa quando expostas aos extratos de P. volubilis. Os resultados destes ensaio mostraram que os extratos induziram a morte celular via apoptose. Portanto, esses resultados sugerem que os extratos das folhas de P. volubilis s?o potenciais alvos para serem utilizados futuramente no desenvolvimento de f?rmacos com a??o antioxidante, proliferativa e antitumoral

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15

Do, Mai Trang. "Fabrication of submicrometer 3D structures by one-photon absorption direct laser writing and applications". Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0001/document.

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Ce travail porte sur l’étude d’une nouvelle technique de microscopie basée sur le phénomène d’absorption linéaire ultra-faible (LOPA) de matériaux photosensibles pour la fabrication de structures submicrométriques à deux et à trois dimensions (2D, 3D). Premièrement, nous avons étudié théoriquement la distribution de l'intensité lumineuse dans la région focale d’un objectif de microscope de grande ouverture numérique en fonction des différentes conditions de travail, telles que la propagation de la lumière dans un milieu absorbant avec variation d'indice de refraction. Nous avons démontré que lorsque l'on travaille avec un matériau quasi homogène ayant de très faible absorption à la longueur d’onde du faisceau d’excitation, le faisceau laser peut être focalisé en profondeur à l'intérieur du matériau, ce qui permet de manipuler optiquement des objets en 3D. Nous avons ensuite démontré expérimentalement l'utilisation de cette technique pour fabriquer des structures à la demande. Différentes structures 2D et 3D submicrométriques ont été crées en résine SU-8, en utilisant un laser continue de faible puissance à 532 nm. Ces résultats sont similaires à ceux obtenus par la méthode d’absorption à deux photons, mais le coût de fabrication a été énormément réduit. De plus, nous avons démontré qu'il est possible de fabriquer des structures photoniques à base de polymère contenant une seule nanoparticule (NP), en utilisant un procédé à deux étapes. En effet, nous avons d'abord déterminé avec précision la position d'une seule NP d’or, en utilisant une puissance d’excitation très faible, puis nous l'avons insérée dans une structure photonique par une puissance d’excitation plus élevée. Le couplage d'une NP d’or et d'une structure photonique à base de polymère a été ensuite étudié théoriquement et expérimentalement, montrant une amélioration importante de la collection des photons émis par la NP
This work deals with a novel microscopy technique based on the ultra-low one-photon absorption (LOPA) mechanism of photosensitive materials for fabrication of arbitrary two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) submicrometer structures. First, we theoretically investigated the intensity distribution at focusing region of a high numerical aperture objective lens as a function of various working conditions, such as propagation of light mismatched refractive index and/or absorbing media. We demonstrated that when working with refractive index mismatch-free and very low absorption conditions, the light could be focused deeply inside the material, allowing a 3D optical manipulation. We then demonstrated experimentally the use of this simple technique for fabrication of desired structures. Different 2D and 3D structures, with a feature as small as 150 nm, have been created in SU-8 photoresist by using a low power and continuous-wave laser emitting at 532 nm. Furthermore, we demonstrated that it is possible to fabricate a polymer-based photonic structure containing a single nanoparticle (NP), by using a double-step method. Indeed, the LOPA microscopy allowed us first to accurately determine the location of a single gold NP and then to embed it as desired into an arbitrary SU-8 photonic structure. The coupling of a gold NP and a polymer-based photonic structure was theoretically and experimentally investigated showing a six-fold photons collection enhancement as compared to that of a NP in unpatterned film

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16

Vignelles, Damien. "Caractérisation des performances du nouveau mini compteur de particules LOAC embarqué sous ballon météorologique : application à l’étude de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle des aérosols de la haute troposphère et de la stratosphère". Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2049/document.

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L’étude des aérosols stratosphériques est importante pour comprendre le bilan radiatif terrestre. A l’heure actuelle, notre représentation des différents types de particules stratosphériques et leurs répartitions spatiale et temporelle n’est pas complète. Au cours de cette thèse, nous tentons de montrer que la mesure de la concentration en particules sous ballon météorologique au moyen d’un nouveau mini compteur de particules, le LOAC, pourrait permettre de rendre compte de la possible variabilité locale du contenu en aérosols stratosphériques dans la gamme de taille 0,2 à 100 μm en diamètre. La première partie de ce travail consiste à caractériser plus précisément les performances du LOAC sous ballon météorologique appliqué à la mesure en stratosphère. La seconde partie propose une analyse comparée du contenu en aérosols stratosphériques obtenu par LOAC, à partir de lâchers de ballons en France régulièrement depuis 3 ans et plus ponctuellement à l’étranger dans des situations particulières (volcan, mousson), et par d’autres types de données (Observations spatiales, lidar sol et simulation globale). Nous montrons alors que l’instrument possède une limite de détection rendant difficile la mesure des particules submicroniques lors de période de fond en moyenne stratosphère pour des concentrations de l’ordre d’une particule par cm3. Dans sa version actuelle, le LOAC permet de documenter les panaches volcaniques en troposphère ainsi qu’en basse stratosphère. En perspective, nous proposons des directions pour la calibration et l’analyse des futures données d’une nouvelle génération de l’instrument en développement
The study of the stratospheric aerosols is important to our understanding of the terrestrial radiative budget. Our current comprehension of the different types of stratospheric particles and their spatial and temporal distribution is incomplete. In the present study, we try to show that measuring particle concentrations by the means of a new balloon-borne miniature particle counter, the LOAC, may allow us to determine the local variability in stratospheric aerosols in the size range 0.2 – 100 μm in diameter. In that respect, the PhD thesis consists of a first phase of a more accurate characterisation of the LOAC’s performances under balloon-borne measurement. A second phase consists of comparative analysis of stratospheric aerosol content based on a LOAC dataset obtained during a continuous campaign of balloon launches in France, along with some occasional flights abroad under particular circumstances (volcanic eruption, monsoon). Thus we show that the LOAC has a detection limit that restricts the measurement of submicronic particles in volcanic quiescent periods for concentrations lower than typically 1 particle per cm3. In its current version, the LOAC allows us to characterise aerosols in volcanic plumes in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. And, further, we propose directions concerning possible calibration and analysis strategies for the future data from the next generation of the LOAC currently in development

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Rahimi, ata Kooscha-Kevin. "Layer Of Protection Analysis: Pilotstudie, metodutveckling och tillämpning på ett konventionellt hydrauliskt bromssystem". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394019.

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Within the safety analysis industry there are a variety of tools used to ensure reliability and security of systems, ranging from mostly qualitative approaches to mostly quantitative. One safety analysis method that lies in between these two is called Layers Of Protection Analysis (LOPA). LOPA is known as a “semi-quantitative” approach that uses a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches to draw conclusions. In this masters thesis the LOPA approach is demonstrated, in addition to being developed into two alternate LOPA approaches, known as MarkovLOPA and RBDLOPA. These two developed approaches use the concept of Markov chains and Reliability block diagram (RBD) respectively, to extend the applicability of the traditional LOPA methodology. Furthermore, a conventional hydraulic braking system (CHB), which includes ABS/TCS- and ESP functionality was analysed by these three methodologies. The results of the analysis show that in the analysis by LOPA and RBDLOPA 4- and 3 out of 10 scenarios need slight improvements and only 1 scenario for MarkovLOPA. Additionally, the validity of the alternative approaches are analysed by a sensitivity analysis, showing irregularities in the results, leading to the conclusion that further research and development is required prior to industrial applications of the approaches.

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18

Yun, Geun-Woong. "Bayesian-lopa methodology for risk assessment of an LNG importation terminal". 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2460.

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LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) is one of the fastest growing energy sources in the U.S. to fulfill the increasing energy demands. In order to meet the LNG demand, many LNG facilities including LNG importation terminals are operating currently. Therefore, it is important to estimate the potential risks in LNG terminals to ensure their safety. One of the best ways to estimate the risk is LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis) because it can provide quantified risk results with less time and efforts than other methods. For LOPA application, failure data are essential to compute risk frequencies. However, the failure data from the LNG industry are very sparse. Bayesian estimation is identified as one method to compensate for its weaknesses. It can update the generic data with plant specific data. Based on Bayesian estimation, the frequencies of initiating events were obtained using a conjugate gamma prior distribution such as OREDA (Offshore Reliability Data) database and Poisson likelihood distribution. If there is no prior information, Jeffreys noninformative prior may be used. The LNG plant failure database was used as plant specific likelihood information. The PFDs (Probability of Failure on Demand) of IPLs (Independent Protection Layers) were estimated with the conjugate beta prior such as EIReDA (European Industry Reliability Data Bank) database and binomial likelihood distribution. In some cases EIReDA did not provide failure data, so the newly developed Frequency-PFD conversion method was used instead. By the combination of Bayesian estimation and LOPA procedures, the Bayesian-LOPA methodology was developed and was applied to an LNG importation terminal. The found risk values were compared to the tolerable risk criteria to make risk decisions. Finally, the risk values of seven incident scenarios were compared to each other to make a risk ranking. In conclusion, the newly developed Bayesian-LOPA methodology really does work well in an LNG importation terminal and it can be applied in other industries including refineries and petrochemicals. Moreover, it can be used with other frequency analysis methods such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA).

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Zuniga, Gerald Alexander. "Layer of protection analysis applied to ammonia refrigeration systems". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3133.

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Ammonia refrigeration systems are widely used in industry. Demand of these systems is expected to increase due to the advantages of ammonia as refrigerant and because ammonia is considered a green refrigerant. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the risks in existing and future ammonia refrigeration systems to ensure their safety. LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis) is one of the best ways to estimate the risk. It provides quantified risk results with less effort and time than other methods. LOPA analyses one cause-consequence scenario per time. It requires failure data and PFD (Probability of Failure on Demand) of the independent protection layers available to prevent the scenario. Complete application of LOPA requires the estimation of the severity of the consequences and the mitigated frequency of the initiating event for risk calculations. Especially in existing ammonia refrigeration systems, information to develop LOPA is sometimes scarce and uncertain. In these cases, the analysis relies on expert opinion to determine the values of the variables required for risk estimation. Fuzzy Logic has demonstrated to be useful in this situation allowing the construction of expert systems. Based on fuzzy logic, the LOPA method was adapted to represent the knowledge available in standards and good industry practices for ammonia refrigeration. Fuzzy inference systems were developed for severity and risk calculation. Severity fuzzy inference system uses the number of life threatening injuries or deaths, number of injuries and type of medical attention required to calculate the severity risk index. Frequency of the mitigated scenario is calculated using generic data for the initiating event frequency and PFD of the independent protection layers. Finally, the risk fuzzy inference system uses the frequency and severity values obtained to determine the risk of the scenario. The methodology was applied to four scenarios. Risk indexes were calculated and compared with the traditional approach and risk decisions were made. In conclusion, the fuzzy logic LOPA method provides good approximations of the risk for ammonia refrigeration systems. The technique can be useful for risk assessment of existing ammonia refrigeration systems.

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Chen, Kun-Hsien, i 陳昆賢. "The differences in risk assessment between HAZOP and LOPA methods: Loss prevention for the hydrogen compressor operated in a petrochemical plant". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tbg732.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
106
In the present society, the petrochemical industry occupies an important position. However, once a disaster occurs in a petrochemical plant, apart from causing equipment damage and casualties, serious cases will further affect the ecology and residents in the surrounding areas, Therefore, it is a very important link in the prevention and control of a factory. Through various risk assessment tools to evaluate the potential hazards in the operation of the plant, we can understand the probability and severity of the risks and propose corresponding improvements. And Prevention and control, reduce the degree of disaster. HAZOP is currently a high–impact assessment tool, is a major risk assessment method for major corporations. By using the HAZOP evaluation tool, the nodes in the assessment tool are deviated from the guide word, parameters, deviation matrix analysis, risk assessment matrix, Sex, seriousness to get the risk level, but the risk assessment results only risk level, can not effectively quantify the danger. Another analytical tool, the LOPA–Protection Layer Analysis, is based on the IEC61511–3 LOPA Form to get the maximum allowable semi–quantitative risk and the risk to be neglected. LOPA assessment direction can be more detailed risk–time ratio, the rate of personnel exposure, the probability of ignition frequency correction coefficient calculation, through the independent protective layer and the incidence of intermediate events were reduced risk, which in turn safety instrumented functional integrity level (SIL) for the most important basis. In this study, hydrogen compressor was chosen for risk assessment, mainly due to hydrogen compressor accidents in many petrochemical plants in recent years. Most of the factories only conducted import–export HAZOP evaluations on compressors. The study, by combining HAZOP with LOPA, explains why a hydrogen compressor accident can occur in a petrochemical plant that has already undergone risk assessment, and then discusses the pros and cons of HAZOP and LOPA.

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Gernandt, Leon. "The protection of water during armed conflict". Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16843.

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Water has been used for military purposes in the past and still continues today, i.e. poisoning of enemy water, attacking enemy water installations, etc. This conduct denies access to water, affects the supply of water, health, supply of electricity, etc. Public international law, such as treaties (e.g. The 1949 Geneva Conventions), customary international law, etc, regulate the protection of water during armed conflict. Chapter I of the dissertation analizes the public international law ire the abovementioned. The application of public inteniational law, depends on the municipal law of the state concerned. This municipal law is, in the case of South Africa, found in the 1996 Constitution. The 1996 Constitution contains specific provisions regarding inter alia the legal obligations of the South African security services, the legal status of international agreements, as well as the application of customary international law and international law. Chapter II of the dissertation analizes the abovementioned wrt the legal obligations of the SA National Defence Force ire the subject matter.
Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law
LL.M. (Public International Law)

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