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1
Braddock, Kathleen. Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Uses, Efficacy and Long-Term Health Effects. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.
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Tucker, Sharon Joann. THE LONG-TERM EFFICACY OF A BEHAVIORAL PARENT TRAINING INTERVENTION FOR FAMILIES WITH TWO-YEAR-OLDS. 1996.
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Sayal, Puneet, i Jianren Mao. Opioids in Spine Pain: Indications, Challenges, and Controversies. Redaktor Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0029.
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Opioid medications are commonly used in the treatment of spine-mediated pain. They are used on a chronic, long-term basis, and their use is on the rise. The available evidence supports their use for short periods if much effort is put into patient and opioid selection, and with close monitoring. Challenges include numerous adverse effects, aberrant behaviors, and the comfort and skill set of providers. Controversies surrounding the chronic use of opioids center on the inconclusive evidence regarding long-term efficacy and safety. More research is necessary to determine whether these medications are appropriate, efficacious, and safe over the long term, and also to aid providers in managing patients on chronic opioids in terms of patient and opioid selection, risk stratification, monitoring, and discontinuation/weaning.
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Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley i Fiona P. Gaughran. Effects of antipsychotic medications on physical health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0006.
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Antipsychotic medications are a crucial part of the core platform upon which effective treatments for schizophrenia are built. While the marketed agents have established efficacy for reduction in the symptoms of schizophrenia, they all carry some side effects. Such effects differ across medications and between individuals. Prescribers need to be aware of the side effect profile of the medications they use, and ensure patients are also aware, so that a true shared decision-making model can be followed in terms of medication choice. Appreciation of long-term risk is required, with treatment choice in the short term having a view to the long term.
5
Lam, Raymond W. Somatic treatments. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199692736.003.0008.
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• Wake therapy, exercise and light therapy are non-invasive and clinically useful treatments.• Electroconvulsive therapy remains an effective, safe and well-tolerated treatment for patients with severe, psychotic or medication-resistant depression.• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is an emerging treatment with evidence for acute efficacy, but with limited data about long-term management....
6
Hoffman, Ralph E., i Arielle D. Stanford. TMS clinical trials involving patients with schizophrenia. Redaktorzy Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann i Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0042.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ((r)TMS) is being studied as an experimental intervention for patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. These approaches have been informed by animal studies of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). They show that repeated stimulation of neural circuits could exert effects on synaptic efficacy, for varying amounts of time, beyond the period of stimulation. Few studies using rTMS as a potential clinical intervention for schizophrenia have been carried out. They show promise in terms of advancing the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and developing alternative interventions. These studies, considered together, suggest that rTMS holds promise as an intervention strategy for patients with schizophrenia. Rigorously designed trials with larger numbers of subjects are indicated in order to take into account nonspecific factors that could add noise to outcome data.
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Valeriano, Brandon. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618094.003.0001.
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This chapter evaluates the efficacy of modern cyber strategies and how states coerce rivals in the digital domain. It argues that these campaigns are neither as revolutionary nor as novel as they seem. It finds that cyber disruptions, short-term and long-term espionage, and degradation operations all usually fail to produce concessions. When states do compel a rival, which is measured as a change in behavior in the target that is strategically advantageous to the initiator, the cyber operation tends to occur alongside more traditional coercive instruments such as diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, and military threats and displays. Cyber capabilities complement, but do not replace traditional statecraft. Theoretical and empirical investigation of cyber strategies and their efficacy should therefore precede development of suggestions for sound foreign policy responses to state-backed cyber intrusions or craft international frameworks that constrain the proliferation of politically motivated malware. This book is a critical first step.
8
Chan, Jonathan, i Nigil Haroon. Treatment: NSAIDs. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0020.
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) constitute a diverse group of medications that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. NSAIDs form the first-line pharmacological therapy in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). A number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support the efficacy of NSAIDs in reducing pain and improving patient function. Head-to-head comparisons have demonstrated equivalent effect of different NSAIDs in symptom control. The proposed disease-modifying potential of regular NSAID therapy is debatable and recent literature provides evidence to the contrary. Several safety concerns have been raised regarding long-term use of NSAIDs, especially an increase in cardiovascular risk. This chapter discusses the pharmacology, efficacy in treatment of AS, disease-modifying potential, and safety concerns of NSAIDs.
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Kass, Erica, Jonathan E. Posner i Laurence L. Greenhill. Pharmacological Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0004.
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More than 225 placebo-controlled type 1 investigations demonstrate that psychostimulants are highly effective in reducing core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. In contrast, there are limited type I studies demonstrating that psychopharmacological management with U.S. Food & Drug Administration-approved agents for ADHD (stimulants and nonstimulants), atypical antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers decrease the defiant and aggressive behavior characteristic of disruptive behavior disorders. Stimulant treatment evidence has been supplemented by two large multisite randomized controlled trials. Randomized controlled trials from the past 15 years continue to report several key adverse events associated with stimulants but have not supported rarer and more serious problems. Although psychostimulants have been shown to retain their efficacy for as long as 14 months, their long-term academic and social benefits are not as robust. Nonstimulant agents for which there is more limited evidence of efficacy include atomoxetine, alpha-agonists, modafinil, and bupropion.
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Davidson, Judy E., i Giora Netzer. Family Response to Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398690.003.0008.
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Family members of ICU patients can have mental, physical, and social responses to critical illness. These responses can begin when their loved ones are in the ICU and persist after discharge. Interventions in the ICU could have long-term effects on family members. Communication, proximity, engagement, maintaining family integrity, optimizing sleep, and conflict resolution may all play a role in family health following the discharge or death of the patient. Research is needed to further quantify the epidemiology, mechanisms of action, and efficacy of interventions to optimize the health of this large group of people. While waiting for research results to definitively point us towards effective preventive measures and early interventions, it is prudent to optimize communication, encourage proximity and engagement, and support the health of family members while caring for the critically ill and injured. As patients and their families move into the home environment, it is important to consider their long-term health as well.
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Stammen, Katherine, Harish Siddaiah, Cody Brechtel, Elyse M. Cornett, Charles J. Fox i Alan D. Kaye. Pain Management for General Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0006.
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Pain is multidimensional and subjective, which makes it difficult to treat. Newer treatment modalities have been under development with a better understanding of pain pathways in recent years. These treatments take advantage of the multifactorial components of pain, including agents such as ketamine, capsaicin, gabapentin, pregabalin, long-acting opioids, peripheral nerve blockade, and patient-controlled analgesia. Numerous studies have revealed not only efficacy but additive and/or synergistic effects when multiple agents are utilized for pain management. Overall, adequate perioperative pain control is important both in an acute setting and in preventing the development of a chronic pain condition, which causes significant short- and long-term negative consequences. Best practice strategies are being utilized based on clinical studies to reduce pain and improve patient needs after surgery.
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Welch, Mary R., i Craig Nolan. Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0143.
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Neurotoxicity is a common problem in oncology practice and neurologists who care for cancer patients encounter a wide range of symptoms attributable to the side effects of radiation and/or chemotherapy. Complications involving the nervous system may be debilitating. Though generally improved by dose reduction or cessation of an offending agent, such symptoms can be irreversible and frequently have a profound impact on quality of life. The appropriate balance between therapeutic efficacy and drug or radiation toxicity requires close attention to the patient’s complaints as well as a thorough understanding of long-term consequences of both the disease and a given treatment’s side effects.
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Popovic, Dina, i Eduard Vieta. Evidence-based maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0008.
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Due to the episodic and chronic nature of bipolar disorder, maintenance therapy represents a critical part of treatment. However, there is a paucity of studies comparing effectiveness of available long-term treatments. In this chapter, the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder, as deriving from the results of randomized controlled trials, will be critically reviewed. These include second-generation antipsychotics aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone long-acting injection, ziprasidone, paliperidone, and mood stabilizers lamotrigine, lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine. In general, if a patient has responded satisfactorily to a certain drug during the acute phase, the same treatment should be maintained during maintenance treatment. This was confirmed in two randomized controlled trials. This chapter summarizes the characteristics of the placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials for all the antipsychotics used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder.
14
Walker, Suellen M. Evidence and outcomes in acute pain management. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0005.
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Inadequate control of post-operative pain can be associated with acute morbidity and have adverse effects on recovery and emotional well-being. The aims of acute pain medicine are reducing pain intensity, control of side effects, hastening rehabilitation, and improving acute and long-term outcomes. League tables compare the efficacy of analgesics, based on the number-needed-to-treat (NNT) to achieve 50% pain reduction. Systematic reviews of different interventions for acute pain are conducted and regularly updated in the Cochrane Library. The second edition of Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine provides a useful summary of the current evidence.
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Hertenstein, Elisabeth, Christoph Nissen i Dieter Riemann. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of insomnia. Redaktorzy Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi i Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0020.
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This chapter evaluates evidence-based treatment options for chronic insomnia. Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterized by sleep onset and maintenance difficulties and daytime impairment such as reduced concentration and motivation. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) is the first-line treatment for chronic primary and comorbid insomnia. CBTI comprises behavioral treatment (sleep restriction, stimulus control), relaxation, cognitive therapy, and sleep education. Its effects are of medium to large size and are stable up to two years after treatment. Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists are equally effective for short-term treatment. However, because of their adverse effects, especially in the elderly, and their potential for tolerance and dependence, they are only recommended for a treatment period up to four weeks. Low doses of sedating antidepressants are commonly prescribed for treating chronic insomnia and have shown promising results in clinical trials. However, more research on their long-term efficacy and safety is needed.
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Nutt, David J., i Liam J. Nestor. The glutamate system and addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0009.
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Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamate is involved in synaptic plasticity, particularly within dopamine systems of the brain that are involved in reward. Glutamate-dependent plasticity is involved in the development of substance addiction through its actions at NMDA receptors during long-term potentiation (LTP) related learning and memory processes. This plasticity within brain circuitry involved in learning and memory is sustained during substance abstinence and may provide a neural substrate for a vulnerability to addiction relapse. Medications that possess the efficacy to reduce glutamate tone in certain brain circuits may reduce craving, and ultimately, relapse in substance dependence. Further research is required, however, to show that the modulation of glutamate transmission in the brain confers clinical benefits in substance addiction.
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Abramowitz, Jonathan S., Steven Taylor i Dean McKay. Exposure-Based Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Redaktor Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0071.
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Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is one of the oldest and most effective treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder. The present chapter describes the empirical foundations, development, delivery, and latest research on ERP. Commonly used methods and procedural variants of ERP are described, along with findings concerning the underlying mechanisms of action. The efficacy of ERP in relation to other treatments is discussed, in addition to research on the long-term effects of ERP and its effects in non-research settings. Pretreatment predictors of the outcome of treatments using ERP are also considered. Efforts to improve treatment outcome are discussed, including research into the benefits of combining ERP with other psychosocial interventions such as cognitive therapy, or with particular medications. The chapter concludes by considering important future research directions for improving the outcome of treatment packages that include ERP.
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Wakeman, Sarah E., i Josiah D. Rich. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders within correctional facilities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0046.
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Drug addiction treatment is increasingly complex. Only 5% of prisons and 34% of jails offer any detoxification services, and only 1% of jails offer methadone for opioid withdrawal. Even fewer facilities offer medication assisted therapy (MAT) for alcohol or substance use disorders despite the tremendous evidence base supporting the use of medications to treat addiction. Untreated opioid dependence both within corrections and in the community is associated with HIV, Hepatitis C, crime, and death by overdose. Substantial evidence argues that these risks are reduced through long-term treatment with agonist medications such as methadone and buprenorphine. Only a minority of prisoners receive any addiction treatment while incarcerated. Those that do are usually offered behavioral interventions, which when used alone have extremely poor outcomes. Although there are limited studies on the outcomes of drug treatment during incarceration, there are nearly 50 years of evidence documenting the efficacy of methadone given in the community in reducing opioid use, drug-related health complications, overdose, death, criminal activity, and recidivism. Buprenorphine is similarly an effective, safe, and cost-effective long-term treatment for opioid dependence that reduces other opioid use and improves health and quality of life outcomes. There is a growing role for MAT in jails, and to a lesser degree in prisons for the treatment of alcohol and opiate dependence. This chapter presents the current state of evidence based practice in correctional MAT models.
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Wakeman, Sarah E., i Josiah D. Rich. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders within correctional facilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0046_update_001.
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Drug addiction treatment is increasingly complex. Only 5% of prisons and 34% of jails offer any detoxification services, and only 1% of jails offer methadone for opioid withdrawal. Even fewer facilities offer medication assisted therapy (MAT) for alcohol or substance use disorders despite the tremendous evidence base supporting the use of medications to treat addiction. Untreated opioid dependence both within corrections and in the community is associated with HIV, Hepatitis C, crime, and death by overdose. Substantial evidence argues that these risks are reduced through long-term treatment with agonist medications such as methadone and buprenorphine. Only a minority of prisoners receive any addiction treatment while incarcerated. Those that do are usually offered behavioral interventions, which when used alone have extremely poor outcomes. Although there are limited studies on the outcomes of drug treatment during incarceration, there are nearly 50 years of evidence documenting the efficacy of methadone given in the community in reducing opioid use, drug-related health complications, overdose, death, criminal activity, and recidivism. Buprenorphine is similarly an effective, safe, and cost-effective long-term treatment for opioid dependence that reduces other opioid use and improves health and quality of life outcomes. There is a growing role for MAT in jails, and to a lesser degree in prisons for the treatment of alcohol and opiate dependence. This chapter presents the current state of evidence based practice in correctional MAT models.
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Brandon, Marianne. Monogamy. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400687228.
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This text provides a groundbreaking look at sexual instincts and offers a clinical psychologist's and sex therapist's insights and solutions to the challenges of monogamous relationships. Monogamous relationships are firmly embedded in the framework of our society, and yet the divorce rate and common failures of intimacy in long-term relationships challenges the efficacy of this paradigm. Oddly, the concept of monogamy has been virtually ignored by mental health professionals, while anthropologists, sociologists, biologists, and zoologists have researched and explored the topic. Monogamy: The Untold Story presents not only the scientific research about the challenges of monogamy, but also the practical solutions to overcome them. In part one, the author explores sexual instincts and monogamy from an anthropological, biological, psychological, and social perspective. Part two offers men and women a step-by-step guide to enhancing passion and strengthening their intimate bond by capitalizing on their natural sexual instincts.
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Nutt, David J., i Liam J. Nestor. Conclusion and overview. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0013.
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Substance addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder. It is the manifestation of the long-term pharmacological actions of substances on the receptor mechanisms of the brain’s neural circuitry. There are different neurotransmitter systems (e.g. dopamine, GABA, opioids) and even appetite hormones, acting within this neural circuitry in addiction, but their collective roles in the disorder remain equivocal. Importantly, disturbances to these systems may also pre-date addiction, which leads people to initiate substance abuse (e.g. stress, reward sensitivity). People may also be at an increased risk of initiating substance abuse due to age (e.g. adolescence), where there is an imbalance in the maturation of neural circuits. The pharmacokinetics of addictive drugs also plays a significant role in their abuse potential. Addiction is a recurrent disorder that is difficult to cure. Treatments that possess efficacy in aiding people to remain abstinent and stabilize their lives are the best courses of treatment for addiction disorders.
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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid i Bernard Prendergast, red. Dermatology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0004.
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Over the past 50 years, there have been great advances in our understanding of skin biology and the aetiopathogenesis of skin diseases, and in the development of treatments for these. Immunosuppression for use in cutaneous infection, the use of antibiotics and corticosteroids in the reduction of morbidities in skin conditions, and an increasing understanding of molecular pathways, among a range of other developments, have allowed for rapid progression in the treatment of dermatological conditions. Carefully designed studies have been vital in the development of treatment; however, clinical observation continues to have a role. The increasing number of therapeutic options for skin conditions brings with it a need for better evidence of relative efficacy, acceptability, and long-term safety. Moreover, there are still many skin conditions for which limited effective treatments are available such as vitiligo, hidradenitis suppurativa, and viral warts. This chapter highlights the evidence base for some major advances in dermatology.
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Daley, David, i Saskia Van der Oord. Behavioural interventions for preschool ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0035.
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The evidence supporting the validity and stability of ADHD during the preschool years is now considerable and, coupled with mounting evidence indicating long-term impairments and economic cost of ADHD, provides a clear rationale for early intervention during the preschool years. While medication is an evidenced-based intervention for older children with ADHD, higher side effects and lower levels of efficacy in preschool children make medication a less attractive option. This chapter presents the behavioural treatment options available for preschool children with ADHD and reviews the evidence base supporting their use, focusing on ADHD, conduct problems, school readiness, parenting behaviour, and parental wellbeing as outcomes. Mediators and moderators of behavioural treatments for preschool children are evaluated, with a focus on the lack of clear mediation and moderation evidence. Finally, important clinical and service delivery considerations are explored, including specialist versus generic types of behavioural interventions, mode of intervention delivery, and dose effects.
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Li, Jing. Investment Terms and Level of Control of China’s Sovereign Wealth Fund in its Portfolio Firms. Redaktorzy Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev i Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.11.
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This chapter briefly reviews the literature on sovereighn wealth funds (SWFs) with a focus on their investment characteristics and strategies. It describes the China Investment Corporation (CIC) with particular reference to its connections with the Chinese government. This is followed by analyses of hand-collected data based on 61 M&As, 8 JVs, and 28 fund investments made by the CIC 2007–15. The analyses focus on the formal control (equity stakes, voting rights, director nomination and board representation) of the CIC in its target firms, and on the indirect control benefits that the CIC can extract from them in their long-term post-investment relationships. The findings question the efficacy of proposals forcing SWFs to remain passive by suspending their voting rights, and suggest that SWF hosting countries should carefully consider the necessity and level of regulations directed at SWFs as a particular type of investors to guard against potential protectionism.
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Wong, Germaine, i Angela C. Webster. Cancer after kidney transplantation. Redaktor Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0287.
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Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity after transplantation. The overall risk of cancer among transplant recipients is at least 2.5–3-fold greater than that of the age- and gender-matched general population. The increased risk is also type specific, and is greatest among virus-related neoplasms such as Kaposi sarcoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and vulvovaginal cancers, with an excess risk of at least 9–20 times greater than that of the general population. Cancer prognoses are also poor in transplant recipients, with less than 10% surviving 5 years after initial diagnoses. Despite the increased cancer risk, little is known about the efficacy of treatment, the screening strategies, and the outcomes of patients with cancer and kidney transplants. Uncertainties also exist as to how the various types of modern immunosuppression impact on recipients’ overall long-term survival and quality of life. This chapter discusses the incidence and prognoses of patients with de novo cancer after transplantation, the epidemiology of donor cancer transmission, the outcomes of transplanting patients with a prior history of cancer, as well as the different approaches to cancer screening and management after kidney transplantation.
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Hansen, Tom G. Acute paediatric pain management. Redaktorzy Jonathan G. Hardman i Neil S. Morton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0073.
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Paediatric pain management has made great strides in the past few decades in the understanding of developmental neurobiology, developmental pharmacology, the use of analgesics in children, the use of regional techniques in children, and of the psychological needs of children in pain. The consequences of a painful experience on the young nervous system are so significant that long-term effects can occur, resulting in behavioural changes and a lowered pain threshold for months after a painful event. Accurate assessment of pain in different age groups and the effective treatment of postoperative pain are constantly being refined, with newer drugs being used alone and in combination with other drugs, and continue to be explored. Systemic opioids, paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and regional anaesthesia alone or combined with additives are currently used to provide effective postoperative analgesia. These modalities are often best utilized when combined as a multimodal approach to treat acute pain in the perioperative setting. The safe and effective management of pain in children includes the prevention, recognition, and assessment of pain; early and individualized treatment; and evaluation of the efficacy of treatment. This chapter discusses selected topics in paediatric acute pain management, with more specific emphasis placed on pharmacology and regional anaesthesia in the treatment of acute postoperative pain management.
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Riberi, Pablo, red. Pandemocracy in Latin America. Hart Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509965304.
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This book addresses two questions: firstly, how has the fight against COVID-19, especially the individual and collective responses of Latin American nation-states, influenced the relationship between power, people, and statebodies? And secondly, has democracy taken a step back and allowed pandemocracy to replace its long-term legitimising function? Adopting a Global South perspective, the book explores the constitutional, political and institutional measures that paved the way for several aggressive state policies in various Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The contributions provide a detailed review of democratic decay and the ‘rule of law’ impairment in many countries of the region. The book goes beyond mere observation and explores all the main theoretical elements that can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the political and normative impact of the pandemic. In terms of constitutional design and concerning the actual behaviour of political bodies, the fairness and efficacy of Latin American state responses during the COVID-19 pandemic did not rely on civic culture, executive goodwill, or boldness on the part of the judges. The aim of this volume, therefore, is to unravel the most subtle elements of a very puzzling situation. Multidisciplinary perspectives are deployed to explore how democratic standards and goals have been reshaped by nuanced constructions of certain atavistic normative ideas or even by non-constitutional policies. The book sheds light on the underlying connection between politics and law. Volume 2 in the Global Pandemocracy series
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Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste i John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068.
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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as sepsis). Acute kidney injury replaced the previously used term ‘acute renal failure’ and comprises the entire spectrum of the disease, from small changes in function to the requirement of renal replacement therapy. Not only failure, but also minor and less severe decreases, in kidney function are of clinical significance both in the short and long-term. The most recent definition for acute kidney injury is proposed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guidelines workgroup. This definition is a modification of the RIFLE and AKIN definitions and staging criteria, and it stages patients according to changes in the urine output and serum creatinine (see Tables 68.1 and 68.2). Acute kidney injury is a heterogeneous syndrome with different and multiple aetiologies, often with several insults occurring in the same individual. The underlying processes include nephrotoxicity, and neurohormonal, haemodynamic, autoimmune, and inflammatory abnormalities. The most frequent cause for acute kidney injury in intensive cardiac care patients are low cardiac output with an impaired kidney perfusion (cardiogenic shock) and/or a marked increase in venous pressure (acute decompensated heart failure). Predictors for acute kidney injury in these patients include: baseline renal dysfunction, diabetes, anaemia, and hypertension, as well as the administration of high doses of diuretics. In the intensive cardiac care unit, attention must be paid to the prevention of acute kidney injury: monitoring of high-risk patients, prompt resuscitation, maintenance of an adequate mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and intravascular volume (avoidance of both fluid overload and hypovolaemia), as well as the avoidance or protection against nephrotoxic agents. The treatment of acute kidney injury focuses on the treatment of the underlying aetiology, supportive care, and avoiding further injury from nephrotoxic agents. More specific therapies have not yet demonstrated efficacy. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in life-threatening changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, but there are also arguments for more early initiation.
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Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste i John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068_update_001.
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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as sepsis). Acute kidney injury replaced the previously used term ‘acute renal failure’ and comprises the entire spectrum of the disease, from small changes in function to the requirement of renal replacement therapy. Not only failure, but also minor and less severe decreases, in kidney function are of clinical significance both in the short and long-term. The most recent definition for acute kidney injury is proposed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guidelines workgroup. This definition is a modification of the RIFLE and AKIN definitions and staging criteria, and it stages patients according to changes in the urine output and serum creatinine (see Tables 68.1 and 68.2). Acute kidney injury is a heterogeneous syndrome with different and multiple aetiologies, often with several insults occurring in the same individual. The underlying processes include nephrotoxicity, and neurohormonal, haemodynamic, autoimmune, and inflammatory abnormalities. The most frequent cause for acute kidney injury in intensive cardiac care patients are low cardiac output with an impaired kidney perfusion (cardiogenic shock) and/or a marked increase in venous pressure (acute decompensated heart failure). Predictors for acute kidney injury in these patients include: baseline renal dysfunction, diabetes, anaemia, and hypertension, as well as the administration of high doses of diuretics. In the intensive cardiac care unit, attention must be paid to the prevention of acute kidney injury: monitoring of high-risk patients, prompt resuscitation, maintenance of an adequate mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and intravascular volume (avoidance of both fluid overload and hypovolaemia), as well as the avoidance or protection against nephrotoxic agents. The treatment of acute kidney injury focuses on the treatment of the underlying aetiology, supportive care, and avoiding further injury from nephrotoxic agents. More specific therapies have not yet demonstrated efficacy. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in life-threatening changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, but there are also arguments for more early initiation.
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Kropf, Nancy, i Sherry Cummings. Evidence-Based Treatment and Practice with Older Adults. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.001.0001.
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Evidence Based Treatment with Older Adults: Theory, Practice, and Research provides a detailed examination of five research-supported psychosocial interventions for use with older adults: cognitive behavioral therapy, problem-solving therapy, motivational interviewing, psychoeducational and social support approaches, and life review/reminiscence. Taken together, these interventions address the diversity of mental health conditions and late-life challenges that older adults’ experience. Complementary chapters provide comprehensive treatment and research information for each intervention. In the first chapter for each treatment, theoretical concepts undergirding the intervention are explained and the specific skills and techniques employed are clearly described. Adaptations for use of each intervention with older adults are highlighted. Vignettes demonstrate the application of particular intervention strategies with older clients, while case studies provide a comprehensive presentation of the intervention. In a second chapter on the intervention, the research base supporting the use of the specific approach with older adults is reviewed and analyzed. In addition, the distinct issues, such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse/misuse, behavioral health challenges, and insomnia, for which evidence exists are highlighted. Research support for application of the interventions in community-based, acute care, and long-term care settings and in individual and group formats is discussed. Implementation issues encountered in therapeutic work with older adults are described, as are accommodations to enhance treatment efficacy. Finally, a chapter on future directions in geriatric interventions provides an overview of emerging therapies that hold promise for the treatment of older adult mental health. In sum, this book provides a comprehensive overview of research-supported psychosocial interventions for older adults and their care providers.