Artykuły w czasopismach: „Long haul travel”

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Kelly, L., i G. Caplan. "Delirium and long haul travel". Age and Ageing 38, nr 6 (16.09.2009): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp171.

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Masiero, Lorenzo, Richard T. R. Qiu i Judit Zoltan. "Long-Haul Tourist Preferences for Stopover Destination Visits". Journal of Travel Research 59, nr 5 (15.09.2019): 811–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287519867143.

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International long-haul travel represents a distinct market segment with great potential. Yet, empirical studies on the stopover destination visits are limited. The current research is based on a web survey conducted among residents in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, which are three of the world’s top spenders and long-haul travel source markets. In this work, we examine tourist intentions to trade leisure time at a long-haul destination for a visit to a stopover destination. In particular, tourist preferences are analyzed as a function of traveler price sensitivity toward long-haul destinations, travel personality, activity engagement, motivation, travel profile, and demographic characteristics. Results provide insights into the under-researched topic of stopover tourism and guide aviation mega-cities toward an enhanced understanding of the potential demand.

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Rodríguez, Andrea Martín, i John F. O’Connell. "Can low-cost long-haul carriers replace Charter airlines in the long-haul market? A European perspective". Tourism Economics 24, nr 1 (3.08.2017): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816617724017.

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Charter airlines operating all-inclusive vacation packages on the short-haul European market are quickly being replaced by low-cost carriers. The business model of low-cost carriers is now evolving to capture the long-haul travel segment and consequentially could replace the all-inclusive package holidays provided by the Charter airlines in this market. The research deduces that this will not transpire. The study extrapolates the opinions from experts who resonate that three pivotal cornerstones the differentiate Charter airlines from low-cost long-haul carriers which comprise of its destination expertise, Air Travel Organiser Licence affiliation and its horizontally integrated multifaceted enterprise. A passenger survey directed exclusively at passengers travelling on Charter airlines to long-haul destinations in Latin America found that vacationers aged 56 years and older together with families would not opt to vacation on low-cost long-haul airlines.

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Descamps, Marjanne J. L., Myles J. Lewis, Paul E. Hart, Stefan Brew, H. Rolf Jäger i Richard Greenwood. "Brainstem Infarction during Long-Haul Air Travel". European Neurology 52, nr 3 (2004): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000081862.

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Hertzberg, Susan R., Shiva Roy, Adam Chan, David Brieger i Warren Walsh. "Pulmonary embolism associated with long haul air travel". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39 (marzec 2002): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)80941-x.

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Duanmu, Jun, Peter Foytik, Asad Khattak i R. Michael Robinson. "Distribution Analysis of Freight Transportation with Gravity Model and Genetic Algorithm". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2269, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2269-01.

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The application of a gravity model in freight modeling work on both short-haul and long-haul trips is discussed. A commodity-based gravity model was developed to assess the distribution of freight by long-haul trucks in southeastern Virginia. Although gravity models have been used extensively in transportation studies, little work has been done to address the special characteristics of freight transportation, such as the definition of friction factors and the differences between long-haul and short-haul trips. Results of a recent study of these and similar problems provide valuable insight into freight distribution modeling. A new calibration method that used a genetic algorithm was applied, various commodities were modeled, and the impact of the commodities on the accuracy of the gravity model was studied. Both travel time and travel distance were tested to generate the impedance for friction factors; results showed that for commodity-based long-haul models, travel times were more appropriate for friction factor calculations. In addition, results showed that the gamma function was more suitable than the exponential function for friction factor calculations. Extensive analyses of the causes of variation between observed values and the gravity model outputs are provided. The analyses and conclusions may help modelers better understand characteristics specific to freight transportation and can promote model constructions with greater accuracy and efficiency.

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Tan, Chee Fai, G. W. Matthias Rauterberg, Wei Chen i Vee Kiat Kher. "Adaptive Body Support System for Aircraft Seat". Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (grudzień 2012): 1232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.1232.

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The development of new technology enables the comfort service becoming an important requirement in the air travel industry. Long haul air travel may cause different physiological and psychological discomfort of aircraft passenger. Most of the aircraft company treats the passenger comfort as a main priority for the user’s acceptance of their airline. In order to improve the aircraft passenger body comfort during long haul air travel, an adaptive body support system was developed and embedded in the economy class aircraft seat. In this paper, we describe the development of adaptive body support system.

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Hon, Kam Lun, Alexander K. C. Leung, Albert M. C. Li i Daniel K. K. Ng. "Central Hypoventilation: A Case Study of Issues Associated with Travel Medicine and Respiratory Infection". Case Reports in Pediatrics 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/647139.

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Aim. We presented the case of a child with central hypoventilation syndrome (CHS) to highlight issues that need to be considered in planning long-haul flight and problems that may arise during the flight.Case. The pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) received a child with central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine’s curse) on nocturnal ventilatory support who travelled to Hong Kong on a make-a-wish journey. He was diagnosed with central hypoventilation and had been well managed in Canada. During a long-haul aviation travel, he developed respiratory symptoms and desaturations. The child arrived in Hong Kong and his respiratory symptoms persisted. He was taken to a PICU for management. The child remained well and investigations revealed no pathogen to account for his respiratory infection. He went on with his make-a-wish journey.Conclusions. Various issues of travel medicine such as equipment, airline arrangement, in-flight ventilatory support, travel insurance, and respiratory infection are explored and discussed. This case illustrates that long-haul air travel is possible for children with respiratory compromise if anticipatory preparation is timely arranged.

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Feng, Ruomei, Liping A. Cai i Yu Zhu. "Long-Haul Travel Attitude Construct and Relationship to Behavior—". Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 20, nr 1 (12.10.2006): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j073v20n01_01.

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Williams, Peter W., Gail Andestad, Anna Pollock i Karim B. Dossa. "Health spa travel markets: Mexican long-haul pleasure travellers". Journal of Vacation Marketing 3, nr 1 (październik 1996): 10–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135676679600300102.

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Fullagar, Hugh H. K., Rob Duffield, Sabrina Skorski, David White, Jonathan Bloomfield, Sarah Kölling i Tim Meyer. "Sleep, Travel, and Recovery Responses of National Footballers During and After Long-Haul International Air Travel". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, nr 1 (styczeń 2016): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0012.

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Purpose:The current study examined the sleep, travel, and recovery responses of elite footballers during and after long-haul international air travel, with a further description of these responses over the ensuing competitive tour (including 2 matches).Methods:In an observational design, 15 elite male football players undertook 18 h of predominantly westward international air travel from the United Kingdom to South America (–4-h time-zone shift) for a 10-d tour. Objective sleep parameters, external and internal training loads, subjective player match performance, technical match data, and perceptual jet-lag and recovery measures were collected.Results:Significant differences were evident between outbound travel and recovery night 1 (night of arrival; P < .001) for sleep duration. Sleep efficiency was also significantly reduced during outbound travel compared with recovery nights 1 (P = .001) and 2 (P = .004). Furthermore, both match nights (5 and 10), showed significantly less sleep than nonmatch nights 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 (all P < .001). No significant differences were evident between baseline and any time point for all perceptual measures of jet-lag and recovery (P > .05), although large effects were evident for jet-lag on d 2 (2 d after arrival).Conclusions:Sleep duration is truncated during long-haul international travel with a 4-h time-zone delay and after night matches in elite footballers. However, this lost sleep appeared to have a limited effect on perceptual recovery, which may be explained by a westbound flight and a relatively small change in time zones, in addition to the significant increase in sleep duration on the night of arrival after the long-haul flight.

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Tiralongo, E., R. A. Lea, S. S. Wee, M. M. Hanna i L. R. Griffiths. "Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial ofEchinaceaSupplementation in Air Travellers". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/417267.

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Objective. To identify whether a standardisedEchinaceaformulation is effective in the prevention of respiratory and other symptoms associated with long-haul flights.Methods. 175 adults participated in a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial travelling back from Australia to America, Europe, or Africa for a period of 1–5 weeks on commercial flightsviaeconomy class. Participants took Echinacea (root extract, standardised to 4.4 mg alkylamides) or placebo tablets. Participants were surveyed before, immediately after travel, and at 4 weeks after travel regarding upper respiratory symptoms and travel-related quality of life.Results. Respiratory symptoms for both groups increased significantly during travel (P<0.0005). However, the Echinacea group had borderline significantly lower respiratory symptom scores compared to placebo (P=0.05) during travel.Conclusions. Supplementation with standardised Echinacea tablets, if taken before and during travel, may have preventive effects against the development of respiratory symptoms during travel involving long-haul flights.

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Clark, Stephanie L., Sarah Onida i Alun Davies. "Long-haul travel and venous thrombosis: What is the evidence?" Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 33, nr 5 (26.06.2017): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355517717423.

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Sheldon, Pauline J. "The impact of computer reservation systems on long haul travel". Tourist Review 48, nr 4 (kwiecień 1993): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb058141.

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Mäkelä, Liisa, Jussi Tanskanen, Hilpi Kangas i Milla Heikkilä. "International business travelers' job exhaustion: effects of travel days spent in short-haul and long-haul destinations and the moderating role of leader-member exchange". Journal of Global Mobility 9, nr 3 (31.05.2021): 434–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-10-2020-0066.

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PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to examine the general and travel-specific job exhaustion of international business travelers (IBTs). The study employs a JD-R model to explain general and travel-specific job exhaustion (IBTExh) through international business travel as demand and leadership (LMX) as a resource buffering the demands of international business travel.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted among Finnish service company employees who had taken at least one international business trip during the previous year. The data (N = 569), collected in 2015, were analyzed with path models.FindingsThe results suggest that a higher number of international business travel days is related to a higher level of job exhaustion, especially the exhaustion related to international business travel. Moreover, a high-quality LMX was found to be linked to lower levels of both types of exhaustion. Interestingly, for those IBTs' with a low-quality LMX, even a high number of long-haul international business travel days was not connected with IBTExhOriginality/valueThe contribution of our study is threefold. First, this study contributes to JD-R theory and the ill-health process by focusing on a job-specific well-being indicator, IBTExh, in addition to general exhaustion. Second, specific job demands related to international business travel, particularly the duration of business travel spent in short-haul and long-haul destinations, contributes to the literature on global mobility. This study sheds light on the potential effects on IBTs of different types of business travel. Third, our study contributes to the leadership literature and the importance of acknowledging the context in which LMX occurs.

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Favaloro, Emmanuel, i Giuseppe Lippi. "Car Travel-Related Thrombosis: Fact or Fiction?" Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 44, nr 04 (15.05.2018): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1654716.

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AbstractThe condition sometimes referred to as “economy class syndrome,” and also known as “traveler's thrombosis,” is a distinctive pathological condition characterized by occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a patient who has recently experienced a long journey (i.e., ≥ 4 h). Typically, the identified travel is by airplane, but travel with other vehicles, such as trains, trucks, buses, or cars, could potentially qualify as contributing to VTE events. Although the enhanced risk of VTE after long haul flights is now widely acknowledged, albeit potentially overhyped, the risk of venous thrombosis after prolonged travel by other modes of transport, in particular, by cars, is less well appreciated. Current evidence, collected from some epidemiological studies, suggests that if any risk of VTE can be attributed to prolonged and uninterrupted car travels, and we give moderate credibility to such an association, the risk may be similar to that already proven for long haul flights. The risk is especially high in individuals undergoing uninterrupted car journeys lasting 4 hours or longer, in vehicles with a narrow seat-pitch, and in particularly would affect those with pre-existing acquired or inherited prothrombotic conditions. The putative biological mechanisms basically entail venous stasis and edema, which are often compounded by a certain degree of hypercoagulability. When these factors are combined with preexistent prothrombotic conditions, the risk may be substantially magnified. In this perspective, then, ‘car thrombosis’ may be regarded as a trigger rather than a risk factor for venous thrombosis. Although the current evidence is certainly not solid enough to endorse the use of general chemical prophylaxis for lowering the risk of car-related VTE, a set of possible precautionary measures, with no or very little side effects, may be suggested before planning prolonged car travels, especially for at risk individuals.

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Bianchi, Constanza, i Sandra Milberg. "Investigating non-visitors’ intentions to travel to a long-haul holiday destination". Journal of Vacation Marketing 23, nr 4 (14.06.2016): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766716653646.

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This article aims to expand our understanding of the main drivers of traveler’s intention to visit a long-haul holiday destination drawing on a model of consumer-based brand equity. The authors propose and test a conceptual model using data from a sample of 152 Chilean travelers who have not visited Australia previously. The findings show that the image and value of Australia are positively and significantly related to Chilean traveler’s intention to visit this destination for holidays. Awareness of Australia has only an indirect effect on intentions to visit this destination through its effect on brand image. Finally, perceptions of brand quality were not significantly related to Chilean traveler’s intention to visit Australia for holidays. This study contributes to the tourism and leisure literature by identifying the main drivers for attracting long-haul potential travelers who have not visited the destination previously.

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C.H. Law, Colin. "THE IMPACT OF LONG HAUL, LOW COST FLIGHTS: LINKING THAILAND TO JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA". Tourism and hospitality management 28, nr 1 (2022): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.28.1.11.

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Purpose - Since the success of low-cost airlines in Thailand in 2014, the low-cost airline industry has expanded the market for long-haul flights. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of long-haul low-cost carriers (LHLCs) on tourism demand and aircraft movements between Thailand and two East Asian countries. Design/Methodology - The study includes the total number of air travellers (AIR) as the dependent variable and the explanatory variables are the total number of full service carrier (FSC) aircraft movements, long-haul low cost airline (LHLC) aircraft movements, inbound travellers from Japan and South Korea (ITOR), and outbound travellers from Thailand to Japan and South Korea (OTOR). Approach - To examine the long-run relationship between the variables, this study employed the pooled mean group autoregressive distributed lag model using 96 monthly data between 2012 to 2019 (8 years) of air traffic and tourism data between Thailand and Japan, and Thailand and South Korea. Findings - The results of the study conclude that LHLC airlines have been motivating demand for travel between Thailand, Japan and South Korea. LHLC airlines have attracted travellers from Japan and South Korea to Thailand and also serviced Thai travellers travelling to Japan and South Korea. The LHLC airlines have given travellers more options to choose from. The reduced airfares have made travel more affordable, which has motivated travel intentions. However, questions relating to the sustainability of the LHLC airlines’ operations remain as the services have lower cost efficiency and rate of aircraft utilisation compared to the short haul business. Originality of the research - LHLC airlines are relatively new operations in the Asia-Pacific market. This study contributes to the knowledge of these airlines in the aviation industry by identifying whether they increase tourism demand in a country.

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Gajic, Ognjen, David O. Warner, Paul A. Decker, Rimki Rana, Denis L. Bourke i Juraj Sprung. "Long-Haul Air Travel Before Major Surgery: A Prescription for Thromboembolism?" Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80, nr 6 (czerwiec 2005): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/80.6.728.

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Leder, Karin, Olivier Bouchaud i Lin H. Chen. "Training in Travel Medicine and General Practitioners: A Long-Haul Journey!" Journal of Travel Medicine 22, nr 6 (1.11.2015): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jtm.12240.

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Gajic, Ognjen, David O. Warner, Paul A. Decker, Rimki Rana, Denis L. Bourke i Juraj Sprung. "Long-Haul Air Travel Before Major Surgery: A Prescription for Thromboembolism?" Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80, nr 6 (czerwiec 2005): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(11)61525-5.

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Correia, Antónia, João Albino Silva i Cláudia Moço. "Portuguese Charter Tourists to Long-Haul Destinations: A Travel Motive Segmentation". Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 32, nr 2 (3.03.2008): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348007313262.

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Li, Xiang (Robert), Fang Meng, Muzaffer Uysal i Brian Mihalik. "Understanding China's long-haul outbound travel market: An overlapped segmentation approach". Journal of Business Research 66, nr 6 (czerwiec 2013): 786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.09.019.

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Morrison, Alastair M., Constantinos S. Verginis i Joseph T. O'Leary. "Reaching the Unwanted and Unreachable: An Analysis of the Outbound, Long-Haul German and British Visiting Friends and Relatives Market". Tourism and Hospitality Research 2, nr 3 (październik 2000): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146735840000200303.

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Several researchers have suggested that practitioners underappreciate the value and significance of the visiting friends and relatives (VFR) market in tourism. In part, this has been attributed to a lack of accurate data and research on this segment of the pleasure travel market. Based upon two large-scale surveys of the German and British outbound, long-haul markets, the overall objectives of this study were to examine the expenditure patterns and levels of German and British long-haul VFR travellers, and to compare VFR traveller characteristics with other pleasure travel trip-purpose segments. The study clearly indicated that VFR travellers from Germany and the UK spent significant amounts at their destinations, and had different demographics, trip characteristics, trip satisfaction levels, value for money perceptions and future intentions for return visits than other types of pleasure travellers.

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Liu, Hao, Jun Hu i Matthias Rauterberg. "Follow your heart". Interaction Studies 16, nr 2 (20.11.2015): 303–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.16.2.12liu.

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Long distance travel is an unusual activity for humans. The economical cabin environment (low air circulation, limited space, low humidity, etc.) during the long haul flights causes discomfort and even stress for many passengers. In-flight video and music systems are commonly available to improve the comfort level of the passengers. However, current in-flight music systems do not explore how the content can be used to reduce passengers stress. Most of these systems are designed and implemented assuming a homogeneous passenger group that has similar tastes and desires. In this paper, we present a heart rate controlled in-flight music recommendation system for reducing the stress during air travel. The system recommends personalized music playlists to the passengers and attempts to keep their heart rate in a normal range with these playlists. Experiments in a simulated long haul flight cabin environment find that the passengers’ stress can indeed be significantly reduced through listening to the recommended music playlists.

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Zarocostas, John. "Long haul flights double the risk of thrombosis related to air travel". BMJ 334, nr 7608 (28.06.2007): 1343.7–1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39258.479063.db.

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Hertzberg, Susan R., Shiva Roy, Greg Hollis, David Brieger, Adam Chan i Warren Walsh. "Acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism associated with long haul air travel to Sydney". Vascular Medicine 8, nr 1 (luty 2003): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1358863x03vm465oa.

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Lim, Christine, Jennifer C. H. Min i Michael McAleer. "Modelling income effects on long and short haul international travel from Japan". Tourism Management 29, nr 6 (grudzień 2008): 1099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.012.

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McCabe, Thomas. "‘Doc, can I fly to Australia?’ A case report and review of delirium following long-haul flight". BJPsych Bulletin 41, nr 1 (luty 2017): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.115.052209.

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SummaryAir travel is now a common feature of most of our elderly population's lives. There is little by way of warnings, rules or recommendations for our patients with psychiatric diagnoses, in particular dementia, who intend to travel by plane, in contrast to other specialties. In this article I highlight an adverse outcome of long-haul air travel as a result of delirium and resulting accelerated decline in overall cognitive function. I review literature related to the topic and suggest ways to minimise precipitating factors for stressors prior to and during flights. This article suggests that more thought should be given to the title question.

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Pike, Steven, i Filareti Kotsi. "Perceptions of Stopover Destinations During Long Haul Air Travel: A Mixed Methods Research Approach in Four Countries". Tourism Analysis 25, nr 2 (8.07.2020): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354220x15758301241774.

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Research into the phenomenon of stopovers during long haul air travel emerged only recently in the tourism literature. In this article a contribution to this new field is made by reporting perceptions of Dubai, in the context of an international stopover destination, during long haul air travel between UK/Europe and Australasia/South Pacific, relative to three competing places (Singapore, Hong Kong, Abu Dhabi). A mixed methods research approach was used. The first stage involved personal interviews with 66 consumers in the UK, France, Australia, and New Zealand to identify salient attributes of stopover destinations, and a pilot survey involving 777 consumers in Australia and France. A refined online survey was then used with a combined sample of 2,000 consumers in the same four markets, to identify determinant attributes of stopover destination attractiveness, as well as Dubai's perceived strengths and weaknesses. The study identified determinant attributes of stop-over destination attractiveness that have not featured in destination image research. The results support the propositions that 1) destination image might vary across travel contexts, and 2) there is a positive effect of previous visitation on destination image and attitudinal loyalty. Methodologically the study demonstrates the efficacy of combining the repertory test with importance–performance analysis, in destination image research.

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Sun, Ya-Yen, i Pei-Chun Lin. "How far will we travel? A global distance pattern of international travel from both demand and supply perspectives". Tourism Economics 25, nr 8 (24.01.2019): 1200–1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618825216.

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The travel distance of international journeys critically determines our reliance on different transportation modes and the associated carbon intensity. This study quantified the influence of macrolevel determinants to the inbound and outbound average distance per visitor from a panel data of 152 countries using spatial econometric analysis. Results confirmed that national development and transport capacity assisted the spatial expansion of outbound travel, while tourism competitiveness, geographic attributes, and institutional arrangements regarding people’s mobility facilitate inbound visits from distant source markets. A high level of heterogeneity was found across five continents where the distance friction effect through geographic barrier, transport accessibility, and the freedom of people’s movement exhibited a different level of influences. To manage the spatial expansion of international travels for a sustainable transport future, a strong geopolitical integration system across countries within the region and adjustments to the aviation capacity to disfavor long-haul flights have been proposed.

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Fowler, Peter M., Rob Duffield, Donna Lu, Jeremy A. Hickmans i Tannath J. Scott. "Effects of Long-Haul Transmeridian Travel on Subjective Jet-Lag and Self-Reported Sleep and Upper Respiratory Symptoms in Professional Rugby League Players". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, nr 7 (październik 2016): 876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0542.

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Purpose:To examine the effects of 24-h travel west across 11 time zones on subjective jet-lag and wellness responses together with self-reported sleep and upper respiratory symptoms in 18 professional rugby league players.Methods:Measures were obtained 1 or 2 d before (pretravel) and 2, 6, and 8 d after travel (post-2, post-6, and post-8) from Australia to the United Kingdom (UK) for the 2015 World Club Series.Results:Compared with pretravel, subjective jet-lag remained significantly elevated on post-8 (3.1 ± 2.3, P < .05, d > 0.90), although it was greatest on post-2 (4.1 ± 1.4). Self-reported sleep-onset times were significantly earlier on post-2 than at all other time points (P < .05, d > 0.90), and large effect sizes suggested that wake times were earlier on post-2 than on post-6 and post-8 (d > 0.90). Although significantly more upper respiratory symptoms were reported on post-6 than at pretravel (P < .05, d ˃ 0.90), no incidence of injury and negligible changes in wellness and muscle strength and range of motion (P > .05, d < 0.90) were evident after travel.Conclusions:Results suggest that westward long-haul travel between Australia and the UK exacerbates subjective jet-lag and sleep responses, along with upper respiratory symptoms, in professional rugby league players. Of note, the increase in self-reported upper respiratory symptoms is a reminder that the demands of long-haul travel may be an additional concern in jet-lag for traveling athletes. However, due to the lack of sport-specific performance measures, it is still unclear whether international travel interferes with training to the extent that subsequent competition performance is impaired.

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Kim, Seongseop (Sam), Markus Schuckert, Holly Hyungjeong Im i Statia Elliot. "An interregional extension of destination brand equity". Journal of Vacation Marketing 23, nr 4 (25.10.2016): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766716672278.

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Since the 1990s, the Asia-Pacific region’s world market share of international travelers has increased, as America’s and Europe’s shares have fallen. China (People’s Republic of China) has become the world’s biggest tourism source market with an overseas spend of US$292 billion in 2015, fueling opportunities for the region and beyond. Now, Asia Pacific outbound travel is extending past short-haul interregional travel to long-haul destinations, specifically Europe. To realize this potential, European destinations need a better understanding of the Chinese traveler; their perceptions of destinations, awareness, and loyalty. This study measures the brand equity of Switzerland and Austria as perceived by Hong Kong Chinese tourists. Structural equation modeling results indicate that destination brand image and associations significantly impact brand loyalty, whereas destination awareness does not, contrary to past interregional research findings. Understanding the influence of brand components on overall brand equity supports the efficacy of the brand equity model for interregional destinations.

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Luong, Trang D., Divyakant Tahlyan i Abdul R. Pinjari. "Comprehensive Exploratory Analysis of Truck Route Choice Diversity in Florida". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, nr 9 (11.07.2018): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118784175.

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This study presents a comprehensive exploratory analysis of truck route choice diversity in the state of Florida, for both long-haul and short-haul truck travel segments. It employs six metrics to measure three different dimensions of diversity in truck route choice between any given origin–destination (OD) pair. These dimensions are: (a) number of distinct routes used to travel between the OD pair, (b) the extent of overlap (or lack thereof) among the routes, and (c) the evenness (or dominance) in the usage of different unique routes. The diversity metrics were applied to a large database of 73,000 truck routes derived from 200 million GPS records. Descriptive analysis and statistical modeling of the diversity metrics offered insights into the determinants of various dimensions of truck route choice diversity between any OD pair. The results are useful for improving choice set generation algorithms for truck route choice modeling and in truck route policies and investments.

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Serrano-Sánchez, Juan, Julia Zimmermann i Kathrin Jonkmann. "Thrilling travel or lonesome long haul? Loneliness and acculturation behavior of adolescents studying abroad". International Journal of Intercultural Relations 83 (lipiec 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.03.014.

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Schumacher, Y. O., F. Klodt, D. Nonis, T. Pottgiesser, M. Alsayrafi, P. C. Bourdon i S. C. Voss. "The impact of long-haul air travel on variables of the athlete's biological passport". International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 34, nr 6 (16.07.2012): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-553x.2012.01450.x.

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Burnett, Joan C. D. "Long‐ and Short‐Haul Travel by Air: Issues for People With Diabetes on Insulin". Journal of Travel Medicine 13, nr 5 (1.09.2006): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00057.x.

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Pukhova, Alona, Ana Tsui Moreno, Carlos Llorca, Wei-Chieh Huang i Rolf Moeckel. "Agent-Based Simulation of Long-Distance Travel: Strategies to Reduce CO2 Emissions from Passenger Aviation". Urban Planning 6, nr 2 (9.06.2021): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.4021.

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Every sector needs to minimize GHG emissions to limit climate change. Emissions from transport, however, have remained mostly unchanged over the past thirty years. In particular, air travel for short-haul flights is a significant contributor to transport emissions. This article identifies factors that influence the demand for domestic air travel. An agent-based model was implemented for domestic travel in Germany to test policies that could be implemented to reduce air travel and CO2 emissions. The agent-based long-distance travel demand model is composed of trip generation, destination choice, mode choice and CO2 emission modules. The travel demand model was estimated and calibrated with the German Household Travel Survey, including socio-demographic characteristics and area type. Long-distance trips were differentiated by trip type (daytrip, overnight trip), trip purpose (business, leisure, private) and mode (auto, air, long-distance rail and long-distance bus). Emission factors by mode were used to calculate CO2 emissions. Potential strategies and policies to reduce air travel demand and its CO2 emissions are tested using this model. An increase in airfares reduced the number of air trips and reduced transport emissions. Even stronger effects were found with a policy that restricts air travel to trips that are longer than a certain threshold distance. While such policies might be difficult to implement politically, restricting air travel has the potential to reduce total CO2 emissions from transport by 7.5%.

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Bosangit, Carmela, Juline Dulnuan i Miguela Mena. "Using travel blogs to examine the postconsumption behavior of tourists". Journal of Vacation Marketing 18, nr 3 (lipiec 2012): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766712449367.

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This study proposes that travel blogging has become part of tourist practices, particularly in the postconsumption stage. Travel blogs serve as platforms where tourists can remember, evaluate, store, and enrich their travel experiences. Extant literature has recognized travel blogs as a valuable source of information on tourists’ activities, perceptions of destinations, and word-of-mouth communication. This study suggests that an examination of travel blogs, looking at how tourists reconstruct their travel experiences and the actions behind the blogging, can provide a deeper understanding of the postconsumption behavior of tourists. Recent tourist experience models have emphasized that the postconsumption stage of a travel experience extends beyond the evaluation of the experience by the tourist. In this study, the discourse analysis of travel blogs by 19 British long-haul and multiple-destination travelers reveals three common actions behind travel blogging: representing places, acts of self-presentation, identity construction, and “othering.” The analysis shows bloggers employing linguistic techniques and self-presentation strategies in their travel narratives. Implications of the key findings for marketing strategies and destination image are discussed.

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Fowler, Peter, Rob Duffield, Kieran Howle, Adam Waterson i Joanna Vaile. "Effects of Northbound Long-Haul International Air Travel on Sleep Quantity and Subjective Jet Lag and Wellness in Professional Australian Soccer Players". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, nr 5 (lipiec 2015): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0490.

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The current study examined the effects of 10-h northbound air travel across 1 time zone on sleep quantity, together with subjective jet lag and wellness ratings, in 16 male professional Australian football (soccer) players. Player wellness was measured throughout the week before (home training week) and the week of (away travel week) travel from Australia to Japan for a preseason tour. Sleep quantity and subjective jet lag were measured 2 d before (Pre 1 and 2), the day of, and for 5 d after travel (Post 1–5). Sleep duration was significantly reduced during the night before travel (Pre 1; 4.9 [4.2−5.6] h) and night of competition (Post 2; 4.2 [3.7−4.7] h) compared with every other night (P < .01, d > 0.90). Moreover, compared with the day before travel, subjective jet lag was significantly greater for the 5 d after travel (P < .05, d > 0.90), and player wellness was significantly lower 1 d postmatch (Post 3) than at all other time points (P < .05, d > 0.90). Results from the current study suggest that sleep disruption, as a result of an early travel departure time (8 PM) and evening match (7:30 PM), and fatigue induced by competition had a greater effect on wellness ratings than long-haul air travel with a minimal time-zone change. Furthermore, subjective jet lag may have been misinterpreted as fatigue from sleep disruption and competition, especially by the less experienced players. Therefore, northbound air travel across 1 time zone from Australia to Asia appears to have negligible effects on player preparedness for subsequent training and competition.

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Zubac, Damir, Alex Buoite Stella i Shawnda A. Morrison. "Up in the Air: Evidence of Dehydration Risk and Long-Haul Flight on Athletic Performance". Nutrients 12, nr 9 (25.08.2020): 2574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092574.

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The microclimate of an airline cabin consists of dry, recirculated, and cool air, which is maintained at lower pressure than that found at sea level. Being exposed to this distinctive, encapsulated environment for prolonged durations, together with the short-term chair-rest immobilization that occurs during long-haul flights, can trigger distinct and detrimental reactions to the human body. There is evidence that long-haul flights promote fluid shifts to the lower extremity and induce changes in blood viscosity which may accelerate dehydration, possibly compromising an athlete’s potential for success upon arrival at their destination. Surprisingly, and despite several recent systematic reviews investigating the effects of jet lag and transmeridian travel on human physiology, there has been no systematic effort to address to what extent hypohydration is a (health, performance) risk to travelers embarking on long journeys. This narrative review summarizes the rationale and evidence for why the combination of fluid balance and long-haul flight remains a critically overlooked issue for traveling persons, be it for health, leisure, business, or in a sporting context. Upon review, there are few studies which have been conducted on actual traveling athletes, and those that have provide no real evidence of how the incidence rate, magnitude, or duration of acute dehydration may affect the general health or performance of elite athletes.

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Yang, Yang, Timothy J. Fik i Hong-lei Zhang. "Designing a Tourism Spillover Index Based on Multidestination Travel". Journal of Travel Research 56, nr 3 (4.08.2016): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287516641782.

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The proliferation of multidestination trips provides valuable opportunities for regions to benefit from spillover effects generated by other regions nearby. To better understand the spatial patterns of multidestination travel, we propose a two-stage distance-based model. Results suggest that long-haul tourists (i.e., those who travel far from home) tend to choose a subsequent destination that is closer to the previous destination but farther away from their residences. In addition to sociodemographic and tripographic factors, we recognize the importance of spatial structure effects in determining the travel distance for a multidestination trip. Based on the model estimates, we propose a tourism spillover index to reflect a region’s potential to receive spillover benefits from multidestination tourists leaving a particular region. Finally, we discuss implications for marketing strategies to enhance the attraction potential of specific destinations.

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Tarr, Anna P., Inga J. Smith i Craig J. Rodger. "Carbon dioxide emissions from international air transport of people and freight: New Zealand as a case study". Environmental Research Communications 4, nr 7 (1.07.2022): 075012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abf15d.

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Abstract International aviation accounts for over 2% of global emissions, but was not subject to Kyoto Protocol liabilities, and was not directly addressed by the Paris Agreement. Calculating emissions associated with individual countries is complicated, with data that is publicly available and free to access often being difficult to obtain. In this paper, a case study is presented where commercially sensitive fuel uplift is used to calculate New Zealand specific emissions factors of 0.81 kg CO2 per tonne km (CO2 per t-km) for short-haul and 0.79 kg CO2 per t-km for long-haul international aviation. This was used to estimate international aviation CO2 emissions associated with New Zealand in 2017 to be 8.4 Mt CO2 in total (2 significant figures, rounded down), with international visitor travel to and from New Zealand accounting for 4.3 Mt CO2, New Zealand residents’ international travel for 2.6 Mt CO2, exports for 0.72 Mt CO2, and imports for 0.89 Mt CO2 (all 2 significant figures, rounded up). Results show the fleet of aeroplanes which serviced New Zealand between 2007 and 2017 has become, on average, less efficient due to changes in operational factors such as seating density.

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Rossiter, Antonia, Thomas M. Comyns, Ian Sherwin, Alan M. Nevill i Giles D. Warrington. "Jet Lag Symptoms And Sleep In High-performance Sport Support Staff Following Long-haul Transmeridian Travel". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, nr 9S (wrzesień 2022): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000883348.31830.f3.

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Fowler, Peter M., Jo Miller, Charli Sargent, Michele Lastella, Heidi Thornton i Lee Taylor. "Long Compared To Short Haul Travel Effects On Wheelchair Basketball Player’S Preparation For The World Championships". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, nr 5S (maj 2017): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517735.20352.b6.

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Bullock, N., D. T. Martin, A. Ross, D. Rosemond i F. E. Marino. "Effect of long haul travel on maximal sprint performance and diurnal variations in elite skeleton athletes". British Journal of Sports Medicine 41, nr 9 (1.09.2007): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033233.

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Bin, Yu Sun, Susan Ledger, Monica Nour, Svetlana Postnova, Emmanuel Stamatakis, Peter A. Cistulli, Philip de Chazal i in. "How do travelers manage jetlag and travel fatigue? A survey of passengers on long-haul flights". Chronobiology International 37, nr 11 (21.09.2020): 1621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1787427.

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Bullock, Nicola, Amanda J. Cox, David T. Martin i Frank E. Marino. "Resting salivary and plasma cortisol in elite athletes following long-haul travel from Australia to Canada". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12, nr 2 (marzec 2009): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.11.004.

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Chamnanchanunt, Supat, i Ponlapat Rojnuckarin. "Direct oral anticoagulants and travel-related venous thromboembolism". Open Medicine 13, nr 1 (27.11.2018): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2018-0085.

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AbstractTravel- related thromboembolism reflects the relationship between venous thromboembolism (VTE) and long-haul flights. Although this condition is rare, it may cause significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, travelers should be evaluated for the risks for thrombosis. Travel physicians should employ a clinical risk score and select in vestigations, prophylaxis, and treatment that are appropriate for each individual. This review summarizes current VTE clinical risk scores and patient management from various reliable guidelines. We summarized 16 reliable publications for reviewing data. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are currently the standard treatment for VTE and a prophylactic measure for VTE in orthopedic surgery. Compared with a vitamin K antagonist (VKA), DOACs show better safety and similar efficacy without the need for monitoring, and have fewer food/drug interactions. Inferred from the data on general VTE, DOACs may be used to treat travel-related VTE. Although the data are lacking, DOACs may be used off-label as VTE prophylax is. Before using DOACs, physicians must know the pharmacology of the drugs well and should realize that the availability of antidotes for bleeding complications is limited.

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Wahab, M. Abd, i Aa Abu Hassan. "Short-Haul Flight: Is it a Risk to Pulmonary Embolus?" Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 12, nr 2 (kwiecień 2005): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790501200212.

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Introduction Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) still remains a diagnostic challenge to junior doctors working in emergency departments. Being aware of the condition and its associated risk factors can improve the diagnostic accuracy. Association between passenger travelling long-haul flight and PTE has been well documented; however its association with short-haul flight is very rare and controversial. This case report illustrates the possible linkages between short-haul air travel with the development of classic non-fatal PTE. Clinical feature A young Indian gentleman after travelling four hours on a flight complained of progressive worsening of breathlessness when he arrived at Kuala Lumpur. Clinically he was tachypnoeic and tachycardiac. The electrocardiogram showed T inversion in leads III and aVF, and S wave in lead I. Oligaemia was shown on the chest X-ray and hypoperfused areas were seen on the spiral computed tomographic angiogram. Treatment He was started on unfractionated heparin, switched to low molecular weight heparin, and then warfarin and subsequently admitted to the coronary care unit. Outcome He was discharged well on day 7 after admission with warfarin and medical advice before returning to India. Conclusion Non-fatal PTE is at times difficult to diagnose and requires a high index of suspicion. Its association with healthy passengers of short-haul flight is not well established and this case report illustrates the possibility of linkages.

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