Rozprawy doktorskie: „Local landscapes”

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Youngquist, Melissa Betty. "How Local and Landscape Factors Affect Anuran Species Distributions in Agricultural Landscapes". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1437667835.

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Hammer, Emily. "Local Landscapes of Pastoral Nomads in Southeastern Turkey". Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10510.

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The important historical role of pastoral nomads in Mesopotamia stands in stark contrast to the dearth of archaeological data on pastoral nomadic groups of any pre-modern period. Archaeological models neglect not just a significant segment of past populations; they also lack data on a substantial portion of the past food and textile production systems. Historical records and excavation have demonstrated that the resilience of Mesopotamian economy depended in part on pastoralism, but archaeologists know very little about the long-term management of the pastoral landscapes beyond core agricultural areas. This study examines empirical evidence for pastoral nomadic modes of inhabiting and transforming the landscape over the last 500 years in the upland fringes of the Upper Tigris River Valley in southeastern Turkey. Four seasons of archaeological survey mapped diachronic patterns in pastoral nomadic winter land-use, including patterns of campsites and spatially associated landscape features such as cisterns, corrals, caves, cairns, and check dams. Ethnographic and historical data as well as satellite imagery aided in archaeological interpretation. Three main conclusions about pastoral nomads are drawn from the characteristics and spatial distributions of the surveyed features. 1) Pastoral nomads altered their local landscapes for the purposes of sheltering humans and animals, collecting water, and improving pastures. Areas surrounding campsites contained abundant evidence of landscape management and capital investments in the herding potential of the area. 2) These investments were fixed, re-usable, and encouraged seasonal re-inhabitation of certain areas. Over time, these features became “landscape anchors”—geographic foci that structured the spatial organization of local landscapes. 3) The topographical position of domestic and herding features would have resulted in vertical daily movement patterns for humans and animals. These results force a reassessment of widely-held assumptions about the invisibility of campsites and the role of pastoral nomads in the transformation of Near Eastern landscapes. Although limited in time and space, this study presents grounds for optimism for a robust landscape archaeology of pastoral nomads. Intensive surveys, targeted excavations, and radiometric dating programs have enormous potential to provide more complex diachronic understandings of pastoral nomadic land-use strategies, sustainability, quotidian movement, and senses of place.
Anthropology

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Rehn, Felicia. "Pollinators in Urban Landscapes : Local and landscape factors impact on pollinator species richness and abundance". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38559.

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Increasing human populations results in fast-growing urbanization. Natural and semi-natural landscapes are replaced with urban landscape features like roads, sidewalks, industrial and residential buildings. The remnants of the natural landscapes are left fragmented and are often managed by frequent mowing and trimming of the vegetation. This development has had a negative impact on pollinators such as bees and wasps. Bees and wasps are pollinating insects providing an ecosystem service that sustain the global food supply. Pollinators are important also in urban landscapes where their services are needed for ecological stability and biodiversity. This study compares 23 locations in Sollentuna municipality, to investigate if species richness and abundance of bees and wasps are correlated with local factors, landscape factors or both. The available food resources are measured in buffer zones with 200m radius. Local variables are: dead wood, exposed sand, extended edge zones, flowering plant species richness and unmanaged habitat. The result showed that the landscape factor of food availability was more important for the abundance of pollinators while local variables together with the landscape factor of food availability had a positive effect on the species richness.

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Sundberg, Juanita R. "Conservation encounters : NGOs, local people, and changing cultural landscapes /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Cesar, Ricardo Gomes. "Local and landscape drivers of tropical forest regeneration in agricultural landscapes of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-16072018-173459/.

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Forests established through native seedling planting (PL) and the establishment of secondary forests through natural regeneration (SF) are the main outcomes of large scale forest restoration. The decision making process of these approaches is conditioned by resilience. But the different outcomes of these approaches are as important as the decision making. SF are heterogeneous and - although there is a growing literature of the drivers of forest establishment - few works analyzed drivers of attributes of these recently established forests. In this context, our work aims to identify the differences between PL and SF and the local and landscape variables that affect SF attributes. To do so, we sampled the tree community in seasonal semideciduous forests of the Atlantic Forest established naturally (SF) and PL in agricultural landscapes in the Corumbataí Watershed, São Paulo State, Brazil. We observed that PL has similar biomass to SF and higher species richness. However, PL also showed lower abundance of young trees, animal-dispersed trees and lianas. Species composition between PL and SF also differs. SF established in abandoned eucalypt plantings showed species richness and biomass of native species similar to other SF forests. However, SF attributes vary greatly. In this context, SF show a large potential for providing food for fauna and storing carbon in a cost-efficient way. While PL can also provide these benefits, it may have its long-term sustainability compromised by the lack of regenerating trees. We then proceeded to investigate drivers of the heterogeneity observed in SF using generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effect of local and landscape variables on the biomass, species density and basal area of animal-dispersed trees of the SF sampled. SF surrounded by sugarcane plantations had lower biomass and basal area of animal-dispersed trees, while native forest cover in the landscape increased species density of SF. Forest age showed little or no importance in predicting SF attributes. These results highlight the importance of low impact agricultural practices and of strategies that increase native forest cover in agricultural landscapes, in order to increase the potential of SF to provide ecosystem services and conserve taxonomic diversity. The choice between establishing PL or fomenting SF for forest restoration is conditioned to the local and landscape context where restoration actions will be carried out. Although both approaches can potentially fulfill the objectives of restoration projects, special attention must be given to the recruitment of new individuals to maintain PL sustainability, while less impacting agricultural practices and more forested agricultural landscapes may increase the SF potential to provide ecosystem services and conserve biodiversity.
Florestas estabelecidas pelo plantio de mudas de espécies nativas (PL) e por meio do estabelecimento de florestas secundárias pela regeneração natural (FS) são as principais comunidades geradas durante a restauração florestal em larga escala. A escolha dessas estratégias está condicionada potencial de regeneração natural do local, mas tão importante quanto a decisão sobre métodos de restauração, são as diferenças das comunidades que essas escolhas podem gerar. As FS são heterogêneas e, enquanto existe uma literatura crescente dos fatores que afetam a chance do estabelecimento das FS, poucos trabalhos abordam os fatores que influenciam os atributos dessas florestas. Nesse contexto, nosso trabalho busca identificar as diferenças entre PL e FS e as variáveis locais e de paisagem que afetam os atributos das FS. Para tal, amostramos a comunidade arbórea de florestas estacionais semideciduais de Mata Atlântica estabelecidas naturalmente (FS) e por PL em paisagens agrícolas na bacia do Rio Corumbataí, no estado de São Paulo. Observamos que os PL apresentam biomassa semelhante às SF e maior riqueza de espécies. No entanto, as PL também apresentam menor abundância de indivíduos jovens, indivíduos zoocóricos e lianas. A composição de espécies entre essas florestas também difere. As FS estabelecidas em plantios abandonados de eucalipto apresentaram riqueza de espécies e biomassa de espécies nativas semelhantes a outras florestas secundárias. No entanto, os atributos das SF variam consideravelmente. Nesse contexto, as FS apresentam elevado potencial de provimento de alimento para a fauna e estocagem de carbono de maneira custo-eficiente, enquanto que as PL podem ter sua permanência em longo prazo comprometida pela falta de indivíduos jovens. Em seguida, investigamos as variáveis que direcionam a heterogeneidade observada nas FS utilizando modelos mistos lineares generalizados para estimar a influência de variáveis locais e de paisagem na biomassa, densidade de espécies, área basal de árvores zoocóricas e estrutura filogenética das FS amostradas. Plantios de cana-de-açúcar próximos as FS reduzem a biomassa e área basal de indivíduos zoocóricos, enquanto que a cobertura florestal da paisagem aumentou a densidade de espécies e a diversidade filogenética. A idade da floresta apresentou importância secundária ou nula para os atributos estudados. Nossos resultados ressaltam a importância de práticas agrícolas que minimizem os danos em florestas próximas e de mecanismos que favoreçam a cobertura florestal nativa em paisagens agrícolas, a fim de fomentar o potencial dessas florestas em prover serviços ecossistêmicos e conservar a biodiversidade. A escolha entre facilitação do estabelecimento de FS ou PL visando a restauração florestal está condicionada ao contexto local e de paisagem onde serão realizadas as ações de restauração. Apesar de ambas as abordagens apresentarem potencial para cumprir os objetivos dos projetos de restauração, atenção especial deve ser dada ao recrutamento de novos indivíduos para manter a sustentabilidade de PL, enquanto que práticas agrícolas menos impactantes e paisagens agrícolas com maior cobertura florestal nativa podem aumentar o potencial de SF em prover serviços e conservar a biodiversidade.

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Girard-Zdanowska, A. M. "Women and work in irrigated landscapes in rural India". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b426707f-9984-42d3-b193-ab98fd341700.

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In India, the 1992 Reservation Law and the 2006 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) have formalised women as legitimate actors in rural development. These gender-inclusive policies do not necessarily conform to the traditional domestic role of women, which often precludes them from formally engaging in political processes and labour outside the home. In Northern India, these major policy shifts are illustrated in ancient irrigation management systems. With growing rural outmigration and climatic variability aggravating water resources and food security issues, irrigation management is increasingly dependent on the active participation of women. Yet irrigation management is still widely perceived as a male responsibility. This thesis investigates how women adapt and respond to new institutionally mandated responsibilities and expectations as female leaders and as water users. The research is presented in four complementary papers based on quantitative and qualitative data collected during fieldwork in Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. Three major findings emerged to contribute to theories and evidence of the role of public policies in shaping gendered outcomes for common pool resource management in irrigation system in India. First, gender norms affect women differently depending on their public role in the community. Unlike non-political women, female leaders, as public figures, must secure communal approbation to gain power, credibility, and socio-economic networks. As a result, female leaders shape their political behaviour and policy preferences around local notions of femininity, female morality, and labour-based ideas of expertise. Second, for female water users, gender inclusive policies that legitimise their role as participants in formal political processes and the labour force for irrigation management increase their likelihood to defy gender-based restrictions and engage in formal political processes around irrigation management. Third, providing that formal/legal structures legitimize their actions, women will readily breach gender norms if they are to economically benefit from it. The implication of this research are that policies aimed at providing legal support for women to engage in formal rural development, combined with formalised economic opportunities for women are effective eroding agents of gendered institutions and are catalysts in facilitating the engagement of women in all areas of rural development. Given worldwide concerns over rural development, this study encourages such governmental actions to enable the effective and full engagement of future generations of women in the formal management of common pool resources.

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Munday, Paul. "Downscaling scenarios to local landscapes : a case study of the Norfolk Broads". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/32238/.

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Aziz, Heba t'allah Moustafa Abdel. "Negotiating boundaries and reconstructing landscapes : a study of the relations between Bedouin, tourists and the State". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1042/.

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Jones, Benjamin. "Local-level politics in Uganda : institutional landscapes at the margins of the state". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/662/.

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Uganda has been considered one of Africa's few "success stories" over the past decade, an example of how a country can be transformed through a committed state bureaucracy. The thesis questions this view by looking at the experiences of development and change in a subparish in eastern Uganda. From this more local-level perspective, the thesis discusses the weakness of the state in the countryside, and incorporates the importance of religious and customary institutions. In place of a narrow view of politics, focused on reforms and policies coming from above, which rarely reach rural areas in a consistent or predictable way, the thesis describes political developments within a rural community. The thesis rests on two premises. First, that the state in rural Uganda has been too weak to support an effective bureaucratic presence in the countryside. Second, that politics at the local-level is an "open-ended" business, better understood through investigating a range of institutional spaces and activities, rather than a particular set of actions, or a single bureaucracy. Oledai sub-parish, which provides the empirical material for the thesis, was far removed from the idea of state-sponsored success described in the literature. Villagers had to contend with a history of violence, with recent impoverishment, and with the reality that the rural economy was unimportant in maintaining the structures of the government system. The thesis shows that the marginalisation of the countryside came at a time when central and local government structures had become increasingly reliant on funding from abroad. Aside from the analysing the weakness of the state bureaucracy, the thesis goes on to discuss broader changes in the life of the sub-parish, including the impact of a violent insurgency in the late 1980s. The thesis also looks at the role of churches and burial societies, institutions which have been largely ignored by the literature on political developments in Uganda. Religious and customary institutions, as well as the village court, provided spaces where political goals, such as settling disputes, building a career, or acquiring wealth, could be pursued.

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Joseph, Jerelle Aurelia. "Energy landscapes for protein folding". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284923.

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Proteins are involved in numerous functions in the human body, including chemical transport, molecular recognition, and catalysis. To perform their function most proteins must adopt a specific structure (often referred to as the folded structure). A microscopic description of folding is an important prerequisite for elucidating the underlying basis of protein misfolding and rational drug design. However, protein folding occurs on heterogeneous length and time scales, presenting a grand challenge to both experiments and simulations. In computer simulations, challenges are generally mitigated by adopting coarse-grained descriptions of the physical environment, employing enhanced sampling strategies, and improving computing code and hardware. While significant advances have been made in these areas, for numerous systems a large spatiotemporal gap between experiment and simulations still exists, due to the limited time and length scales achieved by simulation, and the inability of many experimental techniques to probe fast motions and short distances. In this thesis, kinetic transition networks (KTNs) are constructed for various protein folding systems, via approaches based on the potential energy landscape (PEL) framework. By applying geometry optimisation techniques, the PEL is discretised into stationary points (i.e.~low-energy minima and the transition states that connect them). Essentially, minima characterise the low-lying regions of the PEL (thermodynamics) and transition states encode the motion between these regions (dynamics). Principles from statistical mechanics and unimolecular rate theory may then be employed to derive free energy surfaces and folding rates, respectively, from the KTN. Furthermore, the PEL framework can take advantage of parallel and distributed computing, since stationary points from separate simulations can be easily integrated into one KTN. Moreover, the use of geometry optimisation facilitates greater conformational sampling than conventional techniques based on molecular dynamics. Accordingly, this framework presents an appealing means of probing complex processes, such as protein folding. In this dissertation, we demonstrate the application of state-of-the-art theory, combining PEL analysis and KTNs to three diverse protein systems. First, to improve the efficiency of protein folding simulations, the intrinsic rigidity of proteins is exploited by implementing a local rigid body (LRB) approach. The LRB approach effectively integrates out irrelevant degrees of freedom from the geometry optimisation procedure and further accelerates conformational sampling. The effects of this approach on the underlying PEL are analysed in a systematic fashion for a model protein (tryptophan zipper\,1). We demonstrate that conservative local rigidification can reproduce the thermodynamic and dynamic properties for the model protein. Next, the PEL framework is employed to model large-scale conformational changes in proteins, which have conventionally been difficult to probe in silico. Methods based on geometry optimisation have proved useful in overcoming the broken ergodicity issue, which is associated with proteins that switch morphology. The latest PEL-based approaches are utilised to investigate the most extreme case of fold-switching found in the literature:~the α-helical hairpin to β-barrel transition of the C-terminal domain of RfaH, a bacterial transcription factor. PEL techniques are employed to construct the free energy landscape (FEL) for the refolding process and to discover mechanistic details of the transition at an atomistic level. The final part of the thesis focuses on modelling intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Due to their inherent structural plasticity, IDPs are generally difficult to characterise, both experimentally and via simulations. An approach for studying IDPs within the PEL framework is implemented and tested with various contemporary potential energy functions. The cytoplasmic tail of the human cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), implicated in HIV-1 infection, is characterised. Metastable states identified on the FEL help to unify, and are consistent with, several earlier predictions.

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Watters, Juanita L. "Landscapes of Literacy: Global Issues and Local Language Literacy Practices in Two Rural Communities of Mexico". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216951.

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This ethnographic study examines the local (Indigenous) language literacy practices and literacy events in their specific sociocultural contexts in two Indigenous language communities in Mexico. The languages of these two communities are among over 200 Indigenous languages of Mexico still spoken today, despite half a millennium of pressure against Indigenous languages by speakers of Spanish. The focus of this study is on how these languages, Mela'tajtol (Isthmus Nahuat), and Ngigua (Northern Popoloca), are being used today in their written form. Both the Mela'tajtol and SM Ngigua communities have a history of literacy practices in their own language, albeit not yet extensive. The social practices surrounding the uses of print compose what I have called landscapes of literacy. In my research I observed new contexts produced through texts and practices in the Mela'tajtol and SM Ngigua language communities. The research brings to light the significance of the geographic, historic and linguistic contexts of both communities, and the importance of recognizing the multilayered relationships of power among those involved in writing their languages. What emerges is a compelling picture of an unprecedented collaboration in each community between bilingual teachers motivated by national pressure to teach reading and writing of their language in the schools, and the principal participants of the study, who are not bilingual teachers, but who hold resources and skills they are eager to share in promoting their language in written form. The dissertation reviews frameworks of language planning and proposes a framework of power and human agency to further describe the layers of social meaning and responsibility identified and described in the research. This symbiotic relationship is also found in the national and international influences and resources for promoting the use of indigenous languages of Mexico in written form at the local levels (including the Mela'tajtol and SM Ngigua languages). UNESCO's recognition of challenges to literacy at the global level are compared to the challenges found regarding literacy in the local languages of the two communities of study. Implications are presented for further research, as well as recommendations for the two communities and other people of power involved in indigenous language cultivation.

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Kerr, Tamsin, i na. "Conversations with the bunyip : the idea of the wild in imagining, planning, and celebrating place through metaphor, memoir, mythology, and memory". Griffith University. Griffith School of Environment, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070814.160841.

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What lies beneath Our cultured constructions? The wild lies beneath. The mud and the mad, the bunyip Other, lies beneath. It echoes through our layered metaphors We hear its memories Through animal mythology in wilder places Through emotive imagination of landscape memoir Through mythic archaeologies of object art. Not the Nation, but the land has active influence. In festivals of bioregion, communities re-member its voice. Our creativity goes to what lies beneath. This thesis explores the ways we develop deeper and wilder connections to specific regional and local landscapes using art, festival, mythology and memoir. It argues that we inhabit and understand the specific nature of our locale when we plan space for the non-human and creatively celebrate culture-nature coalitions. A wilder and more active sense of place relies upon community cultural conversations with the mythic, represented in the Australian exemplar of the bunyip. The bunyip acts as a metaphor for the subaltern or hidden culture of a place. The bunyip is land incarnate. No matter how pristine the wilderness or how concrete the urban, every region has its localised bunyip-equivalent that defines, and is shaped by, its community and their environmental relationships. Human/non-human cohabitations might be actively expressed through art and cultural experience to form a wilder, more emotive landscape memoir. This thesis discusses a diverse range of landstories, mythologies, environmental art, and bioregional festivities from around Australasia with a special focus on the Sunshine Coast or Gubbi-Gubbi region. It suggests a subaltern indigenous influence in how we imagine, plan and celebrate place. The cultural discourses of metaphor, memoir, mythology and memory shape land into landscapes. When the metaphor is wild, the memoir celebratory, the mythology animal, the memory creative and complex, our ways of being are ecocentric and grounded. The distinctions between nature and culture become less defined; we become native to country. Our multi-cultured histories are written upon the earth; our community identities shape and are shaped by the land. Together, monsters and festivals remind us of the active land.

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Kerr, Tamsin. "Conversations with the bunyip: the idea of the wild in imagining, planning, and celebrating place through metaphor, memoir, mythology, and memory". Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365495.

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What lies beneath Our cultured constructions? The wild lies beneath. The mud and the mad, the bunyip Other, lies beneath. It echoes through our layered metaphors We hear its memories Through animal mythology in wilder places Through emotive imagination of landscape memoir Through mythic archaeologies of object art. Not the Nation, but the land has active influence. In festivals of bioregion, communities re-member its voice. Our creativity goes to what lies beneath. This thesis explores the ways we develop deeper and wilder connections to specific regional and local landscapes using art, festival, mythology and memoir. It argues that we inhabit and understand the specific nature of our locale when we plan space for the non-human and creatively celebrate culture-nature coalitions. A wilder and more active sense of place relies upon community cultural conversations with the mythic, represented in the Australian exemplar of the bunyip. The bunyip acts as a metaphor for the subaltern or hidden culture of a place. The bunyip is land incarnate. No matter how pristine the wilderness or how concrete the urban, every region has its localised bunyip-equivalent that defines, and is shaped by, its community and their environmental relationships. Human/non-human cohabitations might be actively expressed through art and cultural experience to form a wilder, more emotive landscape memoir. This thesis discusses a diverse range of landstories, mythologies, environmental art, and bioregional festivities from around Australasia with a special focus on the Sunshine Coast or Gubbi-Gubbi region. It suggests a subaltern indigenous influence in how we imagine, plan and celebrate place. The cultural discourses of metaphor, memoir, mythology and memory shape land into landscapes. When the metaphor is wild, the memoir celebratory, the mythology animal, the memory creative and complex, our ways of being are ecocentric and grounded. The distinctions between nature and culture become less defined; we become native to country. Our multi-cultured histories are written upon the earth; our community identities shape and are shaped by the land. Together, monsters and festivals remind us of the active land.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Faculty of Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Li, Yuan. "Computational Methods for Analyzing RNA Folding Landscapes and its Applications". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5400.

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Non-protein-coding RNAs play critical regulatory roles in cellular life. Many ncRNAs fold into specific structures in order to perform their biological functions. Some of the RNAs, such as riboswitches, can even fold into alternative structural conformations in order to participate in different biological processes. In addition, these RNAs can transit dynamically between different functional structures along folding pathways on their energy landscapes. These alternative functional structures are usually energetically favored and are stable in their local energy landscapes. Moreover, conformational transitions between any pair of alternate structures usually involve high energy barriers, such that RNAs can become kinetically trapped by these stable and local optimal structures. We have proposed a suite of computational approaches for analyzing and discovering regulatory RNAs through studying folding pathways, alternative structures and energy landscapes associated with conformational transitions of regulatory RNAs. First, we developed an approach, RNAEAPath, which can predict low-barrier folding pathways between two conformational structures of a single RNA molecule. Using RNAEAPath, we can analyze folding pathways between two functional RNA structures, and therefore study the mechanism behind RNA functional transitions from a thermodynamic perspective. Second, we introduced an approach, RNASLOpt, for finding all the stable and local optimal structures on the energy landscape of a single RNA molecule. We can use the generated stable and local optimal structures to represent the RNA energy landscape in a compact manner. In addition, we applied RNASLOpt to several known riboswitches and predicted their alternate functional structures accurately. Third, we integrated a comparative approach with RNASLOpt, and developed RNAConSLOpt, which can find all the consensus stable and local optimal structures that are conserved among a set of homologous regulatory RNAs. We can use RNAConSLOpt to predict alternate functional structures for regulatory RNA families. Finally, we have proposed a pipeline making use of RNAConSLOpt to computationally discover novel riboswitches in bacterial genomes. An application of the proposed pipeline to a set of bacteria in Bacillus genus results in the re-discovery of many known riboswitches, and the detection of several novel putative riboswitch elements.
ID: 031001558; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Shaojie Zhang.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 26, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-140).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science

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Pinho, Raquel Dora Moreira Dias Castro. "Regeneração e elementos culturais : desenho urbano e autenticidade em contexto de globalização". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Arquitectura de Lisboa, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1504.

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Mestrado em Regeneração Urbana e Ambiental
Actualmente, no contexto da globalização, ocorrem novas tendências nas cidades, as quais ameaçam a qualidade do espaço público e a identidade local. A regeneração urbana, dominada por modas e determinados nichos de mercado, resulta na criação de projectos emblemáticos de grande dimensão e espectacularidade, mas que se repetem, levando à multiplicação de paisagens comuns. Embora com uma imagem atractiva, funcionando como verdadeiros “catalisadores”, estes novos projectos são independentes do lugar, não criam ligações e vivências urbanas. A cultura gera e aglutina vínculos de identidade nos espaços públicos, alem de dar legibilidade à cidade, com capacidade de recuperar valores perdidos ou “congelados”; a cultura assume um papel de destaque no processo de regeneração urbana, assentando numa política local integrada na economia global competitiva. As paisagens culturais, como espaços comunicativos, são lugares que transmitem historias e mensagens, contribuindo para preservar a memoria das tradições, sendo igualmente um factor de qualificação do espaço público. Com o presente trabalho pretende – se identificar os contributos para a definição de uma estratégia de regeneração urbana, baseada na cultura como elemento portador de autenticidade, capaz de assegurar a valorização do espaço público e a legibilidade da estrutura urbana, através de uma política de equidade e diversidade. Para tal, é feita uma abordagem à evolução urbana da cidade de Aveiro a fim de avaliar as características associadas às principais transformações que ocorreram na estrutura urbana: os elementos que orientam as intervenções; consequências ao nível da identidade local; alterações no espaço público e sua valorização; o papel da população; em suma, a importância dos elementos culturais e patrimoniais na política e desenho urbano.

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Manyanga, Munyaradze. "Resilient Landscapes: socio-environmental dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin, southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Archaeology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7205.

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The general perception today is that the Shashi-Limpopo Basin in southern Africa is hot and dry and not conducive to human habitation. Today there is no doubt that the Shashi-Limpopo Basin has been home to many communities throughout the pre-historical period. A study of the changing ecological conditions in the Mateke Hills and the Shashi-Limpopo Valley as well as historical and present day land-usage offers an alternative explanation of how prehistoric communities could have interacted with this changing landscape. The archaeological record, historical sources and recent land-use patterns show that settlement location has always been orientated towards the rivers and circumscribed environments. The mosaic of floodplains, wetlands, drylands and circumscribed zones provided the ideal ecological setting for the development of socio-political complexity in southern Africa. The resilience of these semi arid savanna regions together with human innovation and local knowledge ensured that societies continued to derive subsistence even in the face of seasonal variability in rainfall and even climate change.

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Guthrie, Ruth J. "Patterns of invertebrate distribution and abundance on Cordyline australis in human-modified landscapes". Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1235.

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Fragmentation of forest habitat by urban and rural development has had profound effects on the distribution and abundance of many native species; however, little is known about the ecological processes driving patterns in community structure (species richness and composition) of host-specialised herbivores in modified habitats. I examined patterns in community structure of 9 specialist and 19 generalist invertebrate herbivores of cabbage trees (Cordyline australis Laxmanniaceae) across a highly-modified landscape. I found that, although species richness of specialists was highest in forest sites, the majority of host-specialised species were not restricted to forest habitats and were as widespread as many generalists. In terms of site occupancy, only two specialist and four generalist species were rare. I show that patterns of species occupancy and abundance reflect differing susceptibility to habitat modification, with landscape-level variation an important predictor of abundance for nearly all species. When species occurrences and life history traits were considered I did not find strong evidence for the importance of dispersal ability, which suggests that habitat variability had a stronger organising effect on the community. In a replicated common garden experiment, I found distinct regional patterns in the community structure of the specialist invertebrates occurring on different phylogenetic groups of C. australis. In contrast, community structure of generalist herbivores did not differ significantly among host genotypes. I speculate these patterns are due to historical changes in the distribution of cabbage trees in the Southern phylogenetic region that caused specialised herbivores to become locally adapted on populations of low genetic diversity following expansion after the last glacial maximum. However, this consistent selection pressure did not occur in the Northern region where C. australis habitat has been more consistently available over the past tens of thousands of years, reflected in higher host genetic diversity. This study has advanced our understanding of the patterns in community structure of an indigenous, host-specialised fauna in a highly modified and fragmented urban and rural landscapes.

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Kuefler, Daniel Cory. "Landscape versus local determinants of butterfly movement behaviors". NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03312005-160616/.

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A thorough understanding of the mechanisms driving larger scale consequences of movement first requires an understanding of whether movement behaviors are related to local or landscape scale determinants. I studied the movement behaviors of four species of bottomland-dwelling butterflies in a natural setting to examine the determinants of movement behavior across different scales. Across spatial scales, I tested the relative importance and predictive value of three landscape attributes: topography, boundary contrast, and stream proximity, and two local habitat attributes: host plant cover and comprehensive vegetative structure. Across species, I tested the relative importance of organism size and habitat specificity to explain response variation. In general, butterfly responses to landscape features were stronger and more universal while responses to local features were weaker and more variable by species. Specifically, results from this study showed that topography does not influence movement behaviors but boundary contrast, stream proximity, and host plant abundance all contributed to movement patterns. Orientation to these features was not related to organism size, but did vary in accordance with habitat specificity. These results suggest that studies on dispersal in fragmented landscapes should consider the effects of that fragmentation on multiple scales. This consideration is particularly important in the management of rare species, when specific behaviors may ultimately affect the success of conservation efforts.

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Paulsson, Malin. "Swedish local newspapers role in the future media landscape". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93591.

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The point of this report, written by Malin Paulsson, is to research the future of the Swedish local newspapers in a society where the digital medias take a larger market share of the total media range. In this research, questions of how the conditions will be for the local newspapers to survive in a 3-5 year perspective and which shape and design changes they will need to implement in this time period, will be answered. The paid printed newspaper is a mature medium and new mediums have exposed this to a big competition. At the same time it’s remarkable how the newspaper manage to keep its position so well. With my special relationship with Ystads Allehanda, the local newspaper in my hometown, I got curious by how the local newspapers will face the development in the near future. I interviewed three editors and one market manager on three local newspapers in Skåne about their thoughts about the future. The answers I got were generally the same. There is little concern for the future but they are aware of the changes that should take place and how soon. They emphasize the importance of the local because it is their strength. The web is important for the local newspapers and they see the future in this media. Journalism will require being able to do more things than just typing. The content will change on both web and newspaper and they will be more separated from each other. By means of literature research on, among other things, the history of press, economic factors, consumption of other media, the international market of the daily press, I analyze the answers I got from the interviews. The result is that the conditions for the local printed newspaper to survive within five years are pretty good. Digital media will gradually replace the paper magazine but five years is too short for it to die out. There are advantages with the newspaper, which is not found in digital media. Today’s local newspapers are also established compared to the new free newspapers. However we will se more consolidation among newspapers so less newspaper titles in the near future is possible.
Syftet med denna studie, skriven av Malin Paulsson, är att undersöka hur framtiden ser ut för Sveriges lokaltidningar i ett samhälle där digitala medier tar allt större marknadsandelar av det totala medieutbudet. Frågorna om hur förutsättningarna ser ut för lokaltidningarna att överleva inom ett 3-5 års perspektiv och vilka form- och designmässiga förändringar kommer att behövas inom denna tidsperiod, besvaras. Den tryckta betaltidningen är ett moget medium och nya medier har utsatt den för stor konkurrens. Samtidigt är det anmärkningsvärt hur papperstidningen ändå lyckats hålla sin ställning så pass bra. Med den speciella relationen till Ystads Allehanda, lokaltidningen i min hemstad, låg min nyfikenhet i hur lokaltidningarna kommer att möta utvecklingen inom en snar framtid. Jag intervjuade chefredaktörerna och en marknadschef på tre lokaltidningar i Skåne för att få höra om deras tankar inför framtiden. Svaren som jag fick var generellt desamma. Det finns inte mycket oro för framtiden men de är medvetna om att förändringar bör ske och det ganska snart. De poängterar hur viktigt det är med de lokala nyheterna, som är deras styrka. Webben betyder mycket för lokaltidningarna och man ser en framtid i detta medium. Journalistyrket kommer att kräva att man kan fler saker än att bara skriva. Med stöd av litteraturresearch om bland annat dagspressens historia, dess ekonomiska faktorer, konsumtion av andra medier, den internationella dagspressmarknaden, analyseras det material jag fått från intervjuerna. Resultatet blir att förutsättningarna för lokaltidningarnas fortlevnad inom fem års tid ser förhållandevis ganska bra ut. Digitala medier kommer på lång sikt att ersätta papperstidningen men fem år är för kort tid för att papperstidningen ska dö ut. Det finns fördelar med papperstidningen som inte finns i digitala medier och dagens lokaltidningar är etablerade på marknaden till skillnad från nytillkomna gratistidningar. Däremot kommer vi att se fler samgåenden mellan tidningar vilket kan leda till färre tidningar i framtiden. Det kommer att ske en del förändringar vad gäller innehåll och form. Webbens och papperstidningens innehåll kommer att skiljas mer åt än vad det gör idag.

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Notice, Joaquim [UNESP]. "Sistemas socioecológicos, resiliência e as comunidades locais de Cateme: os impactos da mineração do carvão em Moatize, Moçambique, no período de 2010-2014". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152358.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T18:10:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 notice_j_dr_rcla.pdf: 13535853 bytes, checksum: f853cc8c929efcbfca0c1bbd3e6891cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Esta pesquisa resulta da perspectiva de verificação dos efeitos degradantes da ação das mineradoras concessionadas para a exploração do carvão em Moatize, Moçambique, com objetivo de analisar os impactos adversos sobre as comunidades locais de Cateme, fruto da relação direta entre livrar-se da pobreza que o país se encontra mergulhado desde a sua independência, e o quadro legal do processo em território moçambicano, que envolvessem investimentos privados, nacionais e estrangeiros, suscetíveis de contribuir para o desenvolvimento e o bem-estar social do país. A hipótese é de que as comunidades locais de Moatize acreditam na possibilidade do aparecimento de mais empresas, tal como a Vale Moçambique, para a extração dos recursos naturais nos seus lugares de origem, gerando assim piores condições de vida para elas. A metodologia do interacionismo simbólico, articulado principalmente por uma abordagem etnográfica, nos permitiu junto das populações abrangidas pelo processo de reassentamento em Cateme, mesmo nas cidades de Moatize e Tete, constatar a situação deplorável derivada da exploração desequilibrada e não sustentável do carvão na província de Tete. Diante disso, como forma de oferecer informações para o resgate da concordância e o conforto das comunidades locais, trabalhamos com a presente tese, fundamentados nas teorias de resiliência de comunidades e dos sistemas socioecológicos, justificada no contexto de um processo atual que envolve a superação de condições adversas das comunidades locais em suas vidas, fortalencendo os processos de resiliência comunitária. Entendemos, ao partirmos deste estudo, buscar uma relação socioecológica mais justa e responsável, contemplando a sustentabilidade das diversas comunidades locais, por meio de uma gestão ambiental participativa e adaptativa, integrando as instituções governamentais, as multinacionais e a população, na tomada de decisões e de políticas públicas voltadas à conservação dos recursos naturais e à preservação das raízes socioculturais tradicionais, cooperando no desenvolvimento da resiliência das comunidades envolvidas, a fim de proporcionar uma qualidade de vida e ambiental adequada para a população em Moçambique, diante das transformações referentes às multifuncionalidades de suas paisagens.
This research results from the perspective of verifying the degrading effects of coal mining operations in Moatize, Mozambique, in order to analyze the adverse impacts on the local communities of Cateme, as a result of the direct relationship between getting rid of poverty The country has been immersed since its independence and the legal framework of the process, in Mozambican territory, involving private investments, national and foreign, likely to contribute to the development and social welfare of the country. The hypothesis is that the local communities of Moatize believe in the possibility of the appearance of more companies, such as Vale Moçambique, to extract natural resources in their places of origin, thus generating worse living conditions for them. The methodology of symbolic interactionism, articulated mainly by an ethnographic approach, allowed the populations affected by the resettlement process in Cateme, even in the cities of Moatize and Tete, to note the deplorable situation derived from the unbalanced and unsustainable exploitation of coal in the province of Tete. Therefore, as a way to offer informations to the recovery of the concordance and comfort of local communities, we work with the present thesis, based on the resilience theories of communities and socioecological systems, justified in the context of a current process that involves overcoming conditions Local communities in their lives, strengthening community resilience processes. We intend to seek a more just and responsible socioecological relationship, taking into account the sustainability of the various local communities, through participatory and adaptive environmental management, integrating governmental institutions, multinationals and the population, in decision-making and of public policies aimed at the conservation of natural resources and the preservation of traditional socio-cultural roots, cooperating in the development of the resilience of the communities involved, in order to provide a suitable quality of life and environmental for the population in Mozambique, in face of the transformations regarding the multifunctional Its landscapes.
CNPq: 190668/2013-0

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21

Bingley, Amanda Faith. "The influence of gender on the perception of local landscape". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22655.

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Chapter one outlines the key themes and areas with which this thesis is concerned. I look at the major approaches to landscape perception research which, with a few exceptions, has tended toward either theoretical or quantitative. I discuss how neither approach adequately examines the everyday ‘lived experience’ of individuals and the complexities and influences at work in landscape perception. Hence, in order to explore individual experience this thesis employs an empirically based methodology, which draws on the object relations theory of D. W. Winnicott. In chapter two I explore literatures associated firstly with landscape perception, then with gender identity and gender theory, and finally object relations theory and the conceptualisation of Self as developed by psychoanalyst D.W. Winnicott. Chapter three describes the research design; using innovative methodology to work with twelve adults in a series of workshops during which they were facilitated to connect with and articulate their perception of landscape; by focusing specifically on tactic as well as other sensory experience. I outline the skills used in facilitating both the workshops and the one to one in-depth interviews. Ethical issues specifically involved in the methodology are addressed. Chapter four discusses the qualitative data analysis of the material collected in the course of the fieldwork, and leads into the final interpretative section of the thesis. In chapter five I look at the interaction between individual and cultural stereotypes, myths, memories and fantasies involved in gender identity and experience of landscape. Chapter six examines the identity which emerges as a process of self-definition in on-going relationship with cultural and individual sensory experience of landscape perception. Concluding in chapter eight I look at how the complexities of gender identity are deeply implicated in landscape perception, which itself is inescapably informed by sensory experience. The conclusions drawn from this research describe intricate processes of self-definition and sensory experience, which I propose lie at the heart of the influence of gender identity on the perception of landscape.

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Kim, Jin Ki. "Exploring the effects of local development regulations on ecological landscape structure". Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2403.

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An ecological approach to land-use planning is essential to maintain the long-term sustainability of ecosystem benefits, services, and resources. Concern about environmental quality and the long-term livability of urban areas is now a driving force in urban planning and design. The interrelated issues of growth management, smart growth, sustainable development, and new urbanism are topics in the most vibrant discussions at all levels of planning and landscape architecture. Within this context, this study starts from the interest in the ecological planning and management in urban areas, especially related to the issue of local development regulation and guidelines. Landscape regulations have come into existence recently in communities across the nation and these regulations vary from one region to another and from one community to another. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between ecological landscape structure and local development regulations over time. Comparison analysis was conducted between two areas that had similar pre-development ecological conditions but were developed under vastly different regulatory environments. The Woodlands (regulated to protect ecological condition) and the North Houston area (which followed traditional subdivision regulations) were examined at three different developmental time periods: predevelopment, early development (after 10 years), and matured development (after 30 years). Aerial photos of each site from the three time periods were classified into forested and non-forested classes and the landscape structure was quantified with a number of landscape metrics related to fragmentation??an indicator of habitat degradation. Two factors, the ecological approach to landscape planning and the adoption of more restrictive landscape regulations and guidelines, are discussed on the premise that they exert influence in developing and maintaining the long-term sustainability of ecosystems. In conclusion, this study provides the quantified landscape configuration and composition of the effects of development regulations on landscape structure. The ecologically planned community shows a less fragmented forest pattern and more restrictive development guidelines result in more ecologically structured environments. Understanding how elements of local development regulations affect ecological landscape patterns is important for landscape architects, planners, and administrators because it can lead to better strategies for planning and designing sustainable communities.

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Todtling, Franz. "The Uneven Landscape of Innovation Poles Local Embeddedness and Global Networks". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1992. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6164/1/IIR_Disc_46.PDF.

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Ball, Sara L. "Multitrophic responses to local and landscape management in the agri-environment". Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658034.

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Ecosystem services such as natural pest control and pollination can contribute towards agricultural production whilst simultaneously reducing its environmental harm. While agri-environmental schemes (AES) can increase landscape heterogeneity and promote biodiversity conservation, there is little research on how they affect ecosystem service provision. This was explored by incorporating a mechanistic understanding of the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem services, focusing on farm-scale spill-over effects from AES to crop habitats, species interactions and functional traits. AES promoted spill-over of functionally diverse carabid beetle natural enemies to nearby fields. No concurrent change in species richness or abundance was detected, highlighting functional traits as an important monitoring focus. Body mass was demonstrated as a key trait in laboratory experiments investigating the functional response of carabid beetle interactions with prey. Attack rates increased and prey handling times decreased with increasing predator-prey body-mass ratio. Emergent effects of predator interspecific interactions on prey consumption were also driven by differences in body mass between predator species. Using multi-trophic thistle flower head communities as a study system, AES were found to alter the interaction between a speCialised herbivore and its plant host, but there was no evidence that this was driven by cascading effects from parasitoids. The effect of AES floral margins on pollinator visitation and pollination of target flowering plants in adjacent habitats showed variable effects. ·Target plants surrounded by a greater proportion of floral margins suffered decreased species richness of hoverfly visitors potentially through competitive effects, but no effect on bee visitation or on the outcome for pollination service was detected. Overall the results suggest ecosystem services are often underpinned by complex combinations of species traits, which determine species responses to biotic and abiotic factors. Further exploration of links between trait-driven responses and ecosystem service provision may provide a useful basis for understanding and promoting sustainable agriculture.

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Kim, Eujin Julia. "Toward Local Brownfield Regeneration: Factors Affecting People's Attitude and Preference of Brownfield Landscape". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73291.

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Planning and design of brownfield landscapes are not straight forward due to invisible, potential contamination. The dilemma occurs to designers in dealing with brownfield landscapes, because they are unknowingly able to deliver deceptive information regarding the site safety. If the designers and planners are given the information about factors affecting people's reaction to different characteristics of brownfield landscapes, this would help them to be better prepared for ethical issues. For this study, visual preference survey for neighborhoods along the rail yard in the City of Roanoke was conducted. A dimensional analysis found six brownfield landscape types. First of all, historical landmark and maintained landscape types received the highest ratings regardless of the participants characteristics and backgrounds. These types may be viewed less critically and are thus likely to mask potential harms. Second, scruffy vegetation and modest rundown building types that made up the second preferred group revealed more ambivalent feeling. People were highly flexible in switching between change or preservation options in their thinking, thus it would be easy to lead people to focus on certain aspects according to the designer's purposes. Lastly, the two industrial remnant types were the least preferred group. Participants tend to associate these types with toxic pollutants that are likely to adversely affect the health, thus, it would be important to reassure people regarding safety concerns. The expert interviews with brownfield program managers of many localities (Roanoke, VA; Portland, OR; Toledo, OH; Pheonix, AZ; Lewisville, TX; Arlington, TX; and New Bern, NC) were conducted to determine whether the current approaches are effective and develop recommendations. The interviews found that the effectiveness of program is greatly challenged by normative site assessment required by federal government. While the procedure provides necessary information about site safety, it also attaches a stigma to sites regardless of actual contamination level. Based on the findings, it is recommended to include assessment criteria that reveals reuse potentials of brownfields for balanced approach. The results provide useful information for program managers, planners and designers regarding important factors that should be considered for site prioritization and preparation and presentation of designs for brownfield reuse.
Ph. D.

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Offord, Matthew. "Rural governance and economic development : the changing landscape of rural local government". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.724449.

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Zhang, Ke Coco. "Settlement for local people residential area planning and design /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4266438X.

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Thesis (M. L. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes special report study entitled: Analysis of vernacular landscape of ancient villages in anhui province. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

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Tari, Sara. "Stratégies d'exploration de paysages de fitness : application à la résolution approchée de problèmes d'optimisation combinatoire". Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0013.

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De nombreux problèmes d'optimisation combinatoire sont difficiles à résoudre et mettent en échec les méthodes de résolution exactes. Parmi les algorithmes de résolution approchée, les métaheuristiques sont des algorithmes génériques largement étudiés dans la littérature. La capacité d’une métaheuristique donnée à trouver de bonnes solutions varie selon la nature des problèmes traités et selon les données qui les composent, et il est difficile d’étudier efficacement la dynamique de ces algorithmes pour des instances de grandes tailles. L'étude proposée porte sur les métaheuristiques de type recherche locale. Des mécanismes basiques sont étudiés afin d'améliorer la compréhension de leur comportement et d'évaluer leur capacité à trouver de bonnes solutions sur différents types de problèmes. Nous abstrayons plusieurs problèmes d'optimisation, munis d’une relation de voisinage entre solutions, sous forme de paysages de fitness afin d’analyser la dynamique des méthodes selon des caractéristiques générales de ces paysages. Nous étudions la navigation dans ces paysages, en se restreignant en premier lieu aux mouvements strictement améliorants. En particulier, nous proposons le critère d’expansion pour guider la recherche et évaluons sa pertinence pour guider les descentes vers de bonnes solutions. Différentes variantes approchant ce principe sont proposées et évaluées, offrant divers compromis entre efficacité et coût calculatoire permettant d’envisager de les intégrer dans des métaheuristiques plus complexes. Enfin nous étudions des recherches locales à voisinage partiel qui acceptent les mouvements détériorant et montrons que dans ce contexte des règles pivot simples peuvent suffire à obtenir de bons compromis entre intensification et diversification, et ainsi atteindre de très bonnes solutions sur divers paysages
Many combinatorial optimization problems are hard to solve and in many cases, exact approaches are impracticable. Among partial search algorithms, metaheuristics are generic algorithms, widely studied in the literature. Their ability to find good solutions varies in function of the problems’ nature et data composing problem instances, and studying efficiently the dynamics of such algorithms is challenging, especially for large instances. We restrain our metaheuristic study to local search algorithms. Basic mechanisms are studied to improve their understanding and assess their ability to find good solutions. We abstract optimization problems into fitness landscapes, thanks to a neighborhood relation between solutions, in order to analyze the dynamics of methods in function of several landscapes characteristics.We study the navigation on these landscapes, firstly by constraining moves to be strictly improving. In particular, we propose the expansion criterion to guide the search process and assess its relevance to guide climbers through good solutions. Variants approximating this principle are proposed and studied, leading to many trade-offs between the ability to find good solutions and the computational cost making them integrable into more complex metaheuristics. Last, we study partial neighborhood local searches, which accept deteriorating moves. In this context, experiments show that simple pivoting rules are sufficient to attain good trade-offs between intensification and diversification and thus reaching good solutions

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Vigan, Martin. "Vers un arbre à palabres agroforestier : le modèle Terafor d'évaluation multicritère qualitative pour considérer l'ensemble des fonctions des espaces arborés dans les territoires agricoles". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0063.

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L'agroforesterie, au sens large, correspond aux associations entre des arbres et des productions agricoles qu'elle considère de l'échelle de la parcelle jusqu'à celle du territoire. Cette acception large est celle retenue dans la présente thèse. Elle incite à prendre en compte i) tous les espaces arborés des territoires agricoles, ii) toutes les fonctions de ces espaces et iii) tous les acteurs concernés par ces espaces et leurs fonctions. Ces trois points constituent les trois défis que les travaux de thèse s'attachent à relever, dans un contexte de développement récent de l'agroforesterie pour lequel des outils restent à inventer. Le positionnement de recherche de ces travaux articule développement territorial, démarches participatives et approche systémique. Ces notions ont été structurantes dans la définition de la finalité et de l'objectif de la thèse. La finalité est un outil d'aide à la discussion entre les acteurs concernés sur les espaces arborés et leurs fonctions pour faciliter la construction de projets partagés de territoires agroforestiers. L'objectif est de préparer cet outil et, pour cela, le modèle Terafor (Territoire et agroforesterie) a été conçu. Le modèle Terafor est implémenté avec le logiciel DEXi qui combine une méthode d'analyse multicritère qualitative structurée hiérarchiquement et un système expert d'évaluation. Il évalue qualitativement chacune des 77 fonctions des espaces arborés (production de bois, limitation de l'érosion, effet sur la qualité paysagère par exemple) qui ont été identifiées à partir de la littérature et de dires de quinze experts rencontrés. L'évaluation des fonctions mobilise des paramètres sélectionnés pour traduire les diverses caractéristiques des espaces arborés (forme, structure, composition, localisation) qui conditionnent ces fonctions. Les 77 fonctions sont regroupées par activité et par domaine d'activités (agroforesterie, agriculture, fonctionnement des écosystèmes par exemple). Ces regroupements font ressortir 22 activités et organisent les informations afin de faciliter les discussions entre les acteurs. La transparence, l'intelligibilité et la flexibilité du fonctionnement de DEXi rendent le modèle Terafor approprié à favoriser la participation en impliquant les acteurs dans les différentes phases de la construction de projets de territoires agroforestiers. L'opérationnalisation du modèle Terafor en un outil participatif nécessite de poursuivre les tests de simulation, notamment de sensibilité, de développer des interfaçages avec des dispositifs de gestion de données (tableur, système d'information géographique, représentation graphique) et de l'expérimenter en situations réelles. En l'état, le modèle Terafor constitue toutefois une base (informations internes) et un producteur (informations en sortie) de connaissances homogènes et accessibles sur l'ensemble des fonctions des espaces arborés. Il peut donc d'ores et déjà servir de support pour la conception et l'accompagnement de projets agroforestiers ainsi que pour l'enseignement de l'agroforesterie, de la multifonctionnalité et de l'agroécologie
Agroforestry corresponds to the association between trees and agricultural productions. In a broad sense, the scale considered streches fom the plot to the landscape. This meaning took on in this thesis. It encourages taking into account (i) all treed areas in agricultural landscapes, (ii) all the functions of these treed areas and (iii) all the stakeholders involved. In the context of recent development of agroforestry, these three points constituted the three challenges that the thesis worked to tackle. Some tools need to be designed. The research positioning connected territorial development, participatory approaches and systems approach. These notions built the purpose and the goal of the thesis. A discussion aid tool for the relevant stakeholders about treed areas and their functions was the thesis purpose in order to facilitate the construction of shared projects of agroforestery landscapes. Designing Terafor model (Territory and agroforestry) to prepare this tool was thesis goal. The Terafor model was implemented with DEXi software which combines a hierarchically structured qualitative multi-criteria analysis method and an evaluation expert system. It evaluates each of the 77 functions of the treed areas qualitatively (for example: wood production, limitation of erosion, effect on the landscape quality). These 77 functions were identified beforehand from the literature and from fifteen experts. The evaluation of functions uses selected parameters to translate the diverse characteristics of the treed areas (shape, structure, composition, location). The 77 functions were grouped into activities and fields of activities (for example: agroforestry, agriculture, ecosystem functioning). These groups bring out 22 activities and organize information to facilitate discussions between stakeholders. The transparency, the intelligibility and the flexibility of DEXi operation make the Terafor model suitable for promoting participation by involving stakeholders in the different phases of the construction of agroforestry territory projects. The implementation of the Terafor model in a participatory tool requires to continue the simulation tests, to develop interfaces with data management devices (spreadsheet, geographical information system, graphical representation) and to experiment it in real-life situations. As it stands, the Terafor model constitutes a basis (internal data) and a producer (output data) of homogeneous and accessible knowledge on the whole functions of the treed areas. It can already serve not only as a support for building and for carrying out agroforestry projects, but for teaching about agroforestry, multifunctionality and agroecology as well

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Gabriel, Doreen. "Plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture comparing local, landscape and regional effects /". Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2006/gabriel.

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Liao, Xintian. "Colonialism, post-colonialism and local identity in colonial Taiwanese landscape paintings (1908-1945)". Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248603.

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The author identifies the formation of a Taiwanese identity from representations of landscape painting as introduced by Japanese colonisers and responded to by Taiwanese between 1908 and 1945. The first of two primary findings is that the history of discovering Taiwan can be traced via such visual records as maps, photographs, and landscape paintings from the seventeenth century to the mid-twentieth century. Landscape paintings represented the peak of this course of discovery. From the untamed to the civilised, the Taiwanese landscape was the site of adventure and travel activities, through which the Japanese imperial goals of modernisation for its colony were revealed. The second finding is that visual representations of landscape painting stands as evidence of an uneven relationship within which a European visual model was transported to Taiwan. Furthermore, it was found that representations of Taiwanese landscape paintings reflected a spectacle of modem life. Finally, the formation of Taiwanese local identity was discussed from the perspectives of "local colour," the culturalisation of Taiwanesen ature, and problems of identification. The concept of "local colour" as expressed in Taiwanese landscape paintings reveals a contradictory situation and predicament of local identity. With regards to the culturalisation of nature, the Taiwanese landscape was re-represented by a new aesthetic order and visual layout. Four local configuration stages (1895-1908,1908-1927,1927-1940, and 1940-1945) generalised the visual identification process. According to this analysis, colonial Taiwanese landscape painting emerged in order to fulfill the expectations of an imagined viewer, thus making identification with the environment through landscape paintings problematic. The primary conclusion of this thesis is that the discovery and representation of Taiwanese landscape during the colonial period revealed specific conditions of colonialism and modernity. For local Taiwanese, the predicament of identification was projected and acknowledged in the making of visual art.

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Bealey, Clive Edward. "The relative importance of local and landscape scale factors to chalk grassland butterflies". Thesis, Open University, 2001. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58146/.

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The relative importance of habitat and landscape for chalk grassland butterflies was investigated among a network of chalk grassland habitat patches. Local scale habitat selection models were derived from analyses on a single large chalk grassland site (Porton Down). Landscape scale models were . then derived from species-specific local scale variables added to variables measured in the patch network, which included Porton Down as a major source site. An investigation was also carried out as to whether landscapes cale processes were acting within Porton Down. Models showed that landscapes cale processes may be acting within the single, large site for some species. However, lack of patch definition and natural variations in local population densities may give rise to apparent landscapes cale processes within this site which fundamentally differ from true landscape scale processes. At the true landscape scale across the patch network, patch area was the most commonly included landscape scale variable in models, although only for five species. For one species, dark green fritillary Argynnis aglaja, distance from the major source site and average distance from other sites were of over-riding importance. For most species, local scale habitat and environment variables were sufficient to describe their presence or density among the patch network. Incidence Function Models were used to estimate metapopulation dynamic parameters for seven species, Both sensitivity to environmental stochasticity and colonisation ability were correlated with species' scores on canonical community analysis axes (related to local habitat, patch area, distance from source site and inter-patch'distance measures). This suggests that species conforming to conventional metapopulation models form an ecological continuum with those responding to local scale habitat and landscape scale processes in a less prescriptive fashion. Species groups with either restricted or widespread distributions appear to conform to a landscape connectivity model. Five ecologically similar species appear to be moving from the former to latter group across a 'connectivity threshold', possibly due to recent increases in larval food-plant availability in the wider landscape.

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Staude, Ingmar René. "Local biodiversity erosion in south brazilian grasslands even with slight landscape habitat loss". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/173601.

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Gerritsen, Fokke. "Local identities : landscape and community in the late prehistoric Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region /". Amsterdam : Amsterdam university press, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400586572.

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Baral, Nabin. "Resources use and conservation attitudes of local people in the Western Terai landscape, Nepal". FIU Digital Commons, 2005. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1387.

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Two protected areas: Royal Bardia National Park (RBNP) and Royal Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (RSWR) in the Western Terai, Nepal, are under threats due to present political turmoil, uncontrolled immigration, inefficient land reform policies and unsustainable resource use. I did a stratified random questionnaire survey of 234 households to determine how resource use patterns and problems influence conservation attitudes. Chi-square, Student's t, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and multiple regression were used. There was spatio-temporal variability in resource use patterns and dependency. People were collecting eight and seven types of resources in RBNP and RSWR, respectively. However, people in RBNP were more dependent on resources than RSWR. In both areas, the problem of firewood is serious. The mean attitude score of RBNP (8.4 ± 1.44) was significantly higher than the score of RSWR (7.7 ± 1.66; t = 3.24, p = 0.0007). Conservation attitude was determined by variables such as participation in trainings, wildlife damage, and satisfaction towards user groups.

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Holder, Matthew Leigh. "The influence of habitat structure on peatland Odonata at local and landscape spatial scales". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58426.pdf.

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Tarasova, Yana. "Effects of local habitat characteristics and landscape composition on the occurrence of burnet moths". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129078.

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A decline in biodiversity in agricultural landscapes has been reported for decades. One of the most important habitats for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes is semi-natural grasslands. To preserve species-rich semi-natural grasslands, research need to focus both on local habitat quality and on landscape composition at various scales. In the current study I examined how nectar sources, host plants and other environmental parameters affected the occurrence of adults of four burnet moth species, residents of semi-natural grasslands. Also, I investigated the effects of landscape composition at 34 spatial scales. The results in general showed positive effects of host plants cover, nectar sources abundance, dry soil, sun exposure, tall sward height, small herb and grass cover. At the landscape level all the species responded negatively to the amount of arable land and positively to the amount of forests at scales up to 10000 m. Two species were negatively affected by the amount of artificial surfaces and pasture at some scales. Though the amount of semi-natural grasslands and patch area did not affect the occurrence of the species, at the local scale semi-natural grasslands were still important for the species. Thus, my results suggest that management should be focused both on local and landscape levels. Focus should be to preserve sunny and open areas of high-quality semi-natural grasslands rich in burnet moths’ host plants and especially nectar sources that seem to be more important than host plants for adults. Semi-natural grasslands should be preferably adjacent to forests and not arable land.

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Casucci, Brad A. "A Cold Wind: Local Maasai Perceptions of the Common Health Landscape in Narok South". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1436799334.

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Oaten, Heather. "Local and landscape effects of field margins on aerially dispersing beneficial insects and spiders". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6944.

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Field margins were implemented in UK agri-environment schemes with the aim to increase farmland biodiversity. Recently aerially dispersing aphid enemies have been shown to provide the majority of aphid control in winter wheat fields but there is a lack of research conducted on the aerial predator guild. This thesis examines the effect field margins have on aphid predators at the single field scale, the landscape scale and, using results from a marking study, examines the direct use of a pollen and nectar rich field margin by Episyrphus balteatus. At the single field scale, field margins had a positive effect of the numbers of Cantharidae, Empididae, Linyphiidae and Tachyporus spp. in fields with sown margins compared to those without during wheat growth and total aphid predator numbers were significantly higher in fields with margin surrounds in early May but not later in the year. At the landscape scale, results from twelve winter wheat fields with varying densities of surrounding field margins showed predatory Tachyporus spp. to exhibit a positive correlation at scales above 500m radius and Cantharidae to exhibit a negative correlation at local scales. Implications for field margins exerting both positive and negative influences on the presence of aerially dispersing aphid predators in winter wheat fields are discussed. A marking study using rubidium chloride proved direct utilisation of a pollen and nectar rich field margin by the Syrphid Episyrphus balteatus, and the traps used in this study also highlighted the association in distributions between Empididae and cereal aphids. Overall it was concluded that the presence of field margins does have an effect on the spatial and temporal distributions of some aerially dispersing aphid predators, but the response of each predator group varies depending on numerous interlinking components of their life history and directions for future research are discussed.

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Whytock, Robin C. "Optimising habitat creation for woodland birds : the relative importance of local vs landscape scales". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27298.

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Global land-use change and industrialisation has driven biodiversity declines and impaired ecosystem functioning. Recently, there have been large-scale efforts to not only halt habitat loss but create and restore habitat on formerly managed (e.g. agricultural) land. However, although the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity are well understood, our understanding of how biodiversity responds to habitat created in a patchy configuration is not. In particular, little is known about the relative importance of local (e.g. patch size) vs landscape scales (e.g. amount of habitat in the landscape) for restoring biodiversity in created habitat. Here, a long-term, large-scale natural experiment (the Woodland Creation and Ecological Networks project) was used to understand how bird species, communities and behaviour respond to woodland created in a patchy configuration on post-agricultural land. I used a combination of direct and indirect survey methods to quantify bird diversity, abundance and vocal behaviour in post-agricultural woodlands of known age in Great Britain. I show that secondary woodlands favour generalist species and older patches contain more individuals and species due to their vegetation structure. In relative terms, local-scale factors such as patch size made the greatest contribution to bird diversity and abundance. Colonisation events drive community assembly in new habitat, and I found that large-scale (km2) habitat patterns were more important than patch-level factors during colonisation of breeding territories by a long distance migrant bird (Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus). Land management practices surrounding a habitat patch can also affect its perceived quality and relative attractiveness to potential colonisers. Using the Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes as a model species, I found that high proportions of agricultural land at woodland edges caused an increase in perceived predation risk. In conclusion, I suggest that post-agricultural woodlands rapidly provide valuable habitat for generalist woodland birds. Local, patch-level factors (area, vegetation structure) also appear relatively more important than landscape factors for woodland bird communities. Land-managers seeking to maximise the benefits of woodland creation for birds should thus focus on creating large patches with a diverse vegetation structure.

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Junior, Sergio Serafini. "Delimitação de unidades climáticas locais no parque nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-10072012-145209/.

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O Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu constitui-se numa Unidade de Conservação localizada ao norte de Minas Gerais, abrangendo parte dos municípios de Januária, Itacarambi e São João das Missões, totalizando uma área de 56.000 ha. Atravessado pelo curso médio do rio Peruaçu, esta Unidade de Conservação é considerada uma das regiões cársticas mais importantes do Estado de Minas Gerais por agregar um enorme valor científico para a arqueologia e paleontologia, contendo inúmeros sítios arqueológicos e espeleológicos, com representações rupestres e material fóssil, contribuindo assim, para as principais áreas de pesquisa científica realizadas na área. Além da notória importância arqueológica e paleontológica, o Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu é, também, uma área que reserva com bastante riqueza elementos naturais físicos e bióticos que, associados às características atuais dos padrões de uso e ocupação do solo, configuram-se como unidades de paisagem segundo a perspectiva geossistêmica emoldurada por BERTRAND (1971) para a escala de análise local. Com base na identificação e delimitação dessas unidades de paisagem, a proposta deste trabalho foi registrar os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar em cada uma destas unidades de modo a permitir a montagem de um banco de dados relacional onde fosse possível associar a variação climática destes atributos à variação fisionômica de cada um dos ambientes abordados. Considerando a variação da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar em relação ás unidades de paisagem, foi possível delimitar as unidades climáticas locais do Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu, apontando os valores limites entre cada uma delas.
Peruaçu\'s Caves National Park constitutes in a Unit of Preservation located in the north of Minas Gerais, embracing part of Januária\'s Municipal districts, Itacarambi and São João das Missões, totalizing an area of 56.000 ha. Crossed by the average course of the Peruaçu river, this Unit of Preservation is considered one of the most important karstic regions of the Minas Gerais\'s State for aggregating an enormous scientific value for the archaeology and paleontology, contend countless archaeological ranches and speleological, with rupestrial and material representations fossil, contributing this way, for the main areas of scientific research accomplished in the area. Besides the notorious archaeological and paleontological importance, Peruaçu\'s Caves National Park is, as well, an area that reserve with a lot of physical natural and biotic elements wealth that, associates to the current characteristics of the use and occupation standards of the soil, they configure as units of landscape according to the perspective geosystemic framed by BERTRAND (1971) for the scale of local analysis. With base in the identification and delimitation of these units of landscape, the proposal of this work was to register the temperature data and relative humidity of the air in each one of these units to allow the montage of a database relation where was possible to associate the climatic variation of these attributes to the variation physiognomic of each one of the boarded environments. Considering the variation of the temperature and relative humidity of the air in ace units landscape relation, it was possible to define the local climatic units of the Peruaçu\'s Caves National Park, pointing the limits values between each one of them.

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Flesch, Aaron D. "Influence of local and landscape factors on distributional dynamics: a species-centred, fitness-based approach". ROYAL SOC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626020.

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In spatially structured populations, distributional dynamics are driven by the quantity, connectivity and quality of habitat. Because these drivers are rarely measured directly and simultaneously at relevant scales, information on their relative importance remains unclear. I assessed the influence of both direct and indirect measures of local habitat quality, and of landscape habitat amount and connectivity on long-term territory occupancy dynamics of non-migratory pygmy owls. Direct measures of local habitat quality based on territory-specific reproductive output had greater effects on distribution than landscape factors, but only when spatio-temporal fluxes in performance linked to environmental stochasticity and intraspecific competition were considered. When habitat quality was measured indirectly based on habitat structure, however, landscape factors had greater effects. Although all landscape factors were important, measures of landscape connectivity that were uncorrelated with habitat amount and based on attributes of matrix structure and habitat configuration that influence dispersal movements had greater effects than habitat effective area (amount weighted by quality). Moreover, the influence of connectivity (but not habitat effective area) depended on local habitat quality. Such results suggest the relative importance of local habitat quality in driving distribution has been underestimated and that conservation strategies should vary spatially depending on both local and landscape contexts.

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Super, Laura Elizabeth. "The influence of landscape-scale spatial-environmental structure on the predictability of local community composition". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/35921.

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A primary goal in ecology is to understand why localities with similar abiotic environmental conditions often exhibit differences in species composition. Previous work points to the potential importance of historical or regional processes, such as priority effects and dispersal limitation, but the ways in which landscape structure moderates the impacts of such processes remain unclear. Using spatially explicit simulations of competitive metacommunities, I investigated if spatial autocorrelation of the environment (SAE), the degree of clustering of similar environments, in the broader landscape interacted with dispersal capacity to affect the predictability of local community composition. My study employed a fully crossed factorial design of SAE (random configuration to high positive SAE), dispersal capacity (local versus global [control]), and fundamental niche scenario (niche-differentiated versus neutral [control]). I quantified community composition predictability by measuring Bray-Curtis similarity among the same localities of replicate metacommunities. The results showed that in the absence of either niche differentiation or spatially restricted dispersal, variation in SAE had no impact on the predictability of local community composition. In contrast, in the presence of both niche differentiation and spatially restricted dispersal (characteristics of many metacommunities in nature), increasingly positive SAE increased community composition predictability. This was attributed to the enhancement of landscape connectivity facilitating deterministic species-environmental sorting of differentially adapted species, which reduced the influence of stochastic community assembly processes. Thus, the results suggest that the variation in local species composition often observed among sites with similar environmental conditions could be attributed in part to differences in the spatial configuration of environmental conditions within the broader landscape. My work has potentially profound implications for basic and applied ecology. For example, the results suggest that practitioners should expect the reliability of composition-environment correlations to vary depending upon the spatial attributes of the ecosystem in question; they should be most useful as predictive tools within ecosystems characterized by strongly positive SAE. The results also yield an apparently novel and testable prediction: ecosystems characterized by high positive SAE will exhibit more repeatable community composition-environment relationships than ecosystems characterized by less clustering of similar environmental conditions in the landscape.

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McCollum, Donna s. "LANDSCAPE AND LOCAL INFLUENCES ON THE BIOTIC INTEGRITY OF FISH COMMUNITIES IN OHIO HEADWATER STREAMS". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1091819607.

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Lustenhouwer, Monique. "Local adaptation of larval life history in the moor frog Rana arvalis across a landscape mosaic". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-181724.

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Growth rate is an important life history trait, which impacts fitness indirectly through its effect on the age and size at maturity, as well as directly through costs associated with accelerated growth such as increased predation risk. Genetic variation and plasticity in growth are widespread in nature, and local adaptation of growth rate may evolve due to divergent selection in different environments, for example related to predation risk, temperature or time constraints. I studied local adaptation of larval life history in the moor frog Rana arvalis, in a local network of ponds close to Uppsala. Local adaptation of growth rate and survival was studied in a reciprocal transplant experiment between ponds with different habitat characteristics. Meanwhile, differences among the populations in intrinsic growth, activity and response to predation were studied in a common garden experiment in the laboratory, where tadpoles were raised in the presence or absence of a predator and tested in direct predation trials. In the field, differences in growth among populations were found, independent of which pond the tadpoles were raised in, indicating that the ponds were similar growth environments. Survival differences among the populations depended on the pond, but local populations did not do better than foreign ones. In the laboratory, similar patterns in growth rate were found. All populations were highly plastic in their response to predation, having lower growth and activity in the predator-induced treatment and decreased mortality in the predation trials. Tadpole size was an important factor in escaping predation. One population clearly grew faster than the others in the field and in the lab, which could be explained in terms of its habitat of origin but was most likely related to the relatively late hatching of this population. Future studies are necessary concerning the possible costs of this accelerated growth and the importance of breeding phenology. Apart from the one differential population, I did not find evidence of local adaptation in the field or in the laboratory. The influence of habitat characteristics on tadpole life history was difficult to study, due to the limited number of ponds and many environmental differences among them. However, this thesis was a valuable pilot study concerning the design of experiments to study factors promoting and constraining local adaptation in landscape mosaics. An understanding of local adaptation at the scale at which gene flow occurs is important for the conservation of populations in fragmented landscapes as well as for the study of ecological speciation.

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Ahrné, Karin. "Local management and landscape effects on diversity of bees, wasps, and birds in urban green areas /". Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001766/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008.
Includes reprints of four papers and manuscripts co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks reprints of four papers and manuscripts.

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Clarke, Henry Howard Bowden. "The Durius Valley Project : local identity, cultural change, and landscape relationships in Roman Spain and Portugal". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19946/.

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Research on the western provinces of the Roman empire has undergone a paradigm shift in recent decades, away from dated studies of Roman imperialism and sweeping notions of ‘Romanisation’, towards an interest in the multicultural nature of the empire, and its complex local identities. In this thesis, I formulate an analytical model that combines the strengths of established scholarship on intercultural change, identity, landscape archaeology, and the relationship between human society and environment in the ancient world. I apply this to the archaeological, literary and epigraphic record of the lived experiences of the communities of the Durius River Valley (the modern Duero/Douro) in the Iberian peninsula. By drawing scholarly thinking on identity, cultural change/interaction, and landscape together, I exemplify the effects of empire on the landscape relationships and fluid, situational, multi-valent identities of the inhabitants of the valley during and after the establishment of Roman power here, from approximately the third/second centuries BC to the second century AD. By selecting a clearly-defined region as an arena to apply my methods, I achieve a more nuanced and detailed understanding of the experiences of the fullest possible range of social groups in the context of Roman influence and control. My approach also provides more opportunities for identifying complexity at the local level, without obscuring evidence of regional or empire-wide patterns of behaviour. It likewise enables me to explore the relationship between cultural and environmental factors when looking at responses to the different landscapes encountered along the valley. I also consider whether there is any identifiable sense of a shared valley-long identity. Ultimately, I justify the study of identity and cultural interaction on the micro-level, keeping local perspectives in the Durius Valley at the heart of my analysis, and thereby bringing the experiences of its fundamentally voiceless historical groups into keener focus.

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Kolodziejski, Ann Louise. "Connecting people and place : sense of place and local action". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/connecting-people-and-place-sense-of-place-and-local-action(ee59cb31-5bf2-4016-8b15-00577317434a).html.

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The relevance of places to people has been questioned in recent times, as the world has become increasingly globalised and people more mobile. The aim of this research was to explore the relationship between sense of place and people’s behaviour in ‘ordinary’, everyday places. This contrasts with much prior research, which has focused on ‘special’ places, such as national parks and impressive landscapes in order to investigate the components of sense of place. Most people do not live in such places, but inhabit ordinary places in (sub) urban contexts. The research questions were: How does sense of place manifest in an ordinary, everyday landscape? In what ways can social learning impact upon the dynamics of sense of place? Can a more salient sense of place affect people’s attitudes towards and behaviour within their local area? Using an action research approach, pre- and post-interviews and three workshops to create a sustainable future vision at a neighbourhood level of scale, and the town as a whole, were held with fourteen residents of East Bolton, in the North West of England. The activities were designed to facilitate interaction between the participants, so that meanings attributed to places could be shared and discussed. This approach allowed participants to see familiar places in new ways and to share perspectives. The key themes that emerged from this research were: the importance of childhood places; the impact of mobility – both physical and social mobility; the interdependence of places at various scales; and also self-efficacy and people’s ability to influence their surroundings. A key finding was that sense of place can be made more salient for people in ‘ordinary’ landscapes, particularly if people are given direct experience of their places and opportunities to share and reflect on their perceptions relating to place. Social learning, however, takes time and requires resources to create opportunities to influence the salience of sense of place. The findings point to the value of promoting social learning through engagement activities. Planners, regeneration project officers and citizen groups could utilise sense of place as an organising principle to explore place meanings and as a catalyst for stimulating local action. Participants found it more difficult to discuss sense of place at the neighbourhood level of scale than the town level of scale, partly owing to their differing conception of boundaries and lack of awareness of the neighbourhood beyond the home. This has implications for implementing the localism agenda, suggesting that local action and visioning needs to be situated within activities nested at a range of scales in order to be most effective. The drive towards localism may lead to more self-organising and activism emerging from outside of the formal planning system and becoming a force for collective place shaping. Thus, the benefits of developing a more salient sense of place may also have impacts in less formal ways, such as greater interest and involvement in neighbourhood affairs and increased capacity-building, from which community action could potentially emerge.

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Lowerre, Andrew. "Placing castles in the conquest : landscape, lordship and local politics in the South-Eastern Midlands, 1066-1100 /". Oxford : J. and E. Hedges, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400030277.

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Zhang, Ke Coco, i 張珂. "Settlement for local people: residential areaplanning and design". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4266438X.

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