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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Local landscapes"
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Boeraeve, Fanny, Marc Dufrêne, Nicolas Dendoncker, Amandine Dupire i Grégory Mahy. "How Are Landscapes under Agroecological Transition Perceived and Appreciated? A Belgian Case Study". Sustainability 12, nr 6 (21.03.2020): 2480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062480.
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An increasing number of agricultural transition initiatives are taking place, seeking more autonomy and resilience on the farms. This undeniably reshapes the landscape and the delivery of ecosystem services (ES). To date, little research includes the knowledge and perceptions of local communities on rural landscapes in agricultural transition. Yet, farmers shape the landscape and ES delivery, and local inhabitants are directly impacted. The present work aims at assessing the extent to which locals (local inhabitants and farmers) appreciate and view landscapes undergoing agricultural transitions. To do so, questionnaires were submitted to locals enquiring about appreciation and ES perceptions of transitioning landscapes. These landscapes were shown in manipulated photographs simulating an agroecological landscape, a conventional agriculture landscape, and landscapes including each isolated agroecological practice (resulting in six ‘scenarios’). In order to put locals’ perceptions in perspective, the same questionnaire was submitted to ‘ES experts’, and ES perceptions were compared to field-based ES measurements in agroecological and conventional parcels of the same study region. The results show that locals and ES experts appreciate and perceive these scenarios similarly. The agroecological scenario was seen as the most appreciated and the one delivering the most ES, while the conventional one was the least appreciated and seen as the one delivering the least ES. These perceptions of ES delivery partially correspond to the ES field measurements, which showed a similar productivity within agroecological and conventional parcels and more regulating ES in agroecological parcels. We discuss how our results call for the assessment of the multi-performance of agricultural systems in terms of ES rather than focusing on yield only, and how future research addressing agroecological transition should rely on integrated valuations and mixed methods to better embrace the complexity of such transitioning systems.
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Walters, G., J. Sayer, A. K. Boedhihartono, D. Endamana i K. Angu Angu. "Integrating landscape ecology into landscape practice in Central African Rainforests". Landscape Ecology 36, nr 8 (3.04.2021): 2427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01237-3.
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Abstract Context We describe how large landscape-scale conservation initiatives involving local communities, NGOs and resource managers have engaged with landscape scientists with the goal of achieving landscape sustainability. We focus on two landscapes where local people, practitioners and landscape ecologists have co-produced knowledge to design conservation interventions. Objective We seek to understand how landscape ecology can engage with practical landscape management to contribute to managing landscapes sustainably. Methods We focus on two large tropical landscapes: the Sangha Tri-National landscape (Cameroon, Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic) and the Batéké-Léfini Landscape (Gabon and Republic of Congo). We evaluate (1) a participatory method used in the Sangha Tri-National landscape that embeds interdisciplinary researchers and practitioners within a landscape to apply transdisciplinary learning to landscape conservation and (2) a participatory landscape zoning method where interdisciplinary teams of conservation practitioners analyse local land and resource use in the Batéké-Léfini landscape. Results We find that landscape ecology’s tradition of understanding the historical context of resource use can inform landscape conservation practice and natural resource mapping. We also find that the Sangha Group provides an example for landscape ecology on how to integrate local people and their knowledge to better understand and influence landscape processes. Conclusions Place-based engagement as well as the uptake of co-produced knowledge by policy makers are key in enabling sustainable landscapes. Success occurs when researchers, local communities and resource managers engage directly with landscape processes.
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Patrich, Joseph. "MONASTIC LANDSCAPES". Late Antique Archaeology 2, nr 1 (2004): 411–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000031.
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This article considers the impact of late antique monasticism on the landscape in three regions of the eastern Mediterranean: Egypt, Palestine and Sinai. It investigates both new landscapes created by monasticism and older landscapes strongly modified by a monastic presence. In the case of new landscapes, monastic structures found in each locality are described, and then their articulation within the wider landscape is considered, in terms of: their physical appearance against the local geology, the density of hermitages, their location, their use of roads or tracks to intercommunicate, and their development of agricultural structures. We know less about monasteries set in pre-existing landscapes, but their physical appearance, visiblity and relative concentration can still be considered.
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Martsinkevich, Galina I., Saveli I. Kuzmin, Elena E. Davydik i Aliaksei V. Babko. "Methodologycal problems and approaches to identifying and evaluating typical and rare landscapes of the Republic of Belarus". Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, nr 2 (29.12.2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2020-2-34-46.
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The analysis of the studying of the problem of identifying and evaluating of typical and rare landscapes was carried out, which showed that quite a lot of knowledge has been accumulated in this area of the identification of such landscapes and the criteria for their assessment. It is established that insufficient attention is paid to the classification and mapping of landscapes, the use of mathematical methods for their assessment. A scientific concept is proposed for the study of typical and rare landscapes, which contains four levels of their study (country, regional, subregional, local), the scale of work corresponding to the level, landscape classification units, criteria and indicators for their allocation are determined. So, at the country level, the criterion for assessing typical landscapes is the degree of representativeness, depending on bioclimatic factors and the large size of the landscape contour, at the regional (provincial) – the contour size of the dominant landscapes of the province and the index of landscape diversity, at the subregional – the intensity of anthropogenic transformation, at the local – characteristic value of attractiveness. The main criteria for assessing rare landscapes at the country level are the small size of the contour and the criteria of uniqueness, at the regional (provincial) indicator of occurrence, at the subregional – naturalness, at local – vulnerability. A geographic information database has been created, a methodology has been developed for identifying typical and rare landscapes and their typology. An assessment of landscape diversity was made and the map showing that typical landscapes are characterised by a high and medium level of diversity, and rare landscapes are characterised by medium and low was created. An assessment of the occurrence of rare landscapes was carried out, which made it possible to distinguish three groups – low, medium, and high occurrence; their list and a map of occurrence were created. It has been determined that unique landscapes, which are part of a group with low occurrence, require special protection. A direct correlation has been established between the level of landscape diversity and occurrence. The proposed criteria for identifying and assessing typical and rare landscapes can be used in organising or transforming nature protected areas, in the design of their passports and conservation obligations.
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Gábor Kerékgyártó. "Cultural landscape on the border: érmellék". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, nr 49 (13.11.2012): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2524.
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Cultural landscapes are haunting topic of the european spatial development. Cultural landscapes as cultural heritage determine the local and regional identity. The study shows the role and the significance of the cultural landscape by the help of UNESCO World Heritage Convention, the European Spatial Development Perspective and the European Landscape Convention. The article speaks about how can we maintain and develop cross border landscapes and cultural landscapes and through introducing Érmellék it would like to draw attention to the fact that landscape level planning and development of common landscape politics are one of the main interests of Hungary. That kind of politics play an important role not only in maintaining landscapes but in the regional economic development.
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Salpina, Dana. "The Role of Local Governing Bodies in the Management of Heritage Agricultural Landscapes: Italian Perspective". Journal of Heritage Management 6, nr 1 (20.04.2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24559296211003200.
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The increasing interest in the protection of the agricultural landscape as a category of heritage can be observed both in the growing number of globally recognized agricultural landscapes and in the development of new legal and institutional tools for their protection. The multifunctionality of agriculture, involving the multiplicity of interests and actors, engenders the questions of how and who manages the heritage agricultural landscapes at the local level? The research aims to provide an empirical model for the identification and evaluation of the local governance models used in the management of multifunctional agricultural landscapes. It focuses on two heritage agricultural landscapes in Italy and bases on field observations, semi-structured in-depth interviews with the local stakeholders and comparative analysis of the case studies. The research draws the map of interaction between the local stakeholders. It outlines the crucial role played by the local governing bodies in the management of heritage agricultural landscapes, involving several administrative and sociocultural units.
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Leibenath, Markus, i Antje Otto. "Competing Wind Energy Discourses, Contested Landscapes". Landscape Online 38 (13.10.2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201438.
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The impairment of landscapes is a concern constantly raised against wind energy developments in Germany as in other countries. Often, landscapes or landscape types are treated in the literature as essentialist or at least as uncontested categories. We analyse two examples of local controversies about wind energy, in which “landscape” is employed by supporters and opponents alike, from a poststructuralist and discourse theoretical angle. The aim is to identify and compare landscape constructs produced in the micro discourses of wind energy objectors and proponents at local level (a) within each case, (b) between the two cases and (c) with landscape constructs that were previously found in macro discourses. One major finding is that several different landscapes can exist at one and the same place. Furthermore there seems to be a relatively stable set of competing landscape concepts which is reproduced in specific controversies. The paper concludes by highlighting practical consequences and by identifying promising avenues of further research.
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Huang, Dongsheng, Ning Zhang i Yaou Zhang. "Traditional Village Landscape Identification and Remodeling Strategy: Taking the Radish Village as an Example". Mobile Information Systems 2022 (21.07.2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2350310.
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As an important relic of traditional Chinese culture, traditional villages have important cultural values. With the continuous deepening of modern urbanization and the development of rural tourism, the village landscape is also facing profound challenges. In the context of rural revitalization and tourism development, it is necessary to strengthen the landscape identity of traditional villages. Based on the background of rural revitalization, this article reviews and discusses the related concepts and research status of traditional village landscapes, the identity of village landscapes and existing problems in landscapes, and remodeling strategies by sorting out relevant research literature at home and abroad in recent years. People’s awareness of local landscape identity reshapes the landscape uniqueness of traditional villages so that the local culture and foreign culture can reach a state of balance and integration. The village landscape identity and the impact of digital technology and self-media platforms on landscape remodeling are reviewed and discussed. The study found that the landscape identity of traditional villages is reflected in the activity places with local regional cultural characteristics and relies on the spiritual emotions of the villagers. For the existing problems in the landscape, a landscape remodeling strategy is proposed to restore people’s awareness of local landscape identity and reshape the landscape uniqueness of traditional villages.
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Massoni, Emma Soy, Diego Varga, Marc Sáez i Josep Pintó. "Exploring Aesthetic Preferences in Rural Landscapes and the Relationship with Spatial Pattern Indices". Journal of Landscape Ecology 9, nr 1 (1.01.2016): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2016-0001.
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Abstract This study examines how local population, tourists and farmers relate to rural landscapes, by exploring visual landscape preferences and the influence of everyday landscapes on the research subjects. Results point towards an immense variability in visual landscape preferences amongst user groups living in or visiting the study area (Plana de l’Empordà, Girona, Spain). Tourists rate grasslands at the top of their preference list, local residents prefer orchards, and farmers favour fields of irrigated herbaceous crops; showing, altogether, that the user's relationship with the landscape determines their visual preferences. Results show that farmers prefer agriculture dominated scenes while local residents and tourists prefer scenes with equilibrium between agricultural and natural elements. Likewise, the presence of margins is widely appreciated aesthetically by all respondents. Furthermore, results underline the importance of landscapes that are familiar to the respondents.
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Jaffar, Siti Rabiatul Adawiah. "Security Functions Performed by Natural Elements in Traditional Malay Landscapes According to Malay Manuscript". Malay Literature 35, nr 2 (28.10.2022): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/ml35(2)no4.
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Natural elements in a landscape refer to elements that are naturally present in the landscape. These elements contribute towards creating an aesthetic landscape ecology, which is a landscape that can fulfil the needs of its inhabitants, including security requirements. Traditional Malay landscapes are not behind in this aspect with their natural terrain, water sources, as well as flora and fauna. However, Malay communities today are largely unaware of Malay landscapes, which has resulted in an undefined vision of what Malay landscapes constitute of, and rendered Malay landscapes weaker compared to others. Moreover, studies on landscapes in Malay manuscripts still have not been receiving due attention despite traditional Malay society's refined skills in choosing and building their own landscapes to the point that it has become a local wisdom. Following this, using library research and the application of the Landscape Aesthetic Theory, this article will identify natural elements in Malay landscapes and explain security elements in them based on the Sulalatus Salatin, Syair Siti Zubaidah Perang China and Hikayat Patani. This manuscript which has been recognised as a Full Registered Heritage and contains pertinent information regarding the subject at hand. There are three types of natural elements in traditional Malay landscapes based on the text, namely highlands, sources of water, and flora and fauna. All three natural elements are seen as security features that protect inhabitants from threats and danger. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study could showcase the local wisdom of Malay communities, and consequently become a guide for expanding studies on landscapes based on Malay manuscripts.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Local landscapes"
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Youngquist, Melissa Betty. "How Local and Landscape Factors Affect Anuran Species Distributions in Agricultural Landscapes". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1437667835.
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Hammer, Emily. "Local Landscapes of Pastoral Nomads in Southeastern Turkey". Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10510.
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The important historical role of pastoral nomads in Mesopotamia stands in stark contrast to the dearth of archaeological data on pastoral nomadic groups of any pre-modern period. Archaeological models neglect not just a significant segment of past populations; they also lack data on a substantial portion of the past food and textile production systems. Historical records and excavation have demonstrated that the resilience of Mesopotamian economy depended in part on pastoralism, but archaeologists know very little about the long-term management of the pastoral landscapes beyond core agricultural areas. This study examines empirical evidence for pastoral nomadic modes of inhabiting and transforming the landscape over the last 500 years in the upland fringes of the Upper Tigris River Valley in southeastern Turkey. Four seasons of archaeological survey mapped diachronic patterns in pastoral nomadic winter land-use, including patterns of campsites and spatially associated landscape features such as cisterns, corrals, caves, cairns, and check dams. Ethnographic and historical data as well as satellite imagery aided in archaeological interpretation. Three main conclusions about pastoral nomads are drawn from the characteristics and spatial distributions of the surveyed features. 1) Pastoral nomads altered their local landscapes for the purposes of sheltering humans and animals, collecting water, and improving pastures. Areas surrounding campsites contained abundant evidence of landscape management and capital investments in the herding potential of the area. 2) These investments were fixed, re-usable, and encouraged seasonal re-inhabitation of certain areas. Over time, these features became “landscape anchors”—geographic foci that structured the spatial organization of local landscapes. 3) The topographical position of domestic and herding features would have resulted in vertical daily movement patterns for humans and animals. These results force a reassessment of widely-held assumptions about the invisibility of campsites and the role of pastoral nomads in the transformation of Near Eastern landscapes. Although limited in time and space, this study presents grounds for optimism for a robust landscape archaeology of pastoral nomads. Intensive surveys, targeted excavations, and radiometric dating programs have enormous potential to provide more complex diachronic understandings of pastoral nomadic land-use strategies, sustainability, quotidian movement, and senses of place.Anthropology
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Rehn, Felicia. "Pollinators in Urban Landscapes : Local and landscape factors impact on pollinator species richness and abundance". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38559.
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Increasing human populations results in fast-growing urbanization. Natural and semi-natural landscapes are replaced with urban landscape features like roads, sidewalks, industrial and residential buildings. The remnants of the natural landscapes are left fragmented and are often managed by frequent mowing and trimming of the vegetation. This development has had a negative impact on pollinators such as bees and wasps. Bees and wasps are pollinating insects providing an ecosystem service that sustain the global food supply. Pollinators are important also in urban landscapes where their services are needed for ecological stability and biodiversity. This study compares 23 locations in Sollentuna municipality, to investigate if species richness and abundance of bees and wasps are correlated with local factors, landscape factors or both. The available food resources are measured in buffer zones with 200m radius. Local variables are: dead wood, exposed sand, extended edge zones, flowering plant species richness and unmanaged habitat. The result showed that the landscape factor of food availability was more important for the abundance of pollinators while local variables together with the landscape factor of food availability had a positive effect on the species richness.
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Sundberg, Juanita R. "Conservation encounters : NGOs, local people, and changing cultural landscapes /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Cesar, Ricardo Gomes. "Local and landscape drivers of tropical forest regeneration in agricultural landscapes of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-16072018-173459/.
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Forests established through native seedling planting (PL) and the establishment of secondary forests through natural regeneration (SF) are the main outcomes of large scale forest restoration. The decision making process of these approaches is conditioned by resilience. But the different outcomes of these approaches are as important as the decision making. SF are heterogeneous and - although there is a growing literature of the drivers of forest establishment - few works analyzed drivers of attributes of these recently established forests. In this context, our work aims to identify the differences between PL and SF and the local and landscape variables that affect SF attributes. To do so, we sampled the tree community in seasonal semideciduous forests of the Atlantic Forest established naturally (SF) and PL in agricultural landscapes in the Corumbataí Watershed, São Paulo State, Brazil. We observed that PL has similar biomass to SF and higher species richness. However, PL also showed lower abundance of young trees, animal-dispersed trees and lianas. Species composition between PL and SF also differs. SF established in abandoned eucalypt plantings showed species richness and biomass of native species similar to other SF forests. However, SF attributes vary greatly. In this context, SF show a large potential for providing food for fauna and storing carbon in a cost-efficient way. While PL can also provide these benefits, it may have its long-term sustainability compromised by the lack of regenerating trees. We then proceeded to investigate drivers of the heterogeneity observed in SF using generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effect of local and landscape variables on the biomass, species density and basal area of animal-dispersed trees of the SF sampled. SF surrounded by sugarcane plantations had lower biomass and basal area of animal-dispersed trees, while native forest cover in the landscape increased species density of SF. Forest age showed little or no importance in predicting SF attributes. These results highlight the importance of low impact agricultural practices and of strategies that increase native forest cover in agricultural landscapes, in order to increase the potential of SF to provide ecosystem services and conserve taxonomic diversity. The choice between establishing PL or fomenting SF for forest restoration is conditioned to the local and landscape context where restoration actions will be carried out. Although both approaches can potentially fulfill the objectives of restoration projects, special attention must be given to the recruitment of new individuals to maintain PL sustainability, while less impacting agricultural practices and more forested agricultural landscapes may increase the SF potential to provide ecosystem services and conserve biodiversity.Florestas estabelecidas pelo plantio de mudas de espécies nativas (PL) e por meio do estabelecimento de florestas secundárias pela regeneração natural (FS) são as principais comunidades geradas durante a restauração florestal em larga escala. A escolha dessas estratégias está condicionada potencial de regeneração natural do local, mas tão importante quanto a decisão sobre métodos de restauração, são as diferenças das comunidades que essas escolhas podem gerar. As FS são heterogêneas e, enquanto existe uma literatura crescente dos fatores que afetam a chance do estabelecimento das FS, poucos trabalhos abordam os fatores que influenciam os atributos dessas florestas. Nesse contexto, nosso trabalho busca identificar as diferenças entre PL e FS e as variáveis locais e de paisagem que afetam os atributos das FS. Para tal, amostramos a comunidade arbórea de florestas estacionais semideciduais de Mata Atlântica estabelecidas naturalmente (FS) e por PL em paisagens agrícolas na bacia do Rio Corumbataí, no estado de São Paulo. Observamos que os PL apresentam biomassa semelhante às SF e maior riqueza de espécies. No entanto, as PL também apresentam menor abundância de indivíduos jovens, indivíduos zoocóricos e lianas. A composição de espécies entre essas florestas também difere. As FS estabelecidas em plantios abandonados de eucalipto apresentaram riqueza de espécies e biomassa de espécies nativas semelhantes a outras florestas secundárias. No entanto, os atributos das SF variam consideravelmente. Nesse contexto, as FS apresentam elevado potencial de provimento de alimento para a fauna e estocagem de carbono de maneira custo-eficiente, enquanto que as PL podem ter sua permanência em longo prazo comprometida pela falta de indivíduos jovens. Em seguida, investigamos as variáveis que direcionam a heterogeneidade observada nas FS utilizando modelos mistos lineares generalizados para estimar a influência de variáveis locais e de paisagem na biomassa, densidade de espécies, área basal de árvores zoocóricas e estrutura filogenética das FS amostradas. Plantios de cana-de-açúcar próximos as FS reduzem a biomassa e área basal de indivíduos zoocóricos, enquanto que a cobertura florestal da paisagem aumentou a densidade de espécies e a diversidade filogenética. A idade da floresta apresentou importância secundária ou nula para os atributos estudados. Nossos resultados ressaltam a importância de práticas agrícolas que minimizem os danos em florestas próximas e de mecanismos que favoreçam a cobertura florestal nativa em paisagens agrícolas, a fim de fomentar o potencial dessas florestas em prover serviços ecossistêmicos e conservar a biodiversidade. A escolha entre facilitação do estabelecimento de FS ou PL visando a restauração florestal está condicionada ao contexto local e de paisagem onde serão realizadas as ações de restauração. Apesar de ambas as abordagens apresentarem potencial para cumprir os objetivos dos projetos de restauração, atenção especial deve ser dada ao recrutamento de novos indivíduos para manter a sustentabilidade de PL, enquanto que práticas agrícolas menos impactantes e paisagens agrícolas com maior cobertura florestal nativa podem aumentar o potencial de SF em prover serviços e conservar a biodiversidade.
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Girard-Zdanowska, A. M. "Women and work in irrigated landscapes in rural India". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b426707f-9984-42d3-b193-ab98fd341700.
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In India, the 1992 Reservation Law and the 2006 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) have formalised women as legitimate actors in rural development. These gender-inclusive policies do not necessarily conform to the traditional domestic role of women, which often precludes them from formally engaging in political processes and labour outside the home. In Northern India, these major policy shifts are illustrated in ancient irrigation management systems. With growing rural outmigration and climatic variability aggravating water resources and food security issues, irrigation management is increasingly dependent on the active participation of women. Yet irrigation management is still widely perceived as a male responsibility. This thesis investigates how women adapt and respond to new institutionally mandated responsibilities and expectations as female leaders and as water users. The research is presented in four complementary papers based on quantitative and qualitative data collected during fieldwork in Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. Three major findings emerged to contribute to theories and evidence of the role of public policies in shaping gendered outcomes for common pool resource management in irrigation system in India. First, gender norms affect women differently depending on their public role in the community. Unlike non-political women, female leaders, as public figures, must secure communal approbation to gain power, credibility, and socio-economic networks. As a result, female leaders shape their political behaviour and policy preferences around local notions of femininity, female morality, and labour-based ideas of expertise. Second, for female water users, gender inclusive policies that legitimise their role as participants in formal political processes and the labour force for irrigation management increase their likelihood to defy gender-based restrictions and engage in formal political processes around irrigation management. Third, providing that formal/legal structures legitimize their actions, women will readily breach gender norms if they are to economically benefit from it. The implication of this research are that policies aimed at providing legal support for women to engage in formal rural development, combined with formalised economic opportunities for women are effective eroding agents of gendered institutions and are catalysts in facilitating the engagement of women in all areas of rural development. Given worldwide concerns over rural development, this study encourages such governmental actions to enable the effective and full engagement of future generations of women in the formal management of common pool resources.
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Munday, Paul. "Downscaling scenarios to local landscapes : a case study of the Norfolk Broads". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/32238/.
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Aziz, Heba t'allah Moustafa Abdel. "Negotiating boundaries and reconstructing landscapes : a study of the relations between Bedouin, tourists and the State". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1042/.
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Jones, Benjamin. "Local-level politics in Uganda : institutional landscapes at the margins of the state". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/662/.
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Uganda has been considered one of Africa's few "success stories" over the past decade, an example of how a country can be transformed through a committed state bureaucracy. The thesis questions this view by looking at the experiences of development and change in a subparish in eastern Uganda. From this more local-level perspective, the thesis discusses the weakness of the state in the countryside, and incorporates the importance of religious and customary institutions. In place of a narrow view of politics, focused on reforms and policies coming from above, which rarely reach rural areas in a consistent or predictable way, the thesis describes political developments within a rural community. The thesis rests on two premises. First, that the state in rural Uganda has been too weak to support an effective bureaucratic presence in the countryside. Second, that politics at the local-level is an "open-ended" business, better understood through investigating a range of institutional spaces and activities, rather than a particular set of actions, or a single bureaucracy. Oledai sub-parish, which provides the empirical material for the thesis, was far removed from the idea of state-sponsored success described in the literature. Villagers had to contend with a history of violence, with recent impoverishment, and with the reality that the rural economy was unimportant in maintaining the structures of the government system. The thesis shows that the marginalisation of the countryside came at a time when central and local government structures had become increasingly reliant on funding from abroad. Aside from the analysing the weakness of the state bureaucracy, the thesis goes on to discuss broader changes in the life of the sub-parish, including the impact of a violent insurgency in the late 1980s. The thesis also looks at the role of churches and burial societies, institutions which have been largely ignored by the literature on political developments in Uganda. Religious and customary institutions, as well as the village court, provided spaces where political goals, such as settling disputes, building a career, or acquiring wealth, could be pursued.
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Joseph, Jerelle Aurelia. "Energy landscapes for protein folding". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284923.
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Proteins are involved in numerous functions in the human body, including chemical transport, molecular recognition, and catalysis. To perform their function most proteins must adopt a specific structure (often referred to as the folded structure). A microscopic description of folding is an important prerequisite for elucidating the underlying basis of protein misfolding and rational drug design. However, protein folding occurs on heterogeneous length and time scales, presenting a grand challenge to both experiments and simulations. In computer simulations, challenges are generally mitigated by adopting coarse-grained descriptions of the physical environment, employing enhanced sampling strategies, and improving computing code and hardware. While significant advances have been made in these areas, for numerous systems a large spatiotemporal gap between experiment and simulations still exists, due to the limited time and length scales achieved by simulation, and the inability of many experimental techniques to probe fast motions and short distances. In this thesis, kinetic transition networks (KTNs) are constructed for various protein folding systems, via approaches based on the potential energy landscape (PEL) framework. By applying geometry optimisation techniques, the PEL is discretised into stationary points (i.e.~low-energy minima and the transition states that connect them). Essentially, minima characterise the low-lying regions of the PEL (thermodynamics) and transition states encode the motion between these regions (dynamics). Principles from statistical mechanics and unimolecular rate theory may then be employed to derive free energy surfaces and folding rates, respectively, from the KTN. Furthermore, the PEL framework can take advantage of parallel and distributed computing, since stationary points from separate simulations can be easily integrated into one KTN. Moreover, the use of geometry optimisation facilitates greater conformational sampling than conventional techniques based on molecular dynamics. Accordingly, this framework presents an appealing means of probing complex processes, such as protein folding. In this dissertation, we demonstrate the application of state-of-the-art theory, combining PEL analysis and KTNs to three diverse protein systems. First, to improve the efficiency of protein folding simulations, the intrinsic rigidity of proteins is exploited by implementing a local rigid body (LRB) approach. The LRB approach effectively integrates out irrelevant degrees of freedom from the geometry optimisation procedure and further accelerates conformational sampling. The effects of this approach on the underlying PEL are analysed in a systematic fashion for a model protein (tryptophan zipper\,1). We demonstrate that conservative local rigidification can reproduce the thermodynamic and dynamic properties for the model protein. Next, the PEL framework is employed to model large-scale conformational changes in proteins, which have conventionally been difficult to probe in silico. Methods based on geometry optimisation have proved useful in overcoming the broken ergodicity issue, which is associated with proteins that switch morphology. The latest PEL-based approaches are utilised to investigate the most extreme case of fold-switching found in the literature:~the α-helical hairpin to β-barrel transition of the C-terminal domain of RfaH, a bacterial transcription factor. PEL techniques are employed to construct the free energy landscape (FEL) for the refolding process and to discover mechanistic details of the transition at an atomistic level. The final part of the thesis focuses on modelling intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Due to their inherent structural plasticity, IDPs are generally difficult to characterise, both experimentally and via simulations. An approach for studying IDPs within the PEL framework is implemented and tested with various contemporary potential energy functions. The cytoplasmic tail of the human cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), implicated in HIV-1 infection, is characterised. Metastable states identified on the FEL help to unify, and are consistent with, several earlier predictions.
Książki na temat "Local landscapes"
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Tuurenhout, Thijs. Local landscapes: Reisimpressies. Zoetermeer: P/F Pub., 1993.
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Johor, 1855-1957: Local history, local landscapes. Singapore: Straits Times Press, 2009.
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Lim, Patricia Pui Huen. Johor, 1855-1957: Local history, local landscapes. Singapore: Straits Times Press, 2009.
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Ceo, Rocco J. Historic landscapes of Florida. [Miami, Fla.]: Deering Foundation & the University of Miami School of Architecture, 2001.
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A, Whyte Kathleen, red. Exploring Scotland's historic landscapes. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers, 1987.
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Leeuw, Sarah De. Unmarked: Landscapes along Highway 16. Edmonton, Alta: NeWest Press, 2004.
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Blythe, Ronald. Divine landscapes. (Harmondsworth): Viking, 1986.
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Blythe, Ronald. Divine landscapes. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986.
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Paterson, Douglas D. Heritage landscapes in British Columbia: A guide to their identification, documentation, and preservation. [Vancouver]: Landscape Architecture Program, University of British Columbia, 1989.
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1955-, Beers Terry, red. Unfolding beauty: Celebrating California's landscapes. Santa Clara: Santa Clara University, 2000.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Local landscapes"
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Colarossi, Paolo. "Building Local Cultural Landscapes". W Springer Geography, 133–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20753-7_13.
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La Riccia, Luigi. "Conclusions. Perspectives for New Landscapes". W Landscape Planning at the Local Level, 167–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57367-0_7.
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Sá, Artur Abreu, i Daniela Rocha. "Arouca UNESCO Global Geopark: Geomorphological Diversity Fosters Local Development". W World Geomorphological Landscapes, 329–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03641-0_26.
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Burton, James H., i Rachel Hahn. "Assessing the “Local” 87Sr/86Sr Ratio for Humans". W Isotopic Landscapes in Bioarchaeology, 113–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48339-8_6.
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Shuman, Michael H., Gilbert Rochecouste, Colin Hocking i Dominique Hes. "The New Local Lens: A Framework for Local Place Regeneration and Economic Diversification". W Design for Regenerative Cities and Landscapes, 197–225. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97023-9_9.
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Gough, Richard. "Troubling Performance: Local, National and International". W Mapping Landscapes for Performance as Research, 26–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230244481_3.
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Johnson, James M., i Benno Pokorny. "Local people's perspectives on action learning". W Adaptive Collaborative Management in Forest Landscapes, 31–60. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003197256-3.
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Frolova, Marina. "Construction of hydropower landscapes through local discourses". W The Routledge Research Companion to Energy Geographies, 217–33. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315612928-14.
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Gorter, Durk, Jasone Cenoz i Karin van der Worp. "Global and Local Forces in Multilingual Landscapes". W Spaces of Multilingualism, 188–212. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003125839-13.
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Gorter, Durk, Jasone Cenoz i Karin van der Worp. "Global and Local Forces in Multilingual Landscapes". W Spaces of Multilingualism, 188–212. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003125839-13.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Local landscapes"
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Gheorghita, Marius, Irene Moser i Aldeida Aleti. "Characterising fitness landscapes using predictive local search". W Proceeding of the fifteenth annual conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2464576.2464618.
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Adair, Jason, Gabriela Ochoa i Katherine M. Malan. "Local optima networks for continuous fitness landscapes". W GECCO '19: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3319619.3326852.
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Veerapen, Nadarajen, Fabio Daolio i Gabriela Ochoa. "Modelling genetic improvement landscapes with local optima networks". W GECCO '17: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3067695.3082518.
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Fedorova, Kapitolina. "Between Global and Local Contexts: The Seoul Linguistic Landscape". W GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.5-1.
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Multilingualism in urban spaces is mainly studied as an oral practice. Nevertheless, linguistic landscape studies can serve as a good explorative method for studying multilingualism in written practices. Moreover, resent research on linguistic landscapes (Blommaert 2013; Shohamy et. al. 2010; Backhaus 2006) have shed some light on the power relations between different ethnic groups in urban public space. Multilingual practices exist in a certain ideological context, and not only official language policy but speaker linguistic stereotypes and attitudes can influence and modify those practices. Historically, South Korea tended to be oriented towards monolingualism; one nation-one people-one language ideology was domineering public discourse. However, globalization and recent increase in migration resulted in gradual changes in attitudes towards multilingualism (Lo and Kim 2012). The linguistic landscapes of Seoul, on the one hand, reflect these changes, and However, they demonstrates pragmatic inequality of languages other than South Korean in public use. This inequality, though, is represented differently in certain spatial urban contexts. The proposed paper aims at analyzing data on linguistic landscapes of Seoul, South Korea ,with the focus on different contexts of language use and different sets of norms and ideological constructs underlying particular linguistic choices. In my presentation I will examine data from three urban contexts: ‘general’ (typical for most public spaces); ‘foreign-oriented’ (seen in tourist oriented locations such as airport, expensive hotels, or popular historical sites, which dominates the Itaewon district); and ‘ethnic-oriented’ (specific for spaces created by and for ethnic minority groups, such as Mongolian / Central Asian / Russian districts near the Dongdaemun History and Culture Park station). I will show that foreign languages used in public written communication are embedded into different frameworks in these three urban contexts, and that the patterns of their use vary from pragmatically oriented ones to predominately symbolic ones, with English functioning as a substitution for other foreign languages, as an emblem of ‘foreignness.’
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Daolio, Fabio, Arnaud Liefooghe, Sébastien Verel, Hernán Aguirre i Kiyoshi Tanaka. "Global vs Local Search on Multi-objective NK-Landscapes". W GECCO '15: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2739480.2754745.
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Herrmann, Sebastian, Gabriela Ochoa i Franz Rothlauf. "Communities of Local Optima as Funnels in Fitness Landscapes". W GECCO '16: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2908812.2908818.
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Shi, Ding, i Dianhong Zhao. "A Study on the Approach of Sustainable Development on Traditional Cultural Landscapes Surrounding Metropolitan Shanghai". W 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/xndv1868.
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At present, the area of urban built-up areas in Shanghai has been effectively controlled, and the once neglected rural landscape has attracted much attention. This study focuses on the methodology of effectively utilizing cultural landscape resources and promoting further harmonious development of urban-rural relations in Shanghai. As a category of cultural heritage, cultural landscape is an indispensable resource for urban development. During the process of urban and rural planning, local cultural landscapes need to be regarded as the driving source of urban development. For a long time, Shanghai, as an international metropolis, has lain particular emphasis on historical relics in the built-up areas of the city. However, since the cultural landscape resources surrounding the built-up areas have been neglected, the image of Shanghai lacks an echo with nature and the countryside. This study examines features of cultural landscapes in Shanghai and puts forward several issues in the conservation and sustainable development of cultural landscape resources, so as to provide the basis for heritage protection, urban and rural planning and tourism planning in Shanghai in the future.
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Ochoa, Gabriela, Marco Tomassini, Sebástien Vérel i Christian Darabos. "A study of NK landscapes' basins and local optima networks". W the 10th annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1389095.1389204.
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Maccarrone, Maria. "Cycle End of Boats' life and Coasts for creative projects on built environments in the post-pandemic future". W 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021267n4.
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Some coastal landscapes have become places of abandonment of boats at the end of their life. A growing phenomenon that affects many geographical areas, local communities, terrestrial and aquatic areas. The proposed theme is an investigation on the contemporary nature of coastal places and of the nautical wrecks abandoned in them as part of a landscape and intercultural research in progress based on relationships, interconnections, interspecific and spatial correspondences between natural environments, actions human and new life cycles (Life Cycle Assessment) in a post-pandemic scenario. Impaired coasts and boats can be transformed into landscapes and goods regenerated to new life for the near bio-centric future.
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Ovchinnikova, E. V. "ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPES THE MONDY DEPRESSION". W Prirodopol'zovanie i ohrana prirody: Ohrana pamjatnikov prirody, biologicheskogo i landshaftnogo raznoobrazija Tomskogo Priob'ja i drugih regionov Rossii. Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-954-9-2020-76.
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The Mondy depression logs in Tunkin Depression – protected areas with many local people and tourists. Based on these studies, one can predict the further state of natural-territorial complexes of hollows, as well as determine the direction of anthropogenic processes.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Local landscapes"
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Dunbar, William, Suneetha M. Subramanian i Makiko Yanagiya. Recognising and Supporting the Role of Culture in Effective Area-based Conservation. United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53326/nrlk9587.
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Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) can achieve positive biodiversity outcomes in a larger area than is covered by protected areas. But this requires OECMs to be better integrated into sustainable production systems in conjunction with protected areas. Good examples of productive social-ecological systems exist. Recognising potential OECMs requires recognising the cultures that make them possible. Recommendations: (i) fully recognise and support the role of culture in fostering interlinked human–nature relationships and nurturing biodiversity in production landscapes and seascapes; (ii) develop sustainable market mechanisms using landscape approaches that promote respect for local cultures and the rights of all stakeholders; (iii) apply good practices for empowering cultures to enhance long-term biodiversity outcomes; (iv) provide innovative incentives including capacity development to encourage local communities to manage their landscapes and seascapes for biodiversity conservation.
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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong, Do Trong Hoan, Hoang Nguyen Viet Hoa i Nguyen Duy Khanh. Understanding tree-cover transitions, drivers and stakeholders’ perspectives for effective landscape governance: a case study of Chieng Yen Commune, Son La Province, Viet Nam. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21023.pdf.
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Integrated landscape management for sustainable livelihoods and positive environmental outcomes has been desired by many developing countries, especially for mountainous areas where agricultural activities, if not well managed, will likely degrade vulnerable landscapes. This research was an attempt to characterize the landscape in Chieng Yen Commune, Son La Province in Northwest Viet Nam to generate knowledge and understanding of local conditions and to propose a workable governance mechanism to sustainably manage the landscape. ICRAF, together with national partners — Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute — and local partners — Son La Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Son La Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Chieng Yen Commune People’s Committee — conducted rapid assessments in the landscape, including land-use mapping, land-use characterization, a household survey and participatory landscape assessment using an ecosystem services framework. We found that the landscape and peoples’ livelihoods are at risk from the continuous degradation of forest and agricultural land, and declining productivity, ecosystem conditions and services. Half of households live below the poverty line with insufficient agricultural production for subsistence. Unsustainable agricultural practices and other livelihood activities are causing more damage to the forest. Meanwhile, existing forest and landscape governance mechanisms are generally not inclusive of local community engagement. Initial recommendations are provided, including further assessment to address current knowledge gaps.
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Hunter, Fraser, i Martin Carruthers. Scotland: The Roman Presence. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, czerwiec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.104.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Scotland in the Roman world: Research into Roman Scotland requires an appreciation of the wider frontier and Empire-wide perspectives, and Scottish projects must be integrated into these wider, international debates. The rich data set and chronological control that Scotland has to offer can be used to inform broader understandings of the impact of Rome. Changing worlds: Roman Scotland’s rich data set should be employed to contribute to wider theoretical perspectives on topics such as identity and ethnicity, and how these changed over time. What was the experience of daily life for the various peoples in Roman Scotland and how did interactions between incomers and local communities develop and change over the period in question, and, indeed, at and after its end? Frontier Life: Questions still remain regarding the disposition and chronology of forts and forces, as well as the logistics of sustaining and supplying an army of conquest and occupation. Sites must be viewed as part of a wider, interlocking set of landscapes, and the study of movement over land and by sea incorporated within this. The Antonine Wall provides a continuing focus of research which would benefit from more comparison with frontier structures and regimes in other areas. Multiple landscapes: Roman sites need to be seen in a broader landscape context, ‘looking beyond the fort’ and explored as nested and interlocking landscapes. This will allow exploration of frontier life and the changing worlds of the Roman period. To do justice to this resource requires two elements: o Development-control archaeology should look as standard at the hinterland of forts (up to c.1 km from the ‘core’), as sensitive areas and worthy of evaluation; examples such as Inveresk show the density of activity around such nodes. The interiors of camps should be extensively excavated as standard. o Integrated approaches to military landscapes are required, bringing in where appropriate topographical and aerial survey, LIDAR, geophysics, the use of stray and metal-detected finds, as well as fieldwalking and ultimately, excavation. The Legacy of Rome: How did the longer term influence of the Romans, and their legacy, influence the formation, nature and organisation of the Pictish and other emergent kingdoms?
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Atkinson, Dan, i Alex Hale, red. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong i Do Trong Hoan. Commune-level institutional arrangements and monitoring framework for integrated tree-based landscape management. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21024.pdf.
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Governance is a difficult task in the context of achieving landscape multifunctionality owing to the multiplicity of stakeholders, institutions, scale and ecosystem services: the ‘many-multiple’ (Cockburn et al 2018). Governing and managing the physical landscape and the actors in the landscape requires intensive knowledge and good planning systems. Land-use planning is a powerful instrument in landscape governance because it directly guides how actors will intervene in the physical landscape (land use) to gain commonly desired value. It is essential for sustaining rural landscapes and improving the livelihoods of rural communities (Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al 2012, Rydin 1998), ensuring landscape multifunctionality (Nelson et al 2009, Reyers et al 2012) and enhancing efficiency in carbon sequestration, in particular (Bourgoin et al 2013, Cathcart et al 2007). It is also considered critical to the successful implementation of land-based climate mitigation, such as under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), because the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is included in the mitigation contributions of nearly 90 percent of countries in Sub-Saharan and Southern Asia countries and in the Latin American and Caribbean regions (FAO 2016). Viet Nam has been implementing its NDC, which includes forestry and land-based mitigation options under the LULUCF sector. The contribution of the sector to committed national emission reduction is significant and cost-effective compared with other sectors. In addition to achieving emission reduction targets, implementation of forestry and land-based mitigation options has the highest benefits for social-economic development and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (MONRE 2020). Challenges, however, lie in the way national priorities and targets are translated into sub-national delivery plans and the way sub-national actors are brought together in orchestration (Hsu et al 2019) in a context where the legal framework for climate-change mitigation is elaborated at national rather than sub-national levels and coordination between government bodies and among stakeholders is generally ineffective (UNDP 2018). In many developing countries, conventional ‘top–down’, centralized land-use planning approaches have been widely practised, with very little success, a result of a lack of flexibility in adapting local peculiarities (Amler et al 1999, Ducourtieux et al 2005, Kauzeni et al 1993). In forest–agriculture mosaic landscapes, the fundamental question is how land-use planning can best conserve forest and agricultural land, both as sources of economic income and environmental services (O’Farrell and Anderson 2010). This paper provides guidance on monitoring integrated tree-based landscape management at commune level, based on the current legal framework related to natural resource management (land and forest) and the requirements of national green-growth development and assessment of land uses in two communes in Dien Bien and Son La provinces. The concept of integrated tree based landscape management in Viet Nam is still new and should be further developed for wider application across levels.
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Hunter, Fraser, i Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Burchard, R. L., i D. E. Small. LandScape Command Set: Local Area Network Distributed Supervisory Control and Programming Environment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2674.
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Wells, Aaron, Tracy Christopherson, Gerald Frost, Matthew Macander, Susan Ives, Robert McNown i Erin Johnson. Ecological land survey and soils inventory for Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2016–2017. National Park Service, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287466.
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This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of future field- and RS-based studies, facilitates further analysis and contextualization of existing data, and will help inform natural resource management decisions. We collected information on the geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetation characteristics of ecosystems using a dataset of 724 field plots, of which 407 were sampled by ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research and Services (ABR) staff in 2016–2017, and 317 were from existing, ancillary datasets. ABR field plots were located along transects that were selected using a gradient-direct sampling scheme (Austin and Heligers 1989) to collect data for the range of ecological conditions present within KATM, and to provide the data needed to interpret ecosystem and soils development. The field plot dataset encompassed all of the major environmental gradients and landscape histories present in KATM. Individual state-factors (e.g., soil pH, slope aspect) and other ecosystem components (e.g., geomorphic unit, vegetation species composition and structure) were measured or categorized using standard classification systems developed for Alaska. We described and analyzed the hierarchical relationships among the ecosystem components to classify 92 Plot Ecotypes (local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the variation in soils, vegetation, and disturbance properties observed at the field plots. From the 92 Plot Ecotypes, we developed classifications of Map Ecotypes and Disturbance Landscapes that could be mapped across the park. Additionally, using an existing surficial geology map for KATM, we developed a map of Generalized Soil Texture by aggregating similar surficial geology classes into a reduced set of classes representing the predominant soil textures in each. We then intersected the Ecotype map with the General-ized Soil Texture Map in a GIS and aggregated combinations of Map Ecotypes with similar soils to derive and map Soil Landscapes and Soil Great Groups. The classification of Great Groups captures information on the soil as a whole, as opposed to the subgroup classification which focuses on the properties of specific horizons (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Of the 724 plots included in the Ecotype analysis, sufficient soils data for classifying soil subgroups was available for 467 plots. Soils from 8 orders of soil taxonomy were encountered during the field sampling: Alfisols (<1% of the mapped area), Andisols (3%), Entisols (45%), Gelisols (<1%), Histosols (12%), Inceptisols (22%), Mollisols (<1%), and Spodosols (16%). Within these 8 Soil Orders, field plots corresponded to a total of 74 Soil Subgroups, the most common of which were Typic Cryaquents, Typic Cryorthents, Histic Cryaquepts, Vitrandic Cryorthents, and Typic Cryofluvents.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge i Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.
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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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Just, David, i Amir Heiman. Building local brand for fresh fruits and vegetables: A strategic approach aimed at strengthening the local agricultural sector. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600039.bard.
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Abstract The debate about whether to reduce import barriers on fresh produce in order to decrease the cost of living and increase welfare or to continue protecting the local agricultural sector by imposing import duties on fresh vegetables and fruits has been part of the Israeli and the US political dialog. The alternative of building a strong local brand that will direct patriotic feelings to support of the agricultural sector has been previously discussed in the literature as a non-tax barrier to global competition. The motivation of consumers to pay more for local fresh fruits and vegetables are better quality, environmental concerns, altruism, and ethnocentrism. Local patriotic feelings are expected to be stronger among national-religious consumers and weaker among secular left wing voters. This project empirically analyzes consumers’ attitude toward local agricultural production, perceptions of the contribution of the agricultural sector to society and how these perceptions interact with patriotic beliefs and socio-political variables perhaps producing an ethnocentric preference for fruits and vegetables. This patriotic feeling may be contrasted with feelings toward rival (or even politically opposing) countries competing in the same markets. Thus geo-political landscape may help shape the consumer’s preferences and willingness to purchase particular products. Our empirical analysis is based on two surveys, one conducted among Israeli shoppers and one conducted among US households. We find strong influences of nationalism, patriotism and ethnocentrism on demand for produce in both samples. In the case of Israel this manifests itself as a significant discount demanded for countries in conflict with Israel (e.g., Syria or Palestine), with the discount demanded being related to the strength of the conflict. Moreover, the effect is larger for those who are either more religious, or those who identify with right leaning political parties. The results from the US are strikingly similar. For some countries the perception of conflict is dependent on political views (e.g., Mexico), while for others there is a more agreement (e.g., Russia). Despite a substantially different religious and political landscape, both right leaning political views and religiosity play strong roles in demand for foreign produce.