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Mzee, Mzee Mustafa. "Local Government in Tanzania :does the local government law give autonomy to local government". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2206_1306481946.
Pełny tekst źródłaDespite a highly centralised system of government, Tanzania, has attempted several measures aimed at achieving decentralisation of its immense powers to allow people to have a say on matters affecting their respective areas of jurisdiction. By discussing the autonomy of local government in Tanzania, this research will highlight whether or not local government in Tanzania has the autonomy to exercise its functions without undue interference from the central government. There is not much literature on the local government laws of Tanzania .Therefore, this research will contribute to the concept of decentralisation in Tanzania in particular and Africa in general.
Rees, Patricia Louise. "Marketing in local government : from a local government officer's perspective". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398550.
Pełny tekst źródłaGardiner, Michael William. "Local government marketing model". University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Business, 2005. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001428/.
Pełny tekst źródłaHylton, Kevin. "Local government, 'race' and sports policy implementation : demystifying equal opportunities in local government". Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2003. http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/419/.
Pełny tekst źródłaDavis, Stephanie D. "Why Local Governments Collaborate: Perspectives from Elected Officials and Local Government Managers on Regional Collaboration". VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5598.
Pełny tekst źródłaNoble, Hugo Robert. "Local government and sustainable human development: local government as development agent in the promotion of local economic development". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20929.
Pełny tekst źródłaENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research report investigates the theoretical foundation of the understanding of decision-makers at local government level of the term "development", with specific reference to local government as development agent and Local Economic Development. The choice of theoretical model by these decision-makers to conceptualise their understanding has historical and analytical antecedents, and secondly, the decision-maker is faced with a basic dualism in developmental thinking, ie. the emphasis on universalism (global competitiveness) on the one hand and the need for specificity (local economic development) on the other. The theoretical principles and assumptions on which the neoliberal and market-orientated approach to development is based are incorporated in the macroeconomic policy approach 'Growth, Employment and Redistribution' in South Africa. This approach has recently overshadowed the social welfarist developmental approach represented by the 'Reconstruction and Development Program' or Sustainable Human Development. The basis for specific policy formulation and intervention strategies are found in the theoretical assumptions, goals and objectives in each of these alternate approaches to development. The research design for the study is primarily qualitative. A semi-structured interview schedule is applied in directing in-depth interviews with identified central decisionmakers in metropolitan and larger "B" municipalities. The research design and process is constructed around three themes based on current and historic analysis of development thinking as a means to address poverty and inequality: theme 1 - theoretical understanding of the term development, Economic Growth in the formal sector versus Sustainable Human Development; theme 2 - the nature and relevance of participation by civil society in the Local Economic Development (LEO) process; and theme 3- Local Economic Development and the role of infrastructure investment, land use planning and zoning as intervention strategy. A benchmark position is developed on local government as development agent and LEO, using various sources, for example, interview with Director-General in the Department of Provincial and Local Government dealing with Local Economic Development, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and legislative acts and policy papers relevant to LED. This position is compared with the position held by local government decision-makers dealing with LED. The analysis of the information collected suggests that the theoretical perspective and policy framework on development, participation and strategies to address inequality and poverty, ie Sustainable Human Development (researchers title) held by the Department of Provincial and Local Government (DPLG) is not compatible with the definition and understanding of the majority of the decision-makers at local government level dealing directly with LED. The notion of participative development with anti-poverty strategies focussed on poor urban citizenry at the local level is not seen as the relevant theoretical or applied focus by developmental decision-makers at municipal level. In addition, limited knowledge is available to local government decision-makers on both formal and informal economic activity. In this regard, de facto leadership has already been handed over to formal-economy organisations and institutions. The idea of using land-use planning and zoning regulations to reorientate economic activity to low- and informal housing settlements and the reconstitution of low-and informal housing as sites of manufacture utilising flexible specialisation principles was positively received. However, the respondents were either not knowledgeable about these principles, for example; Globalisation of production and flexible production processes, or had not considered them in relation to their planning, land use or zoning and development functions. In the light of the above, the notion of local government as development agent with specific reference to addressing poverty and inequality utilising the Local Economic Development process as envisaged by the Department of Provincial and Local Government does not have the majority support of decision-makers at city and metro level. The majority of respondents defined the process of consultation as limited to formal economic sectors that were/could be competitive in the new global economy. The majority of decision-makers hold the view that the redefinition and location of sites of economic activity could be delegated to these formal sector organisations and institutions. Their common understanding of development and the related intervention strategies was based on formal sector growth and related job creation strategies, as well as the "trickle-down" of resources and opportunities to the informal sector. If they wish to remain relevant in this context the Department of Provincial and Local Government has to develop intervention strategies to reorientate and redefine the theoretical and applied definition of development held by the decision-makers especially with regard to Local Economic Development. If these issues are not addressed the form and shape of South Africa cities and metros will be based on the entrenchment and escalation of economic dualism and exclusion of the poor from any developmental decision-making and strategies. This has serious implications for the development of local democracies and developmental institutions based on the formulation and understanding of local conditions and circumstances of poverty and inequality and holds serious implications for social stability in the South African metros and municipalities in the future.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsingsverslag ondersoek die teoretiese begronding van die begrip wat besluitnemers op plaaslike regeringsvlak het van die term "ontwikkeling "met spesifieke verwysing na plaaslike regering as ontwikkelingsagent en Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling. Die keuse van teoretiese modelle deur hierdie besluitnemers het historiese en analitiese voorlopers en tweedens, word die besluitnemer in die gesig gestaar deur 'n basiese dualisme in ontwikkelingsdenke, die klem op universalisme (globale kompeterendheid) aan die een kant en die behoefte aan spesifiekheid (plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkeling) aan die ander kant. Die teoretiese beginsels en aannames waarop die neoliberale en markgeorienteerde benaderings tot ontwikkeling berus, word gei"nkorporeer in die makro-ekonomiese benadering "Groei, Werkverskaffing en Herverdeling" (GEAR) in Suid Afrika. Hierdie benadering het onlangs die sosiale welsynsontwikkelingsbenadering, wat verleenwoordig is deur die "Heropbou en Ontwikkelingsprogram" (HOP) of Volhoubare Menslike Ontwikkeling, in die skadu gestel. Die basis vir spesifieke beleidsvorming en intervensiestrategiee word gevind in die teoretiese aannames, doelwitte en doelstellings in elk van hierdie altematiewe benaderings tot ontwikkeling. Die navorsingsontwerp vir hierdie studie is primer kwalitatief. 'n Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoudskedule word toegepas am rigting te gee aan in-diepte onderhoude met geidentifiseerde sentrale besluitnemers in metropolitaanse en groter "B" munisipaliteite. Die navorsingsontwerp en proses is gekonstrueer rondom drie temas wat gebaseer is op huidige en historiese analise van ontwikkelingsdenke as 'n manier waarop armoede en ongelykheid aangespreek kan word: tema 1 - teoretiese begrip van die term ontwikkeling, ekonomiese groei in die formele sektor teenoor Volhoubare Menslike Ontwikkeling; tema 2 - die aard en relevansie van deelname deur die siviele samelewing en die Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkelingsproses (PEO); en tema 3 - Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling en die rol van infrastruktuurbelegging, grondgebruikbeplaning en sonering as 'n intervensie-strategie. 'n Beginpuntposisie word ontwikkel oar plaaslike regering en PEO deur gebruik te maak van verskeie bronne, byvoorbeeld, onderhoude met die Direkteur-Generaal in die Deparlement van Provinsiale en Plaaslike Regering gemoeid met Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling (PEO) , die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid Afrika en wetgewing en beleidskrifte relevant tot PEO. Hierdie posisie word vergelyk met die posisie wat ingeneem word deur plaaslike regeringsbestuurbesluitnemers gemoeid met PEO. Die analise van die inligting wat ingesamel is suggereer dat die teoretiese perspektief en beleidsraamwerk oor ontwikkeling, deelname en strategiee om ongelykheid en armoede aan te spreek, die Volhoubare Menslike Ontwikkeling (navorserstitel) wat gehuldig word deur die Departement van Provinsiale en Plaaslike Regering (DPPR) nie versoenbaar is met die definisie en begrip van die meerderheid van die besluitnemers op plaaslike regeringsvlak wat direk gemoeid is met PEO nie. Die idee van deelnemende ontwikkeling met anti-armoede strategiee wat gefokus is op arm stedelike burgers op plaaslike vlak word nie deur die ontwikkelingsbesluitnemers op munisipale vlak beskou as die relevante oftoegepaste fokus nie. Bykomend is beperkte kennis tot beskikking van plaaslike regeringsbesluitnemers oor beide formele en informele ekonomiese aktiwiteite. In hierdie verband is de facto leierskap alreeds oorhandig aan formele ekonomiese organisasies en instellings. Die idee van die gebruik van grondgebruik- en soneringsregulasies om ekonomiese aktiwiteite tot lae en informele behuisingsnedersetfings te herorienteer en die hersamestelling van lae en informele behuising as plekke vir vervaardiging deur gebruik te maak van buigbare spesialiseringsbeginsels is goed ontvang. Die respondente was egter nie ingelig oor hierdie beginsels, of hulle het weggelaat om hierdie beginsels in berekening te bring by hul beplanning, grondgebruik of sonering en ontwikkelingsfunksies. In die lig van bogenoemde het die idee van plaaslike regering as ontwikkelingsagent met spesifieke verwysing tot die aanspreek van armoede en ongelykheid, deur gebruik te maak van die Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkelingsproses, soos in die vooruitsig gestel deur die Departement van Provinsiale en Plaaslike Regering, nie die meerderheidsteun van besluitnemers op staats- en metrovlak nie. Die meerderheid van die respondente het die proses van beraadslaging gedefinieer as beperk tot die formele ekonomiese sektore wat kompeterend was of kan wees in die nuwe globale ekonomie. Die meerderheid van hierdie besluitnemers is van mening dat die herdefiniering en plasing van plekke van ekonomiese aktiwiteite gedelegeer kan word aan hierdie formele sektororganisasies en instellings. Hierdie gedeelde begrip van ontwikkeling en verbandhoudende intervensie-strategiee was gebaseer op groei in die formele sektor en verbandhoudende werkskeppingstrategiee, asook die "afsyfering" van bronne en geleenthede na die informele sektor. As dit hul wens is om in hierdie konteks relevant te bly, moet die Oepartement van Provinsiale en Plaaslike Regering intervensiestrategiee ontwikkel om die teoretiese en toegepaste definisie van ontwikkeling, wat gehuldig word deur besluitnemers, veral met betrekking tot Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling te herorienteer en te herdefineer. Indien hierdie aangeleenthede nie aangespreek word nie sal die vorm en fatsoen van Suid-Afrikaanse stede en metros gebaseer wees op die verskansing en uitbreiding van ekonomiese dualisme en die uitsluiting van die armes van enige ontwikkelingsbesluitneming en strategie. Oit het ernstige implikasies vir die ontwikkeling van plaaslike demokrasie en ontwikkelingsinstellings gebaseer op die formulering en begrip van plaaslike toestande en omstandighede van armoede en ongelykheid en hou ernstige implikasies in vir die sosiale stabiliteit in die Suid-Afrikaanse metros en munisipaliteite in die toekoms.
Seneviratne, Mary. "Complaints procedures in local government". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1883/.
Pełny tekst źródłaFunda, Asiphe. "Unfunded budgets in local government". University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7575.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Constitution of the Republic of South Africa entrenches the status of local government as a distinct sphere of government.1 In terms of section 40(1), the government of the Republic is constituted of three spheres, namely, the national, provincial, and local spheres of government. The local sphere of government has a constitutional mandate of ensuring the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner.2 Furthermore, municipalities are required ‘to strive to achieve their mandate of the provision of essential services within their financial and administrative capacity.
Tan, Xinjiao. "Analysis of Local Government Innovation". OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/193.
Pełny tekst źródłaLane, Patrick William Stephen. "The regulation of local governments under adverse selection : towards a general economic theory of local government". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315877.
Pełny tekst źródłaTackie, Alexander O. "Modelling local government budgetary reactions to central government financial controls". Thesis, University of York, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238723.
Pełny tekst źródłaLee, Jong Soo. "Analysing policy variation in local government : an empirical study of social policies in Korean local government". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1993. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3567/.
Pełny tekst źródłaÖgren, Anton. "Local government fragmentation and impact on local government debt : A panel data analysis of Swedish municipalities". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174971.
Pełny tekst źródłaWang, Xiaoqi. "China's civil service reform and local government performance : a principal-agent perspective /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36432854.
Pełny tekst źródłaMullen, Dwight B. "Reforming local government in Nigeria: an examination of selected local governments in the northern states of Nigeria". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3700.
Pełny tekst źródłaJavier, Aser B. "The Constraints School of Local Governments in the Philippines: Governance to Government?" 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14056.
Pełny tekst źródłaAyele, Zemelak. "Local government in Ethiopia: Adequately Empowered ?" Thesis, UWC, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8969_1318322721.
Pełny tekst źródłaHuish, Jonathan V. "Top Team Leadership in Local Government". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3799.
Pełny tekst źródłaSloan, Luke Samuel. "Minor parties in English local government". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/302.
Pełny tekst źródłaGreer, Robert. "THREE ESSAYS ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEBT". UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/6.
Pełny tekst źródłaBill, Anthony C. "Understanding strategic management in local government". Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415357.
Pełny tekst źródłaRowan, Lesley. "Sustainable development indicators and local government". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1925.
Pełny tekst źródłaHoughton, John Anthony. "Policing and local government in England". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390784.
Pełny tekst źródłaGroves, David M. "Sustainable development and modernising local government". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246890.
Pełny tekst źródłaJeffrey, Barbara. "Community participation in decentralising local government". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7227/.
Pełny tekst źródłaDorado, Maria-Cristina. "Local government politics in Pereira, Colombia". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670328.
Pełny tekst źródłaBreuillard, Michèle. "Local government et centralisation en Angleterre". Lille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIL20020.
Pełny tekst źródłaCotterill, Sarah Helen. "Partnership working in local electronic government". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/206/.
Pełny tekst źródłaRidge, Charlotte Lee. "Women and gender in local government". Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2137.
Pełny tekst źródłaSeddon, Nicholas. "Government contracts : federal, state and local". Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145337.
Pełny tekst źródłaGravdahl, Hans Petter. "Consensual coalitions?" Universitetet i Oslo, 1999. http://www.ub.uio.no/ubit/hopp/publ/gravdahl/.
Pełny tekst źródłaYoung, John F. "Local government and the Russian state, the quest for local self-government and the organization of power". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ28314.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaPinch, Philip Leslie. "Locality, local government and central government : restructuring, financial control and the local state in Reading and Swindon". Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.480551.
Pełny tekst źródłaHuaxing, Liu. "Why is local government less trusted than central government in China?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6162/.
Pełny tekst źródłaGardner, Alison. "How are local public services responding to austerity? : English local governance between 2010 and 2015". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32349/.
Pełny tekst źródłaZhang, Cheng. "Essays on domestic market integration, government expenditure, and strategic interactions among local governments". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40410/.
Pełny tekst źródłaMengezeleli, Nomabhaca Rosamond. "Statutory local government structures to enhance service delivery : Kouga Local Municipality". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019702.
Pełny tekst źródłaSellgren, John Marcian Andrew. "Local economic development in Great Britain : an evolving local government role". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295668.
Pełny tekst źródłaBasak, Koyuncu. "Clientelism and local autonomy : understanding the dynamics of Turkish local government". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248976.
Pełny tekst źródłaKroukamp, H. "The single public service and local government turnaround strategy: incompatible or complimentary for improved local government service delivery?" Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 9, Issue 2: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/587.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe South African public service has unfortunately rapidly gained a reputation for inefficiency, corruption and incompetence. Government has therefore introduced a variety of legislative measures to ensure that the public service would play a meaningful role in a well-functioning country, one that maximises its development potential and the welfare of its citizens. Examples of these measures are the Single Public Service (SPS) and the Local Government Turnaround Strategy (LGTAS), two seemingly contradictory measures to accomplish the above-mentioned objectives. Concerns that a SPS was a move towards recentralisation by central government were countered by the LGTAS to strengthen local government per se. It was found that both projects endeavour facilitative measures for improved coordination and integration of services in local government to provide efficient and effective services.
Choi, Ho-Taek. "Central-local government fiscal relations in South Korea the impact of central government grants on local authorities' finance /". Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.311609.
Pełny tekst źródłaHoffman, Barak Daniel. "Political accountability at the local level in Tanzania". Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3229904.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitle from first page of PDF file (viewed October 11, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 223-232).
Hemingway, Jessica. "U.S. Local Government Adaptation to Climate Change:". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232723.
Pełny tekst źródłaCollins, Gill. "Local government recycling : a South Australian perspective". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envc712.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuan, Bing. "Homeowners' resistance to local government in Shenzhen /". View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202007%20GUAN.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoberts, Fidelis Okwuchukwu Nyemutu. "Local government, participation and development in Nigeria". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408777.
Pełny tekst źródłaGhaus, Aisha. "Local government finances : efficiency, equity and optimality". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272004.
Pełny tekst źródłaSmith, Ian Stewart. "Sharing geographic information in French local government". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264440.
Pełny tekst źródłaPutriana, Vima Tista. "Performance measurement of local government in Indonesia". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6808/.
Pełny tekst źródłaMarcus, Adam Scott. "Local government citizen academies : is knowledge power?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39852.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-116).
Government decision-makers and especially urban planners increasingly face difficulties engaging citizens given trends of public apathy, cynicism towards government, language and cultural barriers, and the growing complexity of government bureaucracy. As municipal governments increasingly focus on the long-term engagement of citizens, particularly special interest, advocacy, and community organizations, a key dilemma is how to create an on-going process for training stakeholders to participate in consultation and conflict resolution efforts. Many individuals and interest groups are ill prepared for participation in public planning processes and do not understand how municipal government functions, the key dilemmas it faces, or the urban planning concepts and procedures that shape economic, social and physical life. Likewise, many planners are not trained to understand and integrate "local knowledge" --the specific expertise and on-the-ground information brought by local citizens--with technical information and bureaucratic processes. As a result, communication with the public is often constrained as citizens perceive government as a "black box" that is unapproachable.
(cont.) To address these challenges there is a growing trend among municipal governments to conduct citizen academies. These efforts to educate the public on the basic functions of municipal government, urban planning, and the land development process are distinct from other forms of citizen training because they occur on a regular basis, are geared towards a broader public, and are coordinated by municipal government staff. This thesis evaluates the effectiveness of three citizen academy programs in the United States in terms of their ability to improve citizen engagement capacity. This research measures such improvements through changes in citizens' and planners' perceptions about citizen-government relations, learning and knowledge exchange, and citizen action. The findings indicate that these academies do broaden citizen understanding of planning and government, foster improved personal relations between citizens and planners, improve citizen's (perceived) ability to influence decision-makers, and invigorate public interest in government boards and commissions.
(cont.) However, academies rarely integrate local and professional knowledge into what they teach and they face an inherent conflict between "capacity building" and "allegiance building." To improve citizen academies local governments might want to foster collaboration between planning and neighborhood services departments, to partner with a local community-based organization, and employ case-based learning approaches in the way they teach.
by Adam Scott Marcus.
M.C.P.