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1
Fearn, Tom. "On Loadings and Loading Weights". NIR news 8, nr 4 (sierpień 1997): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/nirn.422.
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Yang, Song, Bing Qi, Zhensheng Cao, Shaoqiang Zhang, Huailei Cheng i Ruikang Yang. "Comparisons between Asphalt Pavement Responses under Vehicular Loading and FWD Loading". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (29.10.2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5269652.
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The strain responses of asphalt pavement layer under vehicular loading are different from those under falling weight deflectometer (FWD) loading, due to the discrepancies between the two types of loadings. This research aims to evaluate and compare the asphalt layer responses under vehicular loading and FWD loadings. Two full-scale asphalt pavement structures, namely, flexible pavement and semirigid pavement, were constructed and instrumented with strain gauges. The strain responses of asphalt layers under vehicular and FWD loadings were measured and analyzed. Except for field measurements, the finite element (FE) models of the experimental pavements were established to simulate the pavement responses under a wide range of loading conditions. Field strain measurements indicate that the asphalt layer strain under vehicular loading increases with the rising temperature roughly in an exponential mode, while it decreases with the rising vehicular speed approximately linearly. The strain pulses in the asphalt layer generated by FWD loading are different from those induced by vehicular loading. The asphalt layer strains generated by FWD loading are close to those induced by low vehicular speed (35 km/h). The results from the FE model imply that the asphalt layer strains under FWD loading and vehicular loading are distributed similarly in the depth profile. For flexible pavement, the position of critical strain shifts gradually from the bottom of the asphalt layer to the mid-depth of the layer, as the temperature increases. For semirigid pavement, the position of critical strain is always located at the intermediate depth of the asphalt layer, regardless of temperatures.
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Kim, Pyol, Hyong-Sik Kim, Yong-Gun Kim, Chung-Hyok Paek, Song-Nam Oh, Sung-Ryol So i Chang-Son Ok. "Nonlinear Radial Consolidation Analysis of Soft Soil with Vertical Drains under Cyclic Loadings". Shock and Vibration 2020 (30.06.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8810973.
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This paper presents analytical solutions for nonlinear radial consolidation of soft soil with vertical drains under various cyclic loadings. By considering the nonlinear variations of compressibility and permeability expressed by the logarithm relations (e−log σ′ and e−log kh), the governing equation for nonlinear radial consolidation of the soil under equal strain and time-dependent loading is established. The analytical solutions are derived for nonlinear radial consolidation under haversine cyclic loading, trapezoidal cyclic loading, rectangular cyclic loading, and triangular cyclic loading. The presented solution is verified through the degeneration into the existing solutions for nonlinear radial consolidation under constant and ramp loadings, which shows the solution proposed in this paper is more general for nonlinear radial consolidation under time-dependent loading. The nonlinear radial consolidation behavior of the soil with vertical drains subjected to various cyclic loadings is investigated using the solutions developed. The proposed solutions can be effectively utilized in the analysis of nonlinear radial consolidation under various cyclic loadings.
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Chung, Yoo-Ri, Kyung Ho Lee i Kihwang Lee. "Clinical Application of Intravitreal Aflibercept Injection for Diabetic Macular Edema Comparing Two Loading Regimens". Medicina 59, nr 3 (12.03.2023): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030558.
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Background and Objectives: We investigated and compared the efficacy of three and five monthly loading regimens of an intravitreal aflibercept injection (IVA) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study that included patients diagnosed with DME and treated with an either three or five monthly aflibercept loading regimen from July 2018 to March 2022. Information on clinical characteristics and changes in the central retinal thickness (CRT) were obtained from medical records. Results: In total, 44 eyes of 44 patients with DME treated with IVA were included in this study, with 30 eyes treated with 3-monthly loadings (three-loading group) and 14 eyes with 5-monthly loadings (five-loading group). The mean CRT significantly decreased from the baseline one month after loading in both the three-loading and five-loading groups (p < 0.001). Four cases were refractory to treatment in the three-loading group, while there were no cases of refractory DME in the five-loading group. The stability rate was significantly higher in the five-loading group at three months after loading (p = 0.033). Conclusions: Five-monthly loading regimens of IVA might be favorable for DME considering the rate of refractory cases, stable duration, and the importance of early responsiveness to IVA in DME.
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You, Ran, Jiuling Liu, Minghua Liu, Yuxiang Zhang, Zhiyuan Chen i Shitang He. "Detecting Small Size Mass Loading Using Transversely Coupled SAW Resonator". Applied Sciences 11, nr 21 (1.11.2021): 10228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110228.
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In the detection of small size mass loading, such as a single cell, a micro droplet or an aerosol particle, the sensors with longitudinally coupled surface acoustic wave resonator (LC-SAWR) structure can hardly avoid waveform distortions. The relative size of mass loading to the sensitive surface of the detector is the main factor affecting the response of LC-SAWR. The smaller the relative size, the worse the waveform distortion. In order to avoid influences from the mass loading’s size, in this paper, a transversely coupled SAW resonator (TC-SAWR) was proposed in order to achieve high performance in sensing small size mass loadings. For the design and simulation of TC-SAWR, the two-dimensional coupling of model (2D-COM) theory and finite element method (FEM) were used in this work. In the experiment, SiO2 was deposited on the sensor’s surface as a small size mass loading. The results from simulation and experiment mutually demonstrated the advantage of TC-SAWR to conquer waveform distortion in the detection of small size mass loading.
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Kim, Pyol, Chol-U. Pak i Hakbom Myong. "Analytical Solution for One-Dimensional Nonlinear Consolidation of Saturated Double-Layered Soil Subjected to Cyclic Loadings". Journal of Engineering 2021 (9.11.2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5595232.
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Cyclic loading-induced consolidation behavior of soft soil is of great interest for the analysis of offshore and onshore structures. In this study, an analytical solution for one-dimensional (1D) nonlinear consolidation of saturated double-layered soil under various types of cyclic loadings such as trapezoidal cyclic loading, rectangular cyclic loading, and triangular cyclic loading was derived. The proposed solution was subsequently degenerated into solutions for special cases and compared to the existing solutions. The degenerate solutions show good agreement with the existing results, which proves that the proposed solutions are more general ones for 1D nonlinear consolidation of saturated soils under time-dependent loading. Finally, a comprehensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the influences of different layer parameters, drainage conditions, and loading parameters on nonlinear consolidation of saturated double-layered soil under cyclic loadings.
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KAWAI, Nobuaki. "“Impact Loading” + “Shock Loading” =「SHOUGEKI」". Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 69, nr 3 (15.03.2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.69.287.
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Beasley, E. L., M. A. Hiller i R. B. Biggs. "Susceptibility of U.S. Estuaries to Pollution". Water Science and Technology 20, nr 6-7 (1.06.1988): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0205.
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Utilizing data primarily from the U.S. Department of Commerce, both estuaries and watersheds for 78 U.S. systems are analyzed. Watersheds are classified according to total population and discrete subpopulations. The Vollenweider approach, which compares hydraulic loading to nutrient loading of lakes, is adapted to estuaries. By considering total population as a surrogate of point source nutrients, agricultural workers as a surrogate of non-point source toxics and nutrients and chemical + metal workers as a surrogate of point source toxics, we can estimate potential anthropogenic impacts on watersheds. When these surrogates are plotted against hydraulic loading, managers have a tool to identify estuaries most likely to be under greatest anthropogenic presaure. The estuaries with highest susceptibility from total population, as well as the estuaries with the the highest susceptibility to toxic stress, are identified. On a Vollenweider diagram, the phosphorous loadings of freshwater bodies are plotted as a function of hydraulic loading. The permissible-excessive phosphorous loadings have been both theoretically and empirically determined. We have replotted the freshwater data and added 33 U.S. estuary P loadings that were previously unavailable. Estuaries plot on the Vollenweider diagram as a continuum of fresh waterbodies, both in terms of hydraulic loading and phosphorus loading. Most estuaries appear to have permissible P loadings. Analysis of nutrient loading (normalized to hydraulic loading) versus water quality parameters like chlorophyll a indicates that estuaries are more efficient users of nutrients than are freshwater bodies, and that they reach a “nutrient saturation point”. Perhaps this is due to grazing or turbidity. It appears that, in general, the OECD eutrophication modeling approach is applicable to estuarine systems as well as lakes and impoundments.
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Liang, Xinya. "Prior Sensitivity in Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling for Sparse Factor Loading Structures". Educational and Psychological Measurement 80, nr 6 (26.02.2020): 1025–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164420906449.
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Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM) is a flexible tool for the exploration and estimation of sparse factor loading structures; that is, most cross-loading entries are zero and only a few important cross-loadings are nonzero. The current investigation was focused on the BSEM with small-variance normal distribution priors (BSEM-N) for both variable selection and model estimation. The prior sensitivity in BSEM-N was explored in factor analysis models with sparse loading structures through a simulation study (Study 1) and an empirical example (Study 2). Study 1 examined the prior sensitivity in BSEM-N based on the model fit, population model recovery, true and false positive rates, and parameter estimation. Seven shrinkage priors on cross-loadings and five noninformative/vague priors on other model parameters were examined. Study 2 provided a real data example to illustrate the impact of various priors on model fit and parameter selection and estimation. Results indicated that when the 95% credible intervals of shrinkage priors barely covered the population cross-loading values, it resulted in the best balance between true and false positives. If the goal is to perform variable selection, a sparse cross-loading structure is required, preferably with a minimal number of nontrivial cross-loadings and relatively high primary loading values. To improve parameter estimates, a relatively large prior variance is preferred. When cross-loadings are relatively large, BSEM-N with zero-mean priors is not recommended for the estimation of cross-loadings and factor correlations.
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Peng, Kang, Ke Gao, Jian Liu, Yujiao Liu, Zhenyu Zhang, Xiang Fan, Xuyan Yin, Yongliang Zhang i Gun Huang. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Rock Dynamic Test with Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2048591.
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Feasibility of rock dynamic properties by split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was experimentally and numerically evaluated with ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The effects of different diameters, different loading rates, and different propagation distances on wave dispersion of input bars in SHPB with rectangle and half-sine wave loadings were analyzed. The results show that the dispersion effect on the diameter of input bar, loading rate, and propagation distance under half-sine waveform loading is ignorable compared with the rectangle wave loading. Moreover, the degrees of stress uniformity under rectangle and half-sine input wave loadings are compared in SHPB tests, and the time required for stress uniformity is calculated under different above-mentioned loadings. It is confirmed that the stress uniformity can be realized more easily using the half-sine pulse loading compared to the rectangle pulse loading, and this has significant advantages in the dynamic test of rock-like materials. Finally, the Holmquist-Johnson-Concrete constitutive model is introduced to simulate the failure mechanism and failure and fragmentation characteristics of rock under different strain rates. And the numerical results agree with that obtained from the experiment, which confirms the effectiveness of the model and the method.
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Nurulaini, Borhan, Ahmad Zafir Romli i Mohd Hanafiah Abidin. "Tensile and Flexural Properties of Casuarina equisetifolia Unsaturated Polyester Composites". Advanced Materials Research 812 (wrzesień 2013): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.231.
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This study is to determine the effects of tensile and flexural testing on the C.equisetifolia composite at different loading from 10 % to 50 % weight loading (wt%). The results for all composite samples on tensile strength and tensile modulus decreasing as the weight loadings of C.equisetifolia increases. However, the result from tensile modulus was not significant when the C.equisetifolia weight loadings increase in the composite. In addition, the result obtained from flexural modulus and strength at 20 % of C.equisetifolia weight loading, increased to 3.147GPa and 3.25 MPa respectively, while when C.equisetifolia weight loadings increase the results showed a decrease.
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Choi, Jaesun, i Avraam I. Isayev. "NATURAL RUBBER/CARBON NANOTUBE NANOCOMPOSITES PREPARED BY ULTRASONICALLY AIDED EXTRUSION". Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, nr 1 (1.03.2013): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.88919.
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ABSTRACT Natural rubber/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites at loadings from 2 to 25 phr were prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion at ultrasonic amplitudes up to 7.5 μm. Die pressure significantly decreased with an increase of ultrasonic amplitude, especially at higher loadings. Power consumption increased with ultrasonic amplitude and was almost insensitive to loadings until an amplitude of 5.0 μm. However, lower values of power consumption were observed at an amplitude of 7.5 μm for loadings of 10 and 15 phr. At these loadings, complex viscosity, storage, and loss moduli of compounds and vulcanizates were unaffected by ultrasonic treatment, whereas at other loadings, these properties were reduced with ultrasonic amplitude, indicating chain scission. Bound rubber in compounds decreased with treatment. The induction time during vulcanization was unaffected by ultrasonic treatment but decreased with loading, with the largest decrease observed at the lowest loading. The maximum torque in curing, cross-link density, and gel fraction of vulcanizates at loadings of 2, 3.5, 5, 7.5, and 25 phr decreased with ultrasonic amplitude, with the largest decrease observed at loading of 25 phr at an amplitude of 7.5 μm. The modulus at 100% and 300% and tensile strength of vulcanizates at loadings up to 15 phr were unaffected by the ultrasonic treatment, but these properties significantly decreased at a loading of 25 phr at an amplitude of 7.5 μm. Atomic force microscope studies of vulcanizates at a loading of 3.5 phr showed a deagglomeration at an amplitude of 7.5 μm, although dispersion analysis from an optical microscope at loadings of 3.5 and 7.5 phr did not show an improvement of dispersion by ultrasonic treatment. Optical microscope and AFM studies of vulcanizates at a loading of 25 phr indicated that ultrasonic treatment at an amplitude of 7.5 μm significantly improved dispersion of MWCNT. Such a behavior led to a strong Payne effect and an increase in hardness of vulcanizates.
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Kuzkin, V. A., i A. M. Krivtsov. "Energy transfer to a harmonic chain under kinematic and force loadings: Exact and asymptotic solutions". Journal of Micromechanics and Molecular Physics 03, nr 01n02 (marzec 2018): 1850004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424913018500042.
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We consider dynamics of a one-dimensional harmonic chain with harmonic on-site potential subjected to kinematic and force loadings. Under kinematic loading, a particle in the chain is displaced according to sinusoidal law. Under force loading, a harmonic force is applied to a particle. Dependence of the total energy supplied to the chain on loading frequency is investigated. Exact and asymptotic expressions for the energy are derived. For loading frequencies inside the spectrum, the energy grows in time. The rate of energy growth depends on the group velocity corresponding to loading frequency. For non-zero group velocities, the energy grows linearly. If the group velocity vanishes, behavior of the system under kinematic and force loadings is qualitatively different. Under kinematic loading, the energy is bounded, while under force loading it grows in time as [Formula: see text]. Similar problem is solved in continuum formulation for a longitudinally vibrating elastic rod. It is shown that at large times, expressions for energies of the rod and the chain are identical, provided that sound speed and density are chosen properly. Generalization of results for the case of an arbitrary periodic excitation is discussed.
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Johnson, Murray G. "Trace Element Loadings to Sediments of Fourteen Ontario Lakes and Correlations with Concentrations in Fish". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, nr 1 (1.01.1987): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-002.
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Present, background, and anthropogenic loading rates of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, and Se to lake sediments were calculated from 210Pb dated cores, and present loading rates were compared with concentrations in several fishes. Present loadings of Pb averaged 17 times background loadings and all lakes had statistically significant anthropogenic inputs. The majority of lakes had anthropogenic loadings of Zn, Cd, Hg, and As, which were presently 1.8–2.6 times background loadings. For Ni, Cu, Se, and Cr, only seven, five, two, and one lake(s), respectively, had significant anthropogenic inputs, and the means of present: background loadings for all lakes were not significantly different from 1.0. Enrichment by Zn, Cd, As, and especially Pb was greater closer to industrialized regions, while Hg enrichment was more widespread. Anthropogenic and precipitation loadings for Zn, Pb, Cd, and As were similar, suggesting that anthropogenic inputs are atmospheric and that current atmospheric loadings are mostly anthropogenic. [Hg] and [Cd] in fish were correlated with loadings to sediments, but [Cu] and [Zn] in fish were relatively constant within species, supporting the hypothesis that contaminants in fish would be correlated with inputs to sediments, while trace nutrients in ample supply would be unrelated to loading. [Cr] and [Se] in fish were intermediate in response to loading, but correlation between [Pb] in fish and loadings was not detected.
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Fisher, J., i M. C. Acreman. "Wetland nutrient removal: a review of the evidence". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, nr 4 (31.08.2004): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-673-2004.
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Abstract. Data from 57 wetlands from around the world have been collated to investigate whether wetlands affect the nutrient loading of waters draining through them; the majority of wetlands reduced nutrient loading and there was little difference in the proportion of wetlands that reduced N to those that reduced P loading. However, some wetlands increase nutrient loadings by increasing the loading of soluble N and P species thus potentially driving aquatic eutrophication. Studies conducted over a period of a year or more, or that involved frequent sampling during high flow events, were more likely to indicate that the wetland increased nutrient loadings. Swamps and marshes differed from riparian zones in their nutrient function characteristics by being slightly more effective at nutrient reduction than riparian zones. The attributes that enable wetlands to be effective in reducing N and P loadings need consideration when constructing or managing wetlands to reduce nutrient loadings. Their wise use will be an important strategy for meeting the Water Framework Directive requirements for many water bodies. Keywords: wetlands, nutrient functioning, nitrogen, phosphorus, riparian, swamps, marshes, eutrophication
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Vlasov, P. A. "Loading device for oncoming dynamic loading". Traktory i sel hozmashiny 81, nr 10 (15.10.2014): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65494.
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Methods of running and testing of parts, units and aggregates under load in case of transferring required drive torques through them are considered. The method of loading by oncoming drive torques using inertial loaders is theoretically substantiated.
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Islam, M. R., i E. Wollega. "Effect of Loading Frequency and Temperature on the Fatigue Parameters of Asphalt Concrete". Journal of Engineering Sciences 9, nr 1 (2022): D1—D5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2022.9(1).d1.
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Investigating the behavior of asphalt concrete at low loading frequency is essential to understand the thermal fatigue damage due to cyclic day-night temperature cycles, where the loading frequency is usually very low. This study determines some properties (e.g., fatigue damage, dissipated energy, and stiffness) of asphalt concrete beam samples at a low frequency of loading using four-point bending test apparatus. Results show that fatigue damage is more significant at a lower frequency of cyclic loading and the number of cycles at failure becomes stable at a frequency equal to or lower than 0.01 Hz. The concept of initial stiffness at the 50th cycle of loading is inappropriate at a low frequency of loading as the stiffness reduction with a number of loadings is so considerable at a frequency of loading. In addition, the dissipated energy per loading cycle decreases with a decrease in loading frequency.
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Hammajam, Abba A., Z. N. Ismarrubie i S. M. Sapuan. "Effect of Fiber Loading on the Mechanical Properties of Millet Husk Filled High Density Polyethylene Composites". Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (czerwiec 2014): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.350.
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The aim of this study is to determine the effect of fiber loading on the mechanical properties of millet husk (MH) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic composites. Three different fiber sizes; 250 μm, 500 μm and 750 μm were pulverized and the fiber loading was 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40% by weight. The MH-HDPE composites were prepared by application of internal mixer, accompanied by compression molding process. Tensile properties were tested using universal testing machine (UTM). The tensile strength increase from 0 % to 10 % by weight fiber loadings. But this strength decrease as the fiber loading increase, while the modulus increase as the loadings increases. At 30 % fiber loadings, the strength of the composites decrease for high fiber sizes of 500 μm and 750 μm and increases for small fiber sizes of 250 μm for both the composites strength and modulus . This is presume the maximum loading for MHHDPE composites.
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Zheng, Qiang, Bo Xu, Yihu Song, Hongmei Yang i Yi Pan. "Interlayer structure of organically modified montmorillonites: Effect of surfactant loading". Journal of Materials Research 20, nr 2 (luty 2005): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0063.
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The surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium ion (CTA+) was confined within the galleries of montmorillonite (MMT) to obtain a series of organo-montmorillonites (C16-MMTs) through an ion-exchange intercalation reaction. The C16-MMT formed a single precipitate layer when CTA+ loading was 18.3 wt% but stratified at high loadings. The conformational disorder increased with increasing CTA+ loading. The upper precipitate was characterized by a larger gallery height and a higher surfactant loading in comparison with lower precipitate. The confined methylene chains adopted a lateral monolayer with a small percentage of conformation freedoms at CTA+ loading of 18.3 wt%. The intercalated methylene chains were arranged either in a lateral monolayer or in a tilted interdigitated bilayer at CTA+ loading of 24.7 wt% while in either a tilted interdigitated bilayer or a lateral bilayer at high CTA+ loadings. The different arrangements of methylene chains intercalated in the MMT galleries are believed to be the reason for the stratification.
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Hsu, Y. H., I. G. Turner i A. W. Miles. "The Effect of Slip Loading on the Properties of Porous Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics". Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (listopad 2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.19.
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Ceramic slips with powder loadings in the range of 80-140 wt% were used to investigate the effect of slip loading on the physical and mechanical properties of open pore HA/TCP bioceramics. The results indicated that increasing the slip loading had an effect on the properties of the samples. The average apparent density, the work of fracture and compressive strength all increased with slip loading. In contrast, the effect of increasing slip loading on the four-point bending strength was not significant.
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Yamamoto, Ryoko, i Saburo Matsui. "Influence of Contact Loading on Polysaccharide Storage and Settleability of Activated Sludge". Water Science and Technology 21, nr 12 (1.12.1989): 1639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0132.
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A new concept of substrate loading of activated sludge, “contact loading” is introduced, which means the instantaneous contact ratio of substrate to sludge. Using a substrate made up of glucose and peptone the activated sludges were cultivated under several contact loadings. The influence of contact loading on the capacity of polysaccharide storage and settleability related to the growth of filamentous bacteria was examined. The competition of filamentous and non-filamentous bacteria was analyzed under the different conditions of contact loading and aeration time.
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McCarron, W. O., J. C. Lawrence, R. J. Werner, J. T. Germaine i D. F. Cauble. "Cyclic direct simple shear testing of a Beaufort Sea clay". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, nr 4 (1.08.1995): 584–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-061.
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Results are presented for undrained direct simple shear tests on a Beaufort Sea cohesive soil. Monotonic and one-way cyclic loading response characteristics are identified for a number of loading scenarios. The critical level of repeated loadings (CLRL) is determined for two overconsolidation ratios from tests having 30 000 cycles of loading. Postcyclic strength tests indicate that one-way cyclic loadings not causing failure have a strain-hardening effect on the material. High strain-rate testing is found to increase soil strength by as much as 40% compared with typical testing strain rates. Key words : strength, cyclic testing, clay, simple shear, strain rate.
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WANG, XIAOLING, KAI ZHAO i HUI ZHAO. "FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF BIOFILM VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR UNDER VARIOUS LOADINGS". Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, nr 05 (sierpień 2018): 1850056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418500562.
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Experiments showed that biofilms exhibit viscoelasticity under both displacement and stress loadings, irrespective of pellicles at liquid–air interface or biofilms at solid–liquid interface. However, the general theoretical models are lacking inuniformly and quantitatively describing biofilms’ viscoelastic behavior under various loading conditions. We use the linear viscoelastic theory — Generalized Maxwell model to describe the viscoelastic mechanical properties of biofilms, and study the responses of biofilms under different loadings, including various strain/stress loading rates and cyclic loadings, by finite element method. The results can capture the typical viscoelastic characteristics of biofilms, such as creep, hysteresis, energy dissipation and loading rate-dependent behavior. Our work provides a simple viscoelastic model not only for bacterial biofilms but also for other biological materials.
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Benz, Christopher, i Manuela Sander. "Experiments and Interpretations of some Load Interaction Phenomena in Fatigue Crack Growth Related to Compressive Loading". Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (marzec 2014): 1353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1353.
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The present paper addresses two issues regarding the influence of compressive loadings for fatigue crack growth. The first issue is the crack tip loading in compression. It will be verified that Kmaxand R are not suitable to account for compressive loading conditions at the crack tip. The second issue is the investigation of some basic load interaction effects in tension-compression loading. Especially loading conditions that were reported leading to an acceleration of fatigue crack growth were revisited. Numerical simulations of the experiments are used to interpret the results.
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Pucher, Bernhard, i Guenter Langergraber. "Influence of design parameters on the treatment performance of VF wetlands – a simulation study". Water Science and Technology 80, nr 2 (15.07.2019): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.268.
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Abstract The main approach for designing vertical flow (VF) treatment wetlands is based on areal requirements ranging from 2 to 4 m2 per person equivalent (PE). Other design parameters are the granularity of the filter material, filter depth, hydraulic and organic loading rates, loading intervals, amount of single doses as well as the number of openings in the distribution pipes. The influence of these parameters is investigated by running simulations using the HYDRUS Wetland Module for three VF wetlands with different granularity of the filter material (0.06–4 mm, 1–4 mm, and 4–8 mm, respectively). For each VF wetland, simulations are carried out at different temperatures for different organic loading rates, loading intervals and number of distribution points. Using coarser filter material results in reduced removal of pollutants and higher effluent concentrations if VF wetlands are operated under the same conditions. However, the treatment efficiency can be increased by applying more loadings and/or a higher density of the distribution network. For finer filter material, longer loading intervals are suggested to guarantee sufficient aeration of the VF filter between successive loadings.
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Sukhoterin, Mikhail, Sergey Baryshnikov, Tatiana Knysh i Natalia Pizhurina. "Influence of transverse loading on the stability of a clamped rectangular plate". MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901022.
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Shapes of a square Kirchhoff plate with a clamped edge are obtained and analyzed, before and after losing stability in the case of a compound bending (uniform transverse loading in combination with edge compressive loading), as well as equilibrium forms and critical loadings only with clamping in the plate’s surface. Hyperbolic trigonometric series are used for solving. It was established that transverse loading causing small deformations does not affect the plate’s stability. The range of the critical state corresponds with an unlimited increase in bends of interior points of a plate. As critical loading, we suggest taking the one at which the bends at the plate’s center tend to infinity the most rapidly. As balanced loading, we suggest taking the one at which the plate acquires a new stable equilibrium form. A range of critical and balanced loadings of a square plate with a clamped edge was presented. The corresponding 3D forms of supercritical equilibrium of the given plate were obtained. A comparison with the results of other authors is given.
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Omrani, Amine, Sébastien Langlois, Pierre Van Dyke, Sasan Sattarpanah Karganroudi i Sébastien Lalonde. "Fatigue strength evaluation for individual strands of overhead conductors using a biaxial fretting fatigue test bench". MATEC Web of Conferences 300 (2019): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930006003.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper presents a biaxial fretting fatigue test bench which provides the capability of performing fretting fatigue experiments on individual wires of a conductor combining the effect of both alternating tension and bending loadings to represent a more realistic state of a conductor individual strand under periodic loading caused by aeolian vibrations. Preliminary tests with only uniaxial alternating tension loading were carried out on 1350-H19 aluminum wires having the same mechanical and geometric characteristics as those of the ACSR Bersfort conductor aluminum strands. Different levels of alternating stress were tested in order to validate the performance of the apparatus. Preliminary results showed that the experimental setup allows reproducing the local loading state which leads to the fretting fatigue damage on the tested wires. Biaxial tests were also conducted at a high level of alternating loadings. The results of these tests reveals that, at high alternating stress amplitudes, the biaxial loading allows to observe some fretting fatigue failures, whereas early plain fatigue failures were observed when applying similar uniaxial loading.
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Findlay, D. L., R. E. Hecky, L. L. Hendzel, M. P. Stainton i G. W. Regehr. "Relationship Between N2-Fixation and Heterocyst Abundance and its Relevance to the Nitrogen Budget of Lake 227". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, nr 10 (1.10.1994): 2254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-229.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A significant relationship between seasonal N2-fixation rate and heterocyst abundance has been found in Lake 227 and can be modelled to estimate areal rates of N2-fixation based on the known historical phytoplankton records. Experimental imposition of low nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) loading ratios stimulated N,-fixation. The N:P molar ratio of the internal pool of nutrients oscillates around a mean of 30:1, despite experimental loading ratios that vary from 13:1 to 0. Maintenance of this internal nutrient mass ratio requires preferential regeneration of N through time at all loading rates. Heterocystous, cyanobacteria blooms are most predictable during imposition of a very low external loading N:P ratio and high P loading relative to natural sources. Knowledge of the internal loading N:P ratio and relative contribution of internal and external loadings are required for predicting blooms at intermediate external N:P loading rates. The internal N:P ratio has fluctuated within narrow limits over 25 yr of nearly constant P loading because of adjustments in N2-fixation, N sedimentation, and denitrification, which have counterbalanced changing experimental N loading regimes.
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Rossi, Pierre. "Influence of the Loading Rate on the Cracking Process of Concrete in Quasi-Static Loading Domain". CivilEng 4, nr 1 (26.12.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010001.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study presents analysis of two types of experimental test related to the crack propagation in concrete specimens subjected to high-sustained loading levels and quasi-static loadings. The concept of the equivalent crack length is introduced to perform this analysis. Even though this analysis is partial, it shows the influence of loading rate conditions on the crack process rate. This result shows that, in the domains of low and very low loading rates, the concrete mechanical characteristics linked to the cracking process (for example, tensile strength, post-cracking behaviour, etc.) are dependent on the loading rates applied to the specimens for determining them.
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Tane, M., R. Okamoto i H. Nakajima. "Tensile deformation of anisotropic porous copper with directional pores". Journal of Materials Research 25, nr 10 (październik 2010): 1975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0261.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The tensile deformation of anisotropic porous copper with unidirectionally oriented cylindrical pores was investigated by an acoustic emission method. In the loadings parallel and perpendicular to the orientation direction of the pores, many cracks are formed after yielding and they strongly affect the deformation. The formed cracks rapidly grow and connect with each other near the peak stress of the stress–strain curve, thereby leading to final fracture. Crack formation is easier under perpendicular loading than under parallel loading, because high stress concentration and stress triaxiality occurs around the pores. As a result, the strength and elongation for perpendicular loading are much smaller than those for parallel loading. Furthermore, in the case of perpendicular loading, the localized deformation around pores drastically decreases the plastic Poisson's ratio. These results indicate that a porous copper macroscopically behaves as a semibrittle material under perpendicular loading, while the porous copper exhibits ductility under parallel loading.
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Lamacq, V., M. C. Dubourg i L. Vincent. "Crack Path Prediction Under Fretting Fatigue—A Theoretical and Experimental Approach". Journal of Tribology 118, nr 4 (1.10.1996): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831599.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In this paper, the direction of crack growth under fretting fatigue loading is studied through an experimental and theoretical approach. The experimental work enabled the fretting conditions to be known and the site of initiation and crack trajectory to be viewed; theoretical work permitted a prediction of those processes. Fretting wear and fretting fatigue loadings induce non-proportional mixed mode loading at the tip of the cracks initiated within the contact zone. The classical criteria predicting the direction of crack growth cannot account for the non-proportional loading. Tests were carried out to study the cracking phenomena under cumulative effects of contact and external loadings, i.e., fretting fatigue loading. The fretting contact between the two contacting bodies is modeled to evaluate the operating contact loading conditions. The response of the cracked body is determined in terms of stress intensity factors using the continuous distribution of dislocations theory coupled with a unilateral contact analysis with friction. The angle of crack extension is then predicted, at different stages of crack life, according to a new approach. The correlation of the predicted angle of crack extension with the experimental observation enables the conclusion that, under fretting fatigue loading, cracks propagate by a mode I process.
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Arnall, D. A., A. G. Nelson, J. Kokkonen, R. Day i J. Evans. "CREATINE LOADING DOES NOT INHIBIT GLYCOGEN LOADING". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (maj 1999): S264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-01277.
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Alihan, N. S. A., D. D. Wijaya, A. H. M. Din i A. H. Omar. "THE PRESENCE OF GEOPHYSICAL LOADINGS IN GPS OBSERVATIONS USING GENERAL LEAST SQUARES APPROACHES". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (1.10.2019): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-101-2019.
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Abstract. The earth’s crust undergoes natural deformation due to the geophysical loadings that consist of the earth body tide, ocean tide loading, atmospheric pressure loading and pole tide. This periodic displacement is generated by the changes of the gravitational attraction between the moon and the sun acting upon the earth’s rotation, along with the temporal atmospheric changes and the variability of the ocean tide. The study of the geophysical loadings is important in the geodesy field as the magnitude of the signals is significant and can contribute to errors in space geodetic measurements such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Very-Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Altimeter. This study is conducted to evaluate the percentage of geophysical loadings in GPS observations by adopting general least square approaches. The presence of the geophysical loadings indicates that as many as 76% to 93% of the geophysical loadings signal are contained in the GPS time series. The findings reveal that earth body tide signals are more significant if compared to ocean tide loading signals because the magnitude of the earth body tide is greater than that of the ocean tide loading and it affects the coordinate system particularly at up component. Results illustrated the potential of GPS to provide the local parameters of the geophysical loadings that are beneficial for earth tidal modelling and that can be used to improve the quality of space geodetic measurements.
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Conrado, A. C., A. R. de Faria i S. F. M. de Almeida. "Optimum design for buckling of arbitrary shaped ribs under uncertain loadings". Aeronautical Journal 109, nr 1102 (grudzień 2005): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000000944.
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Abstract Typically, aircraft wing structural panels are designed against buckling for a very large number of possible loadings that may occur during the operation of the aircraft. If the optimisation procedure accounts only for a limited number of design loads, the structure may be vulnerable to a specific type of loading that may cause the structure to fail. A novel approach for the optimisation of ribs or plates of arbitrary shapes under uncertain loads is proposed. The geometry of the rib is defined by a single closed spline or several connected splines. The loading distribution is not considered to be uniform but it is allowed to vary within an admissible set, conferring uncertainty to the applied loads. The admissible load space comprises distributed normal and shear loadings that can be represented through a collection of piecewise linear functions defined along the plate boundary. A special procedure is applied to handle the constraint that the loading must be self equilibrating. A minimax strategy is used to deal with the loading variability such that the resulting optimal design is able to withstand an entire class of linear piecewise loadings along the rib boundary. The refinement of the loading representation may be completely independent of the refinement of finite element mesh. The validity of the proposed approach is assessed by applying it to an aeronautical wing rib.
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Mansor, Mohd Khairulniza, i Ruslimie Che Ali. "Properties Evaluation of Micro-Crystalline Cellulose and Starch as Bio-Filler in Rubber Compounding". Advanced Materials Research 1133 (styczeń 2016): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.593.
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Effects of filler loading on the mechanical properties of Epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) filled with bio-fillers were studied. The compounds with different filler loadings (0, 30, 50, 70 phr) were prepared in a Haake internal mixer. Result showed that the viscosity of the compounds increased with filler loading and exhibited longer cure time with higher loading of the bio-filler. The mechanical properties of starch-filled vulcanisates present better tensile strength at 50 phr when compared to micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) filled vulcanisates at similar filler loadings. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surface of 50 phr starch-filled vulcanisates illustrated a homogenous distribution in comparison with MCC-filled compounds.
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Lee, Chun-Yi, Horng-Chaung Hsu, Xiaoliu Zhang, Der-Yean Wang i Zong-Ping Luo. "CYCLIC COMPRESSION AND TENSION REGULATE DIFFERENTLY THE METABOLISM OF CHONDROCYTES". Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 09, nr 02 (czerwiec 2005): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957705001473.
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Articular cartilage is the primary structure in joints which is responsible for withstanding compressive loading; however, it is possible that cartilage also experiences localized tensile loading under various loading and boundary conditions. To date, little is known as to whether chondrocyte functions are dependent on the loading variation, especially when loading is switched from compression to tension. The purpose of this study is to examine the metabolism of chondrocytes under both compressive and tensile loadings in vitro. Our results suggest that synthesis of both collagen II and aggrecan is regulated differently by compression and tension at the mRNA level. Tensile loading significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of both collagen II and aggrecan. Since poor content of collagen II and proteoglycan has been considered a detrimental factor in the integrity of cartilage matrix, cartilage degradation and the possible formation of osteoarthritis may be the consequence of loading patterns switching from compression to tension.
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Adinoyi, Muhammed J., Nesar Merah i Jafar Albinmousa. "Effect of phase angle on the cyclic behavior of AISI 410 alloy". MATEC Web of Conferences 300 (2019): 12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930012002.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Multiaxial strain-controlled fatigue tests were conducted on AISI 410 according to ASTM 2207-E08 [1] under proportional (phase angle, θ = 90°) and non-proportional (phase angle, θ = 90º) loadings. Axial strain amplitudes in the range of 0.2%-0.35% are paired with shear strain amplitudes in the range of 0.25%-0.5%. Comparison was made between the hysteresis loops under both loading modes. It was found that peak stresses are higher under nonproportional loading, but with less plastic deformation. Additional stress hardening is exhibited by the alloy, resulting in the tip of the hysteresis loop under nonproportional loading to be rounded. Stress evolution with the number of fatigue cycles, mainly show cyclic stress softening except in axial stress under nonproportional loading where stress stabilization is largely the case after initial hardening. Fatigue life under nonproportional loading is generally lower than that of proportional loading.
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Cui, Jian, Chin Long Lee i Gregory A. MacRae. "Finite Element Modelling of Buckling Restrained Braces under Combined In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Loading". Key Engineering Materials 763 (luty 2018): 908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.908.
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During earthquakes, buckling restrained braces (BRBs) are likely subjected to both in-plane (INP) and out-of-plane (OOP) loadings simultaneously, therefore, BRBs are required to act robustly under combined INP and OOP loading. It is believed that the OOP loading will reduce the energy dissipation ability of BRBs. The intent of this study is to numerically investigate the performance of BRBs under combined INP and OOP loading with a finite element model of BRB with circular cross-section. Restraining concrete within the BRB is modeled as connector elements in the model and is proven to be an effective way. Simulation results show that the performance of BRBs under combined INP and OOP loading is not as good as that under the INP loading only and the energy dissipation ability is decreased by about 15% when the magnitude of OOP loading is equal to that of INP loading. Furthermore, the results give a deeper insight into the behaviour of BRBs under different combined OOP and INP loading histories.
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Chen, Yan Hua, i Qing Jie Zhu. "Numerical Simulation of Interfacial Bonding Degradation of Composites under Two-Stage Loading". Materials Science Forum 575-578 (kwiecień 2008): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.869.
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Bonding degradation at interface is one of main damage forms of composites, especially under fatigue loading. Interfacial bonding degradation of FRC under two-stage tension loading is studied, which is base for variable-amplitude cyclic loading existing widely in actual engineering. Based on the shear-lag model and considered the asymmetry of interfacial damage, the mechanical governing equations of fiber and matrix are established and related solutions are obtained firstly. Two kinds of loading models are chosen, one is low-high alternate loading, and the other is low early and high late loading. By the aid of the Paris law and the energy release theory, a relationship between debond rate and cycle number is established. Then the interfacial debonding is simulated under the two-stage tension loading. The rules of the crack growth are analyzed for low-high two-stage loadings. It is found that stress amplitude has great influence on interfacial debonding under two-stage loading. Low stress amplitude in a certain range can postpone interfacial bonding degradation. And interfacial damage extent is greater than that under constant-amplitude fatigue loading. Present study is helpful for analyzing the fatigue damage of engineering materials and structures.
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Quadri, Ajibola Ibrahim. "Strut and Tie Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Under Static and Fixed Pulsating Loading". Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 23, nr 3 (24.11.2020): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.23030306.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Numerical analysis of the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beam subjected to static and fixed-point pulsating loading at the midpoint has been investigated. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model using the Strut and Tie approach was adopted. The damage level under the influence of the applied fixed pulsating loading is higher than the static applied loading, hence early crack was observed because of the stepwise loading in the form of vibration. Although the Strut and Tie approach gave a good estimation of the resistance capacity of the beam, the beam undergo high shear damage when subjected to these two types of loading. Material strength properties, applied loadings and cross-sections adopted are some of the factors that affect the performance of the deep beam.
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Hedman, Craig W., David H. Van Lear i Wayne T. Swank. "In-stream large woody debris loading and riparian forest seral stage associations in the southern Appalachian Mountains". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, nr 7 (1.07.1996): 1218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-136.
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Large woody debris (LWD) is an important ecological component of mountain streams. However, the relation of LWD loading and riparian forest composition is poorly understood in the southern Appalachians. In this study, 500-m reaches of 11 riparian forest–stream systems representing a 300-year sere were inventoried and measured to obtain quantitative estimates and descriptions of in-stream LWD. Loading volumes ranged from 7.1 to 31.2 m3/100 m of stream, or between 3.6 and 13.2 kg/m2. LWD loadings were highly variable during midseral stages of plant community succession, primarily because of the wide range in loading of American chestnut (Castaneadentata (Marsh.) Borkh.). Loadings increased linearly in late-successional through old-growth systems over a 165-year interval. Eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carrière) and American chestnut were the most dominant carry-over LWD species in midsuccessional stream systems. Loading of eastern hemlock LWD increased from midsuccessional through old-growth stages as the species became dominant in the riparian forest. Without carry-over debris, LWD loadings would be extremely low in midsuccessional stream systems. American chestnut was a major component of LWD in midsuccessional stream systems, despite the fact that it has been unavailable for recruitment for decades.
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Shilling, J. E., Q. Chen, S. M. King, T. Rosenoern, J. H. Kroll, D. R. Worsnop, P. F. DeCarlo i in. "Loading-dependent elemental composition of α-pinene SOA particles". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, nr 4 (13.08.2008): 15343–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-15343-2008.
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Abstract. The chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, formed by the dark ozonolysis of α-pinene, was characterized by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. The experiments were conducted using a continuous-flow chamber, allowing the particle mass loading and chemical composition to be maintained for several days. The organic portion of the particle mass loading was varied from 0.5 to >140 μg/m3 by adjusting the concentration of reacted α-pinene from 0.9 to 91.1 ppbv. The mass spectra of the organic material changed with loading. For loadings below 5 μg/m3 the unit-mass-resolution m/z 44 signal intensity exceeded that of m/z 43, suggesting more oxygenated organic material at lower loadings. Composition measurements displayed a greater dependence for lower loadings (0.5 to 15 μg/m3) compared to higher loadings (15 to >140 μg/m3). The high-resolution mass spectra showed that from >140 to 0.5 μg/m3 the mass percentage of fragments containing carbon and oxygen (CxHyOz+) monotonically increased from 48% to 54%. Correspondingly, the mass percentage of fragments representing CxHy+ decreased from 52% to 46%, and the atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio increased from 0.29 to 0.45. The atomic ratios were accurately parameterized by a four-product basis set of decadal volatility (viz. 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 μg/m−3) employing products with the empirical formulas C1H1.32O0.48, C1H1.36O0.39, C1H1.57O0.24, and C1H1.76O0.14. These findings suggest considerable caution is warranted in the extrapolation of laboratory results that were obtained under conditions of relatively high loading (i.e., >15 μg/m3) to modeling applications relevant to the atmosphere, for which loadings of 0.1 to 20 μg/m3 are typical. For the lowest loadings, the particle mass spectra resembled observations reported in the literature for some atmospheric particles.
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Shilling, J. E., Q. Chen, S. M. King, T. Rosenoern, J. H. Kroll, D. R. Worsnop, P. F. DeCarlo i in. "Loading-dependent elemental composition of α-pinene SOA particles". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, nr 3 (2.02.2009): 771–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-771-2009.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. The chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, formed by the dark ozonolysis of α-pinene, was characterized by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. The experiments were conducted using a continuous-flow chamber, allowing the particle mass loading and chemical composition to be maintained for several days. The organic portion of the particle mass loading was varied from 0.5 to >140 μg/m3 by adjusting the concentration of reacted α-pinene from 0.9 to 91.1 ppbv. The mass spectra of the organic material changed with loading. For loadings below 5 μg/m3 the unit-mass-resolution m/z 44 (CO2+) signal intensity exceeded that of m/z 43 (predominantly C2H3O+), suggesting more oxygenated organic material at lower loadings. The composition varied more for lower loadings (0.5 to 15 μg/m3) compared to higher loadings (15 to >140 μg/m3). The high-resolution mass spectra showed that from >140 to 0.5 μg/m3 the mass percentage of fragments containing carbon and oxygen (CxHyOz+) monotonically increased from 48% to 54%. Correspondingly, the mass percentage of fragments representing CxHy+ decreased from 52% to 46%, and the atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio increased from 0.29 to 0.45. The atomic ratios were accurately parameterized by a four-product basis set of decadal volatility (viz. 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 μg/m3) employing products having empirical formulas of C1H1.32O0.48, C1H1.36O0.39, C1H1.57O0.24, and C1H1.76O0.14. These findings suggest considerable caution is warranted in the extrapolation of laboratory results that were obtained under conditions of relatively high loading (i.e., >15 μg/m3) to modeling applications relevant to the atmosphere, for which loadings of 0.1 to 20 μg/m3 are typical. For the lowest loadings, the particle mass spectra resembled observations reported in the literature for some atmospheric particles.
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Govardhan, T., Achintya Choudhury i Deepak Paliwal. "Load Distribution in a Rolling Element Bearing under Dynamic Radial Load". Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (lipiec 2014): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1099.
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External load in a bearing is transferred from one race to another race through the rolling elements. In the present work, an investigation has been made to estimate the load on a rolling element in a bearing subjected to dynamic loading. The dynamic loading, in the present study, included harmonic and periodic loadings which are deterministic functions of time. The roller load is also investigated under random loading with known statistical values of mean and variance. Numerical values have been obtained for NJ204 bearing with known radial clearance. These results show the variation in the spectra obtained for different nature of external loadings. These results can be expected to satisfy the difference in theoretical and experimental spectra obtained by earlier researchers.
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CHUNG, M. Y. "EXPLICIT SOLUTIONS FOR AN ANISOTROPIC PIEZOELECTRIC HALF-SPACE SUBJECT TO LINEARLY-VARYING SURFACE LOADINGS ALONG x3-DIRECTION". International Journal of Applied Mechanics 06, nr 06 (grudzień 2014): 1450074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825114500744.
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Explicit results for a piezoelectric half-space x2 ≥ 0 subject to linearly-varying surface loadings along x3 axis are derived. The extended Stroh formalism is employed to provide three-dimensional solutions with the generalized displacement vector u expressed as a function of (z, x2, x3). A general polynomial solution for u with order of m in x3 is suggested and it provides a particularly efficient solution for half-space problem with loadings on the surface. A simple uniform surface loading is considered first to clarify the derivations. Then explicit solution in case of a linearly-varying surface loading along x3-direction is obtained. In addition, the Green's function for a piezoelectric half-space with a linearly-varying surface line loading along x3-axis is constructed.
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Hou, Yi Meng, i Qi Zhang. "Research on Information Processing with Release Method of Railway Freight Loading Information Based on Dynamic Planning Model". Advanced Materials Research 977 (czerwiec 2014): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.977.480.
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Freight loading information can not only limit the cargo volume from customers but also guide them to arrange their freight reasonably. This paper analyzed the factors influencing release of railway freight loading information, and established a freight loading information release model based on dynamic planning by setting the most important two indexes -- quantity of freight cars and equilibrium degree of freight cars as objective functions. The model was proved to be effective in balancing daily freight workload on the premise of satisfying customers’ requirements on cargo loadings. Thereby, the author thinks that reasonable release of freight loading information is effective and efficient in making more profits with limited resources.
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Щельников, V. Shchelnikov, Мандрица, D. Mandritsa, Мандрица i P. Mandritsa. "Parameters Definition of Dynamic Loading of the Destroyed Part of a Plate of a Covering at Emergency Explosion on a Starting Complex". Safety in Technosphere 5, nr 5 (25.10.2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24151.
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The article considers questions of parameters definition of dynamic loading from the destroyed part of a plate of a covering
at emergency Explosion on a starting complex. For the estimation of parameters of dynamic loading the approach based
on an experimentally-theoretical estimation of parameters of pulse loading of contact explosion of a mix of components of
rocket fuel is used. Dependences for an estimation of parameters of dynamic loading on overlapping of an underlying floor
of a starting construction are defined; estimations of dynamic loading from the destroyed part of a covering of a starting
construction are received at emergency explosion of mix КРТ. The method of definition of loadings and influences from the
destroyed part of a plate of a covering on underlying designs is offered.
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Petrenec, Martin, Veronique Aubin, Jaroslav Polák i Suzanne Degallaix. "Dislocation Structures of Duplex Stainless Steel in Uniaxial and Biaxial Cyclic Loading". Materials Science Forum 482 (kwiecień 2005): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.179.
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Austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel has been subjected to uniaxial and biaxial nonproportional cyclic loading with the same equivalent strain amplitude. The dislocation structures in specimens fatigued to fracture using both types of loadings were studied and compared. Uniaxial cyclic loading, both in austenitic and in ferritic grains, produces simple structures due to activation of predominantly one slip system. Non-proportional cyclic loading results in formation of cell and wall structures and thus in higher stress response of the material.
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Sharma, Satish C. "On the Application of Strain Gauges for a Structural Member Subjected to Complex Type of Loading". International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 26, nr 3 (lipiec 1998): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030641909802600307.
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Quite often test parts or structural components are simultaneously subjected to different types of loading. If a user is particularly interested in carrying out measurement corresponding to a specific loading only, then the proper use of strain gauge connections on a Wheatstone bridge circuit needs careful consideration. This article is intended to clearly demonstrate to the undergraduate mechanical engineering students how to carry out strain measurements sensitive to a particular type of loading while eliminating the contribution corresponding to unwanted loadings.
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Almaskari, Fahad, i Farrukh Hafeez. "Study on behaviour of geometrically scaled glass reinforced epoxy tubes subjected to non-coincident quasi static-indentation". International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, nr 5 (1.10.2018): 675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-12-2017-0078.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the behaviour of glass reinforced epoxy tubes subjected to repeated indentation loads at two non-coincident indentations 180° apart. Design/methodology/approach Four geometrically scaled specimens ranging from 100 to 400 mm diameter were used in repeated indentation tests. Force, displacement and damage growth were recorded for loading and unloading until the indenter returned to its original starting point. Findings Similar scaled trends were observed between the non-coincidental loadings. Unlike reported response form coincidental loadings, the responses from non-coincidental loadings yield lower values for bending stiffness and peak load. Research limitations/implications The differences in behaviour of the specimen between non-coincident loadings were attributed to reductions in fracture toughness and circumferential modulus. Practical implications Distant non-interacting damage and delamination around the circumference does reduce the structural performance. Originality/value Behaviour of composite tubes under different loading conditions, for example low speed impact or quasi static indentation, is widely studied, however little attention has been given to the repeated loading incidents.