Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Living expenses, United States, 1910

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Living expenses, United States, 1910”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 27 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Living expenses, United States, 1910"

Manitakis, Nicolas, i Mikhalis N. Michael. "Cypriot Emigration to the United States of America (1910-1930)". Chronos 30 (10.01.2019): 99–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v30i0.330.

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loannis Tserkezis, born in 1874, in Mazotos, a village in the Larnaca district of Cyprus, came from a poor family and was sent by his father to Smyrna, in 1888, aged 14, to seek employment to strengthen the family's income. The young Greek Cypriot's family was counting on help that would be provided to the young immigrant by his uncle (on his father 's side), who had been living in that multicultural Ottoman city for a considerable length of time. Despite his uncle 's efforts, the search for employment proved fruitless, and thus, after a brief period of time, Tserkezis was forced to return to his native country. He was not disheartened, though. He continued his efforts to find employment abroad during the years that followed. In 1899, he made efforts to settle in Alexandria and in 1902 went back to Smyrna, but both ventures proved unsuccessful. Up until then Tserkezis had chosen to emigrate to the most common destinations for the Cypriots of the time. That is, to Egypt or countries within the Ottoman Empire (Tserkezis 1988: 13-101).

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Young, Richard P., i Jerome S. Burstein. "Federalism and the Demise of Prescriptive Racism in the United States". Studies in American Political Development 9, nr 1 (1995): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001164.

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Not so long ago, nearly all African-Americans living in the United States were subject to a multitude of racial restrictions officially prescribed and enforced by state governments and their local subsidiaries. Most of the Jim Crow system dated from 1890–1910. By the middle of the twentieth century, this system was well established, so much so that many people assumed that it had always existed and that it expressed the timeless folkways of the South. However, in what strikes the historian as an astonishingly brief period during the 1950s and 1960s, the edifice was largely torn down. The puzzle is this: How could any institutional apparatus so deeply embedded, long-standing, and apparently strong be toppled so quickly? Although many scholars have discussed aspects of the puzzle, no one has offered a simple, clear, and compelling explanation. We aim to do so in this essay.

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Allegretto, Sylvia A. "Basic Family Budgets: Working Families' Incomes Often Fail to Meet Living Expenses around the United States". International Journal of Health Services 36, nr 3 (lipiec 2006): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/a0ga-6r7y-xfm3-ebjy.

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Gaspari, K. Celeste, i Arthur G. Woolf. "Income, Public Works, and Mortality in Early Twentieth-Century American Cities". Journal of Economic History 45, nr 2 (czerwiec 1985): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034045.

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Mortality differentials for 122 cities in the United States in 1910 are examined with specific attention given to the influence of public works projects. Sewage systems are found to have significantly reduced mortality, while water filtration systems had no impact. This runs counter to the theories and beliefs of many public health officials and sanitary engineers of the era. Other factors, including the racial and immigrant composition of the population, urban density, number of physicians, and the standard of living, are also examined.

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Mutchler, Jan. "Exploring the Relationship Between the CFPB Financial Well-Being Score and the Elder Index". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1.12.2020): 731–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2599.

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Abstract The Elder Index is a cost of living indicator that measures the income older adults need to meet their living expenses while staying independent in the community, calculated on a county-by-county basis for the United States. Analyses based on the Elder Index show that a large segment of the age 65+ population has incomes below the Index, reflecting a level of insecurity that is considerably higher than suggested by the poverty rate. Moreover, comparison of the Elder Index to household income illustrates differences across states in the extent to which incomes cover the cost of necessary expenditures. In this paper we explore how cost of living contributes to subjective financial security among older people, as measured by the CFPB Financial Well-Being Score, using a data match of the Understanding America Study with the Elder Index. Results document this association, offering insight to spatial patterns of financial insecurity in later life.

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Eriksson, Katherine. "Ethnic enclaves and immigrant outcomes: Norwegian immigrants during the Age of Mass Migration". European Review of Economic History 24, nr 3 (28.11.2019): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez013.

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Abstract This paper examines the effect of ethnic enclaves on economic outcomes of Norwegian immigrants in 1910 and 1920, the later part of the Age of Mass Migration. Using various identification strategies, including county fixed effects and an instrumental variables strategy based on chain migration, I consistently find that Norwegians living in larger enclaves in the United States had lower occupational earnings, were more likely to be in farming occupations, and were less likely to be in white-collar occupations. Results are robust to matching method and choice of occupational score. This earnings disadvantage is partly passed on to the second generation.

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Klages, Carol, Mary-Margaret Scholtens i Kelly Fowler. "Evaluating Literacy Curriculum: Making Sure Elementary Students Learn to Read". European Journal of Teaching and Education 5, nr 3 (2.10.2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejte.v5i3.1043.

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Reading problems for adults and school-age students have significant and varied costs. Existing as an illiterate citizen in the United States has monetary consequences such as living expenses, career relevance, and societal advancement. American employers spend money to edify prospective employees in areas of remedial reading, writing, and mathematical skills. Educators must act on scientific research to select appropriate literacy curriculum to teach students to read. As reading is not a natural process, teachers must teach students to read using materials aligned with the science of reading. Utilizing document analysis to evaluate learning to read instructional materials and strategies must incorporate all the fundamentals and modalities in one complete, research-based curriculum. Knowing how to purposefully evaluate literacy curriculum is necessary for teaching all students to read. A dynamic, reading curriculum evaluation tool is necessary to determine alignment to the science of reading with an accredited literacy curriculum.

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Liles, Campbell, Alan Ruigang Tang, Mark Petrovic, Robert J. Dambrino, Reid C. Thompson i Lola Blackwell Chambless. "334 Resident Salary Compared to Living Wages at US Training Institutions". Neurosurgery 70, Supplement_1 (kwiecień 2024): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002809_334.

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INTRODUCTION: Resident physician salaries vary by region, though it is unknown how these variations compare to differences in living wages across the United States or what factors drive residency salary discrepancies. METHODS: Publicly available resident salary information was obtained from full-service training centers containing a neurosurgical residency program via institution-specific websites in February 2023 with information on post-graduate year (PGY)-1 through PGY-7 resident compensation for 2022-2023. Living wage calculations by city were generated via the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Living-Wage Calculator. Resident salary to living-wage ratios were calculated using PGY-4 salary for each family composition living-wage. Univariate and multivariable analysis of PGY-4 resident salary on affordability was performed, accounting for proportion of expected living wages to taxes, transportation, housing, medical costs, childcare, and food as well as unionization and state income-tax status. RESULTS: 118 neurosurgery residency programs were included, 21 (17.9%) of which were unionized. Residents without children earned a salary greater than living-wage during all years, while single-parent families were unable to earn a living-wage until PGY-7. Residents with 1 child in in 2-adult (single-income) and 2-adult (double-income) families were unable to earn a living-wage until PGY-5 and PGY-3 respectively. Residents with more than 1 child failed to earn a living-wage. Multivariate regression analysis using PGY-4 salary:living-wage ratios in single-child, 2-parent homes showed food expenses and unionization status were always significant. On multivariate regression, unionization was significantly associated with lower living-wage ratios pre-stipend, improved post-stipend, and was again significantly lower after factoring in union dues. CONCLUSIONS: Current resident salaries often preclude a resident from earning a living-wage, especially among junior residents and those with children. Unionization is significantly associated with lower resident income to living-wage ratios.

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Hosseinzadeh, Arian, Mehdi Najafi, Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Charat Thongprayoon i Mahdi Fathi. "Equity or Equality? Which Approach Brings More Satisfaction in a Kidney-Exchange Chain?" Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, nr 12 (18.12.2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11121383.

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In United States (U.S.), government-funded organizations, such as NLDAC, reimburse travel and subsistence expenses incurred during living-organ donation process. However, in Iran, there is a non-governmental organization called Iranian Kidney Foundation (IKF) that funds the direct and indirect costs of donors through charitable donations and contributions from participants in the exchange program. In this article, for countries outside the U.S. that currently use an equality approach, we propose a potential new compensation-apportionment approach (equitable approach) for kidney-exchange chains and compare it with the currently available system (equality approach) in terms of the apportionment of compensation in a kidney-exchange chain to cover the expenses incurred by the initiating living donor of the chain in the act of donation. To this end, we propose a mechanism to apportion compensation among all participating pairs based on the equity approach by utilizing a prediction model to calculate the probability of graft survival in each transplant operation. These probabilities are then used to define the utility of any transplantation, considering the quality of each pair’s donated and received kidney in the chain. Afterward, the corresponding cost is apportioned by a mechanism based on the normalized differences between the utility of donated and received kidneys for each incompatible pair of the chain. In summary, we demonstrate that by utilizing the equitable approach, there is more fairness and equity in the allocation of resources in organ-procurement systems, which results in more satisfaction among incompatible pairs. Additional future prospective studies are needed to assess this proposed equitable approach for kidney-exchange chains in countries outside the U.S., such as Iran, that currently use an equality approach.

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Pinchuk, A. V., i M. S. Mukhametova. "Reforming the organizational and legal component of the United States of America donation and transplantation system to increase its effectiveness". City Healthcare 1, nr 1 (16.10.2020): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2020.v1i1;96-107.

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Background. The demand for transplants leads to an increase in the demand for donor organs and as the result to their shortage all over the world. The United States is one of the world leaders in the number of donors and organ transplants. The article presents the results of an analysis focused on finding ways to improve the efficiency of the American donation and transplantation system. Purpose. The aim of the study is to analyze the organizational and legal components of the United States organ donation and transplantation system and identify possible ways to reform it. Materials and methods. The study carries out informational analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of the US donation and transplantation system based on the available official statistics for the period from 1991 to 2019, the results of the simulation of the application of the presumption of consent to posthumous donation, regulatory legal acts, insurance programs and scientific research of foreign and Russian scientists in the transplantation field. Results. A statistical data comparison showed that, despite the significant success of the United States in the development of donation and transplantation, there is a growing shortage of donor organs in the country, as in the whole world. The results of the analysis identified promising directions for reforming the donation and transplantation system in order to increase its effectiveness. There is great potential for increasing the supply of donor organs by the possible transition of the United States from the model of requested consent to the presumption of consent for posthumous donation. Centers for the procurement of donor organs have the least efficiency in the US organizational model of donation and transplantation. The financial vulnerability of living donors and organ donor recipients requires attention, because insurance programs do not cover their expenses, incl. on immunosuppressive drugs, due to the gap between the standards of care for organ donor recipients and the policies of insurance companies. The ongoing support measures or living donation are clearly insufficient. Conclusion. The directions of the US donation and transplantation system reforming identified in the course of the study require further elaboration and discussion in American society, the adoption of new regulatory legal acts, the development of new rules for the work of the system participants, adjustments to the assessment procedure, funding and support at the state and international level. Only a set of organizational, legal, financial and stimulating measures will help to increase the number of donor organs and the number of transplants.

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Książki na temat "Living expenses, United States, 1910"

Clark-Lewis, Elizabeth. Living in, living out: African American domestics in Washington, D.C., 1910-1940. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

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Clark-Lewis, Elizabeth. Living in, living out: African American domestics in Washington DC, 1910-40. Washinton: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

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United States. Bureau of the Census. Your daily expenses: Help us learn about the buying habits of people in the United States. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, 2005.

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Clark-Lewis, Elizabeth. Living In, Living Out: African American Domestics in Washington, D.C., 1910-1940. Smithsonian Books, 2010.

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Financial crisis in American households: The basic expenses that bankrupt the middle class. Praeger, 2017.

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Części książek na temat "Living expenses, United States, 1910"

Rank, Mark Robert, Lawrence M. Eppard i Heather E. Bullock. "America’s Poor Are Worse Off Than Elsewhere". W Poorly Understood, 73–81. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881382.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 examines the difficulty of living in poverty in the United States. Using the MIT living wage calculator, families in poverty are unable to meet monthly expenses. Furthermore, the distance between the poverty line and median income in the United States has been growing for the past 50 years. When compared with other OECD countries, the United States has higher rates of poverty and more severe levels of poverty. A major reason for this is the relatively weak social safety net found in the United States. In addition, the extent of social exclusion and deprivation is likely higher in the United States as a result of the considerable stigma attached to poverty.

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Shirley, Ian, Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian Pool i St John. "Family Policy and Political Economy". W Family Change and Family Policies in Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, 286–300. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198290254.003.0019.

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Abstract In the early twentieth century, New Zealand commentators wrote of a ‘theory of fair wages ... sufficient to give the worker a decent living according to the colonial standard’ (Le Rossignol and Stewart, 1910: 239). Since the average ‘worker’ of the time was male and since ‘normal needs’ encompassed domestic responsibilities, the ‘fair wage’ was soon defined as being a family wage sufficient to support a wife and two or three children. With the election of the first Labour government in 1935, the family wage was enshrined in legislation. Government established base wage rates for adult male workers to enable a man ‘to maintain a wife, and three children in a fair and reasonable standard of comfort’ (Woods, 1963).

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Kenworthy, Lane. "America Is Underachieving". W Social Democratic Capitalism, 121–59. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190064112.003.0006.

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Abstract: A good society will ensure a decent standard of living for its least well-off. It will reduce people’s vulnerability to large income declines and large unanticipated expenses. It will aggressively curtail inequality of opportunity. And it will ensure that economic growth is broadly shared among the population rather than confined to those at the top. The United States isn’t doing as well as it should in meeting these challenges. The incomes and living standards of Americans at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder are too low. Too many Americans experience significant income declines from year to year or month to month, and too many are vulnerable to a large unanticipated medical expense. Too few who grow up in disadvantaged circumstances are able to reach the middle class. And too few see their boat lifted when the economic tide rises. I detail the nature and extent of these problems.

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Hernández, Kelly Lytle. "Scorpion’s Tale". W City of Inmates. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631189.003.0005.

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The fourth chapter sheds new historical insight on a key but little-studied demographic of incarceration in the United States: Mexicanos, including immigrants from Mexico and U.S.-born persons of Mexican descent. It is a story that unfolded across the U.S.-Mexico borderlands but peaked in Los Angeles when, in the summer of 1907, two LA PD officers kicked in the door of a shanty on the outskirts of town and arrested three leaders of a rebel movement to oust Mexico’s president, Porfirio Diaz. These men, Ricardo Flores Magon, Librado Rivera, and Antonio Villarreal, were political exiles living in hiding in the United States. Their arrests, as with the arrests of thousands of their supporters across the borderlands, were part of President Diaz’s counterinsurgency campaign to cage (if not kill) Magon and crush his rebel movement, which demanded massive political reform and land redistribution in Mexico. Yet, while incarcerated in Los Angeles, Magon, Villarreal, and Rivera cultivated new ways to stoke rebellion in Mexico. Their ongoing assault on the Diaz regime pushed Mexico toward the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution (1910–17). Therefore, Chapter 4 unearths how the incarceration of Mexicanos in the United States surged during the age of revolution in Mexico. It is an epic tale.

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M. Heshmati, Hassan. "The Centenarians: An Emerging Population". W Update in Geriatrics. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96327.

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Long life is a topic of great interest in medicine and among the general public. The “successful aging” which is a high priority for individuals and societies, is aging without any disabilities and severe diseases. In several countries, the increase in life expectancy has led the very old to become the fastest growing segment of the population. Centenarians are subjects living 100 years or older. The majority of centenarians are females (female to male ratio around 3.6/1). A very small fraction of centenarians (up to 0.5%) will live 110 years or older (supercentenarians). Most centenarians have managed to avoid, postpone, or overcome the important age-related and life-threatening diseases and disabilities (e.g., ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, respiratory infection, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and dementia). Some forecasts suggest that most babies born in developed countries since 2000 will become centenarians. In 2020, the number of centenarians in the world was approximately 573,000, mainly from the United States of America (USA). This number could reach approximately 3,676,000 by 2050. In the absence of the genetic predisposition to become centenarian, there are several ways to extend longevity (e.g., lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement or blockade, antioxidants, maintenance of a proper autophagic activity, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy). The continuous increase of the number of centenarians has worldwide practical implications including profound impact on intergenerational interactions and significant financial challenges for any society, especially in relation to medical expenses.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Living expenses, United States, 1910"

Milacek, McKenna S., Joshua Schultz i Mark Muszynski. "Revisiting Low Income Residential Construction Options in Spokane". W IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0241.

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<p>Affordable housing plays an important role in providing equal opportunity for individuals within most communities in the United States. In the area of eastern Washington State, in particular, there is currently a dearth of affordable housing options; especially for larger families. This lack of three- and four- bedroom residences presents a challenge for the City of Spokane, and the low-income residents seeking housing. This paper provides a preliminary look at certain alternate construction approaches for stand-alone houses with the end goal of optimizing taxpayer funding available, and to reduce living expenses for occupants. Two possible alternative approaches [structural insulated panels (SIPs) and straw bale wall construction] are compared to traditional wood frame construction; all in terms of cost and structural performance. Alternate foundation options are also currently under consideration. It appears that certain alternate construction techniques are worthy of a fresh look; particularly straw bale construction.</p>

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