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1
Lee, T. Y. Tom, Mali Mahalingam i Peter J. C. Normington. "Subcooled Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux in Dielectric Liquid Mixtures". Journal of Electronic Packaging 115, nr 1 (1.03.1993): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909294.
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The beneficial effect of using dielectric liquid mixture in reducing temperature overshoot in pool boiling has been studied by the authors (Normington et al., 1992). The current experimental work addresses the influence of mixtures of dielectric liquids on the critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling. Two families of dielectric liquids were evaluated: perfluorocarbon liquids and perfluoropolyether liquids. Each set of the family consisted of two liquids with boiling points ranging from 80°C−110°C. Both 100 percent of each liquid and mixtures of two liquids were tested. Video filming was used along with electronic data collection. The perfluoropolyether liquids showed an increase in CHF as more high boiling liquid was added to the mixture, while the perfluorocarbon liquids had a constant CHF for all mixtures.
2
Tabassum, Shagufta, i V. P. Pawar. "Complex permittivity spectra of binary polar liquids using time domain reflectometry". Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 08, nr 03 (czerwiec 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x18500194.
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The study of complex properties in a binary mixture of polar liquids has been carried out in the frequency range of 10[Formula: see text]MHz to 30 GHz at 293[Formula: see text]K and 298[Formula: see text]K temperatures using time domain reflectometry. The complex properties of polar liquids in binary mixture give information about the frequency dispersion in the dielectric permittivity ([Formula: see text]) and dielectric loss ([Formula: see text]). The information regarding the orientation of electric dipoles in a polar liquid mixture is given by Kirkwood parameters. The Bruggeman parameters are used as the indicator of liquid1 and liquid2 interaction. Molar entropy ([Formula: see text]) and molar enthalpy ([Formula: see text]) are also discussed at the end of the paper.
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Sundaram S, Vasanthi T, Jayaprakash T, Balasubramanian V i Vijayakumar V N. "Optical and thermal studies on binary liquid crystal mixture". Nanoscale Reports 4, nr 1 (30.04.2021): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/nr.4.7.
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The novel binaryliquid crystal mixture is designed and synthesized from 4-methoxycinnamic acid (MCA) and 4-ethoxycinnamic acid
(ECA). Quantum chemical (DFT) calculation for MCA+ECA geometry is optimized by DFT/B3LYP with 6-311G (d, p) basis set and its
results are good agreement with experimental data. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic(FT-IR) study confirm the presence of
intermolecular hydrogen bond in the liquid crystal mixture .The paramorphic changes in nematic phase and thermo-optic properties
of binary liquid crystal mixture isanalyzed using polarizing optical microscope (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
techniques. A noteworthy observation in the present liquid crystal mixture possesses smectic A phase along with nematic phases.
Intermolecular hydrogen bond interaction and it’s stabilization energy of present mixture is studied by natural bond orbital (NBO)
analysis. Due to the transition,the presen tliquid crystal mixtur einduces smecticA phase. The molecular properties of presen t binary liquid crystal mixtureis analyzed by HOMO-LUMO and experimental UV-Visible studies. Thermal spanwidth, stability factor and quantum chemical properties of the liquid crystal mixture are calculated.Molecular electrostatic potential, mulliken atomic
charge distribution of the optimized MCA+ECA geometry is also reported.
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El-Sinawi, Abdulaziz, Karthik Silaipillayarputhur, Tawfiq Al-Mughanam i Christopher Hardacre. "Performance of Ionic Liquid-Water Mixtures in an Acetone Cooling Application". Sustainability 13, nr 5 (9.03.2021): 2949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052949.
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In this work, the performance of selected ionic liquid-water mixtures was investigated for an acetone cooling application in a process plant using a double pipe heat exchanger. Cooling media such as river water and ionic liquid-water mixtures were compared, specifically water-saturated quaternary phosphonium-based carboxylate ionic liquids were considered in this work. Ionic liquids generally have high thermal stability, resist degradation, and provide higher temperatures at low vapor pressures and for these reasons, ionic liquids can be a good substitute for conventional heat transfer fluids. At each condition, the performance of the ionic liquid mixture was compared with that of water. For the designated cooling application, the performance of water was much better than the ionic liquid mixtures.
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Nguyen, Viet Nhan Hoa, Minh Nhan Le i Man Seung Lee. "Comparison of Extraction Ability between a Mixture of Alamine 336/Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA and Ionic Liquid ALi-D2 from Weak Hydrochloric Acid Solution". Metals 10, nr 12 (15.12.2020): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121678.
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The development of extraction systems to improve the extraction efficiency of metals using commercial extractants and ionic liquids is of importance. The extraction behavior of Co(II) between mixture of Alamine 336/Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA and synthesized ionic liquid ALi-D2 was compared in this work. Some factors, such as equilibrium pH, properties of the extractants, and concentration of components in the mixture had a remarkable effect on the extraction of Co(II). The interactions occurring in the mixtures as well as the change in solution pH were analyzed. Co(II) was completely extracted by ionic liquid when equilibrium pH was higher than 6.5, while it was difficult to extract Co(II) by employing the mixture of D2EHPA and Alamine 336/Aliquat 336. The formation of ionic liquid in the mixture of D2EHPA and Aliquat 336 was verified through FT-IR spectra. In addition, the competition extraction of hydrogen ion and Co(II) by ionic liquid ALi-D2 was explained. Among the three kinds of extractants, the ionic liquid showed the best extraction efficiency for Co(II) and pH control from weak acidic solutions. The present study provides valuable information on the extraction behavior of metal ion by the mixtures of commercial extractants, and thus can give some light on the development of metal extraction systems.
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Belšak, Grega, Saša Bajt i Božidar Šarler. "Numerical Study of the Micro-Jet Formation in Double Flow Focusing Nozzle Geometry Using Different Water-Alcohol Solutions". Materials 14, nr 13 (28.06.2021): 3614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133614.
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The purpose of this work is to determine, based on the computational model, whether a mixture of a binary liquid is capable of producing longer, thinner and faster gas-focused micro-jets, compared to the mono-constituent liquids of its components. Mixtures of water with two different alcohols, water + ethanol and water + 2-propanol, are considered. The numerical study of pre-mixed liquids is performed in the double flow focusing nozzle geometry used in sample delivery in serial femtosecond crystallography experiments. The study reveals that an optimal mixture for maximizing the jet length exists both in a water + ethanol and in a water + 2-propanol system. Additionally, the use of 2-propanol instead of ethanol results in a 34% jet length increase, while the jet diameters and velocities are similar for both mixtures. Pure ethanol and pure 2-propanol are the optimum liquids to achieve the smallest diameter and the fastest jets. However, the overall aim is to find a mixture with the longest, the smallest and the fastest jet. Based on our simulations, it appears that water + 2-propanol mixture might be slightly better than water + ethanol. This study reveals the dominant effect of liquid viscosity on the jet breakup process in a flow focusing nozzles operated under atmospheric conditions.
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Yoshizawa, Masahiro, Asako Narita i Hiroyuki Ohno. "Design of Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Applications". Australian Journal of Chemistry 57, nr 2 (2004): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch03240.
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Zwitterionic liquids composed of a tethered cation and anion were synthesized and their thermal properties and ionic conductivity were investigated as novel ionic liquids especially for electrochemical applications. We prepared nine zwitterions in this study. In addition, this paper includes 36 kinds of zwitterions already reported in order to discuss the relationship between the zwitterion structure and their properties. Most zwitterions melt above 100°C; their melting points are generally higher than that of simple ionic liquids. When an equimolar amount of lithium salt (LiTFSI, LiBETI, LiCF3SO3, LiBF4, or LiClO4) was added to the zwitterion, the mixture showed only a glass transition temperature Tg. The Tg values of the zwitterionic liquid/salt mixture showed the lowest value of –37°C when mixed with LiTFSI. This mixture also showed the highest ionic conductivity of 8.9 × 10–4 S cm–1 at 100°C. There is a good relationship between Tg and the ionic conductivity of the zwitterionic liquid/lithium salt mixtures.
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Silapov, Begench, i Iulian Nistor. "MOVEMENT OF TWO-PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED PIPES". Romanian Journal of Petroleum & Gas Technology 4 (75), nr 1 (2023): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/jpgt.2023.01.06.
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"Two-phase flows are found in almost all areas of technology. For example, tubular evaporators, boiling water reactors, boiler blowdown systems, heaters, boilers, gas lift pumps, oil and geothermal wells, oil and gas pipelines, refrigerators, process pipelines, and condensers. Two-phase flows are classified as mixtures. According to the composition of the mixture are divided: (a) for single-component (or one-component) - vapor-liquid flows; (b) multicomponent - gas-liquid flows. One-component mixtures consist of the same substance in different states of aggregation. This can be not only vapor-liquid, but also a mixture of liquid or vapor with a solid phase, a water-ice mixture, or a vapor flow with ice particles, for example, in sublimation installations. Multicomponent mixtures are a combination of substances of different physical nature. These include not only gas-liquid flows, but also, for example, mixtures of air and sand, water and oil. The paper presents the main attention is paid to the movement of two-phase flows in the pipeline."
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Knezevic-Stevanovic, Andjela, Goran Babic, Mirjana Kijevcanin, Slobodan Serbanovic i Dusan Grozdanic. "Correlation of the liquid mixture viscosities". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, nr 8 (2012): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc120127038k.
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In this paper forty two selected correlation models for liquid mixture viscosities of organic compounds were tested on 219 binary and 41 ternary sets of experimental data taken from literature. The binary sets contained 3675 experimental data points for 70 different compounds. The ternary sets contained 2879 experimental data points for 29 different compounds. The Heric I, Heric-Brewer II, and Krishnan-Laddha models demonstrated the best correlative characteristics for binary mixtures (overall absolute average deviation < 2%). The Heric I, Heric-Brewer II, Krishnan-Laddha and Heric II models demonstrated the best correlative characteristics for ternary mixtures (overall absolute average deviation < 3%).
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Staubach, Jens, i Simon Stephan. "Interfacial properties of binary azeotropic mixtures of simple fluids: Molecular dynamics simulation and density gradient theory". Journal of Chemical Physics 157, nr 12 (28.09.2022): 124702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100728.
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Interfacial properties of binary azeotropic mixtures of Lennard-Jones truncated and shifted fluids were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density gradient theory (DGT) in combination with an equation of state. Three binary mixtures were investigated, which differ in the energetic cross interaction parameter that yields different types of azeotropic behavior. This study covers a wide temperature and composition range. Mixture A exhibits a heteroazeotrope at low temperatures, which changes to a low-boiling azeotrope at high temperatures, mixture B exhibits a low-boiling azeotrope, and mixture C exhibits a high-boiling azeotrope. The phase behavior and fluid interfacial properties as well as their relation were studied. Vapor–liquid, liquid–liquid, and vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria and interfaces were considered. Density profiles, the surface tension, the interfacial thickness, as well as the relative adsorption and enrichment of the components at the interface were studied. The results obtained from the two independent methods (MD and DGT) are overall in good agreement. The results provide insights into the relation of the phase behavior, particularly the azeotropic behavior, of simple fluid mixtures and the corresponding interfacial properties. Strong enrichment was found for the mixture with a heteroazeotrope in the vicinity of the three-phase equilibrium, which is related to a wetting transition.
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SAARELA, MIKKO, i TAUNO TAIPALEENMÄKI. "QUANTUM FLUID MIXTURES IN DIFFERENT PHASES". International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, nr 28 (10.11.2003): 5227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203020375.
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Variational theory of quantum fluid mixtures is presented with the emphasis on the stability and phase transitions. We give results on two systems where new interesting phases are predicted. Dilute mixtures of 3 He impurities in the liquid 4 He in two dimensions form loosely bound pairs, dimers. The binding energy of the dimer ranges from milli- to micro-Kelvins with increasing 4 He density. The dimerised mixture of 3 He atoms is stable up to maximum solubility of ≈3%. Electrons and holes in semiconductors form a homogeneous mixture, electron-hole liquid. We predict that at low densities this system becomes unstable against clustering of charges and a liquid phase with a mixture of bound charged clusters could be formed.
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Krutilin, A. N., Yu Yu Huminski, O. A. Rusevich i L. V. Kulbitskaya. "Improvement of efficiency of use of liquid-glass mixtures. Part 4. Combined strengthening". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), nr 4 (14.01.2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-4-38-44.
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Technological methods applied for intensification liquid-glass mixture hardening process are described. Influence of physical and chemical processes at liquid-glass mixtures technological properties are examined. The application of combined methods of hardening the mixture is proposed, as well as examples of such technological processes are given. The effect of combined methods on the technological properties of the mixture is described. The need for more hard research in this area is justified
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Kakibe, Takeshi, Satoshi Nakamura, Kiyokazu Amakuni i Hajime Kishi. "Binary Ionic Liquid System for Direct Cellulose Etherification". Australian Journal of Chemistry 72, nr 2 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18378.
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Etherification of cellulose was performed using a mixture of ionic liquids (ILs) playing roles in both cellulose dissolution and catalysis. We investigated the effects of the reaction time and the ratio of these ILs in the mixture. Cellulose etherification was performed in these IL mixtures. The proportion of propoxy cellulose exceeded 2.5 after 24 h.
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Gao, Xin-Yi. "Density-fluctuation symbolic computation on the (3+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation for a bubbly liquid with experimental support". Modern Physics Letters B 30, nr 15 (9.06.2016): 1650217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916502171.
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Liquids with gas bubbles are commonly seen in medical science, natural science, daily life and engineering. Nonlinear-wave symbolic computation on the (3[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov model for a bubbly liquid is hereby performed. An auto-Bäcklund transformation and some solitonic solutions are obtained. With respect to the density fluctuation of the bubble-liquid mixture, both the auto-Bäcklund transformation and solitonic solutions depend on the bubble-liquid-viscosity, transverse-perturbation, bubble-liquid-nonlinearity and bubble-liquid-dispersion coefficient functions. We note that some shock waves given by our solutions have been observed by the gas-bubble/liquid-mixture experiments. Effects on a bubbly liquid with respect to the bubble-liquid-viscosity, transverse-perturbation, bubble-liquid-nonlinearity and bubble-liquid-dispersion coefficient functions might be detected by the future gas-bubble/liquid-mixture experiments.
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Rusevich, O. A., i S. L. Rovin. "Investigation of the effect of vacuum on the curing of mixtures on a silicate binder". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), nr 3 (10.09.2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2021-3-82-87.
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The article presents the results of a study of the effect of vacuuming on the curing processes of liquid‑glass mixtures. The method of conducting experiments using an original laboratory vacuum installation and the mechanisms of curing a liquid‑glass mixture with various hardening methods are described. Studies have shown that vacuuming can signifi antly accelerate the curing and increase the strength of the mixture while reducing the content of the silicate binder. This; in turn; facilitates the knockability of liquid‑glass mixtures and expands the prospects for using these environmental friendly mixtures in foundry as an alternative to sands based on organic binders.
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Li, Kui, i De Dong Guo. "Study on Water Stability of Evotherm® Warm Asphalt Mixture". Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (sierpień 2013): 819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.819.
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AC-13C asphalt mixtures were mixing with 3% Evotherm® content and the optimal compaction temperature was determined according to test results of specimens formed at 4 different compaction temperatures by Marshall method. The general water stability tests and Hamburg wheel-tracking device (HWTD) were used to test the water stability of 4 kinds of asphalt mixtures, which were ordinary asphalt mixture, Evotherm® asphalt mixture without adding any anti-stripping agent, Evotherm® asphalt mixture adding liquid anti-stripping agent and Evotherm® asphalt mixture adding hydrated lime. Test results shows that the optimal compaction temperature is about 125°C; and compared to ordinary asphalt mixture, the long-term water stability of Evotherm® asphalt mixture is obviously poor caused by the lower compaction temperature; the addition of either liquid anti-stripping agent or hydrated lime improve the water stability to a great extent; comparatively speaking, addition of hydrated lime is the optimum measure to improve the water stability of Evotherm® warm mixture asphalt.
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Regalado, Roberto Eloy Hernández, Tobias Weide, Daniel Baumkötter, Lukas Wettwer, Jurek Häner, Elmar Brügging i Jens Tränckner. "Optimization and Analysis of Liquid Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Agro-Industrial Wastes via Mixture Design". Processes 9, nr 5 (17.05.2021): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050877.
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Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) is a widely employed technique to produce biogas from simultaneous digestion of various biomasses. However, the selection of the optimal proportions of the substrates in the mixtures presents a challenge. This research used a mixture design to investigate the interactions between the liquid fraction of piglet manure (PM), cow manure (CWM), and starch wastewater (SWW). A modified Gompertz model was used to identify the statistically significant parameters of the methane production curves. The optimal compositions of the mixtures were identified based on multi-objective optimization of the maximal methane yield (YCH4) and maximal methane specific production rate (rCH4) parameters. The study was validated using a double mixture of PM and CWM and a triple mixture. The estimated degradation rates for both mixtures were faster than the predicted ones. The absolute relative errors of rCH4 were 27.41% for the double mixture and 5.59% for the triple mixture, while the relative errors of YCH4 were 4.64% for the double mixture and 10.05% for the triple mixture. These relative errors are within the normal limits of a process with high variability like AD. Thus, mixture design supported by the tested models is suitable for the definition of practically advisable mixtures of substrates.
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Tang, Jiaxing, Zihao Mao, Zhongwei An, Ran Chen, Xinbing Chen i Pei Chen. "Difluorovinyl Liquid Crystal Diluters Improve the Electro-Optical Properties of High-∆n Liquid Crystal Mixture for AR Displays". Molecules 28, nr 6 (8.03.2023): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062458.
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A liquid crystal (LC) mixture in liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is the core material for augmented reality (AR) displays. However, a LC mixture with high birefringence (Δn) and large dielectric anisotropy (Δε) possesses high viscosity (γ1), which results in a slow response time of LCoS devices for AR displays. This work proposes to apply difluorovinyl-based LC diluters to fine balance the low viscosity, high ∆n, and large ∆ε of the LC mixture for a fast response time. Through studying their effects on the key electro-optical properties of a high-∆n LC mixture, it is found that doping these diluter molecules to a high-∆n LC mixture can decrease the viscoelastic coefficient (γ1/K11), increase ∆ε and the figure of merit, maintain a wide nematic phase temperature range, a high clearing point, and ∆n. It also means that these diluters could effectively regulate the relationship between ∆n, ∆ε, and γ1 in the LC mixtures to achieve a fine balance of various excellent properties and further improve the LC device’s response time. The widespread applications of these liquid crystal diluters in emerging liquid crystal optical devices are foreseeable.
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Vyazmin, Andrey, Dmitry Khramtsov, Boris Pokusaev, Dmitry Nekrasov i Nikolay Zakharov. "Experimental study of liquid evaporation from a surface of gel mixture". EPJ Web of Conferences 196 (2019): 00030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919600030.
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Experimental study of liquid evaporation from gel mixture surface was performed. Gels based on agarose and starch were studied. Dependencies of liquid evaporation from time were obtained for mixtures of agarose and starch. A non-linear dependency of evaporation speed was observed for all sets of mixtures. It was shown that presence of starch inhibits the process of liquid evaporation.
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Okumuş, Mustafa. "Investigation of thermal and optical properties of some quartet mixed hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals". International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, nr 29 (7.11.2017): 1750224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217502241.
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In this study, the thermal and optical properties of quartet mixtures formed at different weight ratios (1:1:1:1 and 1.5:1:1:1) from liquid crystals 4-octyloxy-4[Formula: see text]-cyanobiphenyl (8OCB), 4-hexylbenzoic acid, 4-(octyloxy)benzoic acid and 4-(decyloxy)benzoic acid were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarized optic microscopy (POM). The phase transition temperatures of the novel quartet mixtures measured in the DSC experiments are in line with the POM experiments. The experimental results clearly show that the novel liquid crystal mixtures have displayed pure liquid crystalline properties. According to the phase diagram drawn from DSC results, the nematic range of the novel mixture at the eutectic point is larger than the nematic ranges of the components. The mesomorphic structures of produced homolog complex mixtures are found to be smectic and nematic phases. But the smectic phase cannot be observed in the novel complex 1.5:1:1:1 mixture during continuous cooling. The nematic range of the novel complex 1.5:1:1:1 mixture is bigger than the nematic range of the novel complex 1:1:1:1 mixture with increasing 8OCB. Also, the nematic-to-isotropic phase transition temperature decreases with increasing the weight ratio of 8OCB in the complex quartet mixture. Another interesting result is that the produced mixtures are to be like a medical cream at room temperatures. Furthermore, order parameter and thermal stability factor of the transitions are also calculated.
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Hai, Duong Ngoc, i Nguyen Van Tuan. "Shock adiabat analysis for the mixture of liquid and gas of two components". Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 22, nr 2 (30.06.2000): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/9968.
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The liquid and gas mixture is met in many natural and industrial processes. In the paper, the investigation results of shock waves, propagated in the liquid and two-component gas (one component is neutral, the other is condensed) mixture, are presented. The influence of the relative gas ratios, initial gas volume, wave intensity etc. on the main wave characteristics, is analyzed and illustrated as examples for two mixtures. The first is a mixture of water and gas (air and water vapor). The second is a mixture of crude oil and gas (one component is soluble, the other is insoluble).
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Wen, Guilin, Xia Zhang, Xueli Geng, Yixin Ma, Jun Gao, Yinglong Wang i Zhaoyou Zhu. "Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Butanol from Heptane + Butanol Mixture by Ionic Liquids". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 62, nr 12 (16.11.2017): 4273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.7b00635.
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Hassanov, H. G. "A Theory for the Separation of Liquid Mixtures by Laser Radiation". Physical Separation in Science and Engineering 12, nr 3 (1.01.2003): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/psse.12.179.
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A theory for the separation of liquid mixtures under the action of electromagnetic waves is developed. The theory considers physical specifications that take place during the separation. It is shown that at certain extreme value of the radiation intensity the maximum of mixture separation could be observed. This extreme value depends on the parameters of falling waves and medium studied. The effect of the liquid convection on the mixture separation is investigated. It is established that convection reduces the separation. Thus, laminar flow is much more preferable for the mixture separation than turbulent one.
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Yamaguchi, Tsuyoshi, Song-Ho Chong i Norio Yoshida. "Phase equilibrium of three-component liquid systems composed of water, alcohol, and sodium chloride studied by the reference interaction-site model integral equation theory". Journal of Chemical Physics 158, nr 8 (28.02.2023): 084502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0142256.
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A theoretical method for calculating the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of a binary liquid mixture using the reference interaction-site model (RISM) integral equation theory, which we had proposed recently, was extended to ternary liquid systems containing salt. A novel dielectric correction of the RISM theory for a mixture of solvents was also proposed. The theory was applied to mixtures composed of water, alcohol, and NaCl, where the alcohol was either methanol or ethanol. The decrease in NaCl solubility with increasing alcohol molar fractions in the solvent was calculated. In the ethanol system, the theory yielded salt-induced liquid–liquid phase separation, which was observed experimentally in a ternary mixture of water, 1-propanol, and NaCl. The phase diagram of the ternary system was determined theoretically.
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Knezevic-Stevanovic, Andjela, Goran Babic, Mirjana Kijevcanin, Slobodan Serbanovic i Dusan Grozdanic. "Liquid mixture viscosities correlation with rational models". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 79, nr 3 (2014): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc130610114k.
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In this paper twenty two selected rational correlation models for liquid mixture viscosities of organic compounds were tested on 219 binary sets of experimental data taken from literature. The binary sets contained 3675 experimental data points for 70 different compounds. The Dimitrov-Kamenski X, Dimitrov-Kamenski XII, and Dimitrov-Kamenski XIII models demonstrated the best correlative characteristics for binary mixtures with overall absolute average deviation less then 2%.
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Lo, Su-Chin, i Chris W. Brown. "Near-Infrared Mixture Identification by an Automated Library Searching Method: A Multivariate Approach". Applied Spectroscopy 46, nr 5 (maj 1992): 790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124646.
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A mathematical technique for the identification of components in the near-infrared spectra of liquid mixtures without any prior chemical information is demonstrated. Originally, the technique was developed for searching mid-infrared spectral libraries. It utilizes principal component analysis to generate an orthonormal reference library and to compute the projections or scores of a mixture spectrum onto the principal space spanned by the orthonormal set. Both library and mixture spectra are analyzed and processed in Fourier domain to enhance the searching performance. A calibration matrix is calculated from library scores and is used to predict the mixture composition. Five liquid mixtures were correctly identified with the use of the calibration algorithm, whereas only one mixture was correctly characterized with a straight dot-product metric. The predictions were verified with the use of an adaptive filter to remove each of the resulting components from the library and the mixture spectra. In addition, a similarity index between the original mixture spectrum and a regenerated mixture spectrum is used as a final confirmation of the predictions. The effects of random noise on the searching method were also examined, and further enhancements of searching performance are suggested for identifying poor-quality mixture spectra.
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Stoeckli, F., G. Couderc, A. Lavanchy, D. Wintgens i P. Girardin. "The Non-Ideality of the System Benzene + 1,2-Dichloroethane Adsorbed in Microporous Carbons at 293 K". Adsorption Science & Technology 18, nr 6 (lipiec 2000): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0263617001493648.
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In the case of simple vapour mixtures adsorbed by active carbons, the activity coefficients seem to depend essentially on the composition of the adsorbed phase, rather than on the degree of micropore filling. Consequently, the liquid–solid adsorption equilibrium of benzene + 1,2-dichloroethane mixtures has been investigated at 293 K, using a typical active carbon and following earlier work for adsorption from the vapour phase. This system has the advantage that the mixture is ideal in the liquid state, which provides a convenient reference for the study of the adsorbed phase. The activity coefficients, as well as the excess enthalpy of immersion of the carbon into the liquid mixtures, provide information on the modifications in the adsorbed state with respect to the ideal mixture. It is also shown that the introduction of the activity coefficients derived from the solid–liquid equilibrium increases considerably the accuracy of the Myers–Prausnitz–Dubinin model for the adsorption of the vapour mixtures.
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Gervasi, Natalie R., David O. Topping i Andreas Zuend. "A predictive group-contribution model for the viscosity of aqueous organic aerosol". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, nr 5 (12.03.2020): 2987–3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2987-2020.
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Abstract. The viscosity of primary and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has important implications for the processing of aqueous organic aerosol phases in the atmosphere, their involvement in climate forcing, and transboundary pollution. Here we introduce a new thermodynamics-based group-contribution model, which is capable of accurately predicting the dynamic viscosity of a mixture over several orders of magnitude (∼10-3 to >1012 Pa s) as a function of temperature and mixture composition, accounting for the effect of relative humidity on aerosol water content. The mixture viscosity modelling framework builds on the thermodynamic activity coefficient model AIOMFAC (Aerosol Inorganic–Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients) for predictions of liquid mixture non-ideality, including liquid–liquid phase separation, and the calorimetric glass transition temperature model by DeRieux et al. (2018) for pure-component viscosity values of organic components. Comparing this new model with simplified modelling approaches reveals that the group-contribution method is the most accurate in predicting mixture viscosity, although accurate pure-component viscosity predictions (and associated experimental data) are key and one of the main sources of uncertainties in current models, including the model presented here. Nonetheless, we find excellent agreement between the viscosity predictions and measurements for systems in which mixture constituents have a molar mass below 350 g mol−1. As such, we demonstrate the validity of the model in quantifying mixture viscosity for aqueous binary mixtures (glycerol, citric acid, sucrose, and trehalose), aqueous multicomponent mixtures (citric acid plus sucrose and a mixture of nine dicarboxylic acids), and aqueous SOA surrogate mixtures derived from the oxidation of α-pinene, toluene, or isoprene. We also use the model to assess the expected change in SOA particle viscosity during idealized adiabatic air parcel transport from the surface to higher altitudes within the troposphere. This work demonstrates the capability and flexibility of our model in predicting the viscosity for organic mixtures of varying degrees of complexity and its applicability for modelling SOA viscosity over a wide range of temperatures and relative humidities.
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Kruzel, Marcin, Tadeusz Bohdal, Krzysztof Dutkowski, Waldemar Kuczyński i Katarzyna Chliszcz. "Current Research Trends in the Process of Condensation of Cooling Zeotropic Mixtures in Compact Condensers". Energies 15, nr 6 (18.03.2022): 2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062241.
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This paper is an introduction to the cycle proposed by the authors related to research directions concerning the problems of condensation of zeotropic refrigerant mixtures. For over a hundred years, research has been conducted on the search for new working fluids in the cycles for cooling devices and heat pumps. Initially, the natural refrigerants used were replaced with homogeneous synthetic refrigerants, followed by mixtures of two or more refrigerants. Among the mixtures, there are azeotropic and zeotropic mixtures. In the case of an azeotrope mixture, a liquid solution of two or more chemical compounds is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the saturated vapor resulting from this mixture. The chemical composition of the liquid and vapor is identical. A zeotropic mixture is a liquid-vapor system in which the composition of a liquid mixture (solution) of two or more chemical compounds is always different from that of the saturated vapor generated from this liquid. This is due to the different boiling and condensation temperatures of the individual components of the mixture at the same pressure. There is a so-called temperature glide. The phase transformations of individual components do not run simultaneously, which means that the boiling or condensation phase transition temperature changes during the process being carried out. This raises a number of computational, design, and operational problems for power equipment. Today, however, zeotropic mixtures find an alternative to refrigerants with a high GWP potential. Despite the disadvantage of temperature glide, they also have advantages. These include ecological, energy, and economic indicators. As a result, they are increasingly used in the energy economy. This prompts researchers to conduct further research in the field of a detailed description of the phenomenon of boiling and condensation phase transformations of zeotropic mixtures under temperature glide, searching for new computational relationships, new design solutions, and applications. It is still an insufficiently recognized research problem. Bearing the above in mind, the authors made an attempt to review the state of knowledge in this area. Particular attention was paid to the progress in modeling the condensation phenomenon of zeotropic mixtures for application in compact heat exchangers. Miniaturization of cooling devices creates great application possibilities in this area.
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ABE, H., M. MORIKAWA, T. UEDA, R. NOMURA, Y. OKUDA i S. N. BURMISTROV. "Visual observation of the bubble dynamics in normal 4He, superfluid 4He and superfluid 3He–4He mixtures". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 619 (25.01.2009): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008004436.
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In order to compare the bubble dynamics of various quantum liquids, we performed the visual observation of a sound-induced bubble in a normal liquid 4He, pure superfluid 4He, and superfluid 3He–4He liquid mixtures of saturated and unsaturated 3He concentrations. When an acoustic wave pulse was applied to these liquids under saturated vapour pressure, a macroscopic bubble was generated on the surface of a piezoelectric transducer. For all liquids, the size of the bubble increased, as a higher voltage was applied to the transducer at a fixed temperature. In the normal 4He we observed a primary bubble surrounded with many small bubbles which ascended upward together. In contrast to normal phase, only one bubble was generated in the superfluid 4He, and its shape proved to be highly irregular with an ill-defined surface. In the 3He saturated superfluid mixture, we also observed a solitary bubble but with a nearly perfect spherical shape. The bubble in this mixture expanded on the transducer surface, grew to a maximum size of the order of 1 mm and then started shrinking. As the bubble detached from the transducer with shrinking, we clearly detected an origination of the upward jet flow which penetrated the bubble. The jet velocity in the liquid mixture was approximately 102–103 times smaller than in water. At the final stage of the process we could sometimes observe a vortex ring generation. It is interesting that, though the bubble size and time scale of the phenomenon differ from those in water, the behaviour in the collapsing process had much in common with the simulation study of the vortex ring generation in water. In addition, for the mixture with the unsaturated 3He concentration of about 25% at 600 mK, the shape of the upward jet was observed distinctly, using more precise measurement with shadowgraph method.
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Rowley, Richard L., Gary L. White i Mudau Chiu. "Ternary liquid mixture thermal conductivities". Chemical Engineering Science 43, nr 2 (1988): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(88)85049-8.
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Samohýl, Vít, Ivan Samohýl i Petr Voňka. "Partial Pressures in Thermodynamics of Classical Fluid Mixtures". Acta Chimica Slovaca 5, nr 1 (1.04.2012): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10188-012-0005-3.
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Partial Pressures in Thermodynamics of Classical Fluid Mixtures In the rational thermodynamics of most usual nonequilibrium "classical" fluid mixtures it has been proposed the "thermodynamic" partial pressure which generalize traditional definitions and merge together in an ideal gas mixture. In this paper, these thermodynamic partial pressures are calculated for a (real) gas mixture of methane-ethane-carbon dioxide and a liquid mixture of lithium hydroxide in water. The results are compared with those obtained using the classical formulations of partial pressures calculated in these mixtures as well.
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González, J. A., U. Domanska i J. Lachwa. "Thermodynamics of binary mixtures containing a very strongly polar compound — Part 3: DISQUAC characterization of NMP + organic solvent mixtures". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, nr 12 (1.12.2003): 1451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-159.
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Binary mixtures of 1-methyl pyrrolidin-2-one (NMP) with alkanes, benzene, toluene, 1-alkanol, or 1-alkyne have been investigated in the framework of the DISQUAC model. The reported interaction parameters change regularly with the molecular structure of the mixture components. The model consistently describes a set of thermodynamic properties, including liquid–liquid equilibria, vapor–liquid equilibria, solid–liquid equilibria, and molar excess enthalpies. A brief comparison of the DISQUAC results and those obtained from the UNIFAC and ERAS models is presented. The experimental excess enthalpies are better represented by DISQUAC than by UNIFAC because this quantity strongly depends on molecular structure. For NMP + alkane mixtures, the liquid–liquid equilibria data are also better represented by DISQUAC, while UNIFAC more accurately describes the vapor–liquid equilibria measurements at temperatures close to the critical point. This result suggests that a mean field theory is not able to represent simultaneously, with the same set of interaction parameters, liquid–liquid and vapor–liquid equilibria at the mentioned temperatures. ERAS fails when treating mixtures with 1-alkanols. This has been attributed to the strong dipole–dipole interactions between NMP molecules, characteristic of the investigated systems. Mixture structure is briefly studied in terms of the concentration–concentration structure factor.Key words: thermodynamics, NMP, organic solvent, self-association, dipole–dipole interactions.
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Kałdoński, Tomasz Jan, Jarosław Juda, Piotr Wychowański i Tadeusz Kałdoński. "Hydrocarbon Lubricating Oils with Admixture of Ionic Liquid as Electrorheological Medium". Materials 16, nr 1 (29.12.2022): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010330.
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The article describes the results of experimental studies of electrorheological (ER) properties of lubricating oils containing an admixture of an ionic liquid as the electrically active ingredient. The novelty of these studies consists of the use of selected ionic liquids as additives to hydrocarbon oils in order to obtain quasi-homogenous mixtures with electrorheological properties. So far, such studies have not been carried out. Basic research, which consisted in determining the rheological characteristics in the presence of an external direct electric field, was carried out on a specially designed and built stand, which used a modified Brookfield DV-III Ultra viscometer. The conducted research showed that the produced mixtures generated the ER effect in the presence of a direct electric field with an intensity of up to 0.2 kV·mm−1. The tested mixtures showed different electrorheological characteristics. The research was also carried out in the so-called dielectric spectroscopy using the Hewlett Packard HP4192A impedance analyzer. The mechanism of generating and decaying the ER effect was diagnosed by in situ microscopy using the Nikon Eclipse LV100D optical microscope. It was found that the course of the τ = f(γ˙) characteristic of a mixture of hydrocarbon oil with a small admixture of an ionic liquid is mainly influenced by the so-called dielectric properties of the electrically active component, or rather their change as a function of the applied BIAS (DC) voltage. At the same time, the obtained results of the research gave grounds to state that the electrorheological characteristics also depend on many physicochemical properties of the mixture components and on the differentiation of their values e.g., from the difference in viscosity of the insulating base oil and the added ionic liquid, and also from the difference in the value of the surface tension of the base oil and the added ionic liquid. In these studies, it was found that the surface tension of the CJ001 ionic liquid at 25 °C was 26.032 mN·m−1. The surface tension of CJ008 was 28.099 mN·m−1 and that of PAO-6 oil was almost the same, i.e., 27.523 mN·m−1. The first mixture (GP1 + CJ001) showed Bigham characteristics and the second (PAO6 + CJ008) Newtonian, in the second mixture, the viscosity difference of the components was two times lower than in the first one (GP1—12.61 mPa·s, CJ001—552.42 mPa·s and PAO6—47.35 mPa·s, CJ008—327.24 mPa·s).
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Yong, Jiale, Qing Yang, Xun Hou i Feng Chen. "Emerging Separation Applications of Surface Superwettability". Nanomaterials 12, nr 4 (18.02.2022): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12040688.
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Human beings are facing severe global environmental problems and sustainable development problems. Effective separation technology plays an essential role in solving these challenges. In the past decades, superwettability (e.g., superhydrophobicity and underwater superoleophobicity) has succeeded in achieving oil/water separation. The mixture of oil and water is just the tip of the iceberg of the mixtures that need to be separated, so the wettability-based separation strategy should be extended to treat other kinds of liquid/liquid or liquid/gas mixtures. This review aims at generalizing the approach of the well-developed oil/water separation to separate various multiphase mixtures based on the surface superwettability. Superhydrophobic and even superoleophobic surface microstructures have liquid-repellent properties, making different liquids keep away from them. Inspired by the process of oil/water separation, liquid polymers can be separated from water by using underwater superpolymphobic materials. Meanwhile, the underwater superaerophobic and superaerophilic porous materials are successfully used to collect or remove gas bubbles in a liquid, thus achieving liquid/gas separation. We believe that the diversified wettability-based separation methods can be potentially applied in industrial manufacture, energy use, environmental protection, agricultural production, and so on.
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Tomaszewska-Wach, Barbara, Mariusz R. Rząsa i Marcin Majer. "MEASUREMENT OF TWO-PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW USING STANDARD AND SLOTTED ORIFICE". Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, nr 4 (15.12.2019): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.47.
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The differential pressure of gas measurement is very often used in industrial measurements. During the gas flow, liquid condensation often occurs. The result is that when measuring a gas flow, the gas-liquid mixture is essentially measured. Errors in the indications of measuring instruments are starting to appear due to a change in the properties of the continuous phase, which is gas. In addition, the appearance of liquid droplets leads to flow disturbances and pressure pulsations. Therefore, new methods and tools for measuring the flow of gas-liquid mixture are being sought. The work involves the use of slotted orifices for measuring gas-liquid mixtures. An analysis of the influence of the slotted orifice geometry on the measurement of the biphasic mixture stream was carried out. Standard orifice and three slotted orifices of various designs. The experiment included measuring the air flow with a small amount of water dispersed in the form of drops.
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Garkushin, Ivan Kirillovich, Glafira Ivanovna Zamaldinova, Evgenii Igorevich Frolov i Aleksei Ivanovich Garkushin. "Volume Change When Melting Halides of s'-Elements and their Double Mixes: Analytical Description, Calculation and Interrelation". Electrochemical Energetics 12, nr 4 (2012): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2012-12-4-194-204.
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An important feature when using low-melting mixtures of halides of s-elements as a refiner of electrolytes for chemical power sources and thermal storage materials in thermal batteries is the amount of volume increase in the melting process which can be calculated by the formula [1]: δV = ((Vк – Vж) / Vк) ∙ 100% = (∆V / Vк) ∙ 100%, (1) where V к – the volume of a solid substance (or mixture) at the melting temperature;Vж – the volume of liquid at the melting temperature (substance or mixture); ∆V – volume difference in the liquid and solid states of the substance. Identification of δV is necessary because all the halides increase their volume, therefore melting increases the mixture of halides volume. So, when filling chemical power sources and storage heaters by mixtures it is necessary to keep a share of the free volume not only for expansion of the mixture in the solid (including the transition from one crystal structure to another) and liquid state, but also for increasing of the melting compounds volume. But, in the literature [2,3] provides data on the increase volume in the melting is not for everyone halides s-elements (table 1).
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Swift, G. W., i D. A. Geller. "Thermoacoustic Soret separation". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, nr 5 (listopad 2022): 3078–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015232.
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In a fluid mixture in a channel with an axial time-averaged temperature gradient, high-amplitude oscillating flow can greatly increase the axial flux of thermal diffusion (Soret) separation of the components of the mixture. The enhancement occurs when the oscillating lateral temperature gradient greatly exceeds the axial gradient, causing a large oscillating concentration that can be favorably time-phased with the oscillating flow. This process can occur even with a negligible pressure oscillation or with a negligible temperature response to pressure, as is the case in most liquid solutions. The thermal boundary condition imposed by realistic solids on thermoacoustic liquids is imperfect, adding mathematical complications that are absent for typical gases, for which the solid surface is temporally isothermal. Compared with gas mixtures, the high Lewis number in typical liquid solutions reduces the separation flux associated with the time-averaged temperature gradient, but it also reduces the remixing associated with the time-averaged mole-fraction gradient. For large enough channels, the second-law separation efficiency is only slightly reduced from that of steady liquid Soret separation.
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O'Brien, S. B. G., i M. Hayes. "A model for dip-coating of a two liquid mixture". International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 29, nr 6 (2002): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171202011614.
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We consider a thin film flow where a flat substrate is coated with a mixture of two miscible liquids, of equal viscosity, and develop a model to predict the evolving coating thicknesses. The developed model can, under certain circumstances, be used as an approximation for the dip-coating of a liquid suspension of a viscous volatile liquid and solid solute as occurs in many industrial applications.
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Samantaray, B., M. K. Praharaj, B. R. Das i S. P. Das. "Comparative Study of Molecular Interaction in Ternary Liquid Mixtures of Polar and Non-Polar Solvents". Journal of Scientific Research 14, nr 3 (1.09.2022): 917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v14i3.57587.
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Ultrasonic velocity measurements, density measurements, and viscometric studies were conducted for the ternary mixture of pyridine and toluene separately with N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in butanol, at different temperatures and for different concentrations of component liquids. Using these basic experimental data, various acoustic and thermodynamic parameters, such as adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf,), free volume (Vf), etc. were calculated. Also, Excess thermo-acoustical parameters were calculated from the experimentally measured data. The outcomes were expressed in terms of the molecular interactions and the variations in parameters under varying solute concentrations. A comparative study is discussed. Variation in the above parameters for the different mixtures is indicative of the nature of the interactions between the components in the liquid mixture. Concluding remarks regarding intermolecular interactions are provided.
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Noyes, Alexander, i Frank C. Keil. "Asymmetric Mixtures: Common Conceptual Priorities for Social and Chemical Kinds". Psychological Science 29, nr 7 (9.05.2018): 1094–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617753562.
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Hypodescent is the phenomenon of categorizing biracial individuals asymmetrically (e.g., viewing Black-White biracial individuals as Black instead of White). We propose that hypodescent is explained by domain-general attentional biases toward dangerous and distinctive components in conceptual representation. This cognitive mechanism derives its empirical support from several research traditions, especially from research on how people evaluate generic statements. Here, we demonstrate how liquid mixtures are categorized in ways characteristic of hypodescent. Mixtures that contain equal amounts of two liquids are categorized as whichever liquid is more dangerous or distinctive (Study 1). Dangerous and distinctive components are prioritized even when they are less than 50% of the mixture (Study 2). The relative dangerousness or distinctiveness of liquids (Study 3) or racial groups (Study 4) predicts the strength and direction of this asymmetry. We discuss how conceptual prominence relates to previous theories of hypodescent.
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Malik, Praveen. "FIELD INDUCED STUDIES IN CARBON NANOTUBES DOPED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL MIXTURE". JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 4, nr 3 (26.06.2014): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v4i3.6962.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) doped nematic liquid crystal (NLC) mixture of varying concentrations of CNTs in 0.0, 0.2 and0.5 wt./wt.% ratios have been prepared and studied. The effect of electric field on current behavior and optical propertiesin pure NLC and CNTs-NLC mixtures has been investigated. Dispersion of CNTs in NLC mixture increases the currentnearly 3 times. The lower concentration of CNTs leads to better optical responses
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Duursma, Gail, Khellil Sefiane i Joy Clarke. "Diffusion-Evaporation Studies of Binary Mixtures in Capillary Tubes". Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (luty 2008): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.577.
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Evaporation in restricted domains, e.g. in capillaries, is of industrial importance but is poorly understood. Where the evaporating liquid is a binary mixture, preferential evaporation of the more volatile component occurs initially and the evaporation rate is not constant, indeed it appears to occur in stages. Experiments of evaporation from the entrance of a capillary were performed for various binary mixtures of acetone and water and for pure liquids for comparison. Measurements of mass were taken over time for a range of capillary diameters from 0.6 mm to 2 mm. For simplicity, the experiments were performed with the meniscus “stationary” at the entrance of the tube, rather than allowing the meniscus to recede. The data were analysed and showed that, for the binary mixtures, the evaporation process had two distinct stages for the mixtures. The second stage always had a lower slope than the first, indicating a slower evaporation (similar multistage evaporation processes have been observed for sessile drops of binary mixtures). There are many phenomena at work in this process: surface evaporation; diffusion (or natural convective mass transfer) in the air beyond the capillary; diffusion in the binary mixture; circulation in the liquid; thermal effects of evaporative cooling. These are investigated, comparisons made and further studies are proposed.
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Zhang, Jin, Shu Shen Liu, Hui Ping Deng, Shu Guang Zhu i Qi Ling. "Synergistic Effect of Aldicarb on the Toxicity of Ionic Liquid Mixtures to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67". Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (grudzień 2013): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.413.
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Various chemicals emerge in environment and exist as mixtures with different forms and concentrations. Toxicity interaction by mixtures may pose potential hazards and risks to the environmental safety and human health. Recent data show that toxicity interaction within ionic liquid (IL) mixtures related with some certain component. However, how to determine the specific component in a mixture is not an easy work and needs more researches about it. Therefore, we investigated the toxicity of twelve groups of mixtures by using three ILs and one pesticide aldicarb as mixture components. Four binary and eight pseduo-binary mixtures were designed by equivalent effect concentration ratio ray method using EC5and EC50of individual component. The toxicities of single chemicals and these mixtures to a freshwater photobacteriumVibrio qinghaiensissp.-Q67 were determined by using the microplate toxicity analysis method. Toxicity interaction within mixtures were determined based on an additive referrence model, concentration addition (CA). The results showed that three binary IL mixture exhibited additive action and one antagonism. Interstingly, most pusedo-mixtures of aldicab and binary IL mixture exhibited cleary synergism especialy when they were mixed in the ratio of components EC5.
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Puxty, Graeme, Marcel Maeder, Kyle P. Radack i Paul J. Gemperline. "Equilibrium Modeling of Mixtures of Methanol and Water". Applied Spectroscopy 59, nr 3 (marzec 2005): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702053585444.
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An understanding of the species that form in mixtures of alcohol and water is important for their use in liquid chromatography applications. In reverse-phase liquid chromatography the retention of solutes on a chromatography column is influenced by the composition of the mobile phase, and in the case of alcohol and water mobile phases, the amount of free alcohol and water present. Previous and similar modeling studies of methanol (MeOH) and water mixtures by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have found up to four species present including free MeOH and water and MeOH and water complexes formed by hydrogen bonding associations. In this work an equilibrium model has been applied to NIR measurements of MeOH and water mixtures. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) pump was coupled to an NIR flow cell to produce a gradual change in mixture composition. This resulted in a greater mixture resolution than has been achieved previously by manual mixture preparation. It was determined that five species contributed to the data. An equilibria model consisting of MeOH, H2O, MeOH(H2O) (log KMeOHH2O = 0.10 ± 0.03), MeOH(H2O)4 (log KMeOH4H2O = −2.14 ± 0.08), and MeOH(H2O)9 (log KMeOH9H2O = −8.6 ± 0.1) was successfully fitted to the data. The model supports the results of previous work and highlights the progressive formation of MeOH and water complexes that occur with changing mixture composition. The model also supports that mixtures of MeOH and water are not simple binary mixtures and that this is responsible for observed deviations from expected elution behavior.
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Davletbaeva, Ilsiya M., Alexander V. Klinov, Alina R. Khairullina, Alexander V. Malygin i Nikolay V. Madaminov. "Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium in Binary and Ternary Azeotropic Solutions Acetonitrile-Ethanol-Water with the Addition of Amino Esters of Boric Acid". Processes 10, nr 10 (19.10.2022): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10102125.
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The effect of amino esters of boric acid (AEBA) on the conditions of vapor–liquid equilibrium in binary mixtures of acetonitrile–water, ethanol–acetonitrile and a three-component mixture of ethanol-acetonitrile-water was investigated. Residual curves and vapor–liquid phase equilibrium conditions (TPXY data) were experimentally measured at atmospheric pressure for a binary mixture of acetonitrile-AEBA and a triple mixture of acetonitrile-water-AEBA. Previously unknown energy binary parameters of groups B, CH2N with group CH3CN were determined for the UNIFAC model. The correction of the value of the binary parameter water—acetonitrile was carried out. On the basis of thermodynamic modeling, the degree of influence of AEBA on the relative volatility of acetonitrile in binary and ternary mixtures was analyzed. It is shown that the use of AEBA removes all azeotropic points in the studied mixtures. In this case, acetonitrile turns out to be a volatile component, and water is a non-volatile component in the entire concentration range.
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Tan, Huanshu, Christian Diddens, Pengyu Lv, J. G. M. Kuerten, Xuehua Zhang i Detlef Lohse. "Evaporation-triggered microdroplet nucleation and the four life phases of an evaporating Ouzo drop". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, nr 31 (14.07.2016): 8642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602260113.
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Evaporating liquid droplets are omnipresent in nature and technology, such as in inkjet printing, coating, deposition of materials, medical diagnostics, agriculture, the food industry, cosmetics, or spills of liquids. Whereas the evaporation of pure liquids, liquids with dispersed particles, or even liquid mixtures has intensively been studied over the past two decades, the evaporation of ternary mixtures of liquids with different volatilities and mutual solubilities has not yet been explored. Here we show that the evaporation of such ternary mixtures can trigger a phase transition and the nucleation of microdroplets of one of the components of the mixture. As a model system, we pick a sessile Ouzo droplet (as known from daily life—a transparent mixture of water, ethanol, and anise oil) and reveal and theoretically explain its four life phases: In phase I, the spherical cap-shaped droplet remains transparent while the more volatile ethanol is evaporating, preferentially at the rim of the drop because of the singularity there. This leads to a local ethanol concentration reduction and correspondingly to oil droplet nucleation there. This is the beginning of phase II, in which oil microdroplets quickly nucleate in the whole drop, leading to its milky color that typifies the so-called “Ouzo effect.” Once all ethanol has evaporated, the drop, which now has a characteristic nonspherical cap shape, has become clear again, with a water drop sitting on an oil ring (phase III), finalizing the phase inversion. Finally, in phase IV, all water has evaporated, leaving behind a tiny spherical cap-shaped oil drop.
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Schoen, M., C. Hoheisel i O. Beyer. "Liquid CH4, liquid CF4and the partially miscible liquid mixture CH4/CF4". Molecular Physics 58, nr 4 (lipiec 1986): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268978600101511.
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Juda, Jarosław, Tomasz Jan Kałdoński i Tadeusz Kałdoński. "Experimental investigations on electrorheological properties of lubricating oils containing ionic liquid. Part. 1. Investigations with modified Brookfield DV-III Ultra Viscosimeter". Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 68, nr 3 (30.09.2019): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5554.
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The results of experimental investigations on electrorheological (ER) properties of lubricating oils which contain ionic liquids, are presented in this article. The investigations were carried out on the special stand which was projected for this aim. On this stand there was used the modified Brookfield viscosimeter. Electrorheological properties of two mixtures were tested, i.e., silicone damping liquid GP-1 which is polimethylsiloksane mixture containing 2% (v/v) of ionic liquid CJ 001, i.e., tetrafluoroboran 1-methyl-3-octyloxymethylimidazolium as well as base polialfaolefine oil PAO-6 which contains 2% (v/v) of ionic liquid CJ 008, i.e., trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Selection of components of both mixtures was based on the results of investigations of miscible and on evaluation of basic phys-chem properties. The investigations showed that the made mixtures have generated the ER effect, but it was short-lived effect, suggesting the changes of inner structure of these mixtures. Therefore, we have planned the next investigations, among others dielectric spectroscopy and microscope observations in situ of these mixtures in external electric fields. The aim of those investigations will be to record the fading ER effect and to understand this mechanism. Keywords: electrorheological effect, homogenous mixtures, lubricants, ionic liquids
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Samohýl, Ivan. "Application of Truesdell’s model of mixtures to an ionic liquid mixture". Computers & Mathematics with Applications 53, nr 2 (styczeń 2007): 182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2006.02.018.
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