Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Liquid Fuel Generation”
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „Liquid Fuel Generation”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Liquid Fuel Generation"
1
Zhang, Ji, Junling Yang, Huafu Zhang, Zhentao Zhang i Yu Zhang. "Research status and future development of biomass liquid fuels". BioResources 16, nr 2 (8.04.2021): 4523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.zhang.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Due to the combined pressures of energy shortage and environmental degradation, bio-liquid fuels have been widely studied as a green, environmentally friendly, renewable petroleum alternative. This article summarizes the various technologies of three generations of biomass feedstocks (especially the second-generation, biomass lignin, and the third-generation, algae raw materials) used to convert liquid fuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-jet fuel) and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, this article details the latest research progress in biomass liquid fuel production, summarizes the list of raw materials, products and conversion processes, and provides personal opinions on its future development. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the optimization of existing technology and future research and development of biomass liquid fuels.
2
Ambrose, M. J., R. F. Costello i H. Schreiber. "Utility Combustion Turbine Evaluation of Coal Liquid Fuels". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, nr 3 (1.07.1985): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239793.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A comprehensive field test was performed to evaluate the suitability of H-Coal middle distillate and full-range Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) coal-derived liquids (CDLs) as utility combustion turbine fuels. A Westinghouse W251AA 26 MW combustion turbine operated by the Philadelphia Electric Company was the test engine. No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel was also fired to establish baseline data. This program was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute. Site modifications included a temporary CDL storage and fuel transfer system, water storage and injection equipment, an instrumented combustor, engine and emissions instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and industrial hygiene facilities required for the proper handling of the CDLs. The overall results of testing were positive for using such CDL fuels in combustion turbines for power generation. With the exception of higher combustor metal temperatures with the CDLs, and persistent fuel filter plugging with the EDS fuel (which occurred even with increased fuel temperature and filter size), the engine operated satisfactorily during approximately 80 hr of total running over the standard range of load and water injection conditions.
3
Kuznetsov, Geniy, Dmitrii Antonov, Maxim Piskunov, Leonid Yanovskyi i Olga Vysokomornaya. "Alternative Liquid Fuels for Power Plants and Engines for Aviation, Marine, and Land Applications". Energies 15, nr 24 (16.12.2022): 9565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249565.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The article considers the main tendencies of development of alternative liquid fuels used in aviation, land transport, and for the needs of power generation sector. An overview of the main constraints to the development of alternative fuel technologies in these technical areas was carried out. The main groups of the most promising components and fuel compositions capable of effectively replacing conventional liquid fuels have been generalized. The basic criteria for evaluating alternative fuels are formulated. Environmental indicators of fuel combustion are of paramount importance for aviation. Rheological characteristics, calorific value, and environmental friendliness are critical for land transport engines. The effectiveness of alternative fuels for the power generation sector needs to be assessed in terms of such factors as economic, environmental, rheological, and energy to find an optimal balanced formulation. The list of potential components of alternative liquid fuels is extremely large. For a comprehensive analysis of the efficiency and selection of the optimal composition of the fuel that meets specific requirements, it is necessary to use multicriteria evaluation methods.
4
Sankar, Vinay, Sreejith Sudarsanan, Sudipto Mukhopadhyay, Prabhu Selvaraj, Aravind Balakrishnan i Ratna Kishore Velamati. "Towards the Development of Miniature Scale Liquid Fuel Combustors for Power Generation Application—A Review". Energies 16, nr 10 (11.05.2023): 4035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104035.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
As the demand for powerful, light energy sources continues to grow, traditional electrochemical batteries are no longer sufficient and combustion-based power generation devices have become an attractive alternative due to their high energy density, compact size, fast recharging time and long service life. While most research on miniature-scale combustors has focused on gaseous fuels, the use of commonly available liquid fuels has the potential to be highly portable and economical. However, the complexity of droplet atomization, evaporation, mixing and burning in a limited volume and short residence time has presented significant challenges for researchers. This review focuses on various methodologies proposed by researchers (like flow burring injector, fuel film injection, injecting into porous media, electrospray and some self-aspirating designs) to overcome these challenges, the combustion behaviour and different instabilities associated with liquid fuels at small scales. The current review intends to present a clear direction to channel the efforts made by researchers to overcome the difficulties associated with liquid fuel combustion at small scales for power generation applications. Additionally, this review aims to give an overview of power systems at the micro and meso scales that operate using liquid fuels. The methodologies introduced like electrospray requires external power, which again makes the system complex. Towards the development of standalone type power generators, the self-aspirating design which makes use of hydrostatic pressure, fuel film injection or taking advantage of exhaust gas enthalpy to preheat and evaporate the liquid fuel are the promising methodologies.
5
Shi, Hong-Hui, i Kazuyoshi Takayama. "Generation of hypersonic liquid fuel jets accompanying self-combustion". Shock Waves 9, nr 5 (1.10.1999): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001930050193.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Chen, Zhuo, Tingzhou Lei, Zhiwei Wang, Xueqin Li i Peng Liu. "Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biomass Liquid Fuel Conversion and Utilization—A Review". Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 16, nr 2 (1.04.2022): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2022.2172.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Biomass liquid fuel, one of the most important renewable fuels, plays a key role in the energy development. This paper reviews the research progress in biomass liquid fuel conversion and utilization, environmental impact, and economic analysis. The application research of biomass liquid fuel currently focuses on the evaluation of substitution and emission reduction effect of a single component on fossil energy. While most studies confirm that biomass liquid fuel can reduce greenhouse gas emission and current energy shortage problems, the large-scale cultivation and use of energy crops may induce negative environmental impacts. And although second-generation biomass liquid fuel base on agricultural residues have potential development and considerable economic feasibility compared to fossil fuel, technological breakthroughs are required to reduce production costs and achieve large-scale promotion and application. Technological breakthroughs in the multi-product comprehensive utilization of biomass liquid fuel, raw material plants in the environment, establishment of economic analysis models, and economic quantification of ecological benefits will drive research directions in the future.
7
Wang, Changlong, i Didier Astruc. "Recent developments of nanocatalyzed liquid-phase hydrogen generation". Chemical Society Reviews 50, nr 5 (2021): 3437–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00515k.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Chen, Jun Jie, i De Guang Xu. "Review on Progress and Challenges of the Power Generation Systems at Micro-Scales". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 47 (luty 2015): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.47.185.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The miniaturization of electro-mechanical devices, and the resulting need for micro-power generation (milliwatts to watts) with low weight, long life devices, has led to the recent development of the field of micro-scale combustion and power generation. The primary objective of this new field is to leverage the high energy density of fuels, specifically liquid hydrocarbon fuels relative to batteries and all other energy storage devices other than nuclear fission, fusion or decay. Some brief scaling arguments are given in this work, and more detailed efforts are referred. A brief introduction to several of the fabrication techniques is presented in this work. Hydrogen-based and some preliminary specialty fuel micro-fuel cells have been successfully developed, and there is a need to develop reliable reformers (or direct conversion fuel cells) for liquid hydrocarbons so that the fuel cells become competitive with the batteries. In this work, the technological issues related to micro-scale combustion and the development of thermochemical devices for power generation will be discussed. Some of the systems currently being developed will be presented, ongoing critical study issues under investigation, and other potential areas of development discussed. Comments regarding the opportunities and limitations of each of the techniques are also presented where applicable.
9
Chen, Jun Jie, i De Guang Xu. "Review on Progress and Challenges of the Power Generation Systems at Micro-Scales". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 47 (24.02.2015): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-0c1h5o.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The miniaturization of electro-mechanical devices, and the resulting need for micro-power generation (milliwatts to watts) with low weight, long life devices, has led to the recent development of the field of micro-scale combustion and power generation. The primary objective of this new field is to leverage the high energy density of fuels, specifically liquid hydrocarbon fuels relative to batteries and all other energy storage devices other than nuclear fission, fusion or decay. Some brief scaling arguments are given in this work, and more detailed efforts are referred. A brief introduction to several of the fabrication techniques is presented in this work. Hydrogen-based and some preliminary specialty fuel micro-fuel cells have been successfully developed, and there is a need to develop reliable reformers (or direct conversion fuel cells) for liquid hydrocarbons so that the fuel cells become competitive with the batteries. In this work, the technological issues related to micro-scale combustion and the development of thermochemical devices for power generation will be discussed. Some of the systems currently being developed will be presented, ongoing critical study issues under investigation, and other potential areas of development discussed. Comments regarding the opportunities and limitations of each of the techniques are also presented where applicable.
10
Djurisic-Mladenovic, Natasa, Zlatica Predojevic i Biljana Skrbic. "Conventional and advanced liquid biofuels". Chemical Industry 70, nr 3 (2016): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind150311029d.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Energy security and independence, increase and fluctuation of the oil price, fossil fuel resources depletion and global climate change are some of the greatest challanges facing societies today and in incoming decades. Sustainable economic and industrial growth of every country and the world in general requires safe and renewable resources of energy. It has been expected that re-arrangement of economies towards biofuels would mitigate at least partially problems arised from fossil fuel consumption and create more sustainable development. Of the renewable energy sources, bioenergy draws major and particular development endeavors, primarily due to the extensive availability of biomass, already-existence of biomass production technologies and infrastructure, and biomass being the sole feedstock for liquid fuels. The evolution of biofuels is classified into four generations (from 1st to 4th) in accordance to the feedstock origin; if the technologies of feedstock processing are taken into account, than there are two classes of biofuels - conventional and advanced. The conventional biofuels, also known as the 1st generation biofuels, are those produced currently in large quantities using well known, commercially-practiced technologies. The major feedstocks for these biofuels are cereals or oleaginous plants, used also in the food or feed production. Thus, viability of the 1st generation biofuels is questionable due to the conflict with food supply and high feedstocks? cost. This limitation favoured the search for non-edible biomass for the production of the advanced biofuels. In a general and comparative way, this paper discusses about various definitions of biomass, classification of biofuels, and brief overview of the biomass conversion routes to liquid biofuels depending on the main constituents of the biomass. Liquid biofuels covered by this paper are those compatible with existing infrastructure for gasoline and diesel and ready to be used in mixture with them as ?drop-in? fuels: bioethanol, celullosic ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel and BtL diesel; their major advantages and drawbacks are compared.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Liquid Fuel Generation"
1
Yun, Thomas. "Fuel reformation and hydrogen generation in variable volume membrane batch reactors with dynamic liquid fuel introduction". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53550.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In recent years, the need for high performance power sources has increased dramatically with the proliferation of ultra-compact electronic systems for mobile communication, man-portable and versatile military equipment, and electric vehicles. Volume- and mass- based power density are two of the most important performance metrics for portable power sources, including hydrogen generating fuel reforming systems (onboard) for hydrogen fuel cells. Two innovative multifunctional reactor concepts, CO2/H2 Active Membrane Piston (CHAMP) and Direct Droplet Impingement Reactor (DDIR), are combined for the purpose of hydrogen generating fuel reforming system (onboard) for fuel cells. In CHAMP-DDIR, a liquid fuel mixture is pulse-injected onto the heated catalyst surface for rapid flash volatilization and on-the-spot reaction, and a hydrogen selective membrane is collocated with the catalyst to reduce the diffusion distance for hydrogen transport from the reaction zone to the separation site. CHAMP-DDIR allows dynamic variation of the reactor volume to optimally control the residence time and reactor conditions, such as pressure and temperature, thus improving both the reaction and separation processes.
A comprehensive CHAMP-DDIR model, which couples key physical processes including 1) catalytic chemical reactions, 2) hydrogen separation/permeation at membrane, 3) liquid fuel evaporation, and 4) heat and mass transport, has been developed to investigate the behavior of this novel reactor system, aiming at maximizing the volumetric power density of hydrogen generation from methanol/water liquid fuel. The relationships between system design parameters and the rate-limiting process(es), i.e., reaction, permeation, and transport, which govern reactor output, have identified. Experimental characterization of the prototype reactor has been performed for laboratory demonstration of the concept and model validation. Both model predictions and experiments successfully demonstrate the unique practical performance improvements of CHAMP-DDIR through combining time-modulated fuel introduction and the active change of reactor volume/pressure.
This work has led to a number of fundamental insights and development of engineering guidelines for design and operation of CHAMP-DDIR class of reactors, which can be extended to a broad range of fuels and diverse practical applications.
2
Pianthong, Kulachate Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Supersonic liquid diesel fuel jets : generation, shock wave characteristics, auto-ignition feasibilities". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20325.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
It is well known that high-speed liquid jetting is one of the most powerful techniques available to cut or penetrate material. Recently, it has been conjectured that high-speed liquid jets may be beneficial in improving combustion in such applications as SCRAM jets and direct injection diesel engines. Although there are practical limitations on maximum jet velocity, a fundamental study of the characteristics of high-speed liquid fuel jets and their auto-ignition feasibility is necessary. Important benefits could be increased combustion efficiency and enhanced emission control from improved atomisation. The generation of high-speed liquid jets (water and diesel fuel) in the supersonic to hypersonic ranges by use of a vertical single stage powder gun is described. The effect of the projectile velocity and projectile mass on the jet velocity is found experimentally. Jet exit velocities from a range of different nozzle inner profiles and nozzle hardness are thoroughly examined. The characteristics and behaviour of the high-speed liquid jet and its leading bow shock wave have been studied with the aid of a shadowgraph technique. This provides a clearer picture of each stage of the generation of hypersonic liquid jets. It makes possible the study of hypersonic diesel fuel jet characteristics and their potential for auto-ignition. The fundamental processes by which a supersonic liquid jet is generated by projectile impact have been investigated. The momentum transfer from the projectile to the liquid and the shock wave reflection within the nozzle cavity are the key items of interest. A new one-dimensional analysis has been used in order to simplify this complex and difficult problem. The impact pressure obtained from the projectile was firstly derived. Then, an investigation of the intermittent pressure increase in a closed end cavity and a simple stepped, cross-sectional nozzle were carried out. The nozzle pressure and final jet velocity were estimated and compared to a previous method and to experimental results. Some interesting characteristics found in the experiments relate well to those anticipated by the analysis. The characteristics of a hypersonic diesel fuel jet and its leading edge shock wave were assessed for their potential for auto-ignition using fuel with cetane numbers from 50-100. The investigations were performed at normal ambient air and at elevated air (110 ???C) temperature. So far, there is no sign of auto-ignition that may occur because of the temperature rise of the induced shock.
3
Chang, Ai-Fu. "Process Modeling of Next-Generation Liquid Fuel Production - Commercial Hydrocracking Process and Biodiesel Manufacturing". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/58043.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This dissertation includes two process modeling studies -- (1) predictive modeling of large-scale integrated refinery reaction and fractionation systems from plant data – hydrocracking process; and (2) integrated process modeling and product design of biodiesel manufacturing. \r\n1. Predictive Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Refinery Reaction and Fractionation Systems from Plant Data -- Hydrocracking Processes: This work represents a workflow to develop, validate and apply a predictive model for rating and optimization of large-scale integrated refinery reaction and fractionation systems from plant data. We demonstrate the workflow with two commercial processes -- medium-pressure hydrocracking unit with a feed capacity of 1 million ton per year and high-pressure hydrocracking unit with a feed capacity of 2 million ton per year in the Asia Pacific. This work represents the detailed procedure for data acquisition to ensure accurate mass balances, and for implementing the workflow using Excel spreadsheets and a commercial software tool, Aspen HYSYS from Aspen Technology, Inc. The workflow includes special tools to facilitate an accurate transition from lumped kinetic components used in reactor modeling to the boiling point based pseudo-components required in the rigorous tray-by-tray distillation simulation. Two to three months of plant data are used to validate models' predictability. The resulting models accurately predict unit performance, product yields, and fuel properties from the corresponding operating conditions.\r\n2. Integrated Process Modeling and Product Design of Biodiesel Manufacturing: This work represents first a comprehensive review of published literature pertaining to developing an integrated process modeling and product design of biodiesel manufacturing, and identifies those deficient areas for further development. It also represents new modeling tools and a methodology for the integrated process modeling and product design of an entire biodiesel manufacturing train. We demonstrate the methodology by simulating an integrated process to predict reactor and \r\nseparator performance, stream conditions, and product qualities with different feedstocks. The results show that the methodology is effective not only for the rating and optimization of an existing biodiesel manufacturing, and but also for the design of a new process to produce biodiesel with specified fuel properties.Ph. D.
4
Han, Lijuan. "Electrochemical oxidation of water and formate promoted by prussian blue analogues for electricity storage and generation". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667656.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Com a forma d'energia, l'electricitat és una de les formes principals per a la utilització de fonts d'energia renovables, com l'energia fotovoltaica, turbines, hidroelectricitat, etc. No obstant això, l'electricitat no és la més pràctica per a moltes aplicacions perquè és difícil d'emmagatzemar i transportar de manera eficient. Per tant, les tecnologies d'emmagatzematge, transport i extracció d'electricitat de manera econòmica i eficient es fan necessàries per a l'ús generalitzat. Un enfocament plausible és recol·lectar i emmagatzemar electricitat en enllaços químics com a combustibles químics, i després extreure de manera sostenible l'electricitat dels combustibles químics en les cel·les de combustible a demanda.
Les tecnologies per a la generació de combustibles químics es basen en gran mesura en l'oxidació d'aigua en mitja cel·la per a un subministrament abundant de protons i electrons. No obstant això, el desenvolupament de electrocatalitzadors d'oxidació d'aigua escalables a partir de metalls abundants capaços d'operar en ambients neutres o àcids i amb baixos sobrepotenciales segueix sent un desafiament fonamental. En aquesta tesi, utilitzem diverses rutes sintètiques per preparar complexos de PBAs com a catalitzadors electroquímics d'oxidació d'aigua i després avaluem la seva activitat catalítica, estabilitat i resistència a la corrosió durant l'oxidació de l'aigua mitjançant estudis electroquímics, espectroscòpics i estructurals. A més, el hexacianoferrat de cobalt (CoFePB) ha demostrat la seva excel·lent activitat i selectivitat cap a l'oxidació d'àcid fòrmic / formiat a CO2 amb una eficiència faradaic completa en mitjans aquosos en un ampli rang de pH. Aprofitant la seva activitat electrocatalítica, hem desenvolupat una cel·la de combustible de flux de ceri / formiat, de baix cost amb un càtode de pelfa de carboni per a la reducció de Ce4 + i amb l'ànode de CoFePB per a l'oxidació de formiat. Aquesta simple cel·la de combustible sense metalls nobles obre perspectives prometedores per a la generació eficient d'electricitat en cel·les de combustible aquosa a baixa temperatura.Como una forma de energía, la electricidad es una de las formas principales para la utilización de fuentes de energía renovables, como la energía fotovoltaica, turbinas, hidroelectricidad, etc. Sin embargo, la electricidad no es la más práctica para muchas aplicaciones porque es difícil de almacenar y transportar de manera eficiente. Por lo tanto, las tecnologías de almacenamiento, transporte y extracción de electricidad de manera económica y eficiente se hacen necesarias para el uso generalizado. Un enfoque plausible es recolectar y almacenar electricidad en enlaces químicos como combustibles químicos, y luego extraer de manera sostenible la electricidad de los combustibles químicos en las celdas de combustible a demanda. Las tecnologías para la generación de combustibles químicos se basan en gran medida en la oxidación de agua en media celda para un suministro abundante de protones y electrones. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de electrocatalizadores de oxidación de agua escalables a partir de metales abundantes capaces de operar en ambientes neutros o ácidos y con bajos sobrepotenciales sigue siendo un desafío fundamental. En esta tesis, utilizamos varias rutas sintéticas para preparar complejos de PBAs como catalizadores electroquímicos de oxidación de agua y luego evaluamos su actividad catalítica, estabilidad y resistencia a la corrosión durante la oxidación del agua mediante estudios electroquímicos, espectroscópicos y estructurales. Además, el hexacianoferrato de cobalto (CoFePB) ha demostrado su excelente actividad y selectividad hacia la oxidación de ácido fórmico / formiato a CO2 con una eficiencia faradaica completa en medios acuosos en un amplio rango de pH. Aprovechando su actividad electrocatalítica, hemos desarrollado una celda de combustible de flujo de cerio / formiato, de bajo costo con un cátodo de felpa de carbono para la reducción de Ce4 + y con el ánodo de CoFePB para la oxidación de formiato. Esta simple celda de combustible sin metales nobles abre perspectivas prometedoras para la generación eficiente de electricidad en celdas de combustible acuosa a baja temperatura.
As a form of energy, electricity is one of the main forms for the utilization of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaics, turbines, hydroelectricity and so on. However, electricity is not the most practical for many applications because it is difficult to store and transport efficiently. Thus, the storage, transport and extraction technologies of electricity in cheap and efficient ways becomes necessary for the widespread use. One plausible approach is to collect and store electricity in chemical bonds as chemical fuels, and then to sustainably extract electricity from chemical fuels in fuel cells on demand. The technologies for chemical fuels generation strongly relies on the half-cell water oxidation for an abundant supply of protons and electrons. However, the development of upscalable water oxidation electrocatalysts from earth–abundant metals able to operate in neutral or acidic environments and low overpotentials remains a fundamental challenge. In this thesis, we utilized various synthetic routes to prepare PBAs complexes as electrochemical water oxidation catalysts, and then assessed their catalytic activity, stability and corrosion resistance during water oxidation by electrochemical, spectroscopic and structural studies. Furthermore, cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoFePB) has demonstrated its excellent activity and selectivity towards formic acid/formate oxidation to CO2 with full faradaic efficiency in aqueous media over a large pH range. Taking advantage of its electrocatalytic activity, we have developed an inexpensive cerium/formate liquid flow fuel cell with a carbon felt cathode for the Ce4+ reduction and with CoFePB anode for formate oxidation. This simple and noble-metal-free fuel cell opens promising perspectives for efficient electricity generation in the low-temperature aqueous fuel cell.
5
Abdelrahman, Hany Nabil Mohamed Amin. "Modelling the liquid breakup and vapour generation during accidental releases of liquid fuels". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10017/.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Hyde, Andrew Justin. "A Portable Generator Incorporating Mini-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2582.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Modern society has become reliant on battery powered electronic devices such as cell phones and laptop computers. The standard way of recharging these devices is by connecting to a reticulated electricity supply. In situations with no electricity supply some other recharging method is required. Such a possibility is a small, portable, generator based on fuel cell technology, specifically mini-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (MT-SOFC). MT-SOFCs have been developed since the 1990s but there is limited analysis, discussion or research on developing and constructing a portable generator based on MT-SOFC technology. Such a generator, running on a portable gas supply, requires combining the key aspects of cell performance, a heating and fuel reforming system, and cell manifolds. Cell design, fuel type, fuel flow rate, current-collection method and operating temperature all greatly affected MT-SOFCs performance. Segmenting the cathode significantly increased the power output. Maximum power density from an electrolyte supported MT-SOFC was 140 mW/cm2. The partial oxidation reactor (POR) developed provided the required heat to maintain the MT-SOFCs at an operating temperature suitable for generating electricity. The exhaust gas from the POR was a suitable fuel for MT-SOFCs, having sufficient carbon monoxide and hydrogen to generate electricity. Various manifold materials were evaluated including solid metal blocks and folded sheet metal. It was found that manifolds made from easily worked alumina fibre board decreased the thermal stresses and therefore the fracture rate of the MT-SOFCs. The final prototype developed comprised a partial oxidation reactor and MT-SOFCs mounted in alumina fibre board manifolds within a well-insulated enclosure, which could be run on LPG. Calculated efficiency of the final prototype was 4%. If all the carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the partial oxidation reactor were converted to electrical energy, efficiency would increase to 39%. Under ideal conditions, efficiency would be 78%. Efficiency of the prototype can be improved by increasing the fuel and oxygen utilisation ratios, ensuring heat from the exhaust gases is transferred to the incoming gases, and improving the methods for collecting current at both the anode and cathode.
7
Martin, Stefan [Verfasser], i André [Akademischer Betreuer] Thess. "An investigation of hydrogen generation via steam reforming of liquid fuels / Stefan Martin ; Betreuer: André Thess". Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130656985/34.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Duarte, Aires. "Dimensionamento de plantas Biomass-to-Liquids para produção de óleo diesel sintético no Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-26022014-101501/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Há uma demanda global pelo abastecimento de combustíveis veiculares menos poluentes, tanto por questões energéticas quanto sócio-ambientais. Uma potencial alternativa, que traduz a possibilidade de um biocombustível sem as limitações da Primeira Geração, é a rota tecnológica conhecida como Biomass-to-Liquids (BTL) que, através da gaseificação e da síntese Fischer-Tropsch, possibilita a obtenção de biocombustíveis líquidos, como o óleo diesel sintético, provenientes da biomassa moderna, nesse estudo, a biomassa lignocelulósica. Para a produção em escala comercial de um biocombustível da Segunda Geração, um complexo planejamento e altos investimentos são demandados dado seu pioneirismo e ausência de histórico de mercado ou modelos precisos. Uma metodologia desenvolvida em 2006 pelo pesquisador Harold Boerrigter propõe o dimensionamento ideal de uma planta BTL a partir de uma planta Gas-to-Liquids (GTL); são aqui propostas correções e atualizações para esta metodologia, sugerindo-se uma curva capaz de apontar a influência da economia de escala em plantas BTL e uma fórmula para o cálculo estimado do Total Capital Investment (TCI) destas plantas até o momento o Brasil não dispõe de nenhuma planta que opere pela rota BTL. Segue-se com considerações sobre a oferta de resíduos florestais no território brasileiro e a constatação de que a mesma seria insuficiente como matéria-prima para sustentar grandes plantas BTL, fazendo-se necessário o emprego de culturas planejadas na forma de florestas energéticas. Uma vez feita tal análise, apresenta-se o histórico, desde sua concepção até o seu fechamento, da primeira planta a operar pela rota BTL e a produzir o designer fuel batizado de SunDiesel®: construída na Alemanha, a CHOREN Industritechnik contribui com sua experiência de anos e também com a tecnologia de gaseificação Carbo-V® para as pesquisas com os biocombustíveis sintéticos. Seu exemplo pode sinalizar um alerta com relação ao dispêndio de esforços em projetos desta natureza dadas as incertezas econômicas que circundam as fronteiras tecnológicas dos combustíveis da Segunda Geração.There is a global demand for the supply of less polluting vehicular fuels as much by energy issues as socio-environmental. A potential alternative meaning the possibility of a biofuel without the limitations from the First Generation is the technological route known as Biomass-to-Liquids (BTL) which via gasification and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis turns possible to obtain liquid biofuels such synthetic diesel oil from modern biomass, in this study, the lignocellulosic biomass. For commercial-scale production of a Second Generation biofuel, a complex planning and high investments are required given its pioneering and absence of market history or precise models. A methodology developed in 2006 by researcher Harold Boerrigter proposes the ideal sizing for a BTL plant assuming a Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) plant; here are proposed corrections and updates for this methodology, suggesting a curve able to point the influence of economy of scale in BTL plants and a formula for the calculation of an estimated Total Capital Investment (TCI) of these plants by the present time Brazil has no plant operating by BTL route. The research follows up with issues regarding forest residues provision in the Brazilian territory and conlcuding that the same would be insufficient as a raw material to sustain large BTL plants, making necessary the use of planned crops in the form of energy forests. Once made such analysis, it is presented the history since its beginning until its closing for the first plant to operate by the BTL route and to produce the designer fuel called SunDiesel®: built in Germany, the CHOREN Industritechnik contributes with its experience of years and also with the gasification technology Carbo-V® for researches with synthetic biofuels. Such example may indicates an alert regarding the expenditure of efforts on projects of this nature, given the economic uncertainties that surround the Second Generation fuels technological frontiers.
9
Méjean, Aurélie. "Liquid fuels in a carbon-constrained world : modelling the costs and supply of first generation ethanol and petrol from conventional and non-conventional crude oil". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609788.
Pełny tekst źródła
10
Min, Zhenhua. "Catalytic steam reforming of biomass tar using iron catalysts". Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/184.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Biomass has become an increasingly important renewable source of energy forenhanced energy security and reduced CO[subscript]2 emissions. Gasification is at the core of many biomass utilisation technologies for such purposes as the generation of electricity and the production of hydrogen, liquid fuels and chemicals. However, gasification faces a number of technical challenges to become a commercially feasible renewable energy technology. The most important one is the presence of tar in the gasification product gas. The ultimate purpose of this thesis was to investigate the catalytic reforming of tar using cheap catalysts as an effective means of tar destruction.In this thesis, natural ilmenite ore and novel char-supported catalysts were studied as catalysts for the steam reforming of biomass tar derived from the pyrolysis of mallee biomass in situ in two-stage fluidised-bed/fixed-bed quartz reactors. In addition to the quantification of tar conversion, the residual tar samples were also characterised with UV-fluorescence spectroscopy. Both fresh and spent catalysts were characterised with X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, FT-Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.The results indicate that ilmenite has activity for the reforming of tar due to its highly dispersed iron-containing species. Both the externally added steam and low concentration oxygen affect the tar reforming on ilmenite significantly. The properties of biomass affect the chemical composition of its volatiles and therefore their reforming with the ilmenite catalyst. Compared with sintering, coke deposited on ilmenite is the predominant factor for its deactivation.During the steam reforming process, the char-supported iron/nickel catalysts exhibit very high activity for the reforming of tar. In addition, NO[subscript]x precursors could be decomposed effectively on the char-supported iron catalyst during the steam reforming process. The hydrolysis of HCN and the decomposition of NH[subscript]3 on the catalyst are the key reactions for the catalytic destruction of NO[subscript]x precursors.The kinetic compensation effects demonstrate that the reaction pathways on the char-supported catalysts are similar but different from those on ilmenite. The proprieties of catalyst support could play important roles for the activities of the catalysts and the reaction pathways on the catalysts. The char support as part of the char-supported catalysts can undergo significant structural changes during the catalytic reforming of biomass volatiles.
Książki na temat "Liquid Fuel Generation"
1
Sidorenko, Oleg. Biological systems in the processing of secondary products and agricultural waste. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1102076.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The manual describes technologies for processing secondary products and agricultural waste using macro-and micro-organisms. The regulations of modern biotechnologies of microbial synthesis, bioconversion of secondary raw materials are briefly presented, methods of its processing and characteristics of the obtained target products of bioconversion are described.
Practical classes introduce students to modern methods of improving environmental quality and production waste from commercial products (organic fertilizers, bacterial preparations, feed additives, etc.), as well as obtain the cheapest fuel and energy resources (biogas, alcohols, acids, liquid biofuels, etc.).
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
It is intended for students of higher educational institutions of technological specialties.
2
Serebryakov, Andrey, Tat'yana Smirnova, Valentina Mercheva i Elena Soboleva. Chemistry of combustible minerals. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1041945.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This textbook is a publication of the latest generation, designed to optimize the national project "Education"; develops theoretical knowledge about the genesis of natural liquid, gaseous and solid combustible minerals, the formation of the composition and properties, the practical significance of fuel and energy natural complexes. It is devoted to the study of the composition, properties and classification of oils, gas condensate, natural gases and solid combustible minerals, studied at the level of modern achievements of instrumental analytical and factory equipment in accordance with existing technologies, theories and hypotheses about the genesis of hydrocarbons and Earth sciences. The publication is supplemented with the main directions of processing of combustible minerals. Digital and graphical types of chemical models of the synergy of components of gas and oil deposits are described, which are necessary for predicting the phase state and composition of hydrocarbons and optimizing the directions of processing of marketable products. To facilitate the process of cognition of the origin and formation of the composition and properties of natural combustible minerals, a glossary, tests, as well as questions for the test and exam are offered.
To control the knowledge gained by students while studying textbook materials, each chapter is accompanied by questions and tasks.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students studying in the fields of 05.04.01, 05.03.01 "Geology", 21.05.02 "Applied Geology", as well as for specialists in the field of geology, geochemistry, extraction and processing of oil, gas, gas condensate, solid fuels.
3
Titenok, Aleksandr, V. Sidoro i A. V. Kirichek. Ensuring the operational reliability of mechanical systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1096388.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The textbook discusses the nomenclature, performance characteristics and quality indicators of fuels, lubricants and special liquids that affect the technical and economic performance of machines.
An analytical approach to the study of the development of a technical project is proposed.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students of engineering specialties of all forms of education, students of the system of advanced training and vocational training, undergraduates and postgraduates, specialists in the field of various transport and technological processes and means of their implementation.
4
Yudaev, Vasiliy. Hydraulics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996354.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The textbook corresponds to the general education programs of the general courses "Hydraulics" and "Fluid Mechanics". The basic physical properties of liquids, gases, and their mixtures, including the quantum nature of viscosity in a liquid, are described; the laws of hydrostatics, their observation in natural phenomena, and their application in engineering are described. The fundamentals of the kinematics and dynamics of an incompressible fluid are given; original examples of the application of the Bernoulli equation are given. The modes of fluid motion are supplemented by the features of the transient flow mode at high local resistances. The basics of flow similarity are shown. Laminar and turbulent modes of motion in pipes are described, and the classification of flows from a creeping current to four types of hypersonic flow around the body is given. The coefficients of nonuniformity of momentum and kinetic energy for several flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are calculated. Examples of solving problems of transient flows by hydraulic methods are given. Local hydraulic resistances, their use in measuring equipment and industry, hydraulic shock, polytropic flow of gas in the pipe and its outflow from the tank are considered. The characteristics of different types of pumps, their advantages and disadvantages, and ways of adjustment are described. A brief biography of the scientists mentioned in the textbook is given, and their contribution to the development of the theory of hydroaeromechanics is shown. The four appendices can be used as a reference to the main text, as well as a subject index. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions who study full-time, part-time, evening, distance learning forms of technological and mechanical specialties belonging to the group "Food Technology".
5
Oakey, John. Fuel Flexible Energy Generation: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2015.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
6
Fuel Flexible Energy Generation: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels. Woodhead Publishing, 2015.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
7
Rez, Peter. Agriculture—Things That Are Grown. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0014.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Timber has the lowest embodied energy of any of the construction materials. Paper production from trees requires much more energy. There is some energy saving in recycling, as recycled paper substitutes for pulp derived from wood chips. Growing crops for food also requires energy. The energy required for plants to grow comes from the sun, but there are additional energy inputs from fertiliser and farm machinery to speed up the growth process and vastly improve crop yields. If grains are used as animal feed, then the energy inputs are much larger than the dietary energy output—the larger the animal and the longer it is fattened up before slaughter, the more inefficient the process. The use of crops to make fuel for electrical power generation or for processing into liquid fuels is horribly inefficient. The problem is simple—the plants do not grow fast enough!
Części książek na temat "Liquid Fuel Generation"
1
Serrano-Ruiz, Juan Carlos, i James A. Dumesic. "Catalytic Production of Liquid Hydrocarbon Transportation Fuels". W Catalysis for Alternative Energy Generation, 29–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0344-9_2.
Pełny tekst źródła
2
Katiyo, Munashe, Loice Gudukeya, Mufaro Kanganga i Nita Sukdeo. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Biogas to Liquid Fuel Conversion via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: A Case Study of Biogas Generated from Municipal Sewage". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 729–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_82.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThis research looks at how biogas (a renewable energy resource) can be harnessed using municipal sewage waste, and the potential of biogas use for generating liquid fuels (diesel and petrol) using Fischer Tropsch synthesis. The research also looks at the economic implications of carrying out the venture, and also determines the viability and feasibility of developing such an initiative in Zimbabwe. The production of biofuel from biogas via Fischer Tropsch synthesis was successfully simulated using the Aspen Plus simulation software which enabled a techno‐economic assessment to be conducted based on these results. The minimum retail price of Fischer Tropsch diesel and petrol fuel was determined to be slightly under $1.10/litre for both fuels, with an annual total plant production capacity of 200 million litres per year. The plant was designed to produce around 270 000 L of petrol fuel per day that can be refined and further upgraded to premium quality grade petrol for export. The plant was also designed to produce nearly 320 000 L of diesel fuel per day for direct use as liquid transportation fuel. The total biogas input requirement for the plant is 700 tonnes/hour of biogas (2000 m3/hour) [1m3 = 0.353 tonnes]. The total sulphur production is 30 tonnes per day, and the total carbon dioxide extracted and captured is 1500 tonnes per day. The total plant cost was estimated at $200 million USD. The financial analysis for the plant operations shows positive financial performance with a nearly 20% return on investment. A payback period of 5 years is projected.
3
Lewerenz, Hans J. "Semiconductor–Liquid Junction: From Fundamentals to Solar Fuel Generating Structures". W Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, 1893–924. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_42.
Pełny tekst źródła
4
Wlodarz, Marta, i Bruce A. McCarl. "An Economic Assessment of Second-Generation Liquid Fuels Production Possibilities". W Lecture Notes in Energy, 135–48. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6482-1_7.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Bermejo, M. Dolores, Ángel Martín, Joao Paulo Silva Queiroz, Pablo Cabeza, Fidel Mato i M. José Cocero. "Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels for Energy Generation". W Biofuels and Biorefineries, 401–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8923-3_15.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Wang, Weixiang, WenPei Feng, KeFan Zhang, Guangliang Yang, Tao Ding i Hongli Chen. "A Moose-Based Neutron Diffusion Code with Application to a LMFR Benchmark". W Springer Proceedings in Physics, 490–502. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_43.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractMOOSE (Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment) is a powerful finite element multi-physics coupling framework, whose object-oriented, extensive system is conducive to the development of various simulation tools. In this work, a full-core MOOSE-based Neutron Diffusion application is developed, and a 3D PWR benchmark 3D-IAEA with given group constants is applied for code verification. Then the MOOSE-based Neutron Diffusion application is applied to the calculation of a Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) benchmark, together with the research on homogenized few-group constants generation based on Monte Carlo method. The calculation adopts a 33-group cross section sets, which is generated using Monte Carlo code OpenMC. Considering the long neutron free path and strong global neutron spectrum coupling of liquid metal cooled reactor (LMFR), a full-core homogeneous model is used in OpenMC to generate the homogenized few-group constants. In addition, transport correction is used in the process of cross section generation, considering the prominent anisotropic scattering of fast reactor. The calculated results, including effective multiplication factor (keff) and assembly power distributions, are in good agreement with the reference values and the calculation results of OpenMC, which proves the accuracy of the neutron diffusion application, and also shows that the Monte Carlo method can be applied to generation of homogenized few-group constants for LMFR analysis.
7
Alma, M. Hakkı, i Tufan Salan. "Alternative Fuels". W Energy: Concepts and Applications, 327–446. Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-00-9.ch06.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Nowadays, a wide range of value-added fine chemicals, alternative biofuels and eco-friendly polymeric materials can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass sources via thermochemical, biological or catalytic routes in the biorefinery. For the sustainable production of biofuels, abundant, easy accessible and renewable biomass-based feedstock has an important key role to replace petroleum oil in the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for the transportation sector with a zero carbon footprint. The biofuel can be defined as the solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels which are predominantly obtained from these biomass based raw materials. However, thepre-treatment, production and purification processes differ greatly based on the feedstock type, used technology and desired fuel type. Thus, to eliminate the contradiction in terms, biofuels are classified from first to fourth generation at the present time. This chapter review the several liquid biofuel type along with production methods, technologies and feedstock types based on that generation classification.
8
Kumar Poddar, Maneesh, Pritam Kumar Dikshit i Sankar Chakma. "Basic Concepts of Ultrasound and its Effects on Fuel Processing". W Ultrasound Technology for Fuel Processing, 1–34. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049848123010006.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Ultrasound-assisted technique is well-known for process intensification via chemical and physical changes under the influence of acoustic cavitation. Acoustic cavitation is the phenomenon of nucleation, growth, and collapse of cavitation bubbles into a liquid medium that augments the reaction kinetics and the final process yield. This chapter provides a fundamental and detailed understanding of the acoustic cavitation phenomenon. It includes the history and origin of the acoustic wave and its formation, the concept of cavitation bubbles, bubble nucleation and growth mechanism, cavitation effects, and its types. Numerous process parameters, such as applied frequency, intensity, temperature, dissolved gas content, etc., also directly or indirectly influence the cavitation threshold are also highlighted. Further, the ultrasound's physical and chemical effects involving various chemical and biochemical processes to enhance the process yield are also reviewed. The mode of generation of ultrasound energy and its measurement technique are also briefly discussed. Finally, an overview of modeling and simulation of radial motion of single bubble growth, its oscillation in both ultrasound-assisted and conventional systems, and bubble growth rate under rectified diffusion are also discussed in detail.
9
Baechler, Serbia Maria Antonieta Rodulfo, Sergio Gonzalez-Cortes, Tiancun Xiao, Hamid A. Al-Megren i Peter P. Edwards. "Perspective on the Deep Hydrotreating of Renewable and Non-Renewable Oils". W Advanced Solid Catalysts for Renewable Energy Production, 61–94. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3903-2.ch003.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
To meet not only the increased demand of liquid transportation fuel but also the stringent environmental legislation centered on anthropogenic emissions, renewable resources (i.e., not depleted by use) and low-grade feedstocks need to be processed, since the reserves and quality of the feeds available are markedly declining. In this chapter, an overview on the hydrotreating of renewable and non-renewable feeds for producing ultraclean transportation liquid fuels is given. The fundamentals and factors that affect the generation of ultraclean fuels and bio-fuels are discussed in an integrated perspective. The authors include not only the current understanding of the hydrotreating process but also the challenges for the valorization of non-renewable and renewable feedstocks with high content of heteroatoms and unsaturated poly-aggregate compounds (asphaltenes and lignin). The importance to develop advanced catalysts based on abundant metals, rather than precious metals, and multifunctional properties with sufficient activity and selectivity in hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oils is outlined.
10
Kumar Chourasia, Ritesh, Nitesh K. Chourasia, Ankita Srivastava i Narendra Bihari. "Photonic Nanostructured Bragg Fuel Adulteration Sensor". W Photonic Materials: Recent Advances and Emerging Applications, 237–64. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049756123010015.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The adulteration of liquid fuels has several far-reaching repercussions, including pollution and a rising energy crisis. Around the world, fossil fuels are widely utilized for transportation and energy generation. Fuel adulteration currently threatens a big number of customers. Adulteration of fossil fuels with other recognised hydrocarbons is a common occurrence. Adulterants are added to these base fuels in the form of additional low-cost hydrocarbons with similar compositions, leading the base to be altered and degraded. Adulteration is an unauthorised or illegal introduction of a lower-quality external substance into a higher-quality commodity, causing the latter to lose its original composition and qualities. The Opto-Microfluidics approach is a new field that uses a small sample to identify adulteration in food and fuel, resulting in high-resolution findings. Consumers will benefit from very sensitive detection of dangerous adulteration in any commodity thanks to opto-microfluidic lab-on-chip technologies. Using the metal-polymer nanocomposites’ multilayer cylindrical nanostructure with a microfluidic channel, we develop a real-time and temperature dependent prototype of the Bragg Opto-microfluidic sensor for effective tracking of contaminated fossil fuels. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the biological motivations for the development of multilayer photonic nanostructures and various types of fuel adulteration detection optical sensors using various sensor-based techniques, as well as to compare the Bragg Metal-Polymer nanocomposites optical sensor with other optical sensors. This chapter is devoted entirely to the use of the theoretical model's Kay, Eykman, Dale-Gladstone, Newton, and Lorentz-Lorenz, as well as Hankel formalism and the transfer matrix method for cylindrical symmetry.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Liquid Fuel Generation"
1
Moliere, Michel, Matthieu Vierling i Rich Symonds. "Interest for Liquid Fuels in Power Generation Gets Renewed". W ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22149.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
As investments in power additions are under scrutiny, the viability and sustainability of generation projects are increasingly challenged by planners, and the debate about the most appropriate primary energy and prime mover is renewed with a sharper focus. Faced with limited forecasts on future growth, today’s power generators are looking cautiously at power addition blueprints and placing increased emphasis on equipment versatility and fuel flexibility in a move to eliminate single fuel reliance. Heavy duty gas turbines (HDGTs) can mitigate the uncertainty about operation factor and plant capacity thanks to versatile and modular installation schemes; in addition, they open the door to large clusters of alternative primary energies. In this context, it is important to note that liquid fuels are making a comeback in the power generation scene. This is due to the tactical advantages inherent to liquid fuels such as multiple sourcing, ease of transportation, and existing infrastructures. Liquid fuels as primary energies cover a wide product range from Super Light Hydrocarbons (naphtha, gas condensates and natural gas liquids) to ash forming fuels through aromatic cuts (BTEX, C9+), heavy distillates, synfuels, gasification derivatives (methanol & dimethyl ether: DME) and biogenic fuels (ethanol, biodiesel). This paper stresses the importance of fuel flexibility as a requirement for plant versatility and offers a review of the main liquid fuels that are accessible to gas turbines.
2
Stalder, Jean-Pierre, i Phil Roberts. "Firing Low Viscosity Liquid Fuels in Heavy Duty Gas Turbines". W ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38691.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Sustained economic growth has created a strong demand for electrical energy worldwide. Security of fuel supply and cost are therefore very often critical issues for thermal capacity additions. Also the distance from fuel sources and available fuel transport infrastructure is an important factor in the cost of generation. Many plant locations have only limited supplies of conventional gas turbine fuels, namely natural gas and distillate fuels, thus a drive to diversify the fuels involved. For other electricity producers, the optimal use of existing or potential fuel resources is a must for economical reasons. Therefore, the possibility of using alternative gas turbine liquid fuels, such as volatile and/or low viscosity fuels like naphtha, gas condensates, kerosene, methanol, ethanol, or low lubricity distillate fuels; refinery by-products such as BTX fuels (benzene-toluene-xylene mixtures), LCO-light cycle oil, or in the future synthetic fuels (GTL) are particularly interesting for their ability to be fired in heavy duty gas turbines. However, the practical use of these fuels creates specific issues such as low lubricity properties which can affect sensitive key components like fuel pumps and flow dividers. This paper addresses the many practical aspects of using fuel lubricity additives for reduced component wear in gas turbine fuel systems, and for reliability and successful plant operation on these alternative gas turbine liquid fuels. Also an overview of acquired experience is given.
3
Eskin, Leo D., Michael S. Klassen, Richard J. Roby, Richard G. Joklik i Maclain M. Holton. "Low-Emissions Renewable Power Generation Using Liquid Fuels". W ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44615.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A Lean, Premixed, Prevaporized (LPP) combustion technology has been developed that converts liquid biofuels, such as biodiesel or ethanol, into a substitute for natural gas. This fuel can then be burned with low emissions in virtually any combustion device in place of natural gas, providing users substantial fuel flexibility. A gas turbine utilizing the LPP combustion technology to burn biofuels creates a “dispatchable” (on-demand) renewable power generator with low criteria pollutant emissions and no net carbon emissions. Natural gas, petroleum based fuel oil #1 and #2, biodiesel and ethanol were tested in an atmospheric pressure test rig using actual gas turbine combustor hardware (designed for natural gas) and achieved natural gas level emissions. Both biodiesel and ethanol achieved natural gas level emissions for NOx, CO, SOx and particulate matter (PM). Extended lean operation was observed for all liquid fuels tested due to the wider lean flammability range for these fuels compared to natural gas. Autoignition of the fuels was controlled by the level of diluent (inerting) gas used in the vaporization process. This technology has successfully demonstrated the clean generation of green, dispatchable, renewable power on a 30kW Capstone C30 microturbine. Emissions on the vaporized derived from bio-ethanol are 3 ppm NO(x) and 18 ppm CO, improving on the baseline natural gas emissions of 3 ppm NO(x), 30 ppm CO. Performance calculations have shown that for a typical combined cycle power plant, one can expect to achieve a two percent (2%) improvement in the overall net plant heat rate when burning liquid fuel as LPP Gas™ as compared to burning the same liquid fuel in traditional spray-flame diffusion combustors. This level of heat rate improvement is quite substantial, and represents an annual fuel savings of over five million dollars for base load operation of a GE Frame 7EA combined cycle plant (126 MW). This technology provides a clean and reliable form of renewable energy using liquid biofuels that can be a primary source for power generation or be a back-up source for non-dispatchable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. The LPP technology allows for the clean use of biofuels in combustion devices without water injection or the use of post-combustion pollution control equipment and can easily be incorporated into both new and existing gas turbine power plants. No changes are required to the DLE gas turbine combustor hardware.
4
Lindman, Olle, Mats Andersson, Magnus Persson i Erik Munktell. "Development of a Liquid Fuel Combustion System for SGT-750". W ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25380.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper describes the latest results from the development of a liquid fuel solution for the 4th generation DLE system for Siemens medium size gas turbines. Gaseous fuels are the dominating fuels for industrial gas turbines. However, many customers need to be able to run on liquid fuel as backup. The demand for dry low NOx emissions when operating on liquid fuel is increasing. The aim for the 4th generation DLE system incorporated in the recently released SGT-750 [1] is to have emission levels well below market demands on both gas and liquid fuel. This paper will highlight the technical challenges when adding liquid fuel operation to a combustion system optimized for gas operation. The stand-alone spray characteristics for a liquid fuel nozzle is quite easy to predict, but the final combustion performance in a hot air cross flow environment is all but easy to predict by numerical simulations or cold flow tests [2]. Due to the complexity of the challenge, the development program focused on a selection of concepts for which fuel/air mixing calculations were made. The investigation was completed by testing in a full scale, single burner high pressure combustion test rig.
5
Santin, Marco, Alberto Traverso i Aristide Massardo. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems Fed by Liquid Fuels for Distributed Power Generation". W ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50615.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Solid oxide fuel cell hybridization with micro gas turbines is an attractive option for distributed power generation up to a few MW, allowing to obtain high efficiency and low pollutant emission. In this publication, a comparative thermoeconomic analysis of SOFC hybrid systems with methanol and kerosene fuel processors is presented. Methanol can be produced from renewable sources. Also, hybrid systems fuelled by methanol can achieve high efficiencies due to effective heat recovery from the exhaust gases in the low temperature reformer. Kerosene is representative of conventional liquid fossil fuels, and it is also a typical fuel for aerospace applications. A 500 kW class hybrid system was chosen for this analysis and the performance was calculated based on macroscopic component models. The results were obtained with WTEMP software, developed by the Thermochemical Power Group of the University of Genoa. The choice of the fuel processing strategy and the influence of the main design parameters on the thermoeconomic characteristics of hybrid systems were investigated.
6
Zavahir, Fathima Sifani, Tasneem ElMakki, Mona Gulied, Khulood Logade, Konstantinos Kakosimos i Dong Suk Han. "Sustainable Hybrid System for Simultaneous Desalting of Liquid Fertilizer and Fuel Generation". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0032.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The constant utilization of hydrocarbon-based fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas has resulted in the detection of high concentration levels of sulfur containing gases in the atmosphere of many countries, including Qatar. Among those potential air pollutants, the rising concentrations of H2S and SO2 are of serious concern. In this work, sulfur-based seed solutions (SBSSs) such as sulfite or sulfide solutions are made by purging sulfur-containing gases released from industry into alkaline solutions. These SBSS solutions are simultaneously utilized towards the production of renewable hydrogen energy via a photoelectrochemical (PEC) process, and are used as draw solutions (DS) to produce diluted fertilizer water by a forward osmosis (FO) desalination process for agricultural irrigation purposes. The continuous bench scale of the integrated PEC-FDFO system was successfully demonstrated for simultaneous hydrogen production and dilution of SBSS DS. The experimental results showed that the reduction potential of SBSS DS in the PEC cell changes with variation of SBSS DS concentration and pH. This resulted in the continuous oxidation of sulfite into sulfate and led to more hydrogen production. Moreover, FDFO process exhibited high percentage of water recovery and DS dilution up to 80% and 68% at high SBSS DS concentration, respectively. In binary mixture of SBSS DS, increasing the concentration of ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 led to high water flux to about 42%. The outcomes of this experimental study showed a successful practical continuous integrated system toward hydrogen production and fertigation.
7
Conlon, William M., Milton J. Venetos i Scott Hume. "Liquid Salt Combined Cycle". W ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82343.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract The Liquid Salt Combined Cycle™ (LSCC) is introduced as a hybrid energy storage system that integrates electrically heated thermal energy storage with gas turbine exhaust heat. The objective is to provide low-cost, large-scale storage of increasingly curtailed renewable energy, and to use the stored energy to reduce the fuel heat rate of the combined cycle and the time required from startup to full power. The performance, capital, and operating characteristics of a hybrid storage system using two energy sources are contrasted with thermal generation using a fuel source and with energy storage using an electric source. These characteristics are mapped onto LSCC technology, which is depicted with a diagram showing the flow of electricity into storage during charging, the flow of stored thermal energy during discharge. Stored energy provides latent heating of steam and fuel energy drives a gas turbine whose exhaust gas provides sensible heating of feedwater and superheated steam. A description of the major LSCC equipment is provided: turbomachinery, two-tank molten salt storage, charge heaters, steam generator, exhaust heat recovery, and condensate heating. Material selection and thermal design of LSCC are summarized and performance is compared to simple and combined cycle. The Cost of Energy and Avoided Cost of Energy are assessed for a hypothetical LSCC unit within the ERCOT region.
8
Jain, Naman, i Vaibhav Arghode. "Development of a Standalone, Liquid Fuelled Miniature Power Generation System". W ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3327.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper aims at developing a mesoscale combustion based thermoelectric power generator as an alternate to the electrochemical batteries. Most of the micro and mesoscale combustors investigated till date are based on external fuel and air supply systems, which may not be beneficial for a practical system. The proposed design is a standalone system which makes use of the heat conducted through the combustor walls, as an energy source to evaporate the liquid fuel stored in a surrounding tank and supply the vaporized fuel to the combustor. The high momentum fuel (vapor) jet is designed to entrain the ambient air in appropriate proportion so as to form a combustible mixture. The partially mixed fuel/air mixture is fed to a mesoscale combustor and the flame is stabilized by facilitating hot gas recirculation regions. The heat conduction through the combustor walls is controlled by providing an air gap between two concentric, low thermal conductivity, ceramic tubes so as to transmit desirable amount of heat to the fuel tank. Note that the heat lost from the combustor, is recovered via increased enthalpy of the supplied fuel. The hot products then flow over the hot side of a thermoelectric module to generate electricity. The cold side of the module is maintained at relatively lower temperature and the rejected heat is used to boil the stored water. The prototype is designed to produce an electrical power output of 15 W with an overall efficiency of about 3% and endurance of 1 hour in a single fuel (and cold side water) refill. The paper presents detailed thermo-fluid and heat transfer analysis of the constituent components and evaluates the performance of the system.
9
Lee, J. Y., E. Lubarsky i B. T. Zinn. "Suppression of Instabilities in Liquid Fueled Combustors by Variation of Fuel Spray Properties". W ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38169.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper describes an experimental investigation of the feasibility of using “slow” active control approaches, which change liquid fuel spray properties, to suppress combustion instabilities. The objective of this control approach is to break up the feedback between the combustion process heat release oscillations and the combustor oscillations that drives the instability by changing the characteristics of the combustion process (i.e., characteristic combustion time). To demonstrate the feasibility of such control, this study used a proprietary fuel injector (Nanomiser™), which can independently vary its fuel spray properties, and investigated the dependence of acoustics-combustion process coupling, i.e., the driving of combustion instabilities, upon the fuel spray properties. The results of this study showed that by changing the spray characteristics it is possible to significantly damp combustion instabilities. Furthermore, using Abel’s deconvolution, this study showed that the instabilities were mostly driven in regions where the mean axial flow velocity was approximately zero, in the near field of the vortices that were generated in the combustor. The results of this study strongly suggest that a “slow” active control system that employs controllable injectors could be used to prevent the onset and/or damp detrimental combustion instabilities.
10
Emara, Ahmed. "Effect of Chemical Fuel Additives on Liquid Fuel Saving, and Emissions for Heavy Fuel Oil". W ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65717.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
As fossil fuel resources are considered non-renewable sources of fuel, they will be totally consumed in the near or far future. Due to the intensive and extensive consumption of these fossil fuels in all life sectors such as transportation, power generation, industrial processes, and residential consumption, it is important to find other new methods to cover this fuel demand. Fuel additives are chemicals used to enhance fuel combustion performance, save fuel amounts required for combustion, and correct deficiencies in power and efficiency during consumption. The fuel additives are blended with the traditional fuel even by parts per million range for controlling chemical contaminants and emission reduction. In the present work, the experimental measurements were done, to evaluate the effect of fuel additive blending with the raw heavy fuel oil (Mazut) on fuel saving which is of a great significance, emissions control, and combustion characteristics as well as the combustion efficiency. These measurements are as follows: initial temperature of Mazut, exhaust gas temperature at the end of combustor, air and fuel mass flow rates to determine the heat load, inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water, mass flow rate of water, concentration of different exhaust gases, acoustic (noise level) measurements, smoke number, and flame length. These measurements are performed using swirled vanes, co-axial, and double heavy fuel nozzle (1.5 gal/hr for each one) burner with maximum heating load of 550 kW. GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis was performed by using Hewlett Packard model 5890 equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) to identify the fuel additives substances within the tested samples. The results reveal that the use of fuel additives improves the combustion characteristics and play an important role in fuel saving as well as emission and combustion process.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Liquid Fuel Generation"
1
Muelaner, Jody E. Decarbonized Fuel Options for Civil Aviation. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023012.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Drop-in replacement biofuels and electrofuels can provide net-zero CO2 emissions with dramatic reductions in contrail formation. Biofuels must transition to second-generation cellulosic feedstocks while improving land and soil management. Electrofuels, or "e-fuels,” require aggressive cost reduction in hydrogen production, carbon capture, and fuel synthesis. Hydrogen has great potential for energy efficiency, cost reduction, and emissions reduction; however, its low density (even in liquid form) combined with it’s extremely low boiling temperature mean that bulky spherical tanks will consume considerable fuselage volume. Still, emerging direct-kerosene fuel cells may ultimately provide a superior zero-emission, energy-dense solution. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Decarbonized Power Options for Civil Aviation </b>discusses the current challenges with these power options and explores the economic incentives and levers vital to decarbonization. Until common and enforceable global carbon pricing arrives, targeted national measures (e.g., mandates, price support, and finance) will be required.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
2
Elshurafa, Amro, Marie Petitet i Frank Felder. How Firm Capacity and Forced Outage Rate Assumptions of Renewables Impact Capacity Expansion Model Results. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp01.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The power generation sectors of many countries are undergoing a transformation through the deployment of renewable energy (RE) to address climate change issues. Saudi Arabia, for example, intends to retire liquid fuels in its power mix and develop its renewable capacity to meet its 50% renewable target by 2030 (Vision 2030 2022; Saudi & Middle East Green Initiatives 2023).
3
Hertel, Thomas, Jevgenijs Steinbuks i Uris Lantz Baldos. Competition for Land in the Global Bioeconomy. GTAP Working Paper, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp68.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The global land use implications of biofuel expansion have received considerable attention in the literature over the past decade. Model-based estimates of the emissions from cropland expansion have been used to assess the environmental impacts of biofuel policies. And integrated assessment models have estimated the potential for biofuels to contribute to greenhouse gas abatement over the coming century. All of these studies feature, explicitly or implicitly, competition between biofuel feed stocks and other land uses. However, the economic mechanisms governing this competition, as well as the contribution of biofuels to global land use change, have not received the close scrutiny that they deserve. The purpose of this paper is to offer a deeper look at these factors. We begin with a comparative static analysis which assesses the impact of exogenously specified forecasts of biofuel expansion over the 2006-2035 period. Global land use change is decomposed according to the three key margins of economic response: extensive supply, intensive supply, and demand. Under the International Energy Agency’s “New Policies” scenario, biofuels account for nearly one-fifth of global land use change over the 2006-2035 period. The paper also offers a comparative dynamic analysis which determines the optimal path for first and second generation biofuels over the course of the entire 21st century. In the absence of GHG regulation, the welfare-maximizing path for global land use allocates 170 Mha to biofuel feed stocks by 2100, with the associated biofuels accounting for about 30% of global liquid fuel consumption. This area expansion is somewhat diminished by expected climate change impacts on agriculture, while it is significantly increased by a moderately aggressive GHG emissions target and by advances in conversion efficiency of second generation biofuels.
4
Steinbuks, Jevgenijs, i Thomas Hertel. Forest, Agriculture, and Biofuels in a Land use model with Environmental services (FABLE). GTAP Working Paper, październik 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp71.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The goal of this paper is to introduce FABLE (Forest, Agriculture, and Biofuels in a Land use model with Environmental services), a dynamic global model, aimed at analyzing the optimal profile for global land use in the context of growing commercial demands for food and forest products, increasing non-market demands for ecosystem services, and more stringent greenhouse gas mitigation targets. The model seeks to determine the optimal allocation of scarce land across competing uses across time. FABLE integrates distinct strands of agronomic, economic and biophysical literatures into a single, intertemporally consistent, analytical framework, at global scale. It is based on a dynamic long-run, forward-looking partial equilibrium framework, in which the societal objective function places value on food production, liquid fuels (including first- and second- generation biofuels), timber production, forest carbon and biodiversity. The forestry sector is characterized by multiple forest vintages, which add considerable computational complexity in the context of this dynamic forward-looking analysis. Our baseline accurately reflects developments in global land use over the years that have already transpired, and determines the optimal path of global land use over the course of next century based on projections of population, income and demand growth from a variety of recognized sources.