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O'Rourke, Mary Jane E., i Edwin L. Thomas. "Morphology and Dynamic Interaction of Defects in Polymer Liquid Crystals". MRS Bulletin 20, nr 9 (wrzesień 1995): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034904.
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The liquid crystal phase is an anisotropic mesophase, intermediate in order between the liquid and crystal phases. Liquid crystals have less translational order than crystals and more rotational order than isotropic liquids. The liquid crystal phase does not support finite shear stresses and thus behaves like a fluid. Molecules that display a liquid crystal phase are referred to as mesogenic. Mesogenic molecules exhibit shape anisotropy: either large length to diameter ratio (needlelike) or large diameter to thickness ratio (disklike). Because of their shape anisotropy, all liquid crystals display orientational order of their molecular axes.Until 1956, all known examples of liquid crystals were low molecular weight compounds. Robinson was the first to identify liquid crystallinity in a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) as the explanation for “a birefringent solution” of a polymeric material, poly-y-benzyl-L-glutamate, in chloroform, previously observed by Elliott and Ambrose. Chemists soon discovered that LCPs may be readily synthesized by covalently stitching small mesogenic units (e.g., rigid monomers) together into a chain using short flexible spacers. Mainchain or sidechain liquid crystal polymers may be formed (Figure 1). An example of a polymer molecule possessing a liquid crystal phase is shown in Figure 2. Liquid crystals may be thermotropic, where liquid crystallinity is exhibited over a range of temperatures, or lyotropic, where nonmesogenic solvent molecules are present in addition to the mesogens, and liquid crystallinity is observed over a range of concentrations as well.
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Wan Omar, Wan Ibtisam, i Chin Fhong Soon. "Critical Surface Tension of Cholesteryl Ester Liquid Crystal". Advanced Materials Research 925 (kwiecień 2014): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.43.
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Cholesteryl ester liquid crystal was found to be non-toxic and it was recently applied as a cell traction force sensor. The reason for the affinity of the cells to this liquid crystal is unclear and required further investigation. This paper focused on determining the surface energy of the liquid crystals. A custom built contact angle measurement system and Fox-Zisman theory was applied to determine the critical surface tension of the cholesteryl ester liquid crystal. Eight different polar probe liquids were selected to determine the contact angle of the glass slides coated with cholesteryl ester liquid crystals. We found that the critical surface tension of the liquid crystal at 37.5 mN/m characterized the surface of the liquid crystal to be moderately hydrophobic. However, as reported in our previous work that the interaction of the liquid crystal and the cell culture media could re-orientate the amphiphilic molecules of the liquid crystals leading to the formation of lyotropic layers on the bulk cholesteric phase, therefore, making the surface to be hydrophilic. This then supported the formation of the hydrophilic layers that favors cell adhesion.
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Czajkowski, Maciej, Joanna Feder-Kubis, Bartłomiej Potaniec, Łukasz Duda i Joanna Cybińska. "On the Miscibility of Nematic Liquid Crystals with Ionic Liquids and Joint Reaction for High Helical Twisting Power Product(s)". Materials 15, nr 1 (26.12.2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010157.
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Mixtures of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) with chiral ionic liquids (CILs) may find application as active materials for electrically driven broadband mirrors. Five nematic liquid crystal hosts were mixed with twenty three ionic liquids, including chiral ones, and studied in terms of their miscibility within the nematic phase. Phase diagrams of the mixtures with CILs which exhibited twisted nematic phase were determined. Miscibility, at levels between 2 and 5 wt%, was found in six mixtures with cyanobiphenyl-based liquid crystal host—E7. On the other hand, the highest changes in the isotropization temperature was found in the mixtures with isothiocyanate-based liquid crystal host—1825. Occurrence of chemical reactions was found. A novel chiral binaphtyl-based organic salt [N11116][BNDP] was synthesized and, in reaction to the 1825 host, resulted in high helical twisting power product(s). Selectivity of the reaction with the isothiocyanate-based liquid crystal was found.
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Joshi, Pankaj, Oliver Willekens, Xiaobing Shang, Jelle De Smet, Dieter Cuypers, Geert Van Steenberge, Jeroen Beeckman, Kristiaan Neyts i Herbert De Smet. "Tunable light beam steering device using polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals". Photonics Letters of Poland 9, nr 1 (31.03.2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i1.704.
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A polarization independent and fast electrically switchable beam steering device is presented, based on a surface relief grating combined with polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals. Switching on and off times are both less than 2 milliseconds. The prospects of further improvements are discussed. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD.C. Wright, et al., "Crystalline liquids: the blue phases", Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 385 (1989). CrossRef H. Kikuchi, et al., "Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal blue phases", Nat. Mater. 1, 64 (2002). CrossRef Samsung, Korea, SID exhibition, (2008).J. Yan, et al., "Direct measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite", Opt. Express 18, 11450 (2010). CrossRef L. Rao, et al., "A large Kerr constant polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal", Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 081109 (2011). CrossRef Y. Hisakado, et al., "Large Electro-optic Kerr Effect in Polymer-Stabilized Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases", Adv. Mater. 17, 96 (2005). CrossRef K. M. et al., "Submillisecond Gray-Level Response Time of a Polymer-Stabilized Blue-Phase Liquid Crystal", J. Disp. Technol. 6, 49 (2010). CrossRef Y. Chen, et al., "Level set based topology optimization for optical cloaks", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 251106 (2013). CrossRef H. Choi, et al., "Fast electro-optic switching in liquid crystal blue phase II", Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 131905 (2011). CrossRef Y.H. Chen, et al., "Polarization independent Fabry-Pérot filter based on polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals with fast response time", Opt. Express 19, 25441 (2011). CrossRef Y. Li, et al., "Polarization independent adaptive microlens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Opt. Express 19, 8045 (2011). CrossRef C.T. Lee, et al., "Design of polarization-insensitive multi-electrode GRIN lens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Opt. Express 19, 17402 (2011). CrossRef Y.T. Lin, et al., "Mid-infrared absorptance of silicon hyperdoped with chalcogen via fs-laser irradiation", J. Appl. Phys. 113, (2013). CrossRef J.D. Lin, et al., "Spatially tunable photonic bandgap of wide spectral range and lasing emission based on a blue phase wedge cell", Optics Express 22, 29479 (2014). CrossRef W. Cao, et al., "Lasing in a three-dimensional photonic crystal of the liquid crystal blue phase II", Nat. Mat. 1, 111 (2002). CrossRef S.T. Hur, et al., "Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phase Laser with Widely Tunable Wavelength", Adv. Mater. 25, 3002 (2013). CrossRef A. Mazzulla, et al., "Thermal and electrical laser tuning in liquid crystal blue phase I", Soft. Mater. 8, 4882 (2012). CrossRef C.W. Chen, et al., "Random lasing in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Express 20, 23978 (2012). CrossRef O. Willekens, et al., "Ferroelectric thin films with liquid crystal for gradient index applications", Opt. Exp. 24, 8088 (2016). CrossRef O. Willekens, et al., "Reflective liquid crystal hybrid beam-steerer", Opt. Exp. 24, 1541 (2016). CrossRef M. Jazbinšek, et al., "Characterization of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal transmission gratings", J. Appl. Phys. 90, 3831 (2001). CrossRef C.C. Bowley, et al., "Variable-wavelength switchable Bragg gratings formed in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 9 (2001). CrossRef Y.Q. Lu, et al., "Polarization switch using thick holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal grating", Appl. Phys. 95, 810 (2004). CrossRef J.J. Butler et al., "Diffraction properties of highly birefringent liquid-crystal composite gratings", Opt. Lett. 25, 420 (2000). CrossRef R.L. Sutherland et al., "Electrically switchable volume gratings in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1074 (1994). CrossRef X. Shang, et al., "Electrically Controllable Liquid Crystal Component for Efficient Light Steering", IEEE Photo. J. 7, 1 (2015). CrossRef J. Yan, et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef H.S. Chen, et al., "Hysteresis-free polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals using thermal recycles", Opt. Mat. Exp. 2, 1149 (2012). CrossRef J. Yan. et al., "Dual-period tunable phase grating using polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal", Opt. Lett. 40, 4520 (2015). CrossRef H.S. Chen, et al., "Hysteresis-free polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals using thermal recycles", Opt. Mat. Exp. 2, 1149 (2012). CrossRef H.C. Cheng, et al., "Blue-Phase Liquid Crystal Displays With Vertical Field Switching", J. Disp. Technol. 8, 98 (2012). CrossRef
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Ramou, Efthymia, Guilherme Rebordão, Susana I. C. J. Palma i Ana C. A. Roque. "Stable and Oriented Liquid Crystal Droplets Stabilized by Imidazolium Ionic Liquids". Molecules 26, nr 19 (5.10.2021): 6044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26196044.
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Liquid crystals represent a fascinating intermediate state of matter, with dynamic yet organized molecular features and untapped opportunities in sensing. Several works report the use of liquid crystal droplets formed by microfluidics and stabilized by surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In this work, we explore, for the first time, the potential of surface-active ionic liquids of the imidazolium family as surfactants to generate in high yield, stable and oriented liquid crystal droplets. Our results show that [C12MIM][Cl], in particular, yields stable, uniform and monodisperse droplets (diameter 74 ± 6 µm; PDI = 8%) with the liquid crystal in a radial configuration, even when compared with the standard SDS surfactant. These findings reveal an additional application for ionic liquids in the field of soft matter.
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MĂNĂILĂ-MAXIMEAN, Doina, i Viorel CÎRCU. "ON LIQUID CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPERSIONS". Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Physics and Chemistry 7, nr 1 (2022): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarsciphyschem.2022.1.88.
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This short review paper presents some important aspects ofliquid crystal and liquid crystal composites. Preparation methods ofpolymer dispersed liquid crystalfdms (PDLC), the obtained structure and their main application as light valve are shown. In the last decade, the field has experienced a sharp revitalization, due to nanodoping, which results in an improvement in workperformance
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Kajkowska, Marta, Miłosz Chychłowski i Piotr Lesiak. "Influence of photopolymerization on propagation properties of photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with liquid crystal mixture". Photonics Letters of Poland 14, nr 3 (30.09.2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i3.1166.
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In this paper we analyze the influence of the photopolymerization process on propagation properties of photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with liquid crystal doped with a mixture of reactive monomer and photoinitiator. The obtained results showed changes in photonic band gap of the fiber due to refractive index change of the liquid crystal mixture caused by the polymerization process. Moreover, the research demonstrated the possibility of preserving the desired molecular orientation of liquid crystal initially stabilized by placing the sample in the external electric field. This was achieved by simultaneously irradiating the sample and controlling the orientation of liquid crystal molecules with the electric field. The spectral analysis of the polymerized sample showed no visible difference in propagation spectra when the electric field was turned off after the process was finished. Full Text: PDF ReferencesK. Yin et al., "Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: principles and applications", Light Sci Appl. 11, 161 (2022). CrossRef S. Singh, "Phase transitions in liquid crystals", Phys. Rep. 324, 107 (2000). CrossRef N. Tarjányi, M. Veveričík, D. Káčik, M. Timko, P. Kopčanský, "Birefringence dispersion of 6CHBT liquid crystal determined in VIS-NIR spectral range", Appl. Surf. Sci. 542, 148525 (2021). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, P. Kula, J. Herman, "High Birefringence Liquid Crystals", Crystals 3, 443 (2013). CrossRef R. H. Self, C. P. Please, T. J. Sluckin, "Deformation of nematic liquid crystals in an electric field", Eur. J. Appl. Math. 13, 1 (2002). CrossRef T. Hegmann, H. Qi, V. M. Marx, "Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, Defect Formation and Potential Applications", J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 17, 483 (2007). CrossRef S. Kaur, S. P. Singh, A. M. Biradar, A. Choudhary, K. Sreenivas, "Enhanced electro-optical properties in gold nanoparticles doped ferroelectric liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023120 (2007). CrossRef I. Dierking, "Polymer Network–Stabilized Liquid Crystals", Adv. Mater. 12, 167 (2000). CrossRef D. C. Hoekstra et al., "Wavelength-Selective Photopolymerization of Hybrid Acrylate-Oxetane Liquid Crystals", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 10935 (2021). CrossRef Z. Ge, S. Gauza, M. Jiao, H. Xianyu, S.-T. Wu, "Electro-optics of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal displays", Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 101104 (2009). CrossRef M. S. Chychłowski et al., "Locally-induced permanent birefringence by polymer-stabilization of liquid crystal in cells and photonic crystal fibers", Opto-electron. Rev. 26, 242 (2018). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, J. Dziaduszek, T. Szczuciński, "Mesomorphic Characteristics of Some New Homologous Series with the Isothiocyanato Terminal Group", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 124, 241 (1985). CrossRef
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Liu, Li Hua, Ying Bai, Fu Min Wang i Ning Liu. "Fabrication and Characterizes of TiO2 Nanomaterials Templated by Lyotropic Liquid Crystal". Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (listopad 2011): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.532.
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TiO2 nanomaterials were synthesized in lyotropic liquid crystal formed by nonionic surfactant TritonX-100 and TiOSO4 aqueous solution with NH3•H2O as precipitator. The lyotropic liquid crystals were characterized by means of POM and Low-angle XRD. FT-IR, TGA, XRD, TEM were used to characterize the TiO2 samples. It was found that all the lytropic liquid crystal were in lamellar liquid crysal phase and after casting the micro-structure of the LLC phase, the TiO2 samples were self-assemble to form lamellar, sphere and rod structures. According to the characterization results, possible formation mechanism was proposed.
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Woliński, Tomasz, Sławomir Ertman, Katarzyna Rutkowska, Daniel Budaszewski, Marzena Sala-Tefelska, Miłosz Chychłowski, Kamil Orzechowski, Karolina Bednarska i Piotr Lesiak. "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers – 15 years of research activities at Warsaw University of Technology". Photonics Letters of Poland 11, nr 2 (1.07.2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.907.
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Research activities in the area of photonic liquid crystal fibers carried out over the last 15 years at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) have been reviewed and current research directions that include metallic nanoparticles doping to enhance electro-optical properties of the photonic liquid crystal fibers are presented. Full Text: PDF ReferencesT.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a photonic crystal fiber filled with a low-birefringence liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE, 5518, 232-237 (2004). CrossRef F. Du, Y-Q. Lu, S.-T. Wu, "Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2181-2183 (2004). CrossRef T.T. Larsen, A. Bjraklev, D.S. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express, 11, 20, 2589-2596 (2003). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Opto-Electron. Rev. 13, 2, 59-64 (2005). CrossRef M. Chychłowski, S. Ertman, T.R. Woliński, "Splay orientation in a capillary", Phot. Lett. Pol. 2, 1, 31-33 (2010). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Photonic liquid crystal fibers — a new challenge for fiber optics and liquid crystals photonics", Opto-Electron. Rev. 14, 4, 329-334 (2006). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Influence of temperature and electrical fields on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, 985-991 (2006). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications", IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas. 57, 8, 1796-1802 (2008). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, et al., "Multi-Parameter Sensing Based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 502: 220-234., (2009). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, Xiao G and Bock WJ Photonics sensing: principle and applications for safety and security monitoring, (New Jersey, Wiley, 147-181, 2012). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a polymer-based photonic liquid crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. A 115, 2, 569-574 (2014). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Sensors", J. Lightwave Technol., 35, 16, 3399-3405 (2017). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Recent Progress in Liquid-Crystal Optical Fibers and Their Applications in Photonics", J. Lightwave Technol., 37, 11, 2516-2526 (2019). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Electric Field Sensing With Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers Based on Micro-Electrodes Systems", J. Lightwave Technol., 33, 2, 2405-2411, (2015). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Index Guiding Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Practical Applications", J. Lightwave Technol., 30, 8, 1208-1214 (2012). CrossRef K. Mileńko, S. Ertman, T. R. Woliński, "Numerical analysis of birefringence tuning in high index microstructured fiber selectively filled with liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 8794 (2013). CrossRef O. Jaworska and S. Ertman, "Photonic bandgaps in selectively filled photonic crystal fibers", Phot. Lett. Pol., 9, 3, 79-81 (2017). CrossRef I.C. Khoo, S.T.Wu, "Optics and Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals", World Scientific (1993). CrossRef P. Lesiak et al., "Thermal optical nonlinearity in photonic crystal fibers filled with nematic liquid crystals doped with gold nanoparticles", Proc. SPIE 10228, 102280N (2017). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, T. Woliński, "Modeling of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 2, 3, 107 (2010). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, L-W. Wei, "Assessment on the applicability of finite difference methods to model light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 4, 4, 161 (2012). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, U. Laudyn, P. Jung, "Nonlinear discrete light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 5, 1, 17 (2013). CrossRef M. Murek, K. Rutkowska, "Two laser beams interaction in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with highly nonlinear materials", Photon. Lett. Poland 6, 2, 74 (2014). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Photonic Band Gap Fibers with Novel Chiral Nematic and Low-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystals", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 558, 184-193, (2012). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Propagation Effects in Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers with a Complex Structure", Acta Phys. Pol. A, 118, 1259-1261 (2010). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Polarization properties of cubic blue phases of a cholesteric liquid crystal", Opt. Mater. 69, 259-264 (2017). CrossRef H. Yoshida et al., "Heavy meson spectroscopy under strong magnetic field", Phys. Rev. E 94, 042703 (2016). CrossRef J. Yan et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef C.-W. Chen et al., "Random lasing in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Express 20, 23978-23984 (2012). CrossRef C.-H. Lee et al., "Polarization-independent bistable light valve in blue phase liquid crystal filled photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Opt. 52, 4849-4853 (2013). CrossRef D. Poudereux et al., "Infiltration of a photonic crystal fiber with cholesteric liquid crystal and blue phase", Proc. SPIE 9290 (2014). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Optical properties of cubic blue phase liquid crystal in photonic microstructures", Opt. Express 27, 10, 14270-14282 (2019). CrossRef M. Wahle, J. Ebel, D. Wilkes, H.S. Kitzerow, "Asymmetric band gap shift in electrically addressed blue phase photonic crystal fibers", Opt. Express 24, 20, 22718-22729 (2016). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Investigation of the Kerr effect in a blue phase liquid crystal using a wedge-cell technique", Phot. Lett. Pol. 9, 2, 54-56 (2017). CrossRef M.M. Sala-Tefelska et al., "Influence of cylindrical geometry and alignment layers on the growth process and selective reflection of blue phase domains", Opt. Mater. 75, 211-215 (2018). CrossRef M.M. Sala-Tefelska et al., "The influence of orienting layers on blue phase liquid crystals in rectangular geometries", Phot. Lett. Pol. 10, 4, 100-102 (2018). CrossRef P. G. de Gennes JP. The Physics of Liquid Crystals. (Oxford University Press 1995). CrossRef L.M. Blinov and V.G. Chigrinov, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials (New York, NY: Springer New York 1994). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, A.J. Srivastava, V.G. Chigrinov, T.R. Woliński, "Electro-optical properties of photo-aligned photonic ferroelectric liquid crystal fibres", Liq. Cryst., 46 2, 272-280 (2019). CrossRef V. G. Chigrinov, V. M. Kozenkov, H-S. Kwok. Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2008). CrossRef M. Schadt et al., "Surface-Induced Parallel Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Linearly Polymerized Photopolymers", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.31, 2155-2164 (1992). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Photo-aligned ferroelectric liquid crystals in microchannels", Opt. Lett. 39, 4679 (2014). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, et al., "Photo‐aligned photonic ferroelectric liquid crystal fibers", J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 23, 196-201 (2015). CrossRef O. Stamatoiu, J. Mirzaei, X. Feng, T. Hegmann, "Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles", Top Curr Chem 318, 331-392 (2012). CrossRef A. Siarkowska et al., "Titanium nanoparticles doping of 5CB infiltrated microstructured optical fibers", Photonics Lett. Pol. 8 1, 29-31 (2016). CrossRef A. Siarkowska et al., "Thermo- and electro-optical properties of photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 8, 2790-2801 (2017). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Nanoparticles-enhanced photonic liquid crystal fibers", J. Mol. Liq. 267, 271-278 (2018). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Enhanced efficiency of electric field tunability in photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Opt. Exp. 27, 10, 14260-14269 (2019). CrossRef
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Korec, Joanna, Karol Antoni Stasiewicz i Leszek Roman Jaroszewicz. "Temperature effect on the light propagation in a tapered optical fiber with a twisted nematic liquid crystal cladding". Photonics Letters of Poland 11, nr 1 (3.04.2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i1.881.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper presents the influence of temperature on optical power spectrum propagated in a tapered optical fiber with twisted nematic liquid crystal cladding (TOF-TNLCC) modulated by an electric field. The measurements were performed for a liquid crystal cell with the twisted orientation of ITO layers, filled with E7 mixture. The induced reorientation of liquid crystal (LC) n-director was measured for visible and near-infrared wavelength range [550-1100 nm] at the electric field range of 0–160 V and temperature range of 20-60 °C. The relation between temperature and the optical power spectrum of the investigated device has been established. Full Text: PDF ReferencesV.J. Tekippe, "Passive fiber optic components made by the fused biconical taper process", Proc. SPIE 1085 (1990). CrossRef T. A. Birks, Y. W. Li, The shape of fiber tapers, Journal of Lightwave Technology 10, 4 (1992). CrossRef J. Korec, K. A. Stasiewicz, O. Strzeżysz, P. Kula, L. R. Jaroszewicz, Electro-Steering Tapered Fiber-Optic Device with Liquid Crystal Cladding, Journal of Sensors 2019: 1-11 (2019) CrossRef Ch. Veilleux, J. Lapierre, J. Bures, Liquid-crystal-clad tapered fibers, Opt. Lett. 11, 733-735 (1986) CrossRef J. F Henninot, D. Louvergneaux, N. Tabiryan, M. Warenghem, Controlled leakage of a tapered optical fiber with liquid crystal cladding, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 282, 297-308. (1996). CrossRef Y. Wang, et.al., Tapered optical fiber waveguide coupling to whispering gallery modes of liquid crystal microdroplet for thermal sensing application, Opt. Express 25, 918-926 (2017) CrossRef J. Korec, K. A. Stasiewicz, O. Strzeżysz, P. Kula, L. R. Jaroszewicz, . E. Moś, Tapered fibre liquid crystal optical device, Proc. SPIE 10681 (2018) CrossRef G. Assanto, A. Picardi, R. Barboza, A. Alberucci, Electro-optic steering of Nematicons, Phot. Lett. Poland 4, 1 (2012). CrossRef A.Ghanadzadeh Gilani, M.S. Beevers, The Electro-optical kerr effect in eutectic nematic mixtures of E7 and E8,J ournal of Molecular Liquids, 92, 3 (2001). CrossRef E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B.J. Eggleton, Tapered photonic crystal fibers, Opt. Express 784, 12, 5 (2004). CrossRef Y. Li and J. Lit, Transmission properties of a multimode optical-fiber taper, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, (1985). CrossRef J. Korec, K. A. Stasiewicz, and L. R. Jaroszewicz, Temperature influence on optical power spectrum of the tapered fiber device with a liquid crystal cladding, Proc. SPIE 11045, 110450I (2019) CrossRef L.M. Blinov, Liquid crystals: physical properties and their possibilities in application, Advances in Liquid Crystal Research and Applications, (1981). CrossRef
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Lansac, Y., i A. ten Bosch. "Nucleation in liquid crystals and liquid crystal polymers". Journal of Chemical Physics 94, nr 3 (luty 1991): 2168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.459888.
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Cai, Chang Long, Ya Zhang, Xiao Ling Niu i Wei Guo Liu. "Research on Non-Electric Readout Infrared Thermal Imaging Detection Technology Based on the Liquid Crystal". Solid State Phenomena 181-182 (listopad 2011): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.181-182.293.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Liquid crystal, as a condensed matter, is a phase state between crystal and isotropic liquid. On the one hand, it has mobility and continuity as a liquid, and on the other hand, it has arranging ordering as a crystal, then it has many unique properties. Because the factors, such as heat, electric field, magnetic field, pressure, and so on, will easily influence the arranging of liquid crystal molecular, so once it is excited externally, its optical properties will be changed. At present, most research on the theory and application of liquid crystal mainly focus on the display. Thermo-optic effect is defined as the phenomenon that the optical properties of liquid crystal change with the changing of temperature. At the phase transition point, the thermo-optic effect of liquid crystal is very obvious. In this paper, non-electric readout infrared thermal imaging detection technology based on the optical rotation property of the cholesteric liquid crystals is mainly researched. Through the research, the cholesteric liquid crystals’ light curves, gray value curves and CCD image were obtained under different temperatures; it proved that using the optical rotation property of cholesteric liquid crystals to achieve the infrared imaging of hot objects is possible.
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Caldera Villalobos, Martín, Jesús García Serrano i Ana María Herrera González. "Synthesis, Characterization and Mesomorphic Properties of N,N'-(1,4-Phenylene(methanylylidene))bis(4-(hexyloxy)aniline)". Advanced Materials Research 976 (czerwiec 2014): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.976.75.
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Liquid crystals (LCs) are compounds that have properties between isotropic liquids and solid crystal materials. Although there is not a parameter to predict this behavior, the liquid crystals reported until now have common characteristics, for example rigid groups such as columns or rods within its structures, and long hydrocarbon chains that give flexibility. In this work we report the synthesis and characterization of LCN,N'-(1,4-phenylene bis (methanylylidene)) bis (4-(hexyloxy) aniline). The compound was characterized by infrared (IR), raman and1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopies. The mesomorphic properties were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM). The compoundN,N'-(1,4-phenylene bis (methanylylidene)) bis (4-(hexyloxy) aniline) was obtained with a yield of 87 % and purity of 99.9 % determined by elementary analysis. The POM study revealed that this compound have a typical low molecular weight liquid crystal behavior. At temperatures of 157 and 174 °C typical mesophases of liquid crystals were observed; the phase transitions were analyzed by DSC. The POM images reveal the typical birefringence of liquid crystal behavior and different anisotropic textures of smectic and nematic mesophases, these textures are characteristic of the benzylideneanilines or Schiff bases.
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Denisova, Olga. "Measuring system for liquid level determination based on linear electro-optical effect of liquid crystal". MATEC Web of Conferences 226 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822602005.
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This article describes an updated system for measuring and controlling the level of liquid media. Well-known capacitance method for determining the liquid level is modernised. The new scheme proposes the use of electro-optical cell with a nematic liquid crystal. Homeotropically oriented liquid crystal is sandwiched between two plates, one of which is glass, and the other – crystal – cadmium sulfide CdS photoconductor. liquid crystal cell serves as an indicator. Its light transmittance depends on the applied voltage. Cell is designed so that the dependence of the phase delay of the voltage is linear. The article describes a mathematical model showing linear dependence, confirmed experimentally. Application of linear electrooptic effect observed in liquid crystals, allows to improve the accuracy and speed of measurement of liquid media, as the liquid crystal is an anisotropic medium more sensitive than solid crystals. The relaxation time of the orientation effects in liquid crystals is ~10-6 s. From the point of view of practical significance, this method will be of interest for application in the fuel and energy complex, in particular, oil and gas industry for the commercial accounting of petroleum products.
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Soon, Chin Fhong, Zai Peng Goh, Lee Chin Ku, Ten Ten Lee i Kian Sek Tee. "A Squeegee Coating Apparatus for Producing a Liquid Crystal Based Bio-Transducer". Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (grudzień 2013): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.759.
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Cholesteryl ester liquid crystals were discovered with a new application in sensing traction forces of single cells. The liquid crystal bio-transducer is produced by manual scraping of liquid crystals onto the petri dish, in which the technique is highly subjective to the skill of the user to produce homogeneously spread liquid crystal substrates. This paper describes the development of an apparatus used to produce a liquid crystal substrate using squeegee coating technique. It consists of a biaxial mechatronic system which is synchronously controlled in vertical and horizontal directions scraping the liquid crystal substrates evenly on the surface of a petri dish. The thickness of the liquid crystal was profiled using laser diffraction technique and the homogeneity of the liquid crystal films produced was examined in a crossed-polarizing microscope. At an angular speed of 1500 rpm and under a shear stress of 1.46 ± 0.72 kPa, the squeegee coating was found producing liquid crystal films at a thickness of 132 ± 23 μm on the surface of petri dishes. With the application of this apparatus, evenly spread liquid crystal coatings with control thickness in petri dishes were consistently produced. This has overcome the major problem of manually coating the liquid crystal substrates using a cell scraper.
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Poudereux, David, Manuel Cano-García, Domenico Alj, Roberto Caputo, Cesare Umeton, Morten Andreas Geday, José Manuel Otón i Xabier Quintana. "Recording Policryps structures in photonic crystal fibers". Photonics Letters of Poland 9, nr 1 (31.03.2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i1.700.
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Policryps structures of photo-curable adhesive NOA61 and nematic liquid crystal mixture E7 have been created inside selected microchannels of photonic crystal fibers (PCF). The PCF was selectively infiltrated with the photopolymer-liquid crystal mixture for the writing of a holographic tunable grating inside specific holes of the photonic fiber. A 2um pitch grating was successfully recorded in the PCF inner holes with and without collapsing the fiber cladding. The liquid crystal is properly aligned in both cases. Full Text: PDF ReferencesQ. Liu, et al., "Tunable Fiber Polarization Filter by Filling Different Index Liquids and Gold Wire Into Photonic Crystal Fiber", J. Lightwave Technol. 34(10), 2484 (2016). CrossRef L. Velázquez-Ibarra, A. Díez, E. Silvestre, M.V. Andrés, "Wideband tuning of four-wave mixing in solid-core liquid-filled photonic crystal fibers", Opt. Lett. 41(11), 2600 (2016). CrossRef T. Larsen, A. Bjarklev, D. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express 11(20), 2589 (2003). CrossRef H.Y. Choi, M.J. Kim, B.H. Lee, "All-fiber Mach-Zehnder type interferometers formed in photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Express 15(9), 5711 (2007). CrossRef D. Poudereux, P. Corredera, E. Otón, J.M. Otón, X.Q. Arregui, "Photonic liquid crystal fiber intermodal interferometer" Opt. Pura Apl. 46(4), 321 (2013). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, et al., "Tunable Optofluidic Polymer Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 619(1), 2 (2015). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, T.R. Woliński, M.A. Geday, J.M. Otón, "Photonic Crystal Fibers infiltrated with Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals", Phot. Lett. Poland, 2(3), 110 (2010). CrossRef D. Alj, S. Paladugu, G. Volpe, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, "Polar POLICRYPS diffractive structures generate cylindrical vector beams", Appl. Phys. Lett., 107(20), 201101 (2015). CrossRef A. Veltri, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, A.V. Sukhov, "Model for the photoinduced formation of diffraction gratings in liquid-crystalline composite materials", Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(18), 3492 (2004). CrossRef T.J. Bunning, L.V. Natarajan, V.P. Tondiglia, R.L. Sutherland, "Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals (H-PDLCs)", Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30(1), 83 (2000). CrossRef R. Caputo, L. De Sio, A.V. Sukhov, A. Veltri, C. Umeton, "Development of a new kind of switchable holographic grating made of liquid-crystal films separated by slices of polymeric material", Opt. Lett., 29, 1261 (2004). CrossRef A. Marino, F. Vita, V. Tkachenko, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, A. Veltri, G. Abbate, "Dynamical behaviour of holographic gratings with a nematic film --Polymer slice sequence structure", Euro. Phys. J. E 15, 47 (2004). CrossRef G. Abbate, F. Vita, A. Marino, V. Tkachenko, S. Slussarenko, O. Sakhno, J. Stumpe, "New Generation of Holographic Gratings Based on Polymer-LC Composites: POLICRYPS and POLIPHEM", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 453(1), 1 (2006). CrossRef G. Zito, S. Pissadakis, "Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal Bragg grating integrated inside a solid core photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Lett. 38(17), 3253 (2013). CrossRef B. Sun, et al., "Unique Temperature Dependence of Selectively Liquid-Crystal-Filled Photonic Crystal Fibers", IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 28(12), 1282 (2016). CrossRef R. Caputo, et al., "POLICRYPS: a liquid crystal composed nano/microstructure with a wide range of optical and electro-optical applications", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 11(2), 024017 (2009). CrossRef J. Li, S.-T. Wu, S. Brugioni, R. Meucci, S. Faetti, "Infrared refractive indices of liquid crystals", J. Appl. Phys. 97(7), 073501 (2005). CrossRef
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Wang, Xu, i Yongmin Zhou. "Research on Single Crystal Preparation via Dynamic Liquid Phase Method". Crystals 13, nr 7 (24.07.2023): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071150.
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Traditional liquid phase methods for growing single crystals are static growth methods, which include seed crystal sedimentation growth and seed crystal clamping growth using seed crystal holders. Single crystals grown via seed crystal sedimentation often have a flat and elongated shape, and the region in contact with the bottom of the container is restricted during growth, resulting in significant defects. Similarly, the seed crystal clamping growth method cannot avoid contact with external objects, leading to abnormal growth at the contact points and along the direction of the seed crystal holder, also resulting in certain defects. Both of these growth methods require processes, such as cutting and grinding, to remove defects, resulting in resource waste. To address the shortcomings of the static liquid phase single-crystal preparation mentioned above, this study successfully designed a dynamic liquid phase method for single crystal growth, which achieved the successful suspension of seed crystals in the mother solution and the growth of high-quality, large-sized single crystals, avoiding contact with the walls and the bottom of the container during the crystal growth process. Based on the dynamic liquid phase single crystal growth apparatus mentioned above, stable and dynamic liquid phase preparation was successfully achieved, ranging from seed crystals with a diameter of approximately 5 mm to single crystals with a diameter of approximately 20 mm, by controlling the cooling rate and adjusting the solution flow rate.
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Belyakov, Vladimir A. "Optical Kossel Lines and Fluorescence in Photonic Liquid Crystals". Crystals 10, nr 6 (24.06.2020): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060541.
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We propose a general analytical way to describe the fluorescence peculiarities in photonic liquid crystals (revealing themselves as an optical analog of the X-ray Kossel lines in conventional crystals) based at the localized optical edge modes existing in perfect photonic liquid crystal layers. The proposed approach allows us to predict theoretically the properties of optical Kossel lines in photonic liquid crystal (fluorescence polarization, spectral and angular fluorescence distribution, influence of the light absorption in liquid crystal, and, in particular, existing the optical Borrmann effect if the absorption in liquid crystal is locally anisotropic). Comparison of the theoretical results and the known experimental data shows that the theory reproduces sufficiently well the observation results on the fluorescence in photonic liquid crystals. For confirming a direct connection of the optical Kossel lines to the localized optical edge modes in perfect photonic liquid crystal, we propose the application of time-delayed techniques in studying the optical Kossel lines.
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Wang, Ziyihui, Tianhua Xu, Adam Noel, Yu-Cheng Chen i Tiegen Liu. "Applications of liquid crystals in biosensing". Soft Matter 17, nr 18 (2021): 4675–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm02088e.
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Recent investigations on the design and application of liquid crystal-based biosensors have been reviewed, according to the phenomenon that orientations of liquid crystals can be directly influenced by interactions between biomolecules and liquid crystal molecules. With the ability to detect external stimuli with high sensitivity, liquid crystal biosensors can help realize a new biosensing era.
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Knepp, T. N., T. L. Renkens i P. B. Shepson. "Measurement of acidic ions and their qualitative effects on snow crystal morphology and the quasi-liquid layer". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, nr 1 (9.01.2009): 735–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-735-2009.
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Abstract. A chamber was constructed within which snow crystals were grown on a string at various temperatures, relative humidities, and acetic acid gas phase mole fraction. The temperature, relative humidity, and acid mole fraction were measured for the first time at the point of crystal growth. Snow crystal morphological transition temperature shifts were recorded as a function of acid mole fraction, and interpreted according to the calculated acid concentration in the crystal's quasi-liquid layer, which increased in thickness as a function of acid mole fraction, thereby affecting the crystal's morphology according to the hypothesis of Kuroda and Lacmann. Deficiencies in the understanding of the quasi-liquid layer and its role in determining snow crystal morphology are briefly discussed.
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Chychłowski, Miłosz, i Tomasz Woliński. "Frequency dependence of electric field tunability in a photonic liquid crystal fiber based on gold nanoparticles-doped 6CHBT nematic liquid crystal". Photonics Letters of Poland 12, nr 4 (31.12.2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i4.1070.
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In this paper, we investigate an external electric field frequency influence on a photonic liquid crystal fiber (PLCF) based on a gold nanoparticles (NPs)-doped nematic liquid crystal (LC) and its response to the external electric field. We used a 6CHBT nematic LC doped with 2-nm gold NPs in a weight concentration of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5%. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, "All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding," Opt. Lett. 21, 1547-1549 (1996) CrossRef J. C. Knight,T. A. Birks, P. S. J.Russell, , and J. P. De Sandro, "Properties of photonic crystal fiber and the effective index model", JOSA A, 15(3), 748-752, (1998) CrossRef S. A. Cerqueira,F. Luan, C. M. B. Cordeiro, A. K. George, and J. C. Knight, "Hybrid photonic crystal fiber", "Optics Express", 14(2), 926-931,(2006) CrossRef W. Bragg, "Liquid Crystals", Nature 133, 445-456, (1934) https://doi.org/10.1038/133445a0 CrossRef J. Kędzierski, K. Garbat, Z. Raszewski, M. Kojdecki, K. Kowiorski, L. Jaroszewicz, and W. Piecek, "Optical properties of a liquid crystal with small ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices and small optical anisotropy", Opto-Electronics Review, 22(3), 162-165, (2014) CrossRef Y. Li, and S. T. Wu, "Polarization independent adaptive microlens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Optics express, 19(9), 8045-8050, (2011) CrossRef T. Woliński, S. Ertman, K. Rutkowska, D. Budaszewski, M. Sala-Tefelska, M. Chychłowski, K. Orzechowski, K. Bednarska, P. Lesiak, "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers - 15 years of research activities at Warsaw University of Technology", Phot. Lett. Pol., (11), (2), 22-24, (2019) https://doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.907. CrossRef T.T. Larsen, A. Bjraklev, D.S. Hermann, J. Broeng, Opt. Expr. 11(20), 2589, (2003) CrossRef T.R. Woliński, K. Szaniawska, K. Bondarczuk, P. Lesiak, A.W. Domański, R. Dąbrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, J. Wójcik, "Propagation properties of photonic crystal fibers filled with nematic liquid crystals", Opto-Electron. Rev. 13(2), 59 (2005) DirectLink L. Scolari, S. Gauza, H. Xianyu, L. Zhai, L. Eskildsen, T. T. Alkeskjold, S.-T. Wu, and A. Bjarklev, "Frequency tunability of solid-core photonic crystal fibers filled with nanoparticle-doped liquid crystals," Opt. Express 17(5), 3754-3764 (2009). CrossRef A. Siarkowska, M. Chychłowski, D. Budaszewski, B. Jankiewicz, B. Bartosewicz, and T. R. Woliński, "Thermo-and electro-optical properties of photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 8(1), 2790-2801, (2017) CrossRef D. Budaszewski, M. Chychłowski, A. Budaszewska, B. Bartosewicz, B. Jankiewicz, and T. R. Woliński, "Enhanced efficiency of electric field tunability in photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Optics express, 27(10), 14260-14269, (2019) CrossRef D. Budaszewski, A. Siarkowska, M. Chychłowski, B. Jankiewicz, B. Bartosewicz, R. Dąbrowski, T. R. Woliński, "Nanoparticles-enhanced photonic liquid crystal fibers", Journal of Molecular Liquids, 267, 271-278, (2018) CrossRef
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Garbovskiy, Yuriy. "Evaluating the Concentration of Ions in Liquid Crystal Cells: Hidden Factors and Useful Techniques". Proceedings 62, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020062010.
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Many liquid crystal devices are driven by electric fields. Ions, typically present in molecular liquid crystal materials in minute quantities, can compromise the performance of mesogenic materials (in the simplest case, through a well-known screening effect). Even highly purified liquid crystals can be contaminated with ions during their production and handling. Therefore, measurements of the concentration of ions have become an important part of the material characterization of liquid crystals. Interestingly, even a brief analysis of existing publications can reveal a quite broad variability of the values of the concentration of ions measured by different research groups for the same liquid crystals. This reflects the complexity of ion generation mechanisms in liquid crystal materials and their dependence on numerous factors. In this paper, an overview of ion generation mechanisms in liquid crystals and modern ion measurement techniques is followed by the discussion of frequently overlooked factors affecting the measured values of the ion concentration. Ion-generating and ion-capturing properties of the alignment layers (or substrates) of liquid crystal cells are considered and used to evaluate a true concentration of ions in liquid crystals. In addition, practical recommendations aimed at improving the measurements of the ion density in liquid crystals are also discussed.
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Schadt, Martin. "LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS". Annual Review of Materials Science 27, nr 1 (sierpień 1997): 305–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.27.1.305.
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Różański, Stanisław Andrzej. "Liquid crystal displays in the vehicle transportation and aviation". AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, nr 6 (30.06.2018): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.158.
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The article presents the basic properties of liquid crystals with particular emphasis on their use in the construction of liquid crystal displays. The basic properties of liquid crystal displays, their structure and principle of operation are discussed. The selected examples show the benefits of using liquid crystal displays in vehicle transportation and aviation.
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Palffy-Muhoray, Peter, Wenyi Cao, Michele Moreira, Bahman Taheri i Antonio Munoz. "Photonics and lasing in liquid crystal materials". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, nr 1847 (21.08.2006): 2747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1851.
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Owing to fundamental reasons of symmetry, liquid crystals are soft materials. This softness allows long length-scales, large susceptibilities and the existence of modulated phases, which respond readily to external fields. Liquid crystals with such phases are tunable, self-assembled, photonic band gap materials; they offer exciting opportunities both in basic science and in technology. Since the density of photon states is suppressed in the stop band and is enhanced at the band edges, these materials may be used as switchable filters or as mirrorless lasers. Disordered periodic liquid crystal structures can show random lasing. We highlight recent advances in this rapidly growing area, and discuss future prospects in emerging liquid crystal materials. Liquid crystal elastomers and orientationally ordered nanoparticle assemblies are of particular interest.
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Jing, Tammy. "Alkynyl-Containing Discotic Liquid Crystal Molecules". Science Insights 41, nr 3 (28.08.2022): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/si.22.re075.
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Under specific circumstances, organized columnar phases can be formed from the planar discoid shapes of the molecules that make up discotic liquid crystals. These materials offer unusual features because of their distinct columnar phase structure. They are utilized in organic semiconductors, liquid crystal magnetic materials, and photoelectric conversion. It has numerous applications, so researchers are paying more and more attention to it. In this paper, the effects of alkynyl groups on the properties of discotic liquid crystals at various positions are emphatically discussed. The main focus is on the alkynyl-containing discotic liquid crystal molecules and their properties reported in domestic and foreign literature in the past ten years.
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Avilés, María-Dolores, Ramón Pamies, José Sanes, Francisco-José Carrión i María-Dolores Bermúdez. "Fatty Acid-Derived Ionic Liquid Lubricant. Protic Ionic Liquid Crystals as Protic Ionic Liquid Additives". Coatings 9, nr 11 (31.10.2019): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110710.
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Fatty acids are natural products which have been studied as green lubricants. Ionic liquids are considered efficient friction reducing and wear preventing lubricants and lubricant additives. Fatty acid-derived ionic liquids have shown potential as neat lubricant and additives. Protic ionic liquid crystals (PILCs) are protic ionic liquids (PILs) where cations and anions form ordered mesophases that show liquid crystalline behavior. The adsorption of carboxylate units on sliding surfaces can enhance the lubricant performance. Ionic liquid crystal lubricants with longer alkyl chains can separate sliding surfaces more efficiently. However, they are usually solid at room temperature and, when used as additives in water, transitions to high friction coefficients and wear rates, with tribocorrosion processes occur when water evaporation takes place at the interface. In order to avoid these inconveniences, in the present work, a protic ammonium palmitate (DPA) ionic liquid crystal has been added in 1 wt.% proportion to a short chain citrate ionic liquid (DCi) with the same protic ammonium cation. A spin coated layer of (DCi + DPA) was deposited on AISI316L steel surface before the sliding test against sapphire ball. Synergy between DCi PIL and DPA PILC additive reduces friction coefficient and wear rate, without tribocorrosion processes, as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results.
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Garbovskiy, Yuriy. "Ion-Generating and Ion-Capturing Nanomaterials in Liquid Crystals". Proceedings 2, nr 14 (21.05.2018): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecc_2018-05257.
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The majority of tunable liquid crystal devices are driven by electric fields. The performance of such devices can be altered by the presence of small amounts of ions in liquid crystals. Therefore, the understanding of possible sources of ions in liquid crystal materials is very critical to a broad range of existing and future applications employing liquid crystals. Recently, nanomaterials in liquid crystals have emerged as a hot research topic, promising for its implementation in the design of wearable and tunable liquid crystal devices. An analysis of published results revealed that nanodopants in liquid crystals can act as either ion-capturing agents or ion-generating objects. In this presentation, a recently developed model of contaminated nanomaterials is analyzed. Nanoparticle-enabled ion capturing and ion generation regimes in liquid crystals are discussed within the framework of the proposed model. This model is in very good agreement with existing experimental results. Practical implications and future research directions are also discussed.
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Hasegawa, Ray, Masanori Sakamoto i Hideyuki Sasaki. "Dynamic Analysis of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal by Infrared Spectroscopy". Applied Spectroscopy 47, nr 9 (wrzesień 1993): 1386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067441.
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The dynamic behavior of a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) under an electric field has been studied by static and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. The PDLC sample was prepared by polymerization-induced phase separation of a mixture of nematic liquid crystal E7 and acrylate. 2D IR correlation analysis indicates that the rigid core of the liquid crystal molecules reorients as a unit, and suggests that the polymer side chain existing in the interface between the polymer and the liquid crystals may reorient in phase with the liquid crystal reorientation by interaction with the liquid crystal molecules.
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Jiarui Ren, Jiarui Ren, Weichang Wang Weichang Wang, Weiqiang Yang Weiqiang Yang, Conglong Yuan Conglong Yuan, Kang Zhou Kang Zhou, Xiao Li Xiao Li, Alwin Mingwai Tam Alwin Mingwai Tam i in. "Micro-patterned liquid crystal Pancharatnam–Berry axilens". Chinese Optics Letters 16, nr 6 (2018): 062301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201816.062301.
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Wang, Zeyu, Han Zhang, Xiaoheng Liu, Yunjie Dou, Wei Duan, Wei Chen, Lingling Ma i Yanqing Lu. "Cascaded liquid crystal holography for optical encryption". Chinese Optics Letters 21, nr 12 (2023): 120003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202321.120003.
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Knepp, T. N., T. L. Renkens i P. B. Shepson. "Gas phase acetic acid and its qualitative effects on snow crystal morphology and the quasi-liquid layer". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, nr 20 (16.10.2009): 7679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7679-2009.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. A chamber was constructed within which snow crystals were grown on a string at various temperatures, relative humidities, and acetic acid gas phase mole fractions. The temperature, relative humidity, and acid mole fraction were measured for the first time at the point of crystal growth. Snow crystal morphological transition temperature shifts were recorded as a function of acid mole fraction, and interpreted according to the calculated acid concentration in the crystal's quasi-liquid layer, which is believed to have increased in thickness as a function of acid mole fraction, thereby affecting the crystal's morphology consistent with the hypothesis of Kuroda and Lacmann. Deficiencies in the understanding of the quasi-liquid layer and its role in determining snow crystal morphology are briefly discussed.
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KACZMAREK, MALGOSIA, i ANDRIY DYADYUSHA. "STRUCTURED, PHOTOSENSITIVE PVK AND PVCN POLYMER LAYERS FOR CONTROL OF LIQUID CRYSTAL ALIGNMENT". Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 12, nr 04 (grudzień 2003): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886350300164x.
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We present characteristics of liquid crystal reorientation in cells with alignment layers made of different poly(vinyl)-type polymers. Mechanically-rubbed poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) produces planar alignment of liquid crystals with easy axis orthogonal to the rubbing direction and zero pretilt angle. Doping PVK with C 60 makes this liquid crystal–polymer system extremely photosensitive for visible wavelengths. Illumination with a Gaussian beam reveals a complex structure of patterns of reoriented liquid crystal molecules. Using poly(vinyl-cinnamate) (PVCN), exposed to UV light, a periodic alignment of liquid crystals can be achieved via this all-optical method.
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McCrone, Walter C. "Isolation of Single Crystals from Liquid Drops". Microscopy Today 2, nr 3 (maj 1994): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500065433.
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Microscopists often recrystallize or precipitate compounds for purposes of identification. Almost as often, a few crystals form that are irresistibly beautiful and demand isolating for single-crystal x-ray diffraction, spindle stage, polarized IR absorption, or remounting in a crystal-rolling medium like Aroclor® 1260.The isolation of one such crystal among hundreds from the center of a drop is not as difficult as it sounds. It is done at 50-100X under a stereomicroscope using a fine, usually a tungsten, needle. The needle may (rarely) need to be surface-treated by rubbing with a water-insoluble wax (then tissue-wiped “clean”) to prevent creeping of the solution up the needle and causing solution (and crystal) movement.The needle is used to clear a path for the desired crystal by pushing the edge crust and other intervening crystals to one side. Complete clearance is not necessary. The desired crystal is then pushed with the needle along the slide to the edge and then well outside of the drop. A few smaller crystals and much solution may accompany it.
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Budaszewski, Daniel, i Tomasz R. Woliński. "Light propagation in a photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with mesogenic azobenzene dyes". Photonics Letters of Poland 9, nr 2 (1.07.2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i2.730.
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In this paper, light propagation in an isotropic photonic crystal fiber as well in a silica-glass microcapillary infiltrated with a mesogenic azobenzene dye has been investigated. It appeared that light spectrum guided inside the photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with the investigated azobenzene dye depends on the illuminating wavelength of the absorption band and on linear polarization. Also, alignment of the mesogenic azobenzene dye molecules inside silica glass microcapillaries and photonic crystal fibers has been investigated. Results obtained may lead to a new design of optically tunable photonic devices. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. Russell. St. J. "Photonic-Crystal Fibers", J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 4729 (2006). CrossRef T. Larsen, A. Bjarklev, D. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Exp. 11, 2589 (2003). CrossRef D. C. Zografopoulos, A. Asquini, E. E. Kriezis, A. d'Alessandro, R. Beccherelli, "Guided-wave liquid-crystal photonics", Lab Chip, 12, 3598 (2012). CrossRef F. Du, Y-Q. Lu, S-T. Wu, "Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. Lett 85, 2181 (2004) CrossRef D. C. Zografopoulos, E. E. Kriezis, "Tunable Polarization Properties of Hybrid-Guiding Liquid-Crystal Photonic Crystal Fibers", J. Lightwave Technol. 27 (6), 773 (2009) CrossRef S. Ertman, M. Tefelska, M. Chychłowski, A. Rodriquez, D. Pysz, R. Buczyński, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dąbrowski, T. R. Woliński. "Index Guiding Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Practical Applications", J. Lightwave Technol. 30, 1208 (2012). CrossRef D. Noordegraaf, L. Scolari, J. Laegsgaard, L. Rindorf, T. T. Alkeskjold, "Electrically and mechanically induced long period gratings in liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibers", Opt. Expr. 15, 7901 (2007) CrossRef M. M. Tefelska, M. S. Chychlowski, T. R. Wolinski, R. Dabrowski, W. Rejmer, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, P. Mergo, "Photonic Band Gap Fibers with Novel Chiral Nematic and Low-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystals", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 558(1), 184 (2012). CrossRef S. Mathews, Y. Semenova, G. Farrell, "Electronic tunability of ferroelectric liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fibre", Electronics Letters, 45(12), 617 (2009). CrossRef V. Chigrinov, H-S Kwok, H. Takada, H. Takatsu, "Photo-aligning by azo-dyes: Physics and applications", Liquid Crystals Today, 14:4, 1-15, (2005) CrossRef A. Siarkowska, M. Jóźwik, S. Ertman, T.R. Woliński, V.G. Chigrinov, "Photo-alignment of liquid crystals in micro capillaries with point-by-point irradiation", Opto-Electon. Rev. 22, 178 (2014); CrossRef D. Budaszewski, A. K. Srivastava, A. M. W. Tam, T. R. Woliński, V. G. Chigrinov, H-S. Kwok, "Photo-aligned ferroelectric liquid crystals in microchannels", Opt. Lett. 39, 16 (2014) CrossRef J-H Liou, T-H. Chang, T. Lin, Ch-P. Yu, "Reversible photo-induced long-period fiber gratings in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Opt. Expr. 19, (7), 6756, (2011) CrossRef T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Laegsgaard, A. Bjarklev, D. S. Hermann, J. Broeng, J. Li, S-T. Wu, "All-optical modulation in dye-doped nematic liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibers", Opt. Exp, 12 (24), 5857 (2004) CrossRef K. Ichimura, Y. Suzuki, T. Seki, A. Hosoki, K. Aoki, "Reversible change in alignment mode of nematic liquid crystals regulated photochemically by command surfaces modified with an azobenzene monolayer", Langmuir, 4, 1214 (1988) CrossRef http://www.beamco.com/Azobenzene-liquid-crystals DirectLink K. A. Rutkowska, K. Orzechowski, M. Sierakowski, "Wedge-cell technique as a simple and effective method for chromatic dispersion determination of liquid crystals", Phot. Lett, Poland, 8(2), 51 (2016). CrossRef L. Deng, H.-K. Liu, "Nonlinear optical limiting of the azo dye methyl-red doped nematic liquid crystalline films", Opt. Eng. 42, 2936-2941 (2003). CrossRef J. Si, J. Qiu, J. Guo, M. Wang, K. Hirao, "Photoinduced birefringence of azodye-doped materials by a femtosecond laser", Appl. Opt., 42, 7170-7173 (2008). CrossRef
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Seeboth, A. "Orientation layers for liquid crystals in liquid crystal displays". Displays 20, nr 3 (listopad 1999): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-9382(99)00014-1.
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Oswald, Patrick, John Bechhoefer i Francisco Melo. "Pattern Formation During the Growth of Liquid Crystal Phases". MRS Bulletin 16, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400057894.
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Liquid crystals, discovered just a century ago, have wide application to electrooptic displays and thermography. Their physical properties have also made them fascinating materials for more fundamental research.The name “liquid crystals” is actually a misnomer for what are more properly termed “mesophases,” that is, phases having symmetries intermediate between ordinary solids and liquids. There are three major classes of liquid crystals: nematics, smectics, and columnar mesophases. In nematics, although there is no correlation between positions of the rodlike molecules, the molecules tend to lie parallel along a common axis, labeled by a unit vector (or director) n. Smectics are more ordered. The molecules are also rodlike and are in layers. Different subtypes of smectics (labeled, for historical reasons, smectic A, smectic B,…) have layers that are more or less organized. In the smectic A phase, the layers are fluid and can glide easily over each other. In the smectic B phase, the layers have hexagonal ordering and strong interlayer corrélations. Indeed, the smectic B phase is more a highly anisotropic plastic crystal than it is a liquid crystal. Finally, columnar mesophases are obtained with disklike molecules. These molecules can stack up in columns which are themselves organized in a two-dimensional array. There is no positional correlation between molecules in one column and molecules in the other columns.
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Nagaraj, Mamatha. "Liquid Crystals Templating". Crystals 10, nr 8 (27.07.2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080648.
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Liquid crystal templating is a versatile technique to create novel organic and inorganic materials with nanoscale features. It exploits the self-assembled architectures of liquid crystal phases as scaffolds. This article focuses on some of the key developments in lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystals templating. The procedures that were employed to create templated structures and the applications of these novel materials in various fields including mesoporous membranes, organic electronics, the synthesis of nanostructured materials and photonics, are described.
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Li, Shi, Jihe Zhao, Xiao Wang, Zhihua Li, Xuefeng Gui, Jiwen Hu, Shudong Lin i Yuanyuan Tu. "Preparation of polyethylene oxide single crystals via liquid gating technology and morphology design strategy". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 77, nr 5 (18.09.2021): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520621008076.
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A novel type of liquid gating technology has been developed to prepare a polyethylene oxide (PEO) single-crystal film, and the crystal growth was observed via atomic force microscopy. The self-seeding method has been widely used in the preparation of polymer single crystals, but the mechanism through which single polymer crystals are formed via the combination of liquid gating technology and the self-seeding method remains unclear. To elucidate the mechanism of this process, a series of experiments were conducted in which a dilute polymer solution was sprayed onto a mica substrate to form a single-crystal film through liquid gating technology to study the effect of the crystallization time on the morphology of a thiol PEO (mPEO-SH) crystal. Based on this research, it was found that liquid gating helps to prevent twinning during crystal growth. The combination of liquid gating and self-seeding technology thus provides a new strategy for polymer single-crystal growth.
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Garbovskiy, Yuriy, i Anatoliy Glushchenko. "Frequency-dependent electro-optics of liquid crystal devices utilizing nematics and weakly conducting polymers". Advanced Optical Technologies 7, nr 4 (28.08.2018): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2018-0026.
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Abstract Conducting polymer films acting as both electrodes and alignment layers are very promising for the development of flexible and wearable tunable liquid crystal devices. The majority of existing publications report on the electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals and twisted nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between highly conducting polymers. In contrary, in this paper, electro-optics of nematic liquid crystals placed between rubbed weakly conducting polymers is studied. The combination of weakly conducting polymers and nematics enables a frequency-dependent tuning of the effective threshold voltage of the studied liquid crystal cells. This unusual electro-optics of liquid crystal cells utilizing nematics and weakly conducting polymers can be understood by considering equivalent electric circuits and material parameters of the cell. An elementary model of the observed electro-optical phenomenon is also presented.
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Yaghmaee, Pouria, Onur Hamza Karabey, Bevan Bates, Christophe Fumeaux i Rolf Jakoby. "Electrically Tuned Microwave Devices Using Liquid Crystal Technology". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/824214.
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An overview of liquid crystal technology for microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies is presented. The potential of liquid crystals as reconfigurable materials arises from their ability for continuous tuning with low power consumption, transparency, and possible integration with printed and flexible circuit technologies. This paper describes physical theory and fundamental electrical properties arising from the anisotropy of liquid crystals and overviews selected realized liquid crystal devices, throughout four main categories: resonators and filters, phase shifters and delay lines, antennas, and, finally, frequency-selective surfaces and metamaterials.
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Yin, Kun, Guanjun Tan, Shuxin Liu, Artur Geivandov i Gaurav P. Shrivastav. "Patterned-Liquid-Crystal for Novel Displays". Crystals 12, nr 2 (27.01.2022): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020185.
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Buchert, Karen L., Jack L. Koenig, Shi-Qing Wang i John L. West. "Molecular Motion Analysis of E7 in PDLCs as a Function of Droplet Size Using Solid-State 13C NMR Relaxation Spectroscopy". Applied Spectroscopy 47, nr 7 (lipiec 1993): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934415219.
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13C NMR relaxation spectroscopy as applied to polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) provides a method for measuring the molecular motions of the liquid crystal molecules within droplets dispersed throughout the material's polymer matrix. Because liquid crystal molecular motion may play a major role in the switching phenomenon of PDLC materials from an opaque film to a clear film, both T1 and T1ρ relaxation experiments are used to measure molecular mobility of the liquid crystal as a function of droplet size for PDLC materials made of E7 and epoxy. The segmental molecular motions measured by T1ρ relaxation show a significant dependence on liquid crystal droplet size. Three models are provided which explain the observed restriction in segmental mobility of the liquid crystal molecules as the droplet size decreases and the polymer/liquid crystal interaction increases.
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Bruce, Duncan W., John W. Goodby, J. Roy Sambles i Harry J. Coles. "Introduction: new directions in liquid crystal science". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, nr 1847 (21.08.2006): 2567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1840.
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While we are all familiar with liquid crystal displays, an industry currently worth more than $60 billion yr −1 and growing rapidly, fewer people are aware of the breadth of the subject of liquid crystals—one that represents the study of the fourth state of matter. Liquid crystals are found as essential elements in biological systems, soaps and detergents, sensor technologies and in the manipulation of electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths. This meeting was designed to highlight both the truly multidisciplinary nature of liquid crystal science and to feature those areas away from electro-optic displays; these issues are developed and summarized in more detail.
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Akamatsu, N., K. Hisano, R. Tatsumi, M. Aizawa, C. J. Barrett i A. Shishido. "Thermo-, photo-, and mechano-responsive liquid crystal networks enable tunable photonic crystals". Soft Matter 13, nr 41 (2017): 7486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01287j.
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Chigrinov, V. G. "Photoalignment and photopatterning: New liquid crystal technology for displays and photonics". Fine Chemical Technologies 15, nr 2 (20.05.2020): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2020-15-2-7-20.
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Objectives. Since the end of the 20th century, liquid crystals have taken a leading position as a working material for the display industry. In particular, this is due to the advances in the control of surface orientation in thin layers of liquid crystals, which is necessary for setting the initial orientation of the layer structure in the absence of an electric field. The operation of most liquid crystal displays is based on electro-optical effects, arising from the changes in the initial orientation of the layers when the electric field is turned on, and the relaxation of the orientation structure under the action of surfaces after the electric field is turned off. In this regard, the high quality of surface orientation directly affects the technical characteristics of liquid crystal displays. The traditional technology of rubbing substrates, currently used in the display industry, has several disadvantages associated with the formation of a static charge on the substrates and surface contamination with microparticles. This review discusses an alternative photoalignment technology for liquid crystals on the surface, using materials sensitive to polarization of electromagnetic irradiation. Also, this review describes various applications of photosensitive azo dyes as photo-oriented materials. Results. The alternative photoalignment technology, which employs materials sensitive to electromagnetic polarization, allows to create the orientation of liquid crystals on the surface without mechanical impact and to control the surface anchoring force of a liquid crystal. This provides the benefits of using the photoalignment technology in the display industry and photonics—where the use of the rubbing technology is extremely difficult. The optical image rewriting mechanism is discussed, using electronic paper with photo-inert and photoaligned surfaces as an example. Further, different ways of using the photoalignment technology in liquid crystal photonics devices that control light beams are described. In particular, we consider switches, controllers and polarization rotators, optical attenuators, switchable diffraction gratings, polarization image analyzers, liquid crystal lenses, and ferroelectric liquid crystal displays with increased operation speed. Conclusions. The liquid crystal photoalignment and photopatterning technology is a promising tool for new display and photonics applications. It can be used for light polarization rotation; voltage controllable diffraction; fast switching of the liquid crystal refractive index; alignment of liquid crystals in super-thin photonic holes, curved and 3D surfaces; and many more applications.
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Sigdel, Krishna P. "Liquid Crystals Phase Transitions and AC-Calorimetry". Himalayan Physics 1 (28.07.2011): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v1i0.5171.
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Liquid crystal is a delicate and beautiful phase of matter showing the order in between liquid and crystals. They have different phases and phase transitions. A powerful tool called AC calorimetry can be used to characterize the different phases and phase transitions. In this article, use of ac-calorimetry technique in liquid crystal phases and phase transitions is described.Key words: Liquid and crystals; AC calorimetryThe Himalayan Physics Vol.1, No.1, May, 2010Page: 25-31Uploaded Date: 28 July, 2011
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Yu, Chang-Jae, i Sin-Doo Lee. "Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal and Liquid Crystal Optics". Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics 24, nr 4 (25.08.2013): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/kjop.2013.24.4.159.
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Ye∗, Mao, i Susumu Sato. "Liquid Crystal Lens of Two Liquid Crystal Layers". Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 422, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400490502535.
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De Sio, Luciano, Elena Ouskova, Pamela Lloyd, Rafael Vergara, Nelson Tabiryan i Timothy J. Bunning. "Light-addressable liquid crystal polymer dispersed liquid crystal". Optical Materials Express 7, nr 5 (11.04.2017): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.7.001581.
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