Artykuły w czasopismach: „Lifeguards”

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Butson, Michael, John Tower i Eric C. Schwarz. "Lifeguard turnover in aquatic and recreation centres: Perspectives from managers". Australian Journal of Career Development 30, nr 1 (24.03.2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1038416220983489.

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Employee turnover is the loss of talent in the workforce. High employee turnover is expensive and disruptive. Young employees are more likely to leave one job for a better one and are often less attached to an organisation while they are completing their education. The aquatics industry has been described as being in a crisis, experiencing unprecedented levels of turnover amongst lifeguards. A first important step is to understand the reasons for turnover amongst lifeguards. This study utilised semi-structured interviews with aquatic and recreation centre managers (N = 16; 69% female) to explore their insights about lifeguard turnover. A deductive content analysis determined that lifeguards leave their current position for four main reasons: lifeguarding being a temporary position, a negative working environment, pursuing employment in a higher paying lifeguard position and location. Consequently, centre managers need to consider short and long-term strategies to retain lifeguards.

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Breindahl, Niklas, Kirstine Friderichsen Strange, Doris Østergaard i Helle Collatz Christensen. "Evaluation of a critical incident management system on mental health in lifeguard organisations: a retrospective study". BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 9, nr 1 (styczeń 2023): e001499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001499.

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BackgroundLifeguards may face many life-threatening situations during their careers and may be at increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Minimal evidence concerning critical incident management systems in lifeguard organisations exists.ObjectivesTo develop, implement and evaluate an operational system for critical incident management in lifeguard organisations.MethodsThis retrospective study included data on occupational injury reports from 2013 to 2022 in TrygFonden Surf Lifesaving Denmark. All active lifeguards were invited to evaluate the system and the individual steps using an online questionnaire with three questions rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Primary outcome was a change in the frequency of psychological injury reports after system implementation in 2020. The secondary outcome was the lifeguards’ satisfaction with the system.ResultsAfter implementation, the average annual number of psychological injury reports increased 6.5-fold from 2 (2013–2019) to 13 (2020–2022), without changes to the number of critical incidents attended by the lifeguards. Sixty-six (33.8%) active lifeguards answered the questionnaire and agreed that follow-up after critical incidents was very important (mean score 4.7/5). Satisfaction with steps 1–2 and 3 of critical incident management among involved lifeguards was high (mean score 4.4/5 and 4.6/5, respectively). The system included an operational workflow diagram and incident report template presented in this study.ConclusionsThe operational system for critical incident management may improve early recognition of symptoms for the prevention of PTSD. It may be used as a screening and decision tool for referral to a mental health professional.

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Harrell, W. Andrew. "Lifeguards' Vigilance: Effects of Child-Adult Ratio and Lifeguard Positioning on Scanning by Lifeguards". Psychological Reports 84, nr 1 (luty 1999): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.193.

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Observers recorded visual scanning by four lifeguards at three indoor public swimming pools. Scanning increased as a positive function of the ratio of children to adult swimmers, i.e., scanning was greater when the ratio was high, suggesting that lifeguards became more concerned about the risks to children and the ability of nearby adult swimmers to monitor these children when the number of children significantly exceeded the number of adults. Absolute numbers of children, however, decreased number of scans, possibly because of greater number of incidents and rule violations requiring lifeguards' attention which competed with watching the pool. Lifeguards were more likely to scan a pool area when they were in elevated towers versus standing on the pool decks. Lifeguards' scanning declined later in the day, possibly due to fatigue or because of competing activities of pool maintenance.

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Houser, Chris, Jacob Lehner, Nathan Cherry i Phil Wernette. "Machine learning analysis of lifeguard flag decisions and recorded rescues". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, nr 11 (19.11.2019): 2541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2541-2019.

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Abstract. Rip currents and other surf hazards are an emerging public health issue globally. Lifeguards, warning flags, and signs are important, and to varying degrees they are effective strategies to minimize risk to beach users. In the United States and other jurisdictions around the world, lifeguards use coloured flags (green, yellow, and red) to indicate whether the danger posed by the surf and rip hazard is low, moderate, or high respectively. The choice of flag depends on the lifeguard(s) monitoring the changing surf conditions along the beach and over the course of the day using both regional surf forecasts and careful observation. There is a potential that the chosen flag is not consistent with the beach user perception of the risk, which may increase the potential for rescues or drownings. In this study, machine learning is used to determine the potential for error in the flags used at Pensacola Beach and the impact of that error on the number of rescues. Results of a decision tree analysis indicate that the colour flag chosen by the lifeguards was different from what the model predicted for 35 % of days between 2004 and 2008 (n=396/1125). Days when there is a difference between the predicted and posted flag colour represent only 17 % of all rescue days, but those days are associated with ∼60 % of all rescues between 2004 and 2008. Further analysis reveals that the largest number of rescue days and total number of rescues are associated with days where the flag deployed over-estimated the surf and hazard risk, such as a red or yellow flag flying when the model predicted a green flag would be more appropriate based on the wind and wave forcing alone. While it is possible that the lifeguards were overly cautious, it is argued that they most likely identified a rip forced by a transverse-bar and rip morphology common at the study site. Regardless, the results suggest that beach users may be discounting lifeguard warnings if the flag colour is not consistent with how they perceive the surf hazard or the regional forecast. Results suggest that machine learning techniques have the potential to support lifeguards and thereby reduce the number of rescues and drownings.

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Harrison, Simon, i Robert F. Williams. "Monitoring the swimzone while finding south: sustained orientation in multiactivity among beach lifeguards". Text & Talk 37, nr 6 (19.09.2017): 683–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2017-0023.

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Abstract Lifeguards stationed opposite their swimzone on a beach in southwest France huddle around a diagram in the sand; the Head Lifeguard points to the sun then looks at the swimzone. What is going on here? Our paper examines two excerpts from this interaction to explore how lifeguards manage an instruction activity that arises in addition to the task of monitoring the swimzone. Building on frame analysis and multiactivity in social interaction, we focus on the role of gaze behavior in maintaining a sustained orientation to the swimzone as a distinct activity in this setting. Multimodal, sequential analyses of extracts from the video data show that orientation to the lifeguarding task is sustained primarily by body orientation and gaze patterns that routinely return to the swimzone. This is supported when sustained orientation away from the swimzone leads to the momentary suspension of the instruction activity and consequent re-organization of the interaction, illustrating the normative and visible nature of managing multiactivity. These gaze behaviors and interactive patterns constitute practices of professional vision among beach lifeguards.

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Harrell, W. Andrew. "Does Supervision by a Lifeguard Make a Difference in Rule Violations? Effects of Lifeguards' Scanning". Psychological Reports 89, nr 2 (październik 2001): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.89.2.327.

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Systematic observations were made of five lifeguards at indoor public swimming pools. Scanning by lifeguards was associated with lower incidences of rule violations by swimmers. Greater numbers of lifeguards patrolling the pool areas tended to reduce violations. Rules violations tended to be fewer when adult-to-child ratios were low, suggesting that monitoring by a parent or an adult may encourage rule compliance.

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Ignacio-Rodríguez, Isaac, Roberto Barcala-Furelos, Ezequiel Rey i Marcos Sanmartín-Montes. "Do Longer Fins Improve Ocean Rescues? A Comprehensive Investigation into Lifeguard Performance and Physiological Impact". Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 9, nr 2 (19.04.2024): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020079.

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Coastal environments present dynamic challenges necessitating rapid and efficient responses during aquatic emergencies. Lifeguards, as pivotal links in the intervention chain, rely on various tools, with rescue time being paramount. The choice of fins, specifically long versus short ones, plays a critical role in optimizing lifeguard performance during rescues. This randomized cross-over study explores the impact of flipper size on ocean rescues, employing a sample of 14 lifeguards. Long fins (LFs) and short fins (SFs) were compared in terms of rescue time (RT) and physiological load (PL). Tests included ocean rescues without fins (R), with LF (R-LF), and with SF (R-SF). Variables recorded encompassed swim approach time, tow-in time, overall rescue time, perceived exertion rates (RPEs), and post-rescue lactate concentration. Long fins demonstrated superior performance in swim approach and tow-in times compared to both short fins and no fins (p < 0.001). Overall rescue time favored long fins significantly (p < 0.001), indicating their efficiency in practical ocean rescue scenarios. Physiologically, long fins induced lower perceived exertion in arms (p = 0.033) compared to short fins. Lactate concentrations post-rescue revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates that long fins significantly improve lifeguard performance during ocean rescues, reducing rescue times and alleviating arm fatigue.

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Lanagan-Leitzel, L. K. "What Events are Critical for a Lifeguard to Monitor? An Examination of Responses by Instructors, Lifeguards, and Non-Lifeguards". Journal of Vision 11, nr 11 (23.09.2011): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.1338.

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Koon, William, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar i Linda Quan. "The ocean lifeguard drowning prevention paradigm: how and where do lifeguards intervene in the drowning process?" Injury Prevention 24, nr 4 (10.10.2017): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042468.

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Drowning is a global health problem that can be addressed with multiple strategies including utilisation of lifeguards in recreational swim areas. However, few studies have described lifeguard prevention activities. We conducted a retrospective analysis using lifeguard activity data collected in real time with a Computer-Aided-Dispatch (CAD) system to characterise the nature of lifeguard primary and secondary drowning prevention at a popular ocean beach in California. Preventative actions constituted the majority (232 065/423 071; 54.8%) of lifeguard activities, while rescues represented 1.9%. Most preventative actions and rescues occurred during summer months, weekends and afternoons. Statistically significant geographical clusters of preventative actions were identified all over the beach, while rescue clusters were primarily restricted to two sites. Using the most reliable and valid collection system to date, these data show spatial and temporal patterns for ocean lifeguard provision of primary prevention as well as secondary drowning prevention (rescue).

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Ruwase, Olatunji, Shimin Chen, Phillip B. Gibbons i Todd C. Mowry. "Decoupled lifeguards". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 45, nr 6 (12.06.2010): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1809028.1806600.

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Dimitrić, Goran, Nebojša Maksimović, Elena Tabakova, Milorad Jakšić, Dejan Orlić, Selka Sadiković, Dea Karaba-Jakovljević, Nataša Zenić i Patrik Drid. "Personality Dimensions of Serbian Lifeguards". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 24 (8.12.2021): 12927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412927.

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According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global drowning report (2017), drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. Drowning can occur anywhere there is water: oceans, seas, lakes, pools, bathtubs, rivers or water collection on the side of the road, etc. In many countries, there are drowning prevention programs for children and adults. The two most commonly used strategiesagainst drowning are the presence of lifeguards in public places and the use of protected areas that could prevent most of the drownings. The main aim of the present study is to examine the individual differences in a Big Five plus Two (BF+2) personality traits in lifeguards and non-lifeguards (including students). The subsample of lifeguards represented 122 male respondents who were, at the time of the survey, licensed as lifeguards (60.9%) or were in training for lifeguards—candidates (39.1%). The subsample of students represented 138 male respondents who were studying at the University of Novi Sad. The results indicate that lifeguards in comparison to students are more extraverted, open to experience, and conscientious, less neurotic, and aggressive. Both positive and negative valence are higher in student subsample. All of the above traits are desirable traits for people working as lifeguards.

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Uebelhoer, Lea, William Koon, Mitchell D. Harley, Jasmin C. Lawes i Robert W. Brander. "Characteristics and beach safety knowledge of beachgoers on unpatrolled surf beaches in Australia". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, nr 3 (17.03.2022): 909–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-909-2022.

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Abstract. The majority of drowning deaths on Australian beaches occur significant distances away from lifeguard services. This study uses results of 459 surveys of beachgoers at five beaches unpatrolled by lifeguards in New South Wales, Australia, to improve understanding of who visits these beaches and why, and to identify risk factors associated with their beach safety knowledge and behaviour. Many unpatrolled beach users were infrequent beachgoers (64.9 %) with poor rip current hazard identification skills, who did not observe safety signage that was present, and yet intended to enter the water to swim (85.6 %) despite being aware that no lifeguards were present. The survey found that the main reasons why beachgoers visited unpatrolled beaches were because they were conveniently close to their holiday accommodation, or they represented a quieter location away from crowds. Future beach safety interventions in Australia need to extend beyond the standard “swim between the flags” message in recognition that many Australian beaches will remain unpatrolled, yet still frequented, for the foreseeable future. Future beach safety interventions for unpatrolled beaches should be tailored towards the varied demographic groups of beach users.

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Wright, Lucas, Lara Chunko, Kelsey Benjamin, Emmanuelle Hernandez, Jack Miller, Melynda Hoover i Eliot Winer. "Enhancing Lifeguard Training through Virtual Reality". Electronic Imaging 2020, nr 13 (26.01.2020): 339–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.13.ervr-339.

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According to the CDC, over three thousand people die every year from drowning in the United States. Many of these fatalities are preventable with properly trained lifeguards. Traditional lifeguard training relies on videos and mock rescues. While these methods are important, they have their shortcomings. Videos are static and do not build muscle memory. Mock rescues are labor-intensive and potentially put others in danger. Virtual reality (VR) can be used as an alternative training tool, building muscle memory in a fully controlled and safe environment. With full control over variables such as weather, population, and other distractions, lifeguards can be better equipped to respond to any situation. The single most important aspect of life guarding is finding the victim. This head rotation skill can be practiced and perfected in VR before guards ever get onto the stand. It also allows guards to practice in uncommon but nevertheless dangerous conditions such as fog and large crowds. VR also allows the user to get immediate feedback about performance and where they can improve.

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Teixeira, Giovany Frossard, Fernando Martins Ferreira, Lucas Boeloni Rodrigues Da Rocha, Julio Cesar Nardi, Abrahão Alexandre Alden Elesbon, Thiago Chieppe Saquetto i Alextian Bartholomeu Liberato. "Safe beach: service for emergency notification and assistance in coastal bathing areas". Concilium 24, nr 6 (1.04.2024): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3110-24f07.

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On the vast Brazilian beaches, which stretch for more than seven thousand kilometers and attract numerous tourists, safety emerges as a crucial concern. The shortage of lifeguards and the lack of human resources have generated concern due to the incidence of fatal accidents in bathing areas with low protection coverage. To reinforce security logistics on the coast, the “Safe Beach” service was created, which allows swimmers to report emergencies and call lifeguards based on their location through an application for mobile devices. This article explores the functionality of the service, highlighting its potential for reducing the response time of lifeguard teams, preventing incidents in risk areas and improving safety on beaches in Brazil. It also addresses the importance of responsible use of the service and the legal implications for those who use it improperly. The combination of advanced technology, usage records and cooperation with local authorities makes Safe Beach a powerful tool for ensuring safety on beaches and agile response in emergency situations, contributing to a safer and more peaceful experience for bathers.

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Sanz Arribas, Ismael, Raquel Aguado Gómez i Vicente Martínez de Haro. "Influencia de las aletas sobre el tiempo de ejecución en los rescates de víctimas con parada cardiorespiratoria (Influence of fins on the lifeguard answer’s time to rescue victims with a cardiorespiratory arrest)". Retos, nr 31 (12.11.2016): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i31.53363.

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El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la influencia del empleo de las aletas, sobre el tiempo que los socorristas tardan en rescatar a una víctima con parada cardiorespiratoira del agua. Reducir el tiempo de este eslabón de la cadena de supervivencia, es fundamental para que se puedan iniciar lo antes posible las maniobras de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar (RCP). 45 aspirantes a socorrista de ambos sexos han realizado dos test de 50 metros de rescate a una víctima inconsciente (25 metros de nado de aproximación y 25 metros de arrastre de la víctima). El test 1 se hace sin aletas y el test 2 se hace con aletas. En el test 2, los socorristas inician la prueba sin tener las aletas colocadas. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que en general, las aletas son adecuadas para todos los socorristas estudiados, pero son especialmente recomendables para aquellos socorristas, cuyo nivel de destreza en el agua es más bajo. Así, los sujetos que obtuvieron peores marcas en el test 1 (sin aletas), consiguen mejorar los resultados en el test 2 (con aletas) (p≤0,001). En cambio, los participantes que obtuvieron mejores marcas en el test 1 (sin aletas), no mejoraron significativamente el tiempo en el test 2 (con aletas) (p=0,896). En definitiva, se puede afirmar que las aletas mejoran las condiciones en las que el socorrista inicia las maniobras de RCP, ayudan a incrementar las probabilidades de supervivencia de las víctimas con parada cardiorespiratoria y mejoran la seguridad de los socorristas durante el rescate.Abstract. The aim of this study is to know how the use of fins influence on the lifeguard answer’s time to rescue victims with a cardiorespiratory arrest. It´s essential to star as soon as possible the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) procedure to reduce that answer’s time. 45 candidates to lifeguard, of both sexs, have carried out 2 different rescue tests of unconscious victim to a distance of 50 meters (25 swimming approach meters and 25 meters carrying the victim). Test number 1 has been done without fins and test number 2 with fins. On test number 2, lifeguards started without their fins.The results of this study prove that as a rule the use of fins are suitable for all the lifeguards studied, but mainly for those lifeguards whose level is lower. So, those who obtain worse scores on test number 1 ( no fins ) achieve better scores on test number 2 ( fins ) ( p≤0,001 ) and those who obtain better scores on test number 1 don´t improve considerably their times on test number 2 (p=0,896). To sum up, we can say that the use of fins will improve the conditions in which the CPR procedure will be started by the lifeguard, helping to increase the survival options of the victims with a cardiorespiratory arrest and improving lifeguards security during the rescue.Keywords. .

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Linton, Otha. "Lifeguards and Benny". Academic Radiology 15, nr 12 (grudzień 2008): 1604–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2008.08.001.

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Gomes, Allison, Ian Young i Chun-Yip Hon. "A legislative scan and literature review of lifeguard staffing requirements at public swimming pools in Canada". Environmental Health Review 65, nr 2 (lipiec 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2022-010.

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Within the Ontario public pool legislation, a certain number of lifeguards are required for a given number of bathers in a pool at a given time. Of note, these ratios vary across Canada, and there is little to no scientific evidence given for the required lifeguard to bather ratios in legislation or if they are sufficient to ensure bather safety. Our objective was to perform a legislative scan of Canadian public pool legislation as well as a literature review of scientific evidence to support the ratios used in legislation. A case study was also conducted to illustrate the methods found in the literature and apply it to a pool scenario using the lifeguard:bather ratios prescribed in the Ontario legislation. Using keywords across databases, papers were categorized based on five elements that correspond to a proper water rescue (ratio, scanning, technique, vigilance, scanning cues, and zoning). The literature review indicated that more lifeguards allow for a heightened vigilance, an increase in proper scanning technique, as well as coverage of zones. However, more research must be conducted with regards to proper staffing. Additional research should also be conducted to determine the ideal lifeguard:bather ratio, as there is a lack of standardization of these ratios across Canada.

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Osinski, Alison. "Legal Responsibilities of Lifeguards". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 59, nr 5 (czerwiec 1988): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1988.10609761.

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Ruiz-Fernández, Zaida María, i J. Arturo Abraldes. "Caracterización del socorrista acuático en alumnos de educación primaria (Characterization of lifeguard in elementary students)". Retos, nr 34 (8.11.2017): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i34.58927.

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El elevado porcentaje de ahogamientos en el mundo, principalmente en edades inferiores a los 8 años, nos suscita conocer la perspectiva que los niños tienen sobre las medidas preventivas y, más concretamente, sobre el socorrista acuático. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) Conocer la imagen del socorrista acuático y su labor percibida a través de dibujos en escolares y 2) Analizar la opinión ilustrada de los niños en relación al nivel de estudios/cursos. La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por 361 estudiantes de primaria, con edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 12 años. Se analizaron las variables en relación al entorno de trabajo, su vestimenta y la actividad que realiza el socorrista. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de las variables objeto de estudio en función del curso académico. Para verificar si existían diferencias entre los distintos grupos estudiados, se aplicó la prueba Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson para variables categóricas. Como conclusiones más relevantes podemos afirmar que los niños identifican la figura del socorrista principalmente con el género masculino, desarrollando su trabajo en playa. Identifican fundamentalmente al socorrista a través de su bañador (52,08%) y su camiseta (25,55%) sin embargo no la ilustran adecuadamente para diferenciarlo de los demás bañistas. La principal acción que identifican en el socorrista es la intervención o rescate, frente a acciones preventivas y de vigilancia. Abstract. The high percentage of drownings in the world, primarily in ages below 8 years, leads us to investigate what perspective children have about preventive measures and, more precisely, about the lifeguard. The aims were: 1) Know how schoolchildren perceive the image of a lifeguard as well as his work based on their drawings and 2) Analyse their drawings as regards to their grade. The study sample consisted of 361 primary-school children aged 6 to 12 years. The variables were analysed in relation to the work, dress and activities perform by lifeguards. A statistical descriptive analysis was done. Differences between two groups were studied (Pearson's Chi-Square test). We can conclude that children identify the figure of the lifeguard mainly with the male gender, locating his work on the beach. They identify the lifeguard fundamentally by his swim-wear (52'08 %) and a t-shirt (25'55%). Nevertheless, they do not distinguish him significantly different from other swimmers. The main action children identify is that lifeguards is intervening or rescuing, as opposed to preventative actions or vigilance.

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Santiago, Paulo, Pedro Teques, Daniel Duarte i Jose Palacios. "Estudo do Perfil de Competências do Nadador-Salvador Português (A competency profile of the Portuguese lifeguard) (El perfil del socorrista acuático portugués)". Retos, nr 37 (15.10.2019): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.74342.

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Resumo. O afogamento é uma das principais causas de morte em todo o mundo e a ação do nadador-salvador (NS) pode ser considerada como um contributo para a alteração desta realidade. Neste sentido, o propósito desta investigação é examinar o perfil de competências do nadador-salvador português, considerando o método da “Grounded Theory” (Strauss & Corbin, 2010) para compreender as variáveis psicossociais que definem um nadador-salvador de elite. Participaram no estudo 22 nadadores-salvadores de elite, com idades compreendidas entre os 30 e 67 anos, que deram voluntariamente a sua opinião sobre as competências associadas à ação de um nadador-salvador. Os critérios de inclusão foram: formação especializada, mais de 10 anos de atividade profissional e nadadores-salvadores medalhados por mérito. A recolha dos dados foi realizada através de uma entrevista semiestruturada etnográfica. Os dados foram gravados e transcritos verbatim. Os nadadores-salvadores com mais de 10 anos de atividade profissional foram contactados para a realização da entrevista pessoalmente, via email ou via telefone. A análise dos dados foi executada através do método Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 2010). Os resultados indicam que as competências relacionadas com a ética no trabalho, responsabilidade, trabalho em equipa, comunicação integridade, cortesia e relacionamento interpessoal foram identificadas por todos os entrevistados. Em síntese, o presente estudo providencia orientações relativas à formação dos nadadores-salvadores relacionadas sobretudo com as competências comportamentais (Robles, 2012). O aspeto exploratório deste estudo é reforçado por ser a primeira investigação sobre as competências comportamentais do nadador-salvador.Abstract. Drowning is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and lifeguard action can be considered as a substantial contribution to change this reality. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to examine the competency profile of the Portuguese lifeguard considering the «Grounded Theory» method (Strauss & Corbin, 2010) to understand the psychosocial variables that define an elite lifeguard. In this study participated 22 Portuguese elite lifeguards, aged between 30 and 67, who voluntarily expressed their opinion concerning the competencies associated to the lifeguard action. The inclusion criteria were: specialised training, more than 10 years of professional activity and lifeguards awarded with a meritorious medal. Data collection was carried out through a semi-structured ethnographic interview. Data were audio recorded and a verbatim transcription of the interviews was done. Lifeguards with more than 10 years of professional activity were contacted in order to be interviewed in person, by telephone or email. Data analysis was carried out using the Grounded Theory method (Strauss & Corbin, 2010). Results indicate that competencies related to work ethic, responsibility, teamwork, communication, integrity, courtesy, and interpersonal relationship were identified by all participants interviewed. In summary, this study provides guidelines on lifeguards training, mainly related to behavioral skills (Robles, 2012). The exploratory aspect of this study is reinforced by the fact that it is the first research concerning lifeguard behavioral skills.Resumen. El ahogamiento es una de las principales causas de muerte en todo el mundo y la acción del socorrista acuático puede ser una contribución para la modificación de esta realidad. En este sentido, el propósito de la investigación es examinar el perfil de competencias del socorrista acuático portugués, considerando el método de la “Grounded Theory” (Strauss y Corbin, 2010) para comprender las variables psicosociales que definen un socorrista acuático de élite. Participaron en el estudio 22 socorristas acuáticos de élite con edades comprendidas entre los 30 y los 67 años, los cuales dieron voluntariamente su opinión sobre las competencias asociadas a la acción de un socorrista acuático. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: formación especializada, más de 10 años de actividad profesional y socorristas acuáticos con medallas de mérito. La recogida de datos fue realizada mediante una entrevista etnográfica semiestructurada. Los datos fueron grabados y transcritos literalmente. Los socorristas acuáticos con más de 10 años de actividad profesional fueron contactados para la realización de la entrevista personalmente, por correo electrónico o por teléfono. El análisis de los datos fue ejecutado mediante el método Grounded Theory (Strauss y Corbin, 2010). Los resultados indican que las competencias relacionadas con la ética en el trabajo, responsabilidad, trabajo en equipo, comunicación, integridad, cortesía y relacionamiento interpersonal fueron identificadas por todos los entrevistados. En síntesis, el presente estudio proporciona orientaciones con respecto a la formación de los socorristas acuáticos, en particular en lo que se relaciona con las competencias comportamentales (Robles, 2012). El aspecto exploratorio de este estudio es reforzado por tratarse de la primera investigación relacionada con las competencias comportamentales de los socorristas acuáticos.

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DeVries, W., i J. J. L. M. Bierens. "Frequency of resuscitations by lifeguards". Resuscitation 77 (maj 2008): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.03.138.

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McKenna, M., i M. Davies. "Supraglottic airway use by lifeguards". Anaesthesia 69, nr 8 (10.07.2014): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anae.12723.

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HARRELL, W. ANDREW. "DOES SUPERVISION BY A LIFEGUARD MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN RULE VIOLATIONS? EFFECTS OF LIFEGUARDS' SCANNING". Psychological Reports 89, nr 6 (2001): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.89.6.327-330.

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Alonso-Calvete, Alejandra, Miguel Lorenzo-Martínez, Alexandra Pérez-Ferreirós, Antonio Couso-Bruno, Eloy Carracedo-Rodríguez, Martín Barcala-Furelos, Roberto Barcala-Furelos i Alexis Padrón-Cabo. "Why Percussive Massage Therapy Does Not Improve Recovery after a Water Rescue? A Preliminary Study with Lifeguards". Healthcare 10, nr 4 (7.04.2022): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040693.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of percussive massage therapy (PMT) on lifeguards’ recovery after a water rescue, in comparison with passive recovery. Methods: A quasi-experimental crossover design was conducted to compare passive recovery (PR) and a PMT protocol. A total of 14 volunteer lifeguards performed a simulated 100 m water rescue and perceived fatigue and blood lactate were measured as recovery variables after the rescue and after the 8-min recovery process. Results: There were no differences between PMT and PR in lactate clearance (p > 0.05), finding in both modalities a small but not significant decrease in blood lactate. In perceived fatigue, both methods decreased this variable significantly (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between them (p > 0.05). Conclusions: PMT does not enhance recovery after a water rescue, in comparison with staying passive. Despite PMT appearing to be adequate for recovery in other efforts, it is not recommended for lifeguards’ recovery after a water rescue.

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Mikołajczyk, Rafał, Marcin Sikora, Olga Łakomy, Aleksandra Żebrowska i Piotr Siermontowski. "The Effect of the Configuration of the Dive’s Towed Equioment on the Lifeguguard Physiological Overload". Polish Hyperbaric Research 81, nr 4 (1.12.2022): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/phr-2022-0024.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effects of rescue swimming on lifeguard cardiorespiratory system assessed based on heart rate (HR), lung ventilation (VĖ), oxygen uptake (V̇O₂) and blood lactate concentration (LA). Furthermore, we also investigated the possible impact of the rescue equipment of the towed diver on the lifeguard physiological overload and towing speed. Exercise variables were measured in lifeguards aged 25.5 ± 6. years before and immediately after the swimming a distance of 50 m with a person in tow with or without diving equipment. There were no significant effect of different protocols of towing on V̇O₂. The type of towing protocols have a significant effect on HR, VĖ/V̇O₂ ratio, and blood LA levels. The towing time and the average towing speed during simulated rescue operation were significantly different depending on the type of the towing person’s equipment. Towing a diver wearing only a dry suit significantly reduces the towing time, increases towing speed and may be result in better exercise tolerance and less fatigue for rescuer compared to towing a diver in a full classic or wing diving set.

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Bieliński, Jakub R., i Filip Jaśkiewicz. "LIFEGUARDS’ KNOWLEDGE RETENTION FOLLOWING AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, VENTILATION AND OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION TRAINING". Emergency Medical Service 8, nr 4 (2021): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/emems202104104.

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Aim: To assess the retention of lifeguards’ knowledge after Qualified First Aid Course and its recertification in 3 essential categories: airway management, ventilation and oxygen administration. Material and methods: The study was performed from August 2020 to November 2020. The online survey addressed to lifeguards from 16 provinces of Poland was used as the evaluation method. Analysis of knowledge retention depending on the time that has passed since Qualified First Aid Course or its recertification was carried out on basis of 312 collected questionnaires. Results: Participants obtained the mean score of 7.9 ± 2.5 out of 15 points. Statistically significant difference was found between mean scores achieved by respondents who attended in the full course (n = 171) and those (n = 141) who have taken part in at least 1 recertification (respectively 7.6 ± 2.53 vs. 8.3 ± 2.7 points; p = 0.018). Although data analysis did not show a statistically significant downward trend depending on the time that has passed since Qualified First Aid Course, mean scores obtained by the study group in specific periods of time that has passed since recertification differ significantly (p = 0.026). The study identified 6 areas of knowledge least assimilated by lifeguards respectively: 2 in airway management, 3 in ventilation and 1 in oxygen administration category. Conclusions: Significant downtrend over time after Qualified First Aid Course recertification and detected areas of insufficient knowledge relating to key issues of life support indicates that the lifeguards’ training should be reanalyzed and redesigned carefully.

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Achjar, Komang Ayu Henny. "Keperawatan Wisatawan Pantai untuk Meningkatkan Keselamatan Wisatawan di Tempat Wisata". Jurnal Kesehatan 11, nr 3 (8.12.2020): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.26630/jk.v11i3.2194.

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<p>Coastal tourist nursing takes an important role in managing health in coastal communities order. The improvement of accidents while traveling can occur due to natural phenomena and the negligence of tourists and lifeguards. Through the implementation of the coastal tourist nursing model, tourist safety can be improved by empowering lifeguards and community nurses as well as representing a multi-sectoral partnership between health-sector other sectors. This study used a quasi-experimental pre-post-test design with a control group and involved 118 lifeguards and 720 tourists. Sampling used the Cluster Sampling technique which was carried out on the coasts of Badung Regency. Data were analyzed with the chi-square test, t-test, and General Linear Model-Repeated Measure (GLM-RM). Measuring the safety of tourists using the benchmarks of knowledge, attitudes, and actions of tourists who studied with a questionnaire with the results of the validity test r-count>0,361 and reliability test with r-Alpha for knowledge 0,870, attitude 0,888, and behavior 0,915. The increase was significant (p-value<0,05) in all aspects of tourists in the intervention group after 3 months of giving the intervention model. However, tourist safety tended to decrease after 6 months of intervention. Strengthening the implementation of models and communication between lifeguards and community nurses is needed to maintain community safety in specific coastal groups.</p>

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Barcala-Furelos, Roberto, Cristian Abelairas-Gómez, Alejandra Alonso-Calvete, Francisco Cano-Noguera, Aida Carballo-Fazanes, Santiago Martínez-Isasi i Antonio Rodríguez-Núñez. "Safe On-Boat Resuscitation by Lifeguards in COVID-19 Era: A Pilot Study Comparing Three Sets of Personal Protective Equipment". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36, nr 2 (27.01.2021): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2100011x.

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AbstractIntroduction:On-boat resuscitation can be applied by lifeguards in an inflatable rescue boat (IRB). Due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) and recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), prehospital care procedures need to be re-evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine how the use of PPE influences the amount of preparation time needed before beginning actual resuscitation and the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR; QCPR) on an IRB.Methods:Three CPR tests were performed by 14 lifeguards, in teams of two, wearing different PPE: (1) Basic PPE (B-PPE): gloves, a mask, and protective glasses; (2) Full PPE (F-PPE): B-PPE + a waterproof apron; and (3) Basic PPE + plastic blanket (B+PPE). On-boat resuscitation using a bag-valve-mask (BVM) and high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter was performed sailing at 20km/hour.Results:Using B-PPE takes less time and is significantly faster than F-PPE (B-PPE 17 [SD = 2] seconds versus F-PPE 69 [SD = 17] seconds; P = .001), and the use of B+PPE is slightly higher (B-PPE 17 [SD = 2] seconds versus B+PPE 34 [SD = 6] seconds; P = .002). The QCPR remained similar in all three scenarios (P >.05), reaching values over 79%.Conclusion:The use of PPE during on-board resuscitation is feasible and does not interfere with quality when performed by trained lifeguards. The use of a plastic blanket could be a quick and easy alternative to offer extra protection to lifeguards during CPR on an IRB.

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Ramos, William, Austin Robert Anderson i Allison Lee Fletcher. "Prevalence of Inadequate Hydration Levels in Aquatic Safety Personnel: A Pilot Study". International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education 9, nr 3 (1.08.2015): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijare.2015-0019.

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Lifeguards play an important role in the security and safety of those they are hired to protect. A performance issue may arise if they succumb to circumstances that cause them to become physically or psychologically compromised. Dehydration is one issue that can result in decreased levels of workplace performance and pose personal health risks. Certified lifeguards 15 years old and older were tested for urine specific gravity (USG) to determine their place within the dehydration spec- trum. Participants (N = 55) were recruited from seven test sites offering a variety of designs (indoor/outdoor, traditional/waterpark) and classifications (private, semipublic, public). Testing involved the collection of a urine specimen from participants and immediate recording of specific gravity using a reagent test strip by researchers. A brief survey to collect demographic information from subjects was also administered. The majority of participants were found to reside along the dehydration spectrum (USG ≥ 1.015), several showing results toward the severe end of the scale. The sample provided adequate demographic variability among males and females and facility classification types. No statistically significant differences were found between the demographic variables and USG scores of subjects. Since the majority of lifeguards in the sample showed some level of dehydration, this indicated a need for more information concerning lifeguards and dehydration. Despite the lack of statistically significant differences among the demographic factors within this sample, future studies should incorporate other behavioral factors and dehydration testing methods to investigate the mechanisms for preventing dehydration as well as its impact on lifeguarding performance.

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Tipton, M., T. Reilly, E. Scarpello i J. McGill. "Visual acuity standards for beach lifeguards". British Journal of Ophthalmology 91, nr 11 (18.10.2007): 1570–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2007.115212.

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Jäättelä, Marja. "Heat shock proteins as cellular lifeguards". Annals of Medicine 31, nr 4 (styczeń 1999): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853899908995889.

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Oliveira, Francine de, Victor Gonçalves Corrêa Neto, Ricardo Castro Ferreira de Mello i Humberto Miranda. "Physical fitness profile of military lifeguards". Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho 22, nr 02 (2024): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2023-1123.

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Starosta, Katarzyna, Filip Jaskiewicz, Krystyna Frydrysiak, Dawid Kowalewski, Krzysztof Guzenda i Dariusz Timler. "The assessment of the Polish lifeguards’ knowledge of the principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in victims of drowning depending on work experience, type of workplace and experience in resuscitation". Emergency Medical Service 9, nr 1 (2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/emems202201106.

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Aim: The main aim of the study was to assess the lifeguards’ knowledge of qualified first aid depending on: work experi¬ence, type of workplace, experience in providing CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Material and methods: The study included 433 lifeguards. Males 60.05% (n=260). The mean age was 24.7±7.5. Management of a person after an episode of drowning, CPR, AED (automatic external defibrillation), oxygen therapy, methods of opening the airway were assessed using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using PQStat set ver. 1.8.0.338. The correct answers in the group was compared by one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc test by Tukey and estimating the Fisher’s linear method. Test probability at p < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean of the results in the group was 74.65% ± 17.22. The correct answers in the study group differs significantly depending on work experience. The results in the group with the longest work experience are significantly higher than in the other groups. The correct answers in the surveyed group also differs significantly depending on the type of workplace. The results obtained in the group of sea lifeguards are significantly higher than in the other groups. The comparison of the groups indicates a significant trend proportional to the size of the waterbody. The correct answers differed significantly depending on the experience in providing CPR. Conclusions: Work experience, type of workplace and experience in providing resuscitation have an impact on the lifeguards’ knowledge of selected elements of qualified first aid. Attention should be paid to the education of the group with the shortest work experience.

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Kianmehr, Mojtaba, Mahmood Reza Mottaghy Shahri, Mojtaba Afsharnia, Zahra Rohani i Mohammad Ghorbani. "Comparison of DNA damages in blood lymphocytes of indoor swimming pool lifeguards with non-lifeguards athletes". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 837 (styczeń 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.09.005.

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López-García, Sergio, Brais Ruibal-Lista, José Palacios-Aguilar, Miguel Santiago-Alonso i José Antonio Prieto. "Relationship between the Performance in a Maximum Effort Test for Lifeguards and the Time Spent in a Water Rescue". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 7 (25.03.2021): 3407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073407.

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The main objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between the performance in a maximum incremental test for lifeguards, the IPTL, and the effectiveness of a 200 m water rescue on the beach. Initially, 20 professional lifeguards carried out the IPTL in the pool and then they performed a 200 m water rescue on the beach. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the IPTL was estimated. In both tests, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (La) and time achieved were measured. The VO2max estimated in the IPTL (VO2IPTL) was 44.2 ± 4.7 mL·kg·min−1, the time reached in the IPTL (TimeIPTL) was 726 ± 72 s and the time spent in the rescue (TimeRescue) was 222 ± 14 s. The results showed that the time reached in the pool (TimeIPTL) was the best predictor variable of the performance in water rescue (TimeRescue) (R2 = 0.59; p < 0.01). A significant correlation was also observed between the estimated maximum oxygen uptake and the beach rescue performance (R2 = 0.37; p = 0.05). These results reveal that the IPTL, a maximum incremental test specific to lifeguards, allows the estimation of the effectiveness of a 200 m rescue on the beach.

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Harrell, W. Andrew, i Jennifer A. Boisvert. "An Information Theory Analysis of Duration of Lifeguards' Scanning". Perceptual and Motor Skills 97, nr 1 (sierpień 2003): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.97.1.129.

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Observers recorded the duration of scanning by six lifeguards in three indoor swimming pools. Duration of scanning was significantly predicted by the absolute numbers of child swimmers (< 17 years) in the pools and when numbers of child swimmers were represented in terms of bits of information. Duration of scanning increased as a linear function of both numbers of children and child bits of information. These results are interpreted in terms of the Hick-Hyman law of information theory. Lifeguards appear to simplify the task of information processing and decision-making by concentrating on children as a more at-risk group of swimmers. Duration of scanning was not significantly related to changes in number of adult swimmers.

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Rampal, Neelesh, Christo Rautenbach i Tom Shand. "INTERPRETABLE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR RIP CURRENT DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 37 (1.09.2023): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.112.

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A rip current is a strong, localized current of water which moves along and away from the shore. Identification of rip currents is important for both surf lifesavers/lifeguards when making decisions on where to designate safe swimming areas and for the general public when deciding on where to swim when lifeguards are on patrol. Our motivation is to enable better real-time detection of rip-currents to assist and improve decision-making and reduce the potential for loss of life. Our approach is to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm that both identifies whether a rip-current exists in a video or image, but also localizes where that rip-current occurs.

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Aranda-García, Silvia, Myriam Santos-Folgar, Felipe Fernández-Méndez, Roberto Barcala-Furelos, Manuel Pardo Ríos, Encarna Hernández Sánchez, Lucía Varela-Varela, Silvia San Román-Mata i Antonio Rodríguez-Núñez. "“Dispatcher, Can You Help Me? A Woman Is Giving Birth”. A Pilot Study of Remote Video Assistance with Smart Glasses". Sensors 23, nr 1 (30.12.2022): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010409.

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Smart glasses (SG) could be a breakthrough in emergency situations, so the aim of this work was to assess the potential benefits of teleassistance with smart glasses (SG) from a midwife to a lifeguard in a simulated, unplanned, out-of-hospital birth (OHB). Thirty-eight lifeguards were randomized into SG and control (CG) groups. All participants were required to act in a simulated imminent childbirth with a maternal–fetal simulator (PROMPT Flex, Laerdal, Norway). The CG acted autonomously, while the SG group was video-assisted by a midwife through SG (Vuzix Blade, New York, NY, USA). The video assistance was based on the OHB protocol, speaking and receiving images on the SG. The performance time, compliance with the protocol steps, and perceived performance with the SG were evaluated. The midwife’s video assistance with SG allowed 35% of the SG participants to perform the complete OHB protocol. No CG participant was able to perform it (p = 0.005). All OHB protocol variables were significantly better in the SG group than in the CG (p < 0.05). Telemedicine through video assistance with SG is feasible so that a lifeguard with no knowledge of childbirth care can act according to the recommendations in a simulated, unplanned, uncomplicated OHB. Communication with the midwife by speaking and sending images to the SG is perceived as an important benefit to the performance.

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Schwebel, David C., Heather N. Jones, Erika Holder i Francesca Marciani. "Lifeguards: a forgotten aspect of drowning prevention". Journal of Injury and Violence Research 2, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v2i1.32.

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O’Halloran, Chris L., Mary W. Silver i John M. Colford. "Acute Stress Symptoms Among US Ocean Lifeguards". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 26, nr 3 (wrzesień 2015): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2015.02.010.

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Chen, Shimin, Michael Kozuch, Phillip B. Gibbons, Michael Ryan, Theodoros Strigkos, Todd C. Mowry, Olatunji Ruwase, Evangelos Vlachos, Babak Falsafi i Vijaya Ramachandran. "Flexible Hardware Acceleration for Instruction-Grain Lifeguards". IEEE Micro 29, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2009.6.

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Kucia, Katarzyna, Ewa Dybińska, Tomasz Białkowski i Tomasz Pałka. "THE IMPACT OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE FATIGUE ON THE QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF RESCUE ACTION". Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 27, nr 80 (29.12.2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2311.

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INTRODUCTION The lifeguard is the person in charge of safety in water environments. After a rescue, it is possible that he has to execute a CPR. The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) as well as theAmerican Heart Association are currently encouraging a quality CPR performance. The lifeguard may be obliged to carry out a CPR during a long period of time as the response of the Emergency Medical Service takes 5–8 min on average and it can even reach 20 min. The normal respiratory muscle effort at maximal swimming intensity requires a significant fraction of cardiac output and causes leg blood flow to fall. The main objective of this paper was to determine respiratory muscle fatigue (RMF) level in swimming with different intensity on quality and efficiency rescu action in the water. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved eleven lifeguards male (9) and female (2); age: (24.25±1.5); body height( 176,27±7,88) and body mass (75.81±11,01)form University School of Physical Education, Cracow. Two tests were conducted: the first test involved the execution of 5 min of CPR (rested), and the second one in performing water rescue and subsequent CPR (exhausted) for 5 minutes. The quality of the CPR at rest and at fatigue condition was compared. The recording instrument was the Ambu Defib Trainer W (Wireless).The time and precision of the simulated water rescue was also registered. Two spirometry tests were performed the first test was set before swimming and the second after (exhausted). Maximal respiratory pressures (PImax, PEmax) were evaluated before and directly after swimming in different intensity.The quality of the respiratory muscle fatigue at rest and at fatigue condition was compared. The recording instrument was portable MicroLoop spirometer. RESULTS After e simulated water rescue significantly increase parameters such as: ventilation minute volume rested (3,06±22,10) exhausted (4,23 ±22,10. P < .001); ventilation rate rested (3.60±34.80) exhausted (4,80 ±34.80. P < .001); and stomach inflation rested (2,0±20,47) exhausted (5.80 ±20.47. P < .001). The greatest variation in the results of the respiratory muscle fatigue both before and after swimming with different intensity was observed only in two parameters: maximal ventilation index (MVV) and peak exhaust flow (PEF). CONCLUSIONS The accumulated fatigue during a simulated water rescue performed by lifeguards reduces the quality of compression depth and pause between compressions. The following respiratory parameters were found to have the strongest effect on the swimming: during maximum exercise intensity and FEV 1 (-0.77) rested and FEV 1 (-0.57) exhausted and FVC (-0.79) rested and FVC (-0.70) exhausted.

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Withers, Archie, i Sergio Maldonado. "On the swimming strategies to escape a rip current: a mathematical approach". Natural Hazards 108, nr 2 (22.04.2021): 1449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04740-7.

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AbstractRip currents represent significant hazards to swimmers all around the world. The danger arises when a misinformed swimmer uses an inadequate strategy to escape the rip, such as fighting the current directly. This can lead to fatigue, panic, and in some cases drowning. There exists a range of strategies put forward by experts (both lifeguards and scientists) to escape rip currents. However, these recommendations are based on a limited number of scientific studies and there is still much discrepancy surrounding the best strategy to escape a rip. Thus, here we present a simple, physics-based theoretical model aimed at assessing different escape strategies in terms of their associated ‘energetic cost’ (in work and power) for any given rip current and swimmer’s proficiency level. Many combinations of swimmers and rips are considered, including both idealised and a realistic rip current. Our quantitative results back the common knowledge that swimming against the rip (which is strongly discouraged by lifeguards) is almost universally the worst possible strategy, especially when compared against strategies favoured by experts, such as floating with the current before attempting to swim back to the shore. For a realistic rip, our results suggest that swimming directly against the rip can require several times more power from the swimmer than other strategies advised by lifeguards, thus lending further scientific support to experts’ recommendations. This study may help promote education around the dangers posed by rip currents and how best to address them.

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Grzybkowska, Barbara, i Kamila Sadaj-Owczarek. "The quality of chest compressions performedby the staff employed in selected units cooperatingwith the state emergency medical services system". Zeszyty Naukowe Collegium Witelona 4, nr 49 (29.12.2023): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.5674.

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The purpose of our research was to compare the quality of chest compressions performedby firefighters, lifeguards, and police officers and to identify any weak pointsthey may have so as to prevent them in the future. Participants of the research wereasked to compress the chest of a training phantom for four minutes, and the resultswere measured separately after the first two and consecutive two minutes. Basedon the results, lifeguards have the biggest problem with maintaining the correct depthof compressions, firefighters with upholding the adequate rate, and police officers strainafter two minutes, which influences the quality of chest compressions. The conclusionof the research is that all these groups should receive more obligatory practical training,so that people, who may sooner or later be confronted with a situation in which theyhave to sustain blood circulation between vital organs, can do it as flawlessly as possible.

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Hemson, Crispin. "Lost in transition: the lives of African lifeguards". Social Dynamics 41, nr 2 (4.05.2015): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2015.1066124.

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Drake, James. "Designing a Complete Circuit Training Program for Lifeguards". Recreational Sports Journal 15, nr 2 (luty 1991): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.15.2.4.

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Canady, Valerie A. "Missouri training MH providers to become suicide lifeguards". Mental Health Weekly 29, nr 44 (18.11.2019): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mhw.32137.

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Jamil, Mokhtar, Bayu Budi Laksono i Merisdawati MR. "The Effect The Effect Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Training On Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Of Pool Guards". Jurnal Kesehatan dr. Soebandi 9, nr 1 (29.04.2021): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36858/jkds.v9i1.271.

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Introduction: CPR is a very vital implementation in cases of cardiac arrest. The occurrence of cardiac arrest is influenced by several factors one of cause is drowning. Pool lifeguard is one of the jobs that has the potential to find cases of cardiac arrest but the majority of them have never received CPR training. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training on knowledge, attitudes and practices on the management of cardiac arrest. Objective: To determine the effect of pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training on knowledge, attitudes and practices on the management of cardiac arrest. Methods: This study uses a pre-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest design. The sampling technique uses total sampling of 10 pools lifeguards of Metro swimming pool, Kepanjen. Research conducted in May 16-17 2019 at Kepanjen Metro Swimming Pool. The independent variable is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training and the dependent variable is the knowledge, attitude, and practice of cardiac arrest management. Results: Statistical tests using the Wilcoxon Test with result variable knowledge p value = 0.002; attitude p value = 0.007; and practice p value = 0.004. All three variables show the effect of CPR training with increase in knowledge, attitudes and practices in pool guards. Limitation of this study is time for evaluation too fast, only one day away from research. Conclusion: Several things that influence the results of this study are information exposure, experience, education level, body mass index (BMI), and gender. It is hoped that pool lifeguard can apply first-aid cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to drowning victims

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Barcala-Furelos, Roberto, Martín Barcala-Furelos, Francisco Cano-Noguera, Martín Otero-Agra, Alejandra Alonso-Calvete, Santiago Martínez-Isasi, Silvia Aranda-García, Sergio López-García i Antonio Rodríguez-Núñez. "A Comparison between Three Different Techniques Considering Quality Skills, Fatigue and Hand Pain during a Prolonged Infant Resuscitation: A Cross-Over Study with Lifeguards". Children 9, nr 6 (17.06.2022): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9060910.

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The aim of the study was to compare the quality of CPR (Q-CPR), as well as the perceived fatigue and hand pain in a prolonged infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed by lifeguards using three different techniques. A randomized crossover simulation study was used to compare three infant CPR techniques: the two-finger technique (TF); the two-thumb encircling technique (TTE) and the two-thumb-fist technique (TTF). 58 professional lifeguards performed three tests in pairs during a 20-min period of CPR. The rescuers performed compressions and ventilations in 15:2 cycles and changed their roles every 2 min. The variables of analysis were CPR quality components, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and hand pain with numeric rating scale (NRS). All three techniques showed high Q-CPR results (TF: 86 ± 9%/TTE: 88 ± 9%/TTF: 86 ± 16%), and the TTE showed higher values than the TF (p = 0.03). In the RPE analysis, fatigue was not excessive with any of the three techniques (values 20 min between 3.2 for TF, 2.4 in TTE and 2.5 in TTF on a 10-point scale). TF reached a higher value in RPE than TTF in all the intervals analyzed (p < 0.05). In relation to NRS, TF showed significantly higher values than TTE and TTF (NRS minute 20 = TF 4.7 vs. TTE 2.5 & TTF 2.2; p < 0.001). In conclusion, all techniques have been shown to be effective in high-quality infant CPR in a prolonged resuscitation carried out by lifeguards. However, the two-finger technique is less efficient in relation to fatigue and hand pain compared with two-thumb technique (TF vs. TTF, p = 0.01).

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Santos-Folgar, Myriam, Antonio Rodriguez-Nunez, Roberto Barcala-Furelos, Martín Otero-Agra, Santiago Martínez-Isasi i Felipe Fernández-Méndez. "Trained Lifeguards Performing Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation While Running: A Pilot Simulation Study". Children 10, nr 8 (4.08.2023): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10081348.

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The aim of this study was to compare the quality of standard infant CPR with CPR in motion (i.e., walking and running) via performing maneuvers and evacuating the infant from a beach. Thirteen trained lifeguards participated in a randomized crossover study. Each rescuer individually performed three tests of 2 min each. Five rescue breaths and cycles of 30 chest compressions followed by two breaths were performed. Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose ventilation was carried out, and chest compressions were performed using the two-fingers technique. The manikin was carried on the rescuer’s forearm with the head in the distal position. The analysis variables included compression, ventilation, and CPR quality variables, as well as physiological and effort parameters. Significantly lower compression quality values were obtained in running CPR versus standard CPR (53% ± 14% versus 63% ± 15%; p = 0.045). No significant differences were observed in ventilation or CPR quality. In conclusion, lifeguards in good physical condition can perform simulated infant CPR of a similar quality to that of CPR carried out on a victim who is lying down in a fixed position.

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