Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Lifeguards”

Databases on ocean lifeguard injuries are scarce and it is likely that available injury data on lifeguards underestimates the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in this population. Currently, the prevalence of injuries in California ocean lifeguards is unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe musculoskeletal injuries present in California ocean lifeguards. This study additionally examined the distribution of injury according to several demographic categories. Of the lifeguards who took this survey, 61% stated they have sustained a work-related injury at some point in their career, and 1410 total injuries were reported. Age, years of experience, employment status, and swimming as a method of maintaining fitness for the job were significantly associated the occurrence of injury. Over half of the injuries reported were within the following lower body segments: thigh/knee, lower leg/ankle, and foot. The knee was the most common injury location requiring surgery. Proper identification and treatment of ocean lifeguard injuries should be a priority due to the high prevalence of injury and the unknown potential effects of these injuries on the individuals. If risk factors for injuries in lifeguards can be identified early on in their career, then interventions can be implemented, which may overall reduce future injury rates within this population.

Nonmelanoma skin cancer remains the most common diagnosed cancer in the United States. Sunscreen is the most common protective method for UV exposure. For the present study, Sun Exposure and Protection Habits Measurement Study (SEPH) survey data were analyzed to determine patterns of sunscreen application in lifeguards, parents, and children, how the amount of total body coverage differs across the three participant group and the variation in coverage with respect to selected demographic characteristics for each of the 3 participant groups. Results of the study showed that children had the highest percentage of total body coverage (M=86.7, 95% CI: 82.7, 90.6) among the three groups and parents had the least (M = 68.3, 95% CI: 65.2, 71.3). No differences in the total body area covered were noted for intervention or latitude. Further research efforts are needed to determine effective intervention strategies for parents and the need for overall body coverage.

Despite surf lifesavers being national icons of good health and good nutrition, surprisingly little factual information is known about the nutritional status of this unique aquatic fellowship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake and nutritional knowledge of three distinct groups of Australian surf lifesavers. Weighed food diaries are commonly used to assess the nutritional intake of athletes but this method has the disadvantage of a heavy respondent burden. Individuals being investigated must be literate and highly motivated to keep accurate records of food and drinks consumed. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) offer an alternative assessment method to weighed food records as they are relatively quick and easy to complete and do not require a high level of literacy. A secondary purpose of this study was to compare seven-day weighed food diaries with a FFQ that had already been validated for use with an older mixed gender population. The nutrient intakes of 60 members of Surf Lifesaving Australia were measured. Nineteen, who were professional lifeguards completed a FFQ. Thirty lifesavers and 11 surf ironmen each completed the FFQ, a seven-day weighed food diary and a nutritional knowledge questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple choice questions. There were significant differences between the three groups in age and activity with ironmen being significantly younger (mean age 22.9yrs) and significantly more physically active (mean 134mins/day) than either lifesavers (mean age, 31.3yrs, mean activity 46min/day) or lifeguards (mean age 35.8yrs, mean activity 65min/day). There were no significant differences in these parameters between lifesavers and lifeguards. The seven-day food diary revealed significant differences in nutrient intake between lifesavers and ironmen. Lifesavers consumed 1 1,807kJ, 125g protein (1.6g/kg) and 327g carbohydrate (4.Og/kg) while ironmen consumed 14,69/kJ, 1519 protein (1.9g/kg) and 4629 carbohydrate (5.6g/kg). Lifesavers and ironmen exceeded the RDIs for all vitamins and minerals measured. The seven day food diary demonstrated significant differences between the lifesavers and ironmen in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, alcohol, thiamin, niacin, calcium and iron. When the nutrient analysis data set for the FFQ was checked this method of dietary assessment was found to be unreliable as greater than 20 per cent of subjects were identified as being under-reporters. Lifesavers and ironmen both had good scores on the nutritional knowledge questionnaire and were able to identify groups of foods as being rich sources of fat, fibre, protein and iron. Ironmen were better able to answer questions specifically related to sport nutrition. All three groups meet the current recommendations for daily physical activity. Lifesavers and ironmen meet the current recommendations for, protein, fibre, vitamin and mineral intake and consume alcohol at levels within the current health guidelines. Ironmen have the highest carbohydrate intake which meets the current general health recommendations but consume less than the current special recommendations of sport nutritionists while lifesavers consume only 44% of energy as carbohydrate. These results suggest that while the both lifesavers and ironmen consume a relatively healthy diet only the surf ironmen could possibly be considered nutritional icons.

Despite surf lifesavers being national icons of good health and good nutrition, surprisingly little factual information is known about the nutritional status of this unique aquatic fellowship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake and nutritional knowledge of three distinct groups of Australian surf lifesavers. Weighed food diaries are commonly used to assess the nutritional intake of athletes but this method has the disadvantage of a heavy respondent burden. Individuals being investigated must be literate and highly motivated to keep accurate records of food and drinks consumed. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) offer an alternative assessment method to weighed food records as they are relatively quick and easy to complete and do not require a high level of literacy. A secondary purpose of this study was to compare seven-day weighed food diaries with a FFQ that had already been validated for use with an older mixed gender population. The nutrient intakes of 60 members of Surf Lifesaving Australia were measured. Nineteen, who were professional lifeguards completed a FFQ. Thirty lifesavers and 11 surf ironmen each completed the FFQ, a seven-day weighed food diary and a nutritional knowledge questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple choice questions. There were significant differences between the three groups in age and activity with ironmen being significantly younger (mean age 22.9yrs) and significantly more physically active (mean 134mins/day) than either lifesavers (mean age, 31.3yrs, mean activity 46min/day) or lifeguards (mean age 35.8yrs, mean activity 65min/day). There were no significant differences in these parameters between lifesavers and lifeguards. The seven-day food diary revealed significant differences in nutrient intake between lifesavers and ironmen. Lifesavers consumed 1 1,807kJ, 125g protein (1.6g/kg) and 327g carbohydrate (4.Og/kg) while ironmen consumed 14,69/kJ, 1519 protein (1.9g/kg) and 4629 carbohydrate (5.6g/kg). Lifesavers and ironmen exceeded the RDIs for all vitamins and minerals measured. The seven day food diary demonstrated significant differences between the lifesavers and ironmen in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, alcohol, thiamin, niacin, calcium and iron. When the nutrient analysis data set for the FFQ was checked this method of dietary assessment was found to be unreliable as greater than 20 per cent of subjects were identified as being under-reporters. Lifesavers and ironmen both had good scores on the nutritional knowledge questionnaire and were able to identify groups of foods as being rich sources of fat, fibre, protein and iron. Ironmen were better able to answer questions specifically related to sport nutrition. All three groups meet the current recommendations for daily physical activity. Lifesavers and ironmen meet the current recommendations for, protein, fibre, vitamin and mineral intake and consume alcohol at levels within the current health guidelines. Ironmen have the highest carbohydrate intake which meets the current general health recommendations but consume less than the current special recommendations of sport nutritionists while lifesavers consume only 44% of energy as carbohydrate. These results suggest that while the both lifesavers and ironmen consume a relatively healthy diet only the surf ironmen could possibly be considered nutritional icons.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Health Sciences
Full Text

Rip currents present a severe hazard to water users worldwide, resulting in over 100 drownings and thousands of lifeguard rescues annually. This thesis examines the demographics of who is effected by rip currents in the UK, what activity they are undertaking, when and where incidents occur, how much the public know, what people have experienced, and how best to educate them. Analysis of 7909 rip current lifeguard rescues (16777 people) across the UK between 2006-2013 highlighted the most at risk group, and subsequent target audience for education, to be male teenagers aged between 13-17 years old (n=2906, 17%). Geographically, the highest incidents occurred on the beaches in the Southwest of England (n=6911, 87%). Incidents mostly occurred outside of lifeguard flagged areas (n=4302, 54%) and mainly involved those using bodyboards (n=5290, 52%). Through the analysis of 407 public beach-based rip current and beach safety questionnaires, it was established that beach users have a poor understanding of rip currents (n=263, 65%) but a good perception of the beach safety flags (n=389, 96%). People with greater knowledge were typically educated by a lifeguard, enter the sea more frequently or have been caught in rip currents themselves. The experiences of 553 people caught in rip currents were analysed using an online questionnaire. The gender split was 69% male (n= 382) to 31% female (n= 171), indicating that males are caught in rip currents more than females. Swimming directly to shore against the rip followed an initial panic (n=108, 34%) for most people caught in a rip. Swimming parallel to the beach was the most remembered, advised, utilised, and promoted safety message. Respondents advocated the use of lifeguards to disseminate rip current safety messages. A new and unique rip current education programme was developed from the synthesis of these results. A lifeguard delivered a pilot programme to 185 teenagers in three schools and two community groups in the Southwest of England. This interactive pilot consisted of exercises using videos, photographs, news reports, and a swimming machine. Levels of rip current knowledge were evaluated before and after, and at regular intervals, to assess knowledge retention. The short-term effects after 3 months were positive, showing statistically significant (p < 0.0005) improvements in mean knowledge levels. This thesis provides a new contribution to the expanding field of social and behavioural rip current research. The development of a unique rip current education programme presents an alternative method for increasing public awareness, and supports the worldwide prevention of rip current incidents and fatalities.

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This study aims to describe and analyze the work of professionals working in SAMU 192, located in the Midwest Region of Brazil, and its impact on the subjectivity of workers based on the categories of Work Psychodynamics. The research was performed within the qualitative perspective, descriptive case study modality and action research. The empirical procedure took place in three stages, the first of which was visits to the field of research, documentary analysis and constitution of demand. In the second, three collective clinical listening sessions were held with 14 workers (six physicians, three nurses, two ambulance drivers, three ambulance motorbikers) who provide advanced support service. The speeches were recorded and transcribed, the verbalizations were submitted to the clinical analysis of the work proposed by Dejours. The categories of analysis defined a priori were: work organization and subjective mobilization. To guarantee the validity of the collected material, we used the triangulation of data made by three researchers. In the third step, the data were validated with the participants of the research. The results indicate that the organization of the prescribed work of SAMU 192 adopts norms and procedures linked to the logic of productivity (greater number of services, for the lowest cost and time, within a quality standard), being disconnected from the needs, desires and expectations of the workers and real activities. There are aspects related to working conditions that hinder the development of work activities, such as: impairment of the full functionality of some mobile units due to lack of maintenance, which exposes teams and patients to possible accidents; the lack of materials and equipment required for the procedures; the number of vehicles and equipment available, which is insufficient to meet the population’s demand; the physical structure provided, which offers little comfort to the work group rest time. The management of labor in the SAMU 192, in turn, also contributes to the intrapsychic conflicts of the workers, especially when: it hires an unprepared worker to perform as a lifeguard; it allows disorganizes employees at work; it does not involve workers in decision-making and change processes; it ceases to invest in effective communication; it does not establish the collective space for discussion. It is noteworthy that SAMU 192 public managers in Brazil have budgetary restrictions that make it difficult to guarantee quality care and to promote a healthy work environment for workers. The social relations of work between coworkers, peers and management are shown to be healthy. Workers feel satisfied with their activities, perceive the social usefulness of their own work, feel recognized for their dedication to work and for the results obtained (survival of the victim). The results indicate that workers experience pleasure and suffering at work and use strategies of individual (psychic) defenses, as well as individual and collective operative strategies to face suffering and get to work. Operative strategies, in many situations, avoid possible physical and / or verbal aggression. In addition, signs of mental and physical illness were identified in some participants. The adoption of the theoretical-methodological approach of Work Psychodynamics was adequate to investigate the work of these professionals. It is believed that this research contributes significantly to the advances in studies related to SAMU 192 in Brazil from the Work Psychodynamics.
Este estudo se propõe a descrever e analisar o trabalho dos profissionais que atuam no SAMU 192, instalado na Região Centro Oeste do Brasil, e seu impacto na subjetividade dos trabalhadores com base nas categorias da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. A pesquisa foi realizada dentro da perspectiva qualitativa, modalidade estudo de caso descritivo e pesquisa ação. O procedimento empírico ocorreu em três etapas, sendo que na primeira foram feitas visitas ao campo de pesquisa, análise documental e constituição da demanda. Na segunda, foram realizadas três sessões de escuta clínica coletiva com 14 trabalhadores (seis médicos, três enfermeiras, dois condutores socorristas de ambulância, três condutores socorristas de motolância) que fazem atendimento de suporte avançado. As falas foram gravadas e transcritas, as verbalizações foram submetidas à análise clínica do trabalho proposta por Dejours. As categorias de análise definidas a priori foram: organização do trabalho e mobilização subjetiva. Para garantir a validade do material coletado, recorreu-se à triangulação de dados feita por três pesquisadoras. Na terceira etapa, procedeu-se a validação dos dados com os participantes da pesquisa. Os resultados indicam que a organização do trabalho prescrita do SAMU 192 adota normas e procedimentos ligados à lógica da produtividade (maior número de atendimentos, pelo menor custo e tempo, dentro de um padrão de qualidade), estando desconectada das necessidades, desejos e expectativas dos trabalhadores e das atividades reais. Existem aspectos ligados às condições de trabalho que dificultam o desenvolvimento das atividades laborais, tais como: o comprometimento da funcionalidade plena de algumas unidades móveis por falta de manutenção, o que expõe equipes e pacientes a possíveis acidentes; a falta de materiais e equipamentos necessários aos procedimentos; o número de viaturas e equipes disponíveis, que se apresenta ser insuficiente para atender à demanda da população; a estrutura física disponibilizada, que oferece pouco conforto ao repouso dos grupos de trabalho. A gestão do trabalho no SAMU 192, por sua vez, também contribui para os conflitos intrapsíquicos dos trabalhadores, sobretudo, quando: contrata trabalhador despreparado para atuar na função de socorrista; permite trabalhadores desorganizados no trabalho; não envolve os trabalhadores nas tomadas de decisões e nos processos de mudanças; deixa de investir em comunicação eficaz; não institui o espaço coletivo de discussão. Ressalta-se que os gestores públicos do SAMU 192, no Brasil, possuem restrições orçamentárias que dificultam a garantia de um atendimento de qualidade e a promoção de um ambiente de trabalho saudável aos trabalhadores. As relações sociais de trabalho entre colegas, pares e direção mostram-se saudáveis. Os trabalhadores se sentem satisfeitos com as atividades realizadas, percebem a utilidade social do próprio trabalho, sentem se reconhecidos pela dedicação ao trabalho e pelos resultados obtidos (sobrevida da vítima). Os resultados sinalizam que os trabalhadores vivenciam prazer e sofrimento no trabalho e utilizam estratégias de defesas (psíquicas) individuais, e também estratégias operatórias individuais e coletivas para enfrentarem o sofrimento e conseguirem trabalhar. As estratégias operatórias, em muitas situações, evitam possíveis agressões físicas e/ou verbais. Além disso, identificou-se sinais de adoecimento mental e físico em alguns participantes. A adoção da abordagem teórico-metodológica da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho se mostrou adequada para investigar o trabalhar desses profissionais. Acredita-se que esta pesquisa contribui de forma significativa com os avanços nos estudos relacionados ao SAMU 192 no Brasil a partir da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho.

Aquesta tesi doctoral titulada Estils cognitius i programa psicofisiològic de respiració per a la regulació de l'ansietat aplicat en joves aspirants a socorristes aquàtics, aborda dos objectius generals: 1. Analitzar i avaluar la relació existent entre la Dependència de camp (DC) i Independència de Camp (IC) i nivells d'ansietat cognitiva, somàtica i autoconfiança en proves de selecció de joves aspirants a tècnics de socorrisme aquàtic a partir d'un programa de respiració. 2. Obtenir un perfil dels aspirants a tècnics de socorrisme aquàtic entre els anys 2010 i 2013. Amb la finalitat de respondre'ls la tesi aborda en la seva part teòrica el concepte d'estil cognitiu (DIC). La DIC es constitueix en una dimensió, en un dels pols de la qual se situarien els subjectes «Independents de camp» (lC), caracteritzats per la seva major aptitud reestructuradora, analítica, la seva autonomia enfront dels referents externs. En el pol oposat d'aquesta dimensió es troba el subjecte «Dependent de camp» (DC), amb una forma preferencial de processament d'informació de tipus holística. Es presenten recerques en l'esport sobre aquestes dimensions. El següent capítol tracta sobre l'ansietat en l'esport, es delimita el concepte d'ansietat i es presenten programes per gestionar l'ansietat competitiva: d'entrenament cognitiu, tècniques somàtiques i entrenament somato-cognitius. El capítol posterior aborda els fonaments i característiques dels programes específics de respiració, donant una visió sobre el procés respiratori en general, per finalitzar amb la presentació de programes psicofisiològics de respiració en esportistes, on es comenta la respiració completa, centrada i alterna. La part empírica comença amb un marc general de les proves de salvament i socorrisme aquàtic, considerant el rol, funció del socorrista, els programes de formació i les proves d'aptitud física a les quals han de sotmetre's. El marc metodològic presenta els objectius específics i les hipòtesis. La mostra va estar composta per joves aspirants a socorristes aquàtics de 6 cursos realitzats entre els anys 2010 i 2013 en les instal·lacions del Club Esportiu Mediterrani i supervisat per la Federació Catalana de Salvament i Socorrisme Acuàtic amb un total de 106 participants en els grups experimentals i 25 participants del grup control Els instruments utilitzats per al mesurament van ser GEFT: Forma col·lectiva del Test de Figures Emmascarades. (Witkin, Oltman, Raskin i Karp, 1987), Competitive State Anxiety Inventory_2 (CSAI-2) (Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L. A. & Smith, D. I. ,1990) i una Escala Likert per a la Percepció de Risc confeccionada per a l'estudi. D'altra banda, els instruments d'intervenció van ser Programa Psicofisiològic de Respiració Conscient Aplicat a l'Esport (PPRC-AD) i el Programa de tècniques cognitives per a la gestió de l'ansietat (PTC). Per verificar les hipòtesis i els objectius d'aquest estudi realitzem una anàlisi de la variància de disseny factorial mixt amb una variable intra-subjectes sobre el pre- test i el post- test sobre els nivells d'ansietat cognitiva, somàtica i autoconfiança i dues variables inter- subjectes sobre el programa (amb grup control, grup experimental amb PPRC-.AD i grup experimental amb PTC) i la DIC. Els resultats suggereixen que els subjectes IC i DC aconsegueixen gestionar els nivells d'ansietat cognitiva, somàtica i augmentar l'autoconfiança utilitzant el PPRC-AD. No obstant això, la prova de contrastos no mostra diferències significatives entre un programa i un altre, però si enfront del grup control. Les línies futures de recerca es dirigeixen a la utilització del PPRC-AD en altres entorns esportius i a utilitzar un tipus de metodologia qualitativa per abordar els efectes de aquest programa.
Esta tesis doctoral titulada Estilos cognitivos y programa psicofisiológico de respiración para la regulación de la ansiedad aplicado en jóvenes aspirantes a socorristas acuáticos, aborda dos objetivos generales: 1. Analizar y evaluar la relación existente entre la Dependencia de campo (DC) e Independencia de Campo (IC) y niveles de ansiedad cognitiva, somática y autoconfianza en pruebas de selección de jóvenes aspirantes a técnicos de socorrismo acuático a partir de un programa de respiración. 2. Obtener un perfil de los aspirantes a técnicos de socorrismo acuático entre los años 2010 y 2013. Con el fin de responderlos la tesis aborda en su parte teórica el concepto de estilo cognitivo (DIC). La DIC se constituye en una dimensión, en uno de cuyos polos se situarían los sujetos «Independientes de campo» (lC), caracterizados por su mayor aptitud reestructuradora, analítica, su autonomía frente a los referentes externos. En el polo opuesto se encuentra el sujeto «Dependiente de campo» (DC), con una forma preferencial de procesamiento de información de tipo holística. Se presentan investigaciones en el deporte sobre estas dimensiones. El siguiente capítulo trata sobre la ansiedad en el deporte, se delimita el concepto de ansiedad y se presentan programas para gestionar la ansiedad competitiva: de entrenamiento cognitivo, técnicas somáticas y entrenamiento somato cognitivos. El capítulo posterior aborda los fundamentos y características de los programas específicos de respiración, dando una visión sobre el proceso respiratorio en general, para finalizar con la presentación de programas psicofisiológicos de respiración en deportistas, donde se comenta la respiración completa, centrada y alterna. La parte empírica comienza con un marco general de las pruebas de salvamento y socorrismo acuático, considerando el rol, función del socorrista, los programas de formación y las pruebas de aptitud física a las cuales deben someterse. El marco metodológico presenta los objetivos específicos y las hipótesis. La muestra estuvo compuesta por jóvenes aspirantes a socorristas acuáticos de 6 cursos realizados entre los años 2010 y 2013 en las instalaciones del Club Esportiu Mediterrani y supervisado por la Federació Catalana de Salvament i Socorrisme Acuàtic con un total de 106 participantes en los grupos experimentales y 25 participantes del grupo control Los instrumentos utilizados para la medición fueron GEFT: Forma colectiva del Test de Figuras Enmascaradas. (Witkin, Oltman, Raskin y Karp, 1987), Competitive State Anxiety Inventory_2 (CSAI-2) (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, y Smith, 1990) y una Escala Likert para la Percepción de Riesgo confeccionada para el estudio. Por otro lado, los instrumentos de intervención fueron Programa Psicofisiológico de Respiración Consciente Aplicado al Deporte (PPRC-AD) y el Programa de técnicas cognitivas para la gestión de la ansiedad (PTC). Para verificar las hipótesis y los objetivos de este estudio realizamos un análisis de la varianza de diseño factorial mixto con una variable intra-sujetos que fue el pre- test y el post- test sobre los niveles de ansiedad cognitiva, somática y autoconfianza y dos variables inter- sujetos que fueron el programa (con grupo control, grupo experimental con PPRC-.AD y grupo experimental con PTC) y la DIC. Los resultados sugieren que los sujetos IC y DC consiguen gestionar los niveles de ansiedad cognitiva, somática y aumentar la autoconfianza utilizando el PPRC-AD. Sin embargo, la prueba de contrastes no muestra diferencias significativas entre un programa y otro, pero si frente al grupo control. Las líneas futuras de investigación se dirigen a la utilización del PPRC-AD en otros entornos deportivos y a utilizar un tipo de metodología cualitativa para abordar los efectos de este programa.
This doctoral thesis, titles Cognitives styles and psychophysiological breathing program for the regulation of anxiety applied to young lifeguard aspirants, addresses two main objectives: 1. Analyze and evaluate the relation between the Dependence field (DC) and Independence field (IC) and levels of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence, by screening young lifeguard aspirants on a breathing program. 2. Obtain a profile of lifeguard technicians aspirants between 2010 and 2013. In order to reply to the thesis deals, it approaches in its theoretical part the concept of cognitive style (DIC). DIC constitutes a dimension, one of the poles of the subjects 'Independent field' (IC), characterized by a greater restructuring aptitude, analytical, their autonomy from external referents. At the opposite pole of this dimension is the subject 'Dependent field' (DC), with a preferred form of holistic information processing type. Researchers on sport on these dimensions are presented. The next chapter deals with anxiety in sport, the concept of anxiety is defined and programs are presented to manage the competitive anxiety: cognitive training, somatic techniques an somative-cognitive training. The subsequent chapter discusses the fundamentals and characteristics of the specific breath programs, giving a view on the respiratory process in general, to end with the presentation of psychophysiological breathing programs in athletes, where the complete breathing, centered breathing and alternate breathing are discussed. The empirical part begins with a general framework of the tests for water rescue and first aid, considering the role, function of lifeguards, training programs and fitness tests that they must undergo. The methodological framework presents the specific objectives and hypothesis. The sample was composed of young lifeguard aspirants from 6 courses held between 2010 and 2013 in the Club Esportiu Mediterrani and supervised by the Catalan Federation of Rescue and life guards with a total of 106 participants in the experimental group and 25 the control. For measuring, the instrument used GEFT: Collective Form Embedded Figures Test. (Witkin, Oltman, Raskin and Karp, 1987), Competitive State Anxiety Inventory_2 (CSAI-2) (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith, 1990) and a Likert Scale Risk Perception for tailored for the study. The intervention instruments were Psychophysiological Conscious Breathing Program Applied to Sport (PPRC-AD) and Cognitive program for managing anxiety (PTC) techniques. To verify the assumptions and objectives of this study, we conducted an analysis of variance of mixed factorial design with an intra-subjets variable that was the pre-test and post-test on the levels of cognitive, somatic anxiety and self-confidence and two variables inbter-subjets that were the program (with control group, experimental group and experimental group with PPRC-.AD and PTC) and DIC. The results suggest that subjects DC and IC manage levels of cognitive, somatic anxiety and increase self-confidence using the PPRC-AD. However, contrasts test shows no significant difference between one program and another, but it does compared to the control group. Future lines of research are directed to the use of PPRC-AD in other sporting environments and use a type of qualitative methodology to address the effects of the program.

El neuroblastoma (NBL) es el tumor sólido más común en la infancia y representa un 10% de todas las muertes pediátricas por cáncer. Existen varios factores de riesgo que predicen el alcance de la enfermedad, tales como la edad en el momento del diagnóstico, el estadio, alteraciones cromosómicas y la amplificación del oncogén MYCN, que caracteriza el grupo de NBLs más agresivos con una probabilidad de supervivencia inferior al 30%. En general, los tumores MYCN amplificados desarrollan resistencia a todas las modalidades de tratamiento y muestran una alta capacidad metastática. Estas propiedades han sido atribuidas a alteraciones en la maquinaria apoptótica, ya sea por silenciamiento de componentes de la vía extrínseca (como caspasa-­‐8) o por sobreexpresión de reguladores anti-­‐apoptóticos (como BCL-­‐2, MCL-­‐1 o c-­‐ FLIP). Hasta hoy se sabe muy poco de la implicación de los receptores de muerte y sus antagonistas en NBL. En esta tesis se analizaron los niveles de expresión de varios antagonistas de receptores de muerte en múltiples bases de datos de NBL humano. Nuestro trabajo muestra que la expresión de Lifeguard (LFG/FAIM2/NMP35) se ve disminuida en los tumores más agresivos y que bajos niveles de LFG correlacionan con una peor supervivencia del paciente. Curiosamente, aunque LFG fue inicialmente caracterizada como una proteína anti-­‐ apoptótica, nosotros describimos una nueva asociación de esta proteína con la diferenciación del NBL. Asimismo, la represión de LFG resultó en una reducción de la adhesión celular, una mayor habilidad de formar de esferas y un aumento en la capacidad de migración de las células, confiriéndoles una mayor capacidad metastática que pudo ser confirmada en experimentos in vivo. Además, descubrimos que la expresión de LFG estaba directamente reprimida por MYCN a nivel transcripcional. Por tanto, nuestros datos respaldan una nueva función para una diana de MYCN antes desconocida y proporcionan una nueva conexión entre la sobreexpresión de MYCN y la mayor capacidad metastática del NBL.
Neuroblastoma (NBL) is the most common solid tumor in infants and accounts for 10% of all pediatric cancer deaths. Several risk factors predict NBL outcome, such as age at time of diagnosis, stage, chromosome alterations, and amplification of the oncogene MYCN, which characterizes the subset of the most aggressive neuroblastomas with an overall survival below 30%. MYCN-­‐amplified tumors develop resistance against all treatment modalities and show a high metastatic capacity. These properties have been linked to alterations in the apoptotic machinery, either by silencing components of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway (e.g. caspase-­‐8) or by overexpression of anti-­‐apoptotic regulators (e.g. BCL-­‐2, MCL-­‐1 or c-­‐FLIP). Very little is known on the implication of death receptors and their antagonists in NBL. In this thesis, the expression levels of several death receptor antagonists were analyzed in multiple human NBL data sets. We report that Lifeguard (LFG/FAIM2/NMP35) is downregulated in the most aggressive tumors and that low LFG levels correlate with poor patient survival. Intriguingly, although LFG has been initially characterized as an anti-­‐apoptotic protein, we have found a new association with NBL differentiation. Moreover, LFG repression resulted in reduced cell adhesion, increased sphere growth and enhanced migration, thus conferring a higher metastatic capacity to NBL cells that was confirmed in vivo. Furthermore, LFG expression was found to be directly repressed by MYCN at the transcriptional level. Our data, which support a new functional role for a hitherto undiscovered MYCN target, provide a new link between MYCN overexpression and increased NBL metastatic properties.

The Inflatable Rescue Boat (IRB) is arguably the most effective rescue tool used by the Australian surf lifesavers. The exceptional features of high mobility and rapid response have enabled it to become an icon on Australia's popular beaches. However, the IRB's extensive use within an environment that is as rugged as it is spectacular, has led it to become a danger to those who risk their lives to save others. Epidemiological research revealed lower limb injuries to be predominant, particularly the right leg. The common types of injuries were fractures and dislocations, as well as muscle or ligament strains and tears. The concern expressed by Surf Life Saving Queensland (SLSQ) and Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) led to a biomechanical investigation into this unique and relatively unresearched field. The aim of the research was to identify the causes of injury and propose processes that may reduce the instances and severity of injury to surf lifesavers during IRB operation. Following a review of related research, a design analysis of the craft was undertaken as an introduction to the craft, its design and uses. The mechanical characteristics of the vessel were then evaluated and the accelerations applied to the crew in the IRB were established through field tests. The data were then combined and modelled in the 3-D mathematical modelling and simulation package, MADYMO. A tool was created to compare various scenarios of boat design and methods of operation to determine possible mechanisms to reduce injuries. The results of this study showed that under simulated wave loading the boats flex around a pivot point determined by the position of the hinge in the floorboard. It was also found that the accelerations experienced by the crew exhibited similar characteristics to road vehicle accidents. Staged simulations indicated the attributes of an optimum foam in terms of thickness and density. Likewise, modelling of the boat and crew produced simulations that predicted realistic crew response to tested variables. Unfortunately, the observed lack of adherence to the SLSA footstrap Standard has impeded successful epidemiological and modelling outcomes. If uniformity of boat setup can be assured then epidemiological studies will be able to highlight the influence of implementing changes to the boat design. In conclusion, the research provided a tool to successfully link the epidemiology and injury diagnosis to the mechanical engineering design through the use of biomechanics. This was a novel application of the mathematical modelling software MADYMO. Other craft can also be investigated in this manner to provide solutions to the problem identified and therefore reduce risk of injury for the operators.

La activación del Receptor de Muerte Fas, también llamado APO-1 o CD95, da lugar a la formación del Death Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC). Este complejo proteico contiene FADD y caspasa-8, entre otras proteínas, y causa el corte y activación de caspasa-8, que finalmente da lugar a la apoptosis. Existen dos vías de señalización diferenciadas en la apoptosis inducida por Fas. En las células tipo I, la activación de Fas da lugar a la formación de altos niveles de DISC, y los niveles de caspasa-8 son suficientes para cortar directamente la caspasa-3 ejecutora, que desencadena la apoptosis. En las células tipo II, los niveles de formación de DISC son más bajos y caspasa-3 no es cortada directamente por caspasa-8. En vez de ello, caspasa-8 corta la proteína BH3- only Bid, dando lugar a su forma truncada tBid, que transloca a la mitocondria e induce su permeabilización. Esto conlleva la salida de factores apoptogénicos de la mitocondria al citosol, como citocromo c, que da lugar a la activación de caspasa-3 a través del apoptosoma. Así, las células tipo II necesitan un paso de amplificación de la señal a través de la mitocondria. Los Antagonistas de los Receptores de Muerte son proteínas que son capaces de modular la actividad de los Receptores de Muerte. Entre ellos, Lifeguard (LFG), también llamado NMP35 o FAIM2, es un antagonista de Fas altamente expresado en el sistema nervioso. Esta proteína ha sido caracterizada como un inhibidor de la apoptosis inducida por Fas, y se ha comprobado su localización en los sitios postsinápticos y en las dendritas. Además, se ha comprobado que interacciona directamente con el receptor Fas en los rafts, e inhibe la actividad de las caspasas-8 y -3 tras la activación de Fas. Sin embargo, su mecanismo de acción aún no ha sido descrito. En este trabajo tratamos de arrojar algo de luz sobre este problema. Primero, resultados previos en nuestro laboratorio mostraron que LFG interacciona con varias proteínas del sistema ubiquitina. Confirmamos que LFG está ubiquitinado, y también mostramos que esta ubiquitinización no induce su degradación. Además, nuestros resultados sugieren que la ubiquitinización de LFG es no-canónica. Por otro lado, llevamos a cabo un extenso estudio para elucidar la localización subcelular de LFG. Demostramos que LFG localiza en las membranas del RE y del Golgi, y en menor medida, también en los endosomas. Dado que LFG es miembro de la familia de proteínas TMBIM, que son capaces de modular la actividad de las proteínas de la familia Bcl-2, investigamos su relación con ellas, y encontramos que interacciona con Bcl-xL y Bcl-2 a través de su región C-terminal. Además, demostramos que LFG solamente protege a las células tipo II de la muerte inducida por Fas, y esta protección es dependiente de la expresión endógena de Bcl-xL. Para finalizar, nuestros resultados revelan un paso no descrito hasta el momento en la vía de señalización de las células tipo II. La movilización de calcio del RE se ha comprobado que es relevante en la vía de señalización apoptótica inducida por Fas. Aquí, demostramos que LFG modula la salida de calcio del RE tras la estimulación de Fas, e inhibe la apoptosis inducida por Fas en células tipo II. Basándonos en estas observaciones, proponemos que LFG protege de la apoptosis inducida por Fas mediante la modulación de la salida de calcio del RE.
Activation of the Death Receptor Fas, also called APO-1 or CD95, leads to the formation of the Death Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC). This protein complex comprises FADD and caspase-8, among other proteins, and it causes the cleavage and activation of caspase-8, that ultimately leads to apoptosis. There are two differentiated pathways in the Fas induced apoptosis. In type I cells, high levels of DISC are formed upon Fas activation, and caspase-8 levels are sufficient to directly cleave the effector caspase-3, which will trigger apoptosis. In type II cells, DISC formation levels are lower and caspase-3 is not directly cleaved by caspase-8. Instead, caspase-8 cleaves the BH3-only protein Bid, generating its truncated form tBid, which translocates to the mitochondria and induce its permeabilization. This will result in release of apoptogenic factors from the mitochondria to the cytosol, such as cytochrome c, which will activate caspase-3 through the apoptosome. Thus, type II cells need a signal amplification step through the mitochondria. Death Receptor Antagonists are proteins that are able to modulate Death Receptor activity. Among them, Lifeguard (LFG), also called NMP35 or FAIM2, is a Fas antagonist highly expressed in the nervous system. This protein has been characterized as a Fas-induced apoptosis inhibitor, and it has been shown that localizes at postsynaptic sites and dendrites. Moreover, it has been reported to interact directly with Fas receptor in the lipid rafts and inhibit caspase-8 and caspase-3 activity upon Fas activation. However, its mechanism of action has remained elusive. In this work, we try to shed some light on this problem. First, previous results in our lab have shown that LFG interacts with several proteins from the ubiquitin system. We confirmed that LFG is ubiquitinated, and we also show that this ubiquitination does not induce its degradation. In addition, we present data that suggest that LFG ubiquitination is done in a non-canonycal way. On the other hand, we make an extensive study to elucidate LFG subcellular localization. We demonstrate that LFG localizes to ER and Golgi membranes, and to a lesser extent, to endosomes. Since LFG is member of the TMBIM family proteins, that are able to modulate Bcl-2 family activity, we investigated its relationship with them, and found that it interacts with Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, through its C-terminal region. Moreover, we prove that LFG protects only type II cells from Fasinduced apoptosis, and this protection is dependant on Bcl-xL endogenous expression. Finally, our results reveal a hitherto undescribed step in the signaling pathway in type II cells. Calcium mobilization from the ER has been shown to be relevant in Fas apoptotic signaling. We demonstrate that LFG modulates calcium release from the ER after Fas stimulation and inhibits Fasinduced apoptosis in type II cells. On the basis of our observations, we propose that LFG protects against Fas-induced apoptosis by modulating calcium release from the ER.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 15, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-150).

La apoptosis es un mecanismo fisiológico que contribuye a regular el número de células de un organismo de tal forma que aquéllas que realizan funciones transitorias, que están lesionadas, o en exceso, serán eliminadas. Éste es un proceso estrictamente regulado durante el desarrollo embrionario e íntimamente ligado con el inicio o progresión de determinadas patologías. Así pues, el exceso de apoptosis contribuye al desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas mientras que su defecto sería el origen de neoplasias. El principal regulador del proceso apoptótico es la activación de las caspasas, cisteína-proteasas con especificidad para residuos de aspartato. Los principales mecanismos que activan las caspasas son la salida de citocromo C de la mitocondria por una alteración de la función mitocondrial, y la activación de proteínas de membrana denominadas receptores de muerte (DRs, Death Receptors). Estos últimos han sido ampliamente caracterizados en el sistema inmune, mientras que en tejidos como el sistema nervioso sus funciones están en las fases iniciales de caracterización.
El objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir a esclarecer los mecanismos moleculares que regulan la actividad de estos receptores en el sistema nervioso, a través de la caracterización funcional de dos nuevas proteínas, FAIM y Lifeguard, propuestas inicialmente como antagonistas del receptor de muerte CD95/Fas/APO-1. Para ello se han usado las líneas celulares PC12 y SH-SY5Y, ampliamente utilizadas en modelos de diferenciación y muerte celular, junto con cultivos primarios de neuronas corticales y neuronas granulares de cerebelo.
En la primera parte de este trabajo se describe la clonación del ortólogo de ratón de Lifeguard, y su caracterización como antagonista funcional de CD95 en el sistema nervioso. Hemos demostrado que su sobreexpresión es capaz de bloquear la muerte inducida por CD95 en el modelo del neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y así como en neuronas corticales murinas. También hemos comprobado que la disminución de sus niveles endógenos sensibiliza a las neuronas granulares y las corticales de ratón. Además, se ha constatado que su mecanismo molecular de acción depende de su localización exclusiva en microdominios de membrana llamados Lipid Rafts, donde puede interaccionar con CD95 e inhibir la activación de caspasas iniciadoras.
De los resultados obtenidos en la segunda parte del trabajo se deduce que los niveles de la isoforma larga del antagonista FAIM, FAIML, específica del sistema nervioso, aumentan durante el desarrollo embrionario. Su máxima expresión es en los períodos del desarrollo en los que se modelan y ajustan las estructuras neurales que darán lugar al cerebro adulto. Funcionalmente, hemos demostrado que no participa en procesos de neuritogénesis (a diferencia de la isoforma corta de FAIM, FAIMS) y que no bloquea la muerte apoptótica inducida a través de estímulos mitocondriales. Sin embargo, FAIML es capaz de antagonizar la apoptosis inducida a través de los DRs CD95 y TNFR1. Los ensayos >con RNA de interferencia nos han permitido elucidar que FAIML es, al menos en parte, responsable del bloqueo de la actividad de caspasas iniciadoras activadas por DRs.
Por tanto, este trabajo aporta claves sobre las bases moleculares que regulan la actividad de los DRs en el sistema nervioso y que pueden constituir una base para el desarrollo de estrategias terapéuticas en neuropatologías en las que los DRs participan de forma relevante.
Apoptosis is a physiological process by which the number of cells in metazoan organisms is regulated. Thus, cells with transient function, supranumerary cells or damaged ones are selectively eliminated by this process. Apoptosis is strictly regulated and recently it has been suggested that it could be involved in the pathogenesis of some nervous system diseases. In that sense, an excess of cell death could contribute to neurodegenerative disorders and, on the other hand, a defect could be one of the reasons for neoplasia development. The main regulator of apoptosis is the activation of caspases. These are cysteine-proteases which have cleavage specificity for aspartic residues. Caspases are activated by two main mechanisms: (1) release of citocrome C from altered mitochondria to the cytoplasm and (2) activation of membrane receptors called death receptors (DRs). These proteins have been widely characterized in the immune system, whereas in the nervous system their functions are at the initial stages of characterization.
The present project is focussed on the characterization of two novel antagonists of the death receptor CD95/Fas/APO-1 which are specifically expressed in the nervous system, Lifeguard and FAIM. For this purpose PC12 and SH-SY5Y cell lines, widely used in models of differentiation and cell death, have been used along with primary cultures of cortical neurons and cerebellar granule neurons.
Results obtained in the first part of this study allowed us to clone mouse Lifeguard, and describe its function as an antagonist of CD95 in the nervous system. We have demonstrated that its overexpression is able to block CD95 induced cell death in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, and in mouse embryonic cortical neurons. Furthermore, reduction of Lifeguard endogenous levels sensitizes both, mouse granular and cortical neurons to CD95 induced apoptosis. In addition, it has been stated that the molecular mechanism of action of Lifeguard depends on its exclusive location in plasma membrane microdomains called Lipid Rafts, where it can interact with CD95 and inhibit the activation of initiator caspases.
In the second part of this study, our results demonstrate that the expression of the long form of the CD95 antagonist FAIM, FAIML, specific of the nervous system, increases during the embryonic development. It reaches maximum levels in the periods of the development in which the neural structures are being defined, thus creating adult brain structures.
Functionally, we have demonstrated that FAIML, in contrast to the short form of FAIM (FAIMS), does not participate in neurotrophic factor induced neurite outgrowth and it is not able to block apoptotic induced cell death through mitochondrial stimuli. Nevertheless, FAIML is able to antagonize the apoptosis induced through DRs CD95 and TNFR1. FAIML RNA interference efficiently reduced its endogenous levels and allowed us to conclude that FAIML is one of the molecules responsible for maintaining initiator caspases inactive upon receptor engagement.
Therefore, this work will contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis for DRs activity regulation in the nervous system, and it could constitute a starting point for the development of new therapeutic strategies for DRs associated neuropathologies.

碩士
世新大學
行政管理學研究所(含博、碩專班)
107
With the development of sports policies and the promotion of swimming as a sport, swimming pools have gradually increased in number. Whether or not there are enough lifeguards to maintain the safety of the swimming pools has become one of the issues to be discussed. In this study, eight lifeguards with job-leaving experience were adopted as research participants. Through in-depth interviews, an insight was gained into factors contributing to the participants’ job-leaving intent. Research findings show that among the reasons related to working as a lifeguard, the respondents said they took the lifeguard licensing examination because they wanted to learn rescue skills, was interested in water sports, or it was in line with their professional background. In addition, they chose a career as lifeguards due to considerations such as earning income, working part-time due to the nature of their work, or using it as a springboard. The factors of their job-leaving include: 1. Personal factors: Career planning for a successful career change, the fear of no longer suitable working as a life guard due to aging, and so on 2. Work factors: Include lower career development potential arising from the lifeguard occupational environment, monotonous work nature, needing to assume legal liability, high compensation amounts, etc. Swimming management is the cause of low development potential, unlikelihood of getting a raise, inability to carry out division of labor by profession, professional conflicts among colleagues and supervisors, etc..; 3. External factors: The complexity of the licensing system, welfare environment, and lack of advantage compared to other occupations, etc. are the factors contributing to the respondents’ decision to leave their job. In this study, recommendations for the lifeguard industry and follow-up-studies are proposed as follows: The lifeguard industry is suggested to protect the work rights and development of the lifeguards, as well as evaluating market conditions before formulating licensing guidelines and promoting relevant lifeguard policies. Follow-up studies are suggested to further subdivide research participants into: different age groups, whether serving managerial positions, whether there is relevant professional background, and other viewpoints that might have higher representativeness. As for the research method, the research results in this study shall serve as a reference for conducting investigations on a large quantity of samples through the quantitative method and presenting results in objective figures, thereby better ensuring the reference value of research results.

碩士
國立澎湖科技大學
觀光休閒事業管理研究所
103
This study was designed to investigate the relationship of lifeguards’ test-taking motivation, their perceived cognitive value of participation in the training process and involvement across different demographic variables. It was intended to explore the correlation of three variables, including test-taking motivation & cognitive value, cognitive value & involvement, and test-taking motivation & involvement. In addition, it is aimed to examine the causal relationship of test-taking motivation & cognitive value on involvement. Through purposive sampling, 558 valid samples were selected in this study. Research methods include T-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe, Canonical Correlation Analysis, Pearson’s Product-moment Canonical and M Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis. The results of this study showed that 1) there is a significant difference of different demographic variables in test-taking motivation, cognitive value and psychological value. 2) There is a positive correlation of the three variables, including Test-taking motivation & cognitive value, cognitive value & involvement, and test-taking motivation & involvement. 3) Test-taking motivation & cognitive value has a positive effect on involvement. Finally, the results of this study are provided to related units for the enhancement and improvement of mechanism and construction.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
教育研究所
107
This study aims to the explore personality hardiness, loneliness and their relationships on the lifeguards in Keelung city. The personality hardiness will be measured by the hardiness scale (Bartone, Ursano, Wright and lngraham, 1989), and the level of loneliness will be measured by UCLA loneliness scale (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1988). There are 181 lifeguards involved in this research (recovery rate 90.5%). The results indicate as follows: 1. The level of hardiness shows lower than mediate (M=2.94, the highest one is 5, the lowest one is 1, the following parts are the same), the dimensions from high to low are commitment, control and challenge. 2. The level of hardiness shows lower than mediate (M=3.59). 3. Compared with score of commitment, the lifeguards with religious belief are significantly higher without religious belief. 4. It shows high significant negative correlations between loneliness and personality hardiness (r= -.638). 5. Based on stepwise regression, it shows commitment, control and challenge can effectively predict loneliness (R= .639, R2= .408, Adj R2= .398). Hence, enhancing effectively personality hardiness can reduce the level of loneliness for upgrading mental health of lifeguards. Keywords: Lifeguards, Hardiness, Loneliness, Keelung, Mental health

碩士
國立臺灣體育學院
體育研究所
92
ABSTRACT 　　The purpose of this study was to analyze the meaning and function of the preparation system for the water lifeguards and instructors in Taiwan, so as to establish the standards for its practice, the contents for implements and the supplementary measures. The primary conclusions of this study were as follows: The training of the water lifeguards started in 1944 and we had the first training courses for the lifeguards and instructors in 1963; the National Fire Agency Ministry Interior and the National Council on Physical Fitness and Sports made laws for the preparation system. Among the training organizations, the Red Cross Society of the Republic of China and the National Water Life-Saving Association were the most famous. And different training organizations had their own training and certificate systems. By analyzing and comparing the preparation systems of the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and our own country, we could learn from other countries’ experiences and improve our own preparation system. Based on the findings, implications and suggestions were proposed for the preparation system and future research.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto, no ramo de Atividade Física e Saúde, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física da Universidade de Coimbra
Com a evolução da assistência a banhistas em Portugal, surge a necessidade de se iniciarem estudos científicos sobre o salvamento aquático. O ano 2014 foi um marco importante para a história dos Nadadores-salvadores com a sua profissionalização. Estima-se que no Mundo morrem cerca de 42 pessoas a cada hora e a cada dia cuja a causa de morte é o afogamento. Em Portugal, sabe-se que morreram mais de 100 pessoas, no ano 2016, cuja a causa de morte diagnosticada foi o afogamento. Dessas mortes, cerca de um terço deram-se nos períodos entre junho e agosto. Estes meses, correspondem aos meses de verão e tradicionalmente às férias dos portugueses. Este trabalho tem como objetivos caracterizar os nadadores-salvadores portugueses segundo critérios sócio demográficos e de desempenho na aquisição da habilitação profissional. Para a realização do estudo1, partiu-se para uma análise documental dos processos do Instituto de Socorros a Náufragos. Para execução do segundo estudo foram criados dois protocolos para praia e para piscina, considerando as etapas do algoritmo de salvamento. Foram estudadas os tempos totais e parciais do resgate, as variáveis fisiologias relacionadas com a fadiga e as variáveis de reanimação cardiopulmonar (RCP). No terceiro estudo, foi estudada a evolução da qualidade das manobras de RCP ao longo do curso de Nadador-salvador, assim como a fadiga provocada. Os resultados do estudo 1 mostram que os cursos de Nadador-salvador são essencialmente frequentados por indivíduos do sexo masculino (86%). Os sujeitos que frequentam os cursos têm um nível de instrução escolar média-alta, dado que 59% dos sujeitos estudados tinham o ensino secundário e 23% o ensino superior, nomeadamente licenciaturas. A procura pelos cursos de NS teve um decréscimo acentuado nos anos 2014 e 2015. A mudança legislativa teve impacto negativo no imediato. Posteriormente, verificou-se que após o cumprimento dos novos normativos existiu uma redução do número de candidatos certificados nos exames específicos de aptidão técnica (EEAT). Porém, constatou-se uma diminuição na taxa de reprovação das provas teóricas e um aumento na prova prática de 100 metros natação numa técnica ventral. O estudo 2 mostra-nos que os Nadadores-salvadores possuem capacidades físicas bastante adequadas às suas funções. Contudo, são mais lentos ao efetuarem o resgate em piscina. Atendendo à fadiga esta evoluiu de forma dentro dos parâmetros considerados normais para pessoas saudáveis. Ao nível da qualidade das manobras de RCP as mesmas são de nível baixo. O mesmo aplica-se à qualidade das ventilações administradas. O estudo 3, diz-nos que os formandos ao longo do curso de nadador-salvador adquirem sem dificuldades as competências relacionadas com a aplicação das manobras de RCP. Porém a qualidade das mesmas são reduzidas. Os participantes executam aparentemente bem as técnicas, todavia são pouco eficientes. Ao observarmos os valores das variáveis fisiológicas, alteraram conforme o esperado. Com este trabalho conclui-se que é necessário implementar estratégias adaptadas ás necessidades da profissão de NS, que possam melhorar as componentes da reanimação cardiopulmonar.
With the evolution of assistance to bathers in Portugal, the need arises to start scientific studies on water rescue. The year 2014 was an important milestone for the history of the lifeguard with their professionalization. It is estimated that in the world around 42 people die every hour and every day whose cause of death is drowning. In Portugal, it is known that more than 100 people died in 2016, whose drowning was the cause of death. Of these deaths, about one-third occurred in the periods between June and August. These months correspond to the summer months and traditionally to the Portuguese holidays. This study aims to characterize Portuguese swimmers according to socio-demographic and performance criteria in the acquisition of professional qualification. In order to carry out the study1, a documentary analysis of the processes of the Relief Institute for Shipwrecks was started. For the second study, two protocols were created for the beach and for swimming pool, considering the steps of the rescue algorithm. The total and partial recovery times, the physiological variables related to fatigue and the cardiopulmonary resuscitation variables (CPR) were studied. In the third study, the evolution of the quality of the CPR maneuvers along the lifeguard course, as well as the fatigue provoked, was studied. The results of study 1 show that lifeguard courses are essentially frequented by males (86%). The subjects attending the courses have a medium-high level of education, given that 59% of the subjects studied had secondary education and 23% had higher education, including undergraduate degrees. Demand for NS courses declined sharply in 2014 and 2015. The legislative change had a negative impact on the immediate. Subsequently, it was found that after compliance with the new regulations there was a reduction in the number of candidates certified in the specific examinations of technical aptitude (EEAT). However, there was a decrease in the failure rate of the theoretical tests and an increase in the practical test of 100 meters swimming in a ventral technique. Study 2 shows us that the Swimmer-swimmers have physical abilities quite adequate to their functions. However, they are slower in pooling. Given the fatigue this has evolved in a way within the parameters considered normal for healthy people. At the level of the quality of the CPR maneuvers they are low level. The same applies to the quality of the administered ventilation. Study 3 tells us that the trainees along the course of lifeguard acquire without difficulty the skills related to the application of the maneuvers of CPR. But their quality is reduced. Participants perform the techniques seemingly well, but they are inefficient. When we observed the values of the physiological variables, they changed as expected. This work concludes that it is necessary to implement strategies adapted to the needs of the NS profession, which can improve the components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

碩士
吳鳳科技大學
光機電暨材料研究所
102
The purpose of this study was to develop a computer-aided system to help the test of lifeguard training. The main content of this system includes those of basic individual information scan input, online lifesaving knowledge written test, lifesaving skill test input, and final score output. The function of this system could guarantee the fairness of the test, publicity and efficiency of the process of lifeguard test as well. The innovation of this computer-aided system is the combination of both hardware and software facilities of the lifeguard certificate test. And it was tested for the validity of the system by inputting sample data to prove the usefulness. Finally, the result of this study could provide a good application for the lifeguard test in the future. Keywords: lifeguard, lifeguard test, computer-aided system

碩士
國立臺灣體育運動大學
運動事業管理學系碩士班
106
The purpose of this study is to explore the motivation and training satisfaction of participants in Taichung region for lifeguard training. This research tool is divided into three parts, which are the participants’ background information, the motivations in lifeguard training and the satisfaction in lifeguard training program. Using the Likert scale (five-point scale) as the scoring method, 339 questionnaires were distributed for this stud and 310 were valid responded, corresponding with 91.4% return rate. All information were conducted by the SPSS 22.0 statistical soft program in different methods including item analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, independent sample t test, single factor analysis of variance, Scheffé Test, and Canonical Correlation Analysis. The results showed that the subjects of this study consists the majority of male students, the ages are between 20 to 30 years old and having college education level. Most of them are still students and unmarried, monthly income are less than NT 20,000, swimming experience are mostly for more than four years. 　　Speaking of the participants’ motivations, “Potential Excitation” takes the highest ranked, followed by “Achievements”, “Self-confidence and “Self-challenge”. On the other hand, training satisfaction scores the highest among “Training Achievements”, followed by “Teaching Quality”, “Professionalism” and “Course Information”. The level of education, marriage and monthly income have significant differences in the part of participants’ motivations. There is positive correlation between the participants’ motivations and the training satisfaction. Furthermore, the strength of participants’ motivation will indeed affect not only the level of training satisfaction but also the future follow-up willingness to participate. Therefore, the conclusion of this study is that the participants’ motivations mainly focus on the “Potential Excitation” and the “Achievements” in order to influence the “Teaching Quality” of training satisfaction and the training results.

碩士
臺北巿立體育學院
運動技術研究所
99
Purpose: The purposes of the study were to understand the circumstance of perceived leadership behaviors of lifeguard coaches and training satisfaction of lifeguard students, to realize the difference and explore the relationship between perceived leadership behaviors of lifeguard coaches and training satisfaction of students in different background. Method: Questionnaires were used for data collection including demographic information, coach leadership behavior scale, and training satisfaction scale. Participants were lifeguards from 16 lifeguard teams in New Taipei City. A total of 420 questionnaires were administered, and 392 sets were valid with the returning rate of 96%. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation were used for data analyses. Conclusion: 1. Regarding the perceived leadership behaviors of lifeguard coaches in New Taipei City, the most significant factor was “training behavior”. 2. Concerning the training satisfaction of lifeguard in New Taipei City, “professional ability” was the most significant. 3. Males and college graduate had the highest scores on “coach leadership behavior scale” 4. Significant gender differences were found on “training satisfaction” among participants. 5. Training satisfaction had significantly positive correlations with training behavior, democratic behavior, teaching behavior and rewarding behavior, and had significantly negative correlation with autocratic behavior. key words: lifeguard, training behavior, professional ability

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
休閒運動健康系所
105
Abstract Student ID: N10364011 Title of Thesis: A Relationship Study between Training Motivation, Learning achievement and Continuous Service Wills of Military Lifeguard Total Pages: 168 pages National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Graduate Institute: Department of Recreational Sport & Health Promotion Date of Graduation: June, 2017 Degree Conferred: Master Name of Student: Han-Tung, Liu Advisor: Chang-Yang Wu Ph. D. Abstract: This research discusses the relations between training motivation, learning achievement and continuous serving wills of military lifeguards. The goal is to be a reference for the Ministry of Defense to plan professional education and national military officers and soldiers to obtain qualified licenses; moreover, it can strengthen the military’s ability and safety when executing rescue tasks, disaster-prevention and military training orders. Questionnaire survey is used in this research. The general survey, investigated face to face and by mail, aims to the national military officers and soldiers who acquired lifeguard licenses from Chinese Taipei Water Life Saving Association from 2012 to 2015. The questionnaire, referred to historical researches, includes four main parts: individual information, training-attending motivation, learning achievements, and sustained service wills. This survey is analyzed by descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS for Windows 18.0 software. The research comes to five conclusions. First, the military lifeguards are mainly male, aged 26~35, graduated from colleges, with monthly earnings between NTD30,001 and 45,000. Also, they are mostly navy sergeants serving for 4 to 6 years and teaching swimming is their main purpose to attend the Association’s training programs. The factors of not willing to continue lifeguard service, ranking from high to low, are not able to follow the schedule, non-sufficient training and study, preoccupied with other tasks, incomplete or disapproved organization management, unstable work due to being a lifeguard, and insufficient/unfair bonus. Second, the most valuable motivations for military lifeguards to join the training are social responsibility, self-growth, and social contact, while skills are valued the most as learning results. Third, military lifeguards’ different backgrounds result to different training motivation, learning achievement and serving willingness. Four, training motivation and learning achievement, training motivation and continued serving wills, learning achievement and continued serving wills are respectively highly related. Five, continued serving wills are predictable via training motivation and learning efficiency. Keywords: military, lifeguard, learning achievement, continuous serving wills.

碩士
美和科技大學
運動與休閒系碩士班
107
The objective of this study is to investigate aquatic lifesavers’ satisfaction with the test items included in the swimming pool lifeguard certification provided by “Ministry of Education （MOE） Sports Administration” and “International Life Saving Federation” and also compare their satisfaction across variables. The subjects include trainers and participants of aquatic life saving training and practitioners of aquatic life saving. The method consists of three steps. Step 1: Develop a questionnaire with expert validity. 210 copies of this questionnaire will be distributed as a pretest procedure. Step 2: After the questionnaire items are confirmed, a five-point Likert scale willed be adopted. The questionnaire will be administered online to 416 copies of 400 copies, remove 44 invalid questionnaires, and 356 valid questionnaires.Step 3: Conduct qualitative interviews to support the survey results. Using the questionnaire as the interview guideline and semi-structured interview as the method, two examiners and one head coach will be interviewed. Their responses willed be validated using triangulation to increase the reliability and validity of data. Finally, this study is expected to provide findings and suggestions to the authority concerned and related organizations. The findings and suggestions can be helpful for drowning prevention, aquatic life saving training and planning. They may also contribute to promotion and cooperation on aquatic safety policies and development of a better training system and environment.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
運動與休閒管理研究所在職碩士班
102
The professional certification system builds the dignity and ethics of professional services. Generally it ensures to rise the service quality to via the implementation of the legalization about the national professional qualification certificate systems, the resolution of the Eighth National Conference on Education in Taiwan 2010,recognized the supervisory measures and mechanisms of the system of the sports professionals certification will be improved, so the issue about "Promoting the System of the Sports Professionals Certification" is the focus of the Conference as mentioned above, For the purpose of this study is to systematize the content of the "water lifeguard" certification system ,in order to clarify and position the different types and legalizations of the sports professionals, includes the development direction of the legalization of the sports professionals as fellow. The current system in Taiwan is operated, the central government competent authority, the Ministry of Education（MOE, also）,shall designate the regulations, after the relevant specifications determined and examined by Sports Administration, Ministry of Education（SAMOE, also）,and signed the administrative-contracts with the private water-rescue organizations, entrusted the private water-rescue organizations handle the tests and retraining about the water lifeguard in Taiwan. This study is based on the qualitative research, including semi-structured interview" ,the interviewees were directly covered by the relevant administrative official, include the policy planners, executives and the clarks of the private water-rescue organizations as mentioned above, the preparation of the interview outline on this study were based on the relevant literature ,and the personal practices experience of the author, etc. The relevant experts and scholars test reliability and validity. Meanwhile the water lifeguard is deserved in the Professionals and Technicians Examinations Law and will be included the national examination or same as the Vocational Training Act and will be included the Vocational Skills Test in Taiwan? After data-analysis and results of the discussions on this study, the research results as follows: 一、The legalization of water lifeguard system, was promoted by the hoisting of the consumer rights, and standardize the content of the water lifeguard certification system to via the legalization in order to enhance the quality of favorable license. 二、The water lifeguard positioning depend on the other administrative functional law among the different times, such as the law and regulations about the management of the water recreation activities has the obligation rule about the employment of water lifeguard, and the criminal court judgments adjudicate that water lifeguard duty service is the Guarantor or suretyship, has formed a real substantial utility water lifeguard license; 三、When the next amendment of National Sports Law, maybe refer to the Section 7, Fire Services Act enacted authorization given the management style of the fire protection equipment engineer（including fire protection engineer and fire protection technician）, provide the professional human resources for the overall policy development thinking about the water-recreation safety, to serve the relevant government departments for follow-up policy reference. Keywords: water lifeguard, sports professionals certification, Legalization

Title: Psychic load as a distinctive and inseperable component of lifeguarding service Aim of thesis: Aim of thesis is to explore perception of psychic workload by lifeguards in Czech republic and to extract basic psychological aspects of their job by statistical analysis based on retrieved data. This research also seeks for distinctions in perception of psychic workload between different groups of employees sorted by age, gender, qualification and other characteristics, such as diverse work environment or collective team size, and compares acquired results with other studies targeted on the same problematic in other work branches. Method: To retrieve data were used three questionnaires, which where spreaded electronically in cooperation with secretaryship of Water Rescue Service of Czech Red Cross and tens of pool operators throughout all the Czech republic. All the responses were descriptively and analytically processed using SPSS 17 programme and standardised statistical methods. Results: Results and conclusions will be used to characterise lifeguard occupation in a psychological way and to point out work-related and environment-related factors which have the most significant influence on lifeguards psychic. They will serve as a complementary material for pool operators to help them create more...

The aim of the thesis is to describe the role of the Water Rescue Service of the Czech Red Cross as a component of the Integrated Rescue System, and also to analyze and compare its activities with activities, skills and the material-technical equipment with other three randomly selected Water Rescue Services in Europe (Slovak Red Cross - Water Rescue Service, Irish Water Safety, The Royal Life Saving Society UK). One of the major benefits of the diploma thesis was a proposal how to improve the activities of the Water Rescue Service of the Czech Red Cross.