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Santamaria, Belen Moreno, Fernando del Ama Gonzalo, Matthew Griffin, Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria i Juan A. Hernandez Ramos. "Life Cycle Assessment of Dynamic Water Flow Glazing Envelopes: A Case Study with Real Test Facilities". Energies 14, nr 8 (14.04.2021): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082195.
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High initial costs hinder innovative technologies for building envelopes. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) should consider energy savings to show relevant economic benefits and potential to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) should focus on investment, operation, maintenance, dismantling, disposal, and/or recycling for the building. This study compares the LCC and LCE analysis of Water Flow Glazing (WFG) envelopes with traditional double and triple glazing facades. The assessment considers initial, operational, and disposal costs and energy consumption as well as different energy systems for heating and cooling. Real prototypes have been built in two different locations to record real-world data of yearly operational energy. WFG systems consistently showed a higher initial investment than traditional glazing. The final Life Cycle Cost analysis demonstrates that WFG systems are better over the operation phase only when it is compared with a traditional double-glazing. However, a Life Cycle Energy assessment over 50 years concluded that energy savings between 36% and 66% and CO2 emissions reduction between 30% and 70% could be achieved.
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Kumar, Ashok, Pardeep Singh, Nishant Raj Kapoor, Chandan Swaroop Meena, Kshitij Jain, Kishor S. Kulkarni i Raffaello Cozzolino. "Ecological Footprint of Residential Buildings in Composite Climate of India—A Case Study". Sustainability 13, nr 21 (28.10.2021): 11949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111949.
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Buildings are accountable for waste generation, utilization of natural resources, and ecological contamination. The construction sector is one of the biggest consumers of resources available naturally and is responsible for significant CO2 emissions on the planet. The effects of the buildings on the environment are commonly determined using Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). The investigation and comparison of the Life Cycle Ecological Footprint (LCEF) and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) of five residential buildings situated in the composite climatic zone of India is presented in this study. The utilization of resources (building materials) along with developing a mobile application and a generic model to choose low emission material is the uniqueness of this study. The utilization of eco-friendly building materials and how these are more efficient than conventional building materials are also discussed. In this investigation, the two approaches, (a) Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) and (b) Life Cycle Ecological Footprint (LCEF), are discussed to evaluate the impacts of building materials on the environment. The energy embedded due to the materials used in a building is calculated to demonstrate the prevalence of innovative construction techniques over traditional materials. The generic model developed to assess the LCEA of residential buildings in the composite climate of India and the other results show that the utilization of low-energy building materials brings about a significant decrease in the LCEF and the LCE of the buildings. The results are suitable for a similar typology of buildings elsewhere in different climatic zone as well. The MATLAB model presented will help researchers globally to follow-up or replicate the study in their country. The developed user-friendly mobile application will enhance the awareness related to energy, environment, ecology, and sustainable development in the general public. This study can help in understanding and thus reducing the ecological burden of building materials, eventually leading towards sustainable development.
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Li, Qiangnian, Tongze Han, Changlin Niu i Ping Liu. "Life Cycle Carbon Emission Analyzing of Rural Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofit-A Case Study of Gansu province". E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901063.
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Objective To study and analyze the life-cycle carbon emissions of existing rural residential energy retrofit projects to provide theoretical and data support for local rural green development and sustainable construction. Methods Life cycle analysis (LCA) was used to analyze and compare the life cycle carbon emissions (LCE) of a rural residential envelope energy efficiency retrofitting project in central Gansu. Results It was found that rural dwellings have a very high potential for energy efficiency retrofitting, and the contribution of retrofitted homes to CO2 emissions reduction can reach more than 30% over the whole life cycle. Secondly, during the retrofitting process, neglected in previous studies, carbon emissions account for about a quarter of the LCE. It is concluded that introducing LCA into evaluating rural residential energy retrofit projects' energy-saving and emission reduction benefits is more scientific, reasonable, and necessary.
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Uda, S. A. K. A., M. A. Wibowo i J. U. D. Hatmoko. "Life cycle energy (LCE) on project life cycle (PLC): a literature review". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 724, nr 1 (1.04.2021): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012057.
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Thaipradit, Pipat, Nantamol Limphitakphong, Premrudee Kanchanapiya, Thanapol Tantisattayakul i Orathai Chavalparit. "The Influence of Building Envelop Materials on its Life Cycle Performance: A Case Study of Educational Building in Thailand". Key Engineering Materials 780 (wrzesień 2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.780.74.
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The analysis of life cycle energy (LCE) and life cycle carbon (LCC) of building were performed in this study in order to identify the solutions for reducing energy-related carbon emission throughout building life time. The influence factors associated with building envelop materials (wall, insulation, window, window-to-wall ratio) were evaluated. The result showed that operation phase contributed a vast majority (>90%) of LCE and LCC. Only 4% emissions saving could be achieved if autoclaved aerated concrete block, cellulose insulation and triple glazing were implemented with WWR of 0.17. The finding suggested that reducing carbon emission should not only be prioritized through use of high energy efficient materials/technologies but should also integrate energy saving measures since energy demand in tropical country is quite high for cooling building. In addition, increasing a possibility and feasibility for supplying renewable energy should be further investigated importunately.
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Moazzen, Nazanin, Mustafa Erkan Karaguler i Touraj Ashrafian. "Assessment of the Life Cycle Energy Efficiency of a Primary School Building in Turkey". Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (styczeń 2019): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.335.
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Energy efficiency has become a crucial part of human life, which has an adverse impact on the social and economic development of any country. In Turkey, it is a critical issue especially in the construction sector due to increase in the dependency on the fuel demands. The energy consumption, which is used during the life cycle of a building, is a huge amount affected by the energy demand for material and building construction, HVAC and lighting systems, maintenance, equipment, and demolition. In general, the Life Cycle Energy (LCE) needs of the building can be summarised as the operational and embodied energy together with the energy use for demolition and recycling processes.Besides, schools alone are responsible for about 15% of the total energy consumption of the commercial building sector. To reduce the energy use and CO2 emission, the operational and embodied energy of the buildings must be minimised. Overall, it seems that choosing proper architectural measures for the envelope and using low emitting material can be a logical step for reducing operational and embodied energy consumptions.This paper is concentrated on the operating and embodied energy consumptions resulting from the application of different architectural measures through the building envelope. It proposes an educational building with low CO2 emission and proper energy performance in Turkey. To illustrate the method of the approach, this contribution illustrates a case study, which was performed on a representative schoold building in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy used for HVAC and lighting in the operating phase and the energy used for the manufacture of the materials are the most significant parts of embodied energy in the LCE analyses. This case study building’s primary energy consumption was calculated with the help of dynamic simulation tools, EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Then, different architectural energy efficiency measures were applied to the envelope of the case study building. Then, the influence of proposed actions on LCE consumption and Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2) emissions were assessed according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method.
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TSURUMAKI, Mineo, Mikio UEMATSU i Koichiro NEZU. "Effectiveness of life cycle energy(LCE) analysis for urban development planning." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 22 (1994): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.22.158.
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Sandberg, Marcus, Jani Mukkavaara, Farshid Shadram i Thomas Olofsson. "Multidisciplinary Optimization of Life-Cycle Energy and Cost Using a BIM-Based Master Model". Sustainability 11, nr 1 (8.01.2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010286.
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Virtual design tools and methods can aid in creating decision bases, but it is a challenge to balance all the trade-offs between different disciplines in building design. Optimization methods are at hand, but the question is how to connect and coordinate the updating of the domain models of each discipline and centralize the product definition into one source instead of having several unconnected product definitions. Building information modelling (BIM) features the idea of centralizing the product definition to a BIM-model and creating interoperability between models from different domains and previous research reports on different applications in a number of fields within construction. Recent research features BIM-based optimization, but there is still a question of knowing how to design a BIM-based process using neutral file formats to enable multidisciplinary optimization of life-cycle energy and cost. This paper proposes a framework for neutral BIM-based multidisciplinary optimization. The framework consists of (1) a centralized master model, from which different discipline-specific domain models are generated and evaluated; and (2) an optimization algorithm controlling the optimization loop. Based on the proposed framework, a prototype was developed and used in a case study of a Swedish multifamily residential building to test the framework’s applicability in generating and optimizing multiple models based on the BIM-model. The prototype was developed to enhance the building’s sustainability performance by optimizing the trade-off between the building’s life-cycle energy (LCE) and life-cycle cost (LCC) when choosing material for the envelope. The results of the case study demonstrated the applicability of the framework and prototype in optimizing the trade-off between conflicting objectives, such as LCE and LCC, during the design process.
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AKINAGA, Kunji, i Mamoru KASHIWAYA. "Study on Energy Saved Alternative Sewer Systems by Life Cycle Energy(LCE) Analysis." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, nr 622 (1999): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1999.622_35.
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Grenz, Julian, Moritz Ostermann, Karoline Käsewieter, Felipe Cerdas, Thorsten Marten, Christoph Herrmann i Thomas Tröster. "Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components". Sustainability 15, nr 13 (25.06.2023): 10041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310041.
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The development of automotive components with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is needed to reduce overall vehicle emissions. Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) supports this by providing holistic information and improvement potentials regarding eco-efficient products. Key factors influencing LCAs of automotive components, such as material production, will change in the future. First approaches for integrating future scenarios for these key factors into LCE already exist, but they only consider a limited number of parameters and scenarios. This work aims to develop a method that can be practically applied in the industry for integrating prospective LCAs (pLCA) into the LCE of automotive components, considering relevant parameters and consistent scenarios. Therefore, pLCA methods are further developed to investigate the influence of future scenarios on the GHG emissions of automotive components. The practical application is demonstrated for a vehicle component with different design options. This paper shows that different development paths of the foreground and background system can shift the ecological optimum of design alternatives. Therefore, future pathways of relevant parameters must be considered comprehensively to reduce GHG emissions of future vehicles. This work contributes to the methodological and practical integration of pLCA into automotive development processes and provides quantitative results.
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Yavari, Fatemeh, Iman Khajehzadeh i Brenda Vale. "Design options for an ageing New Zealand population: A life cycle energy (LCE) analysis". Energy and Buildings 166 (maj 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.01.027.
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He, Xiaoyi, Xunmin Ou, Shiyan Chang, Xu Zhang, Qian Zhang i Xiliang Zhang. "Analysis of Life-Cycle Energy Use and GHG Emissions of the Biomass-to-Ethanol Pathway of the Coskata Process under Chinese Conditions". Low Carbon Economy 03, nr 03 (2012): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/lce.2012.323014.
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Kesic, Jelena, i Dejan Skala. "Antifreeze life cycle assessment (LCA)". Chemical Industry 59, nr 5-6 (2005): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0506132k.
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Antifreeze based on ethylene glycol is a commonly used commercial product The classification of ethylene glycol as a toxic material increased the disposal costs for used antifreeze and life cycle assessment became a necessity. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considers the identification and quantification of raw materials and energy inputs and waste outputs during the whole life cycle of the analyzed product. The objectives of LCA are the evaluation of impacts on the environment and improvements of processes in order to reduce and/or eliminate waste. LCA is conducted through a mathematical model derived from mass and energy balances of all the processes included in the life cycle. In all energy processes the part of energy that can be transformed into some other kind of energy is called exergy. The concept of exergy considers the quality of different types of energy and the quality of different materials. It is also a connection between energy and mass transformations. The whole life cycle can be described by the value of the total loss of exergy. The physical meaning of this value is the loss of material and energy that can be used. The results of LCA are very useful for the analyzed products and processes and for the determined conditions under which the analysis was conducted. The results of this study indicate that recycling is the most satisfactory solution for the treatment of used antifreeze regarding material and energy consumption but the re-use of antifreeze should not be neglected as a solution.
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Laurent, Alexis, Christine Molin, Mikołaj Owsianiak, Peter Fantke, Wim Dewulf, Christoph Herrmann, Sami Kara i Michael Hauschild. "The role of life cycle engineering (LCE) in meeting the sustainable development goals – report from a consultation of LCE experts". Journal of Cleaner Production 230 (wrzesień 2019): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.129.
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Blackburne, Laura, Koorosh Gharehbaghi i Amin Hosseinian-Far. "The knock-on effects of green buildings: high-rise construction design implications". International Journal of Structural Integrity 13, nr 1 (13.10.2021): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-06-2021-0062.
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PurposeThe aims and objectives of this research are to establish whether or not the transition into green building in high-rise construction is practical. This is after considering several perspectives including financial, economic, environmental, and social. This subsequently leads to an evaluation on whether or not the continuation with a standard conventional build of high-rise buildings remains to be the most feasible option. Such objectives, therefore, aim to allow for validation of how and why high-rise construction designs are impacted through green buildings effects.Design/methodology/approachThrough six defined steps, the methodology commences with an introductory section of what it means to build green. This section is further broken down to evaluate what factors are involved in constructing a green building. Furthermore, the life cycle energy (LCE) is used as a framework to evaluate the knock-on effects of green buildings and subsequent high-rise construction design implications.FindingsThrough defining the ongoing relationship of green materials and sustainable design, various implications for high-rise constructions were discovered. First and foremost, it was determined that the LCE is the central consideration for any high-rise building design. In evaluating the LCE, and overall operating energy of the 50-year cycle of a building was carried out. As the results showed, the operating energy represents around 85% of the total energy that is consumed at the end of the 50 years cycle of the building. Precise LCE calculation can lead to a more efficient design for high-rise buildings. As a result, an increased understanding of the current status of green buildings within the construction industry is paramount. This understanding leads to a better insight into the contributing factors to green building in high-rise construction and the construction industry in general.Originality/valueThe potential contribution that can be gained from this research is the awareness that is raised in the research and development of green buildings in high-rise construction. This can be achieved by using certain materials such as new energy-efficient building materials, recycled materials and so on. This research will contribute to defining a new way of sustainable buildings, particularly for high-rise construction. The outcome of the research will be beneficial for practitioners such as design engineers and other related professions.
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Mela, Giulio, Maria Leonor Carvalho, Andrea Temporelli i Pierpaolo Girardi. "The Commodity Life Cycle Costing Indicator. An Economic Measure of Natural Resource Use in the Life Cycle". Sustainability 13, nr 9 (26.04.2021): 4870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094870.
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This study defines a methodology for the development of an economic indicator of natural resource use to be applied in the framework of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to integrate the assessment of the environmental performances of products or processes during their life-cycle. The indicator developed-called Commodity Life Cycle Costing (or C-LCC)-is based on market prices, therefore incorporating information from both the demand and supply sides. Monte Carlo analysis is used to take price volatility into account. Alternative versions of the indicator, based on open-source data or calculated considering European Union’s critical raw materials only, are also developed. The study also provides a comparison between the C-LCC indicator and ReCiPe’s Mineral and Fossil Resource Depletion indicators and applies the proposed methodology to several types of batteries for stationary energy storage.
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INOUE, Takashi. "Life Cycle Assessment on Biomass Energy Use". Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 4, nr 2 (2008): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.4.135.
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Mohammed Ridha, Hussein, Chandima Gomes, Hashim Hizam i Masoud Ahmadipour. "Optimal Design of Standalone Photovoltaic System Based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization: A Case Study of Malaysia". Processes 8, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010041.
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This paper presents a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) method for optimal sizing of the standalone photovoltaic (SAPV) systems. Loss of load probability (LLP) analysis is considered to determine the technical evaluation of the system. Life cycle cost (LCC) and levelized cost of energy (LCE) are treated as the economic criteria. The two variants of the proposed PSO method, referred to as adaptive weights PSO ( A W P S O c f ) and sigmoid function PSO ( S F P S O c f ) , are implemented using MATLAB software to the optimize the number of PV modules in (series and parallel) and number of the storage battery. The case study of the proposed SAPV system is executed using the hourly meteorological data and typical load demand for one year in a rural area in Malaysia. The performance outcomes of the proposed A W / S F P S O c f methods give various configurations at desired levels of LLP values and the corresponding minimum cost. The performance results showed the superiority of S F P S O c f in terms of accuracy is selecting an optimal configuration at fitness function value 0.031268, LLP value 0.002431, LCC 53167 USD, and LCE 1.6413 USD. The accuracy of A W / S F P S O c f methods is verified by using the iterative method.
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Cabeza, Luisa F., Lídia Rincón, Virginia Vilariño, Gabriel Pérez i Albert Castell. "Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 29 (styczeń 2014): 394–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.037.
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Baldoni, Edoardo, Silvia Coderoni, Elisa Di Giuseppe, Marco D’Orazio, Roberto Esposti i Gianluca Maracchini. "A Software Tool for a Stochastic Life Cycle Assessment and Costing of Buildings’ Energy Efficiency Measures". Sustainability 13, nr 14 (16.07.2021): 7975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147975.
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This article presents a novel software tool for the assessments of life-cycle environmental impacts and costs, which is aimed to support decision-making in the design phase of retrofit interventions in the building sector. By combining Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) calculations and functionalities, this tool allows evaluating the long-term trade-offs between economic and environmental performance of investment projects in energy efficiency for buildings, while accounting for uncertainties in input parameters and economic scenarios. A major novelty of the software tool is the stochastic nature of both the LCC and LCA dimensions. The LCA is implemented with Monte-Carlo methods, while the LCC accounts for the probabilistic interdependence of macroeconomic variables over time. The software also includes advanced specific tools for parametrization and sensitivity analysis. Exemplary applications are presented in order to illustrate the novelty and the functionalities of the software tool.
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CHEN, Ching-Feng. "Offshore floating photovoltaic system energy returns assessment—A life cycle energy analysis-based perspective". AIMS Energy 11, nr 3 (2023): 540–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2023028.
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<abstract> <p>Researchers have long regarded photovoltaics (PV) as a poor energy return (ER) compared to fossil fuels. Although the latter's energy-return-on-investment (EROI), like oil, coal, and gas, are above 25:1 at the primary, they are about 6:1 at the final stage. Following the technology creation, it is essential to investigate whether the solar module technology innovation affects the ER. Much literature delivers the ERs of fossil fuels and PV. However, it does not address the life cycle analysis or life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) assessments. This paper, employing time-series and LCEA analyses, performs an ER evaluation of the 181-MWp global most extensive offshore floating PV (OFPV) in a 30-year life cycle at Changhua Coastal Industrial Park, Taiwan. The results show that the energy payback time (EPBT) is about one year. The EROI is about 29.8, which is superior or complies with the upper limits of previous studies under the same insolation. The approach proposed in this study should help future PV stations' ER analysis and clarify whether the innovation benefits from improving the system's performance. The results also assist in investors' decision-making regarding deploying PV projects in the future.</p> </abstract>
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Petrillo, Antonella, Fabio De Felice, Elio Jannelli, Claudio Autorino, Mariagiovanna Minutillo i Antonio Lubrano Lavadera. "Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis model for a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system". Renewable Energy 95 (wrzesień 2016): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.027.
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Canaj, Kledja, Angelo Parente, Massimiliano D’Imperio, Francesca Boari, Vito Buono, Michele Toriello, Andi Mehmeti i Francesco Fabiano Montesano. "Can Precise Irrigation Support the Sustainability of Protected Cultivation? A Life-Cycle Assessment and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis". Water 14, nr 1 (21.12.2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010006.
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To address sustainability challenges, agricultural advances in Mediterranean horticultural systems will necessitate a paradigmatic shift toward smart technologies, the impacts of which from a life cycle perspective have to be explored. Using life cycle thinking approaches, this study evaluated the synergistic environmental and economic performance of precise irrigation in greenhouse Zucchini production following a cradle-to-farm gate perspective. A cloud-based decision support system and a sensor-based irrigation management system (both referred to as “smart irrigation” approaches) were analyzed and compared to the farmer’s experience-based irrigation. The potential environmental indicators were quantified using life cycle assessment (LCA) with the ReCiPe 2016 method. For the economic analysis, life cycle costing (LCC) was applied, accounting not only for private product costs but also for so-called “hidden” or “external” environmental costs by monetizing LCA results. Smart irrigation practices exhibited similar performance, consuming on average 38.2% less irrigation water and energy, thus generating environmental benefits ranging from 0.17% to 62%. Single score results indicated that life cycle environmental benefits are up to 13% per ton of product. The cost-benefit analysis results showed that even though the implementation of smart irrigation imposes upfront investment costs, these costs are offset by the benefits to water and energy conservation associated with these practices. The reduction of investment costs and higher water costs in future, and lower internal rate of return can further enhance the profitability of smart irrigation strategies. The overall results of this study highlight that smart and innovative irrigation practices can enhance water-energy efficiency, gaining an economic advantage while also reducing the environmental burdens of greenhouse cultivation in a Mediterranean context.
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Van Gulck, Lisa, Stijn Van de Putte, Nathan Van Den Bossche i Marijke Steeman. "Comparison of an LCA and LCC for façade renovation strategies designed for change". E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 18005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017218005.
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This paper examines the environmental and financial impact of façade renovation strategies designed for change and how taking into account each of these aspects will lead to different renovation decisions. In a first part of the paper the optimal construction method for different façade renovation strategies is searched from the environmental point of view. This is done through life cycle analysis (LCA). In a second part of the paper the financial impact of the results obtained with LCA is determined. This is done with life cycle costing (LCC). The results show that although both LCA and LCC are life cycle studies that follow similar principles and boundaries this does not mean that LCA and LCC based decisions will coincide. For the environmental score the operational energy of a building has the largest impact and energy efficiency measures will often be beneficial. For the financial cost the investment cost is the most important impact and energy efficiency measures will only pay off to a certain extent. Decisions that are based solely on the financial cost may thus lead to sub-optimal solutions from an environmental point of view.
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KUDOH, Yuki. "Overlook the Hydrogen Energy from Life Cycle Perspective". Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 12, nr 3 (2016): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.12.180.
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Kesic, Jelena, i Dejan Skala. "Antifreeze life cycle assessment, II: Mathematical modeling". Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 11, nr 2 (2005): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0502085k.
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A mathematical model based on the mass and energy balances of all the processes included in antifreeze life cycle assessment (LCA) was defined in the first part of this study [1]. The part of energy that can be transformed into some other kind of energy is called exergy in all energy processes. The concept of exergy considers the quality of different types of energy and materials. It is also a connection between energy and mass transformations where the physical meaning of exergy loss is the loss of material and energy that must be used in the process. The results of the LCA calculation are very useful for analyzing the obtained products and used processes and for determining the conditions under which this analysis was conducted. The result of this study indicated that recycling is the most satisfactory solution for the treatment of used antifreeze taking into account two parameters: material and energy consumption. The reuse of antifreeze should not be neglected as a solution of this analysis.
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Al-Sakkaf, Abobakr, Ashutosh Bagchi i Tarek Zayed. "Evaluating Life-Cycle Energy Costs of Heritage Buildings". Buildings 12, nr 8 (19.08.2022): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081271.
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After the sustainability of heritage buildings (HBs) has been evaluated and it is determined that rehabilitation is needed, then the life-cycle cost (LCC) of energy for HBs can be analyzed. The objective of this research was to evaluate the LCC of energy for HBs and develop a comprehensive life-cycle model that will aid in expenditure planning and budget allocation. This study was validated through the weighted sums method and two case studies—Murabba Palace (MP), Saudi Arabia; and Grey Nuns Building (GN), Canada—were evaluated. For any HB, the project life cycle includes planning, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and maintenance phases. Saudi Arabian and Canadian experts completed questionnaires to attribute a percentage of importance of each of the aforementioned phases with respect to energy consumption. The findings from this study will enable facility managers to make effective rehabilitation decisions. The operation phase has the highest impact on the energy consumption, gas consumption, and cost of the building in both case studies. Moreover, the findings from this study can be used to establish cost-effective intervention strategies. Their responses were employed in the development of a life-cycle model. Excel® and Minitab® were used to calculate Cronbach’s alpha values for data reliability, and the project LCC of energy for the two case studies was studied. The operation phase appeared to be the most energy-consuming phase in both case studies, contributing the most to the cost of the building.
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Eom, D., i T. Kusuda. "A new planning method for selecting water supply alternatives in an urbanized watershed with a stochastic approach". Water Supply 3, nr 3 (1.06.2003): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0036.
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Water supply alternatives to alleviate water shortage damages in urbanized watersheds are itemized and evaluated in terms of cost, life cycle energy (LCE), and damages. A newly developed stochastic model of precipitation and constructed GIS databases are applied to estimation of potential water resources in the Hakata bay watershed in Japan. Based on these results, water supply alternatives in the watershed are selected at several return periods on less annual precipitation in the order of minimizing cost, LCE, and damages. The water supply alternatives selected are cascade reuse in house, groundwater, two kinds of recycled water, and desalinated water. The storage water volume in the reservoirs at initial time, annual precipitation, and annual precipitation patterns are considered as three factors on water shortage from the water supply side. The unit values of cost, LCE, and damages are obtained to estimate damages of water shortage and to consider measures for water supply by applying the above three factors. Finally, based on statistical distribution of damages on water shortage, a new planning method to avoid water shortage is developed and how to decide a design precipitation level is proposed in terms of the return period of damages instead of that of precipitation.
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Oliveira, André Souza, Bruno Caetano dos Santos Silva, Cristiano Vasconcellos Ferreira, Renelson Ribeiro Sampaio, Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado i Rodrigo Santiago Coelho. "Adding Technology Sustainability Evaluation to Product Development: A Proposed Methodology and an Assessment Model". Sustainability 13, nr 4 (16.02.2021): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042097.
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In the current world scenario, which is experiencing the arrival of new technologies, Industry 4.0, increased mobility and a pandemic environment, the achievement of sustainability demands proactive solutions. One of these actions includes the design of sustainable products. Several authors have studied the scientific discipline of Life Cycle Engineering (LCE), which encompasses environmental, social and economic dimensions. However, current LCE models have gaps, such as the need to incorporate a more holistic view, uncertainty and integrated analysis. In this context, the aim of this paper is to present a model to evaluate the technology sustainability (TS) dimension. The methodology of the present work involves a literature review, the development of a model with qualitative and quantitative data, and application in a case study. A structure was developed to include market, technical, and technology-scaling perspectives. The computational model uses hybrid Bayesian networks, based on probabilistic theory, and incorporates uncertainty using sustainability indicators. The model includes quantitative and qualitative variables derived from experts’ opinions. The results of applying the model to a real research project on manhole covers indicate that this analytical tool can support decision-making, allowing a new dimension to be incorporated into LCE analysis. Finally, the model allows LCE analysis to be applied in a variety of circumstances, such as strategy development or the selection of more sustainable products, as well as the evaluation of competing products.
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Ngabuk, Daniel Alfrentino, Jemmy Immanuel i Desrina Yusi Irawati. "Life Cycle Assessment Kerangka Hand Sanitizer Pedal". Industrial & System Engineering Journals (ISEJOU) 1, nr 1 (30.12.2022): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/isejou.v1i1.397.
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method used to analyze the impact of a product on the environment during the product life cycle. LCA itself can also be said as an approach to measure the environmental impact caused by company activities, then the production process, and finally waste management. LCA aims to make a study of the impact of recycling a product on the area and provide detailed data for the consumption of materials and energy during the creation period. There are several benefits from implementing this LCA, namely saving energy and raw materials, cheaper distribution costs, and many more benefits from implementing this LCA, especially in companies whose products produce quite a lot of waste. At the LCA stage, the entire series in the product life cycle is always considered. In research activities, LCA is an added value to provide information on the environmental impacts that occur from the research process and then produce the product of the research itself.
Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment, Production
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Zheng, Mulian, Wang Chen, Xiaoyan Ding, Wenwu Zhang i Sixin Yu. "Comprehensive Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Preventive Maintenance Techniques for Asphalt Pavement". Sustainability 13, nr 9 (27.04.2021): 4887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094887.
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Preventive maintenance (PM) is regarded as the most economical maintenance strategy for asphalt pavement, but the life cycle environmental impacts (LCEI) of different PM techniques have not yet been comprehensively assessed and compared, thus hindering sustainable PM planning. This study aims to comprehensively estimate and compared the LCEI of five PM techniques then propose measures to reduce environmental impacts in PM design by using life cycle assessment (LCA), including fog seal with sand, micro-surfacing, composite seal, ultra-thin asphalt overlay, and thin asphalt overlay. Afterwards, ten kinds of LCEI categories and energy consumption of PM techniques were compared from the LCA phases, and inventory inputs perspectives, respectively. Results show that fog seal with sand and micro-surfacing can lower all LCEI scores by more than 50%. The environmental performance of five PM techniques provided by sensitivity analysis indicated that service life may not create significant impact on LCA results to some extent. Moreover, four PM combination plans were developed and compared for environmental performance, and results show that the PM plan only includes seal coat techniques that can reduce the total LCEI by 7–29% in pavement life. Increasing the frequency of seal coat techniques can make the PM plans more sustainable.
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Betten, Thomas, Shivenes Shammugam i Roberta Graf. "Adjustment of the Life Cycle Inventory in Life Cycle Assessment for the Flexible Integration into Energy Systems Analysis". Energies 13, nr 17 (27.08.2020): 4437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174437.
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With an increasing share of renewable energy technologies in our energy systems, the integration of not only direct emission (from the use phase), but also the total life cycle emissions (including emissions during resource extraction, production, etc.) becomes more important in order to draw meaningful conclusions from Energy Systems Analysis (ESA). While the benefit of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into ESA is acknowledged, methodologically sound integration lacks resonance in practice, partly because the dimension of the implications is not yet fully understood. This study proposes an easy-to-implement procedure for the integration of LCA results in ESA based on existing theoretical approaches. The need for a methodologically sound integration, including the avoidance of double counting of emissions, is demonstrated on the use case of Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell photovoltaic technology. The difference in Global Warming Potential of 19% between direct and LCA based emissions shows the significance for the integration of the total emissions into energy systems analysis and the potential double counting of 75% of the life cycle emissions for the use case supports the need for avoidance of double counting.
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Kaewunruen, Sakdirat, Jessada Sresakoolchai i Shuonan Yu. "Global Warming Potentials Due to Railway Tunnel Construction and Maintenance". Applied Sciences 10, nr 18 (16.09.2020): 6459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186459.
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Global warming is a critical issue nowadays. Although the railway system is considered as green transportation, it cannot be denied that railway tunnels have a significant environmental impact during construction and maintenance. At the same time, asset management of a project becomes more popular in project analysis. Therefore, this study aims to analyse life-cycle cost (LCC) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) for the Xikema No. 1 high-speed railway tunnel in China to consider the environmental impact of rail tunnel construction. The initial capital costs of tunnel and rail construction, operation, and maintenance costs have been separately considered in terms of the life-cycle cost analysis and net present value (NPV) with various discount rates. The LCA analysis has presented the CO2 emissions and energy consumption over the construction and operation processes into consideration. The CO2 emissions and energy consumption caused by material production, maintenance, and material transportation have been accounted for. The results show that the materials used during the construction process contribute to about 97.1% of CO2 emissions of the life-cycle while CO2 emissions caused by the operation and maintenance process are relatively small compared with the construction process. Moreover, the maintenance process consumes over 55% of the life-cycle energy. The energy consumption of the tunnel construction process is approximately 44.3%. At the same time, the construction contributes to the main proportion of LCC due to relatively low cost in the operation and maintenance stages.
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Ciacci, Luca, i Fabrizio Passarini. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Environmental and Energy Systems". Energies 13, nr 22 (12.11.2020): 5892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225892.
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Pehnt, Martin. "Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies". Renewable Energy 31, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.03.002.
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Arulnathan, Vivek, Mohammad Davoud Heidari, Maurice Doyon, Eric P. H. Li i Nathan Pelletier. "Economic Indicators for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: Going beyond Life Cycle Costing". Sustainability 15, nr 1 (20.12.2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010013.
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Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is universally accepted as the method of choice for economic assessment in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) but the singular focus on costs is ineffective in representing the multiple facets of economic sustainability. This review intends to identify other economic indicators to potentially complement the use of LCC in LCSA. Papers for the review were identified in the Web of Science Core Collection database for the years 2010–2021. The shortlisted indicators were analyzed using 18 criteria. The 21 indicators analyzed performed well with respect to the review criteria for indicator methodology and use but most are unsuitable for direct integration into the LCC/LCSA framework due to the inability to aggregate across life cycles and a lack of correspondingly granular data. The indicators were grouped into six economic impact categories—profitability, productivity, innovation, stability, customers, and autonomy—each of which represents a significant aspect of economic sustainability. On this basis, a conceptual framework is proposed that could maintain the utility of LCC while integrating additional indicators to enable more holistic economic assessments in LCSA. Considering additional economic indicators in LCSA ensures that the positive aspects of LCC are preserved while also improving economic assessment in LCSA.
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Abejón, Ricardo, Jara Laso, Marta Rodrigo, Israel Ruiz-Salmón, Mario Mañana, María Margallo i Rubén Aldaco. "Toward Energy Savings in Campus Buildings under a Life Cycle Thinking Approach". Applied Sciences 10, nr 20 (13.10.2020): 7123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207123.
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Recent studies have identified that buildings all over the world are great contributors to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The relationship between the building industry and environmental pollution is continuously discussed. The building industry includes many phases: extraction of raw materials, manufacturing, construction, use, and demolition. Each phase consumes a large amount of energy, and subsequent emissions are released. The life cycle energy assessment (LCEA) is a simplified version of the life cycle assessment (LCA) that focuses only on the evaluation of energy inputs for different phases of the life cycle. Operational energy is the energy required for day-to-day operation processes of buildings, such as heating, cooling and ventilation systems, lighting, as well as appliances. This use phase accounts for the largest portion of energy consumption of the life cycle of conventional buildings. In addition, energy performance certification of buildings is an obligation under current European legislation, which promotes efficient energy use, so it is necessary to ensure that the energy performance of the building is upgraded to meet minimum requirements. For this purpose, this work proposes the consideration of the energy impacts and material resources used in the operation phase of a building to calculate the contribution of these energy impacts as new variables for the energy performance certification. The application of this new approach to the evaluation of university buildings has been selected as a case study. From a methodological point of view, the approach relied on the energy consumption records obtained from energy and materials audit exercises with the aid of LCA databases. Taking into practice the proposed methodology, the primary energy impact and the related emissions were assessed to simplify the decision-making process for the energy certification of buildings. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the consumption of water and other consumable items (paper) are important from energy and environmental perspectives.
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Lee, Mina. "Life Cycle Assessment of Drilled Shafts". DFI Journal The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute 16, nr 2 (22.11.2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/dfijnl.20211026.245.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely used methodology for quantifying environmental impacts associated with the life cycle stages of a system. LCA utilizes inventory of energy and materials to calculate the emissions from the life cycle stages and characterize the emissions into environmental impacts. LCA is applicable to complex systems like geo-structures, but its application in geotechnical engineering has been lacking because it is not mandatory in current practice. Given that geotechnical constructions involve land transformations through earthworks and construction of large-scale concrete and/or steel structures (e.g., bridge abutments, retaining structures, and tunnels), geotechnical engineering can play a vital role in sustainable development by ensuring that the resources are consumed responsibly with minimal emissions to the environment. LCA can help designers determine the most environment-friendly option among design alternatives. It can also help in optimizing designs by varying the parameters that affect the environmental impacts or emissions of interest. In this paper, the process of performing LCA is described with drilled shaft foundations as examples. Sample calculations related to the quantification part of LCA are provided, and sample results are interpreted to demonstrate the usefulness of information obtained from LCA.
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Gouda, H., R. M. Ashley, D. Gilmour i H. Smith. "Life cycle analysis and sewer solids". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 4 (1.02.2003): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0250.
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The search for sustainable ways of living has necessitated a new look at the way in which water services are provided. The new paradigm includes whole-system perspectives for each of the primary criteria groups: social, environmental and economic. Whilst Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) techniques have been used successfully for products, they are much less used to assess processes. Nonetheless there is much to learn from the use of LCA for a much wider range of applications. An application is described whereby LCA has been used to determine energy, mass flows and environmental impacts for a number of sewer-related options for handling sewer solids, using the SimaPro software. This work has been part of a wider study to provide enhanced decision support systems for water utilities.
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Ziębik, Andrzej, Krzysztof Hoinka i Marcin Liszka. "Life cycle assessment analysis of supercritical coal power units". Archives of Thermodynamics 31, nr 3 (1.09.2010): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-010-0018-5.
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Life cycle assessment analysis of supercritical coal power unitsThis paper presents the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis concerning the selected options of supercritical coal power units. The investigation covers a pulverized power unit without a CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) installation, a pulverized unit with a "post-combustion" installation (MEA type) and a pulverized power unit working in the "oxy-combustion" mode. For each variant the net electric power amounts to 600 MW. The energy component of the LCA analysis has been determined. It describes the depletion of non-renewable natural resources. The energy component is determined by the coefficient of cumulative energy consumption in the life cycle. For the calculation of the ecological component of the LCA analysis the cumulative CO2emission has been applied. At present it is the basic emission factor for the LCA analysis of power plants. The work also presents the sensitivity analysis of calculated energy and ecological factors.
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Omran, Najat, Amir Hamzah Sharaai i Ahmad Hariza Hashim. "Visualization of the Sustainability Level of Crude Palm Oil Production: A Life Cycle Approach". Sustainability 13, nr 4 (3.02.2021): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041607.
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The Malaysian palm oil is an important source of social development and economic growth in the country. Nevertheless, it has been accused of conducting unsustainable practices that may affect the sustainability of this industry. Thus, this study aims to identify the level of sustainability of crude palm oil (CPO) production. Environmental impacts were assessed using the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standardized life cycle assessment (LCA). Economic impacts were evaluated using life cycle costing (LCC). Social impact assessment was identified based on the UNEP/SETAC Guidelines for social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) was used to combine three methods: LCA, life cycle costing (LCC) and S-LCA using the scoring system method. Finally, a presentation technique was developed to visualize the LCSA results. The results show that crude palm oil production requires more improvement to be a sustainable product. The study feasibly enables the decision-makers to understand the significant environmental, economic, and social hotspots during the crude palm oil production process in order to promote palm oil production.
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Paredes, María, Alejandro Padilla-Rivera i Leonor Güereca. "Life Cycle Assessment of Ocean Energy Technologies: A Systematic Review". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, nr 9 (17.09.2019): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090322.
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The increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) generated by the burning of fossil fuels has been recognized as one of the main causes of climate change (CC). Different countries of the world have developed new policies on national energy security directed to the use of renewable energies mainly, ocean energy being one of them. The implementation of ocean energy is increasing worldwide. However, the use of these technologies is not exempt from the generation of potential environmental impacts throughout their life cycle. In this context, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic approach used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a product or system throughout its entire life cycle. LCA studies need to be conducted to foster the development of ocean energy technologies (OET) in sustainable management. In this paper, a systematic review was conducted and 18 LCA studies of OET were analyzed. Most of the LCA studies are focused on wave and tidal energy. CC is the most relevant impact category evaluated, which is generated mostly by raw material extraction, manufacturing stage and shipping operations. Finally, the critical stages of the systems evaluated were identified, together with, the opportunity areas to promote an environmental management for ocean energy developers.
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Fitch, Peder E., i Joyce Smith Cooper. "Life Cycle Energy Analysis as a Method for Material Selection". Journal of Mechanical Design 126, nr 5 (1.09.2004): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1767821.
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This paper presents a method of performing Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) for the purpose of material selection. The method applies product analysis methods to the evaluation of material options for automotive components. Specifically, LCEA is used to compare material options for a bumper-reinforcing beam on a 1030 kg vehicle. In this analysis, glass fiber composites and high-strength steel beams result in the lowest life cycle energy consumption. This paper also presents a set of life cycle energy terms designed to clearly distinguish between energy consumption occurring during different phases of a product’s life cycle. In addition, this paper compares the results of the LCEA method to those of other energy analyses and demonstrates how different methods of varying thoroughness can result in different material selections. Finally, opportunities are identified for extending this type of analysis beyond both automotive components and energy consumption. In particular, this paper identifies the need to develop similar methods for other environmental indicators.
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Petrović, Branislav, i Milan Gojak. "Assessment of sustainability of different renewable energy systems based on life cycle exergy analysis". Tehnika 76, nr 5 (2021): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2105595p.
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The sustainable development of energy systems does not only involve the use of renewable energy resources but the increase in their efficiency as well, enabling society to maximise the benefits of their consumption. The production of electrical energy from clean and renewable sources contributes to lowered fossil fuel exploitation and the reduction of its damaging effect on the environment. This is a way to reach the global target of sustainable development - striking a balance between resource consumption and the achievable natural cycle regeneration. Environmental protection is in the focus of attention. Namely, when energy system sustainability is assessed, in addition to the ecological sustainability assessment (based on life cycle analysis - LCA), attention should be paid to the decrease in energy quality in energy processes (exergy loss). This paper presents the thermodynamic approach to energy system sustainability assessment by applying life cycle exergy analysis (LCEA). The key issue is the assessment of systems which use sustainable energy sources: the wind turbine and the stand-alone photovoltaic solar system.
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Yang, Rebekah, Imad L. Al-Qadi i Hasan Ozer. "Effect of Methodological Choices on Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, nr 40 (13.03.2018): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118757194.
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The use of life-cycle assessment (LCA) to assess the environmental impacts of pavement systems has become more prevalent in recent years. When performing an LCA study, a series of methodological choices must be defined. As these decisions can change from study to study, it is important to understand the significance or insignificance of the methodological choices relevant to pavement LCA. This paper evaluated the sensitivity of five choices commonly made in pavement LCA; cut-off criteria, end-of-life (EOL) allocation, asphalt binder allocation, traffic growth, and type of energy reported. Eight case studies and four environmental indicators, that is, global warming potential, primary energy as fuel, total primary energy, and a unitless single score, were considered in the sensitivity analyses. Varying the cut-off criteria and asphalt binder allocation only had a significant impact on the environmental indicators when the use stage of the life-cycle is excluded and only the materials and construction, maintenance and rehabilitation, and EOL stages are considered. Using different EOL allocations, traffic growths, and types of energy reported had significant effects on the overall life-cycle results. Common methodological choices made in a pavement LCA are expected to have an impact on LCA results and subsequent interpretation, with the magnitude of the impact dependent on the scope of the analysis.
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Gustafsson, Moa Swing, Jonn Are Myhren, Erik Dotzauer i Marcus Gustafsson. "Life Cycle Cost of Building Energy Renovation Measures, Considering Future Energy Production Scenarios". Energies 12, nr 14 (16.07.2019): 2719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142719.
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A common way of calculating the life cycle cost (LCC) of building renovation measures is to approach it from the building side, where the energy system is considered by calculating the savings in the form of less bought energy. In this study a wider perspective is introduced. The LCC for three different energy renovation measures, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and two different heat pump systems, are compared to a reference case, a building connected to the district heating system. The energy system supplying the building is assumed to be 100% renewable, where eight different future scenarios are considered. The LCC is calculated as the total cost for the renovation measures and the energy systems. All renovation measures result in a lower district heating demand, at the expense of an increased electricity demand. All renovation measures also result in an increased LCC, compared to the reference building. When aiming for a transformation towards a 100% renewable system in the future, this study shows the importance of having a system perspective, and also taking possible future production scenarios into consideration when evaluating building renovation measures that are carried out today, but will last for several years, in which the energy production system, hopefully, will change.
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Xue, Zhuyuan, Hongbo Liu, Qinxiao Zhang, Jingxin Wang, Jilin Fan i Xia Zhou. "The Impact Assessment of Campus Buildings Based on a Life Cycle Assessment–Life Cycle Cost Integrated Model". Sustainability 12, nr 1 (30.12.2019): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010294.
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The development of higher education has led to an increasing demand for campus buildings. To promote the sustainable development of campus buildings, this paper combines social willingness-to-pay (WTP) with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on the characteristics of Chinese campus buildings to establish a life cycle assessment–life cycle cost (LCA–LCC) integrated model. Based on this model, this paper analyses the teaching building at a university in North China. The results show that the environmental impacts and economic costs are largest in the operation phase of the life cycle, mainly because of the use of electric energy. The environmental impacts and economic costs during the construction phase mainly come from the building material production process (BMPP); in this process, steel is the main source. Throughout the life cycle, abiotic depletion-fossil fuel potential (ADP fossil) and global warming potential (GWP) are the most prominent indexes. Further analysis shows that these two indexes should be the emphases of similar building assessments in the near future. Finally, this study offers suggestions for the proposed buildings and existing buildings based on the prominent problems found in the case study, with the aim to provide reference for the design, construction, and operation management of similar buildings.
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Rathore, Purva, D. J. Killedar, Divyesh Parde i Akansha Sahare. "Life cycle cost analysis of wastewater treatment technologies". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1032, nr 1 (1.06.2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1032/1/012006.
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Abstract With the ever-increasing population, volumes of wastewater treatment are a major concern in our country. The Activated Sludge Process (ASP), Biological Filtration and Oxygenated Reactor (BIOFOR), Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), and Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR) are all monetarily investigated in the present study using the Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) tool. In this study, life cycle costing is done using the present value method, which involves discounting the costs for a 20-year economic life. The costs of treating wastewater per million litres per day (MLD) of wastewater treatment technology are obtained from the literature. Moreover, this study takes into account the capital, annual operation, energy, salvage, and replacement costs to compare the life cycle costs of ASP, UASB, BIOFOR, and MBBR to make the best guess of an economical technology. The LCCA demonstrates that the MBBR has the highest costs of treatment, resulting in the highest Life Cycle Cost (LCC). BIOFOR has the largest energy requirement making LCC the second-highest among the technologies. In India, ASP is one of the most widely used technologies, whose LCC is the third most advanced of the four technologies. Because of its lower energy and operating costs, UASB has the lowest LCC.
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Muteri, Vincenzo, Maurizio Cellura, Domenico Curto, Vincenzo Franzitta, Sonia Longo, Marina Mistretta i Maria Laura Parisi. "Review on Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Panels". Energies 13, nr 1 (3.01.2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010252.
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The photovoltaic (PV) sector has undergone both major expansion and evolution over the last decades, and currently, the technologies already marketed or still in the laboratory/research phase are numerous and very different. Likewise, in order to assess the energy and environmental impacts of these devices, life cycle assessment (LCA) studies related to these systems are always increasing. The objective of this paper is to summarize and update the current literature of LCA applied to different types of grid-connected PV, as well as to critically analyze the results related to energy and environmental impacts generated during the life cycle of PV technologies, from 1st generation (traditional silicon based) up to the third generation (innovative non-silicon based). Most of the results regarded energy indices like energy payback time, cumulative energy demand, and primary energy demand, while environmental indices were variable based on different scopes and impact assessment methods. Moreover, the review work allowed to highlight and compare key parameters (PV type and system, geographical location, efficiency), methodological insights (functional unit, system boundaries, etc.), and energy/environmental hotspots of 39 LCA studies relating to different PV systems, in order to underline the importance of these aspects, and to provide information and a basis of comparison for future analyses.
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Tighnavard Balasbaneh, Ali, Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono i Emad Kasra Kermanshahi. "Balancing of life cycle carbon and cost appraisal on alternative wall and roof design verification for residential building". Construction Innovation 18, nr 3 (9.07.2018): 274–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-03-2017-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluation for single story building house in Malaysia. Two objective functions, namely, LCA and LCC, were evaluated for each design and a total of 20 alternatives were analyzed. Two wall schemes that have been adopted from two different recent studies toward mitigation of climate change require clarification in both life cycle objectives. Design/methodology/approach For this strategic life cycle assessment, Simapro 8.3 tool has been chosen over a 50-year life span. LCC analysis was also used to determine not only the most energy-efficient strategy, but also the most economically feasible one. A present value (PV)-based economic analysis takes LCC into account. Findings The results will appear in present value and LC carbon footprint saving, both individually and in combination with each other. Result of life cycle management shows that timber wall−wooden post and beam covered by steel stud (W5) and wood truss with concrete roof tiles (R1) released less carbon emission to atmosphere and have lower life cycle cost over their life span. W5R1 releases 35 per cent less CO2 emission than the second best choice and costs 25 per cent less. Originality/value The indicator assessed was global warming, and as the focus was on GHG emissions, the focus of this study was mainly in the context of Malaysian construction, although the principles apply universally. The result would support the adoption of sustainable building for building sector.