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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Life Cycle Energy (LCE)"
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Santamaria, Belen Moreno, Fernando del Ama Gonzalo, Matthew Griffin, Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria i Juan A. Hernandez Ramos. "Life Cycle Assessment of Dynamic Water Flow Glazing Envelopes: A Case Study with Real Test Facilities". Energies 14, nr 8 (14.04.2021): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082195.
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High initial costs hinder innovative technologies for building envelopes. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) should consider energy savings to show relevant economic benefits and potential to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) should focus on investment, operation, maintenance, dismantling, disposal, and/or recycling for the building. This study compares the LCC and LCE analysis of Water Flow Glazing (WFG) envelopes with traditional double and triple glazing facades. The assessment considers initial, operational, and disposal costs and energy consumption as well as different energy systems for heating and cooling. Real prototypes have been built in two different locations to record real-world data of yearly operational energy. WFG systems consistently showed a higher initial investment than traditional glazing. The final Life Cycle Cost analysis demonstrates that WFG systems are better over the operation phase only when it is compared with a traditional double-glazing. However, a Life Cycle Energy assessment over 50 years concluded that energy savings between 36% and 66% and CO2 emissions reduction between 30% and 70% could be achieved.
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Kumar, Ashok, Pardeep Singh, Nishant Raj Kapoor, Chandan Swaroop Meena, Kshitij Jain, Kishor S. Kulkarni i Raffaello Cozzolino. "Ecological Footprint of Residential Buildings in Composite Climate of India—A Case Study". Sustainability 13, nr 21 (28.10.2021): 11949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111949.
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Buildings are accountable for waste generation, utilization of natural resources, and ecological contamination. The construction sector is one of the biggest consumers of resources available naturally and is responsible for significant CO2 emissions on the planet. The effects of the buildings on the environment are commonly determined using Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). The investigation and comparison of the Life Cycle Ecological Footprint (LCEF) and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) of five residential buildings situated in the composite climatic zone of India is presented in this study. The utilization of resources (building materials) along with developing a mobile application and a generic model to choose low emission material is the uniqueness of this study. The utilization of eco-friendly building materials and how these are more efficient than conventional building materials are also discussed. In this investigation, the two approaches, (a) Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) and (b) Life Cycle Ecological Footprint (LCEF), are discussed to evaluate the impacts of building materials on the environment. The energy embedded due to the materials used in a building is calculated to demonstrate the prevalence of innovative construction techniques over traditional materials. The generic model developed to assess the LCEA of residential buildings in the composite climate of India and the other results show that the utilization of low-energy building materials brings about a significant decrease in the LCEF and the LCE of the buildings. The results are suitable for a similar typology of buildings elsewhere in different climatic zone as well. The MATLAB model presented will help researchers globally to follow-up or replicate the study in their country. The developed user-friendly mobile application will enhance the awareness related to energy, environment, ecology, and sustainable development in the general public. This study can help in understanding and thus reducing the ecological burden of building materials, eventually leading towards sustainable development.
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Li, Qiangnian, Tongze Han, Changlin Niu i Ping Liu. "Life Cycle Carbon Emission Analyzing of Rural Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofit-A Case Study of Gansu province". E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901063.
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Objective To study and analyze the life-cycle carbon emissions of existing rural residential energy retrofit projects to provide theoretical and data support for local rural green development and sustainable construction. Methods Life cycle analysis (LCA) was used to analyze and compare the life cycle carbon emissions (LCE) of a rural residential envelope energy efficiency retrofitting project in central Gansu. Results It was found that rural dwellings have a very high potential for energy efficiency retrofitting, and the contribution of retrofitted homes to CO2 emissions reduction can reach more than 30% over the whole life cycle. Secondly, during the retrofitting process, neglected in previous studies, carbon emissions account for about a quarter of the LCE. It is concluded that introducing LCA into evaluating rural residential energy retrofit projects' energy-saving and emission reduction benefits is more scientific, reasonable, and necessary.
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Uda, S. A. K. A., M. A. Wibowo i J. U. D. Hatmoko. "Life cycle energy (LCE) on project life cycle (PLC): a literature review". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 724, nr 1 (1.04.2021): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012057.
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Thaipradit, Pipat, Nantamol Limphitakphong, Premrudee Kanchanapiya, Thanapol Tantisattayakul i Orathai Chavalparit. "The Influence of Building Envelop Materials on its Life Cycle Performance: A Case Study of Educational Building in Thailand". Key Engineering Materials 780 (wrzesień 2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.780.74.
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The analysis of life cycle energy (LCE) and life cycle carbon (LCC) of building were performed in this study in order to identify the solutions for reducing energy-related carbon emission throughout building life time. The influence factors associated with building envelop materials (wall, insulation, window, window-to-wall ratio) were evaluated. The result showed that operation phase contributed a vast majority (>90%) of LCE and LCC. Only 4% emissions saving could be achieved if autoclaved aerated concrete block, cellulose insulation and triple glazing were implemented with WWR of 0.17. The finding suggested that reducing carbon emission should not only be prioritized through use of high energy efficient materials/technologies but should also integrate energy saving measures since energy demand in tropical country is quite high for cooling building. In addition, increasing a possibility and feasibility for supplying renewable energy should be further investigated importunately.
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Moazzen, Nazanin, Mustafa Erkan Karaguler i Touraj Ashrafian. "Assessment of the Life Cycle Energy Efficiency of a Primary School Building in Turkey". Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (styczeń 2019): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.335.
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Energy efficiency has become a crucial part of human life, which has an adverse impact on the social and economic development of any country. In Turkey, it is a critical issue especially in the construction sector due to increase in the dependency on the fuel demands. The energy consumption, which is used during the life cycle of a building, is a huge amount affected by the energy demand for material and building construction, HVAC and lighting systems, maintenance, equipment, and demolition. In general, the Life Cycle Energy (LCE) needs of the building can be summarised as the operational and embodied energy together with the energy use for demolition and recycling processes.Besides, schools alone are responsible for about 15% of the total energy consumption of the commercial building sector. To reduce the energy use and CO2 emission, the operational and embodied energy of the buildings must be minimised. Overall, it seems that choosing proper architectural measures for the envelope and using low emitting material can be a logical step for reducing operational and embodied energy consumptions.This paper is concentrated on the operating and embodied energy consumptions resulting from the application of different architectural measures through the building envelope. It proposes an educational building with low CO2 emission and proper energy performance in Turkey. To illustrate the method of the approach, this contribution illustrates a case study, which was performed on a representative schoold building in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy used for HVAC and lighting in the operating phase and the energy used for the manufacture of the materials are the most significant parts of embodied energy in the LCE analyses. This case study building’s primary energy consumption was calculated with the help of dynamic simulation tools, EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Then, different architectural energy efficiency measures were applied to the envelope of the case study building. Then, the influence of proposed actions on LCE consumption and Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2) emissions were assessed according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method.
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TSURUMAKI, Mineo, Mikio UEMATSU i Koichiro NEZU. "Effectiveness of life cycle energy(LCE) analysis for urban development planning." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 22 (1994): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.22.158.
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Sandberg, Marcus, Jani Mukkavaara, Farshid Shadram i Thomas Olofsson. "Multidisciplinary Optimization of Life-Cycle Energy and Cost Using a BIM-Based Master Model". Sustainability 11, nr 1 (8.01.2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010286.
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Virtual design tools and methods can aid in creating decision bases, but it is a challenge to balance all the trade-offs between different disciplines in building design. Optimization methods are at hand, but the question is how to connect and coordinate the updating of the domain models of each discipline and centralize the product definition into one source instead of having several unconnected product definitions. Building information modelling (BIM) features the idea of centralizing the product definition to a BIM-model and creating interoperability between models from different domains and previous research reports on different applications in a number of fields within construction. Recent research features BIM-based optimization, but there is still a question of knowing how to design a BIM-based process using neutral file formats to enable multidisciplinary optimization of life-cycle energy and cost. This paper proposes a framework for neutral BIM-based multidisciplinary optimization. The framework consists of (1) a centralized master model, from which different discipline-specific domain models are generated and evaluated; and (2) an optimization algorithm controlling the optimization loop. Based on the proposed framework, a prototype was developed and used in a case study of a Swedish multifamily residential building to test the framework’s applicability in generating and optimizing multiple models based on the BIM-model. The prototype was developed to enhance the building’s sustainability performance by optimizing the trade-off between the building’s life-cycle energy (LCE) and life-cycle cost (LCC) when choosing material for the envelope. The results of the case study demonstrated the applicability of the framework and prototype in optimizing the trade-off between conflicting objectives, such as LCE and LCC, during the design process.
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AKINAGA, Kunji, i Mamoru KASHIWAYA. "Study on Energy Saved Alternative Sewer Systems by Life Cycle Energy(LCE) Analysis." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, nr 622 (1999): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1999.622_35.
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Grenz, Julian, Moritz Ostermann, Karoline Käsewieter, Felipe Cerdas, Thorsten Marten, Christoph Herrmann i Thomas Tröster. "Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components". Sustainability 15, nr 13 (25.06.2023): 10041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310041.
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The development of automotive components with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is needed to reduce overall vehicle emissions. Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) supports this by providing holistic information and improvement potentials regarding eco-efficient products. Key factors influencing LCAs of automotive components, such as material production, will change in the future. First approaches for integrating future scenarios for these key factors into LCE already exist, but they only consider a limited number of parameters and scenarios. This work aims to develop a method that can be practically applied in the industry for integrating prospective LCAs (pLCA) into the LCE of automotive components, considering relevant parameters and consistent scenarios. Therefore, pLCA methods are further developed to investigate the influence of future scenarios on the GHG emissions of automotive components. The practical application is demonstrated for a vehicle component with different design options. This paper shows that different development paths of the foreground and background system can shift the ecological optimum of design alternatives. Therefore, future pathways of relevant parameters must be considered comprehensively to reduce GHG emissions of future vehicles. This work contributes to the methodological and practical integration of pLCA into automotive development processes and provides quantitative results.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Life Cycle Energy (LCE)"
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Davidsson, Simon. "Life Cycle Exergy Analysis of Wind Energy Systems : Assessing and improving life cycle analysis methodology". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Globala energisystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-157185.
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Wind power capacity is currently growing fast around the world. At the same time different forms of life cycle analysis are becoming common for measuring the environmental impact of wind energy systems. This thesis identifies several problems with current methods for assessing the environmental impact of wind energy and suggests improvements that will make these assessments more robust. The use of the exergy concept combined with life cycle analysis has been proposed by several researchers over the years. One method that has been described theoretically is life cycle exergy analysis (LCEA). In this thesis, the method of LCEA is evaluated and further developed from earlier theoretical definitions. Both benefits and drawbacks with using exergy based life cycle analysis are found. For some applications the use of exergy can solve many of the issues with current life cycle analysis methods, while other problems still remain. The method of life cycle exergy analysis is used to evaluate the sustainability of an existing wind turbine. The wind turbine assessed appears to be sustainable in the way that it gives back many times more exergy than it uses during the life cycle.
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BAHLAWAN, Hilal. "Optimization of hybrid energy plants by accounting for life cycle energy demand". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478783.
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Un impianto energetico ibrido consiste in una combinazione di diversi sistemi energetici alimentati da diversi fonti energetiche, i quali quando vengono integrati, consistono di superare i limiti dei singoli sistemi. Diversi sistemi energetici possono essere integrati in un unico impianto ibrido a seconda della disponibilità delle diverse fonti energetiche. Diversi studi presenti in letteratura affermano che gli impianti energetici ibridi hanno la potenzialità di fornire energia con migliore qualità ed affidabilità rispetto ad un sistema alimentato da una singola fonte energetica.
I benefici energetici ed ambientali degli impianti energetici ibridi destinati ad uso civile sono legati al dimensionamento e controllo di questi sistemi. In altre parole, i fattori fondamentali per un risparmio di energia e per la riduzione delle emissioni sono il dimensionamento ed il controllo ottimizzati dei vari sistemi che compongo l’impianto energetico ibrido. Inoltre, l’ottimizzazione di un impianto energetico ibrido deve basarsi sulla corrispondenza tra l’energia prodotta dai vari sistemi e la richiesta energetica dell’edificio.
L’ottimizzazione degli impianti energetici ibridi viene solitamente condotta considerando gli impatti ambientali durante la vita utile. Tuttavia, questo approccio, che tiene conto solo dell’impatto ambientale, del costo o del consumo di energia primaria legato al funzionamento dell’impianto, può far sì che gli impatti ambientali legati alle altre fasi del ciclo di vita (i.e. la fase di costruzione e di smaltimento) non vengono presi in considerazione.
Data la complessità legata al numero di variabili coinvolte, il fatto che le fonti di energia disponibili sono molteplici, la scelta dei sistemi di conversione dell’energia e l’integrazione del ciclo di vita in processi di ottimizzazione, la soluzione di tale problema richiede la disponibilità dei metodi e delle linee guida per l’ottimizzazione degli impianti energetici ibridi al fine di ottenere un risultato ottimale in termini di risparmio energetico e di conseguenza riduzione dell’impatto ambientale durante il ciclo di vita dell’impianto.
Perciò, il lavoro di questa tesi di dottorato si concentra sullo sviluppo dei metodi e delle linee guida per l’ottimizzazione di impianti energetici ibridi minimizzando l’energia primaria consumata durante il ciclo di vita dell’impianto.
Questo lavoro presenta un nuovo metodo, basato sulle tecniche di programmazione dinamica, per l’ottimizzazione di impianti energetici ibridi minimizzando il consumo di energia primaria durante il funzionamento. La metodologia sviluppata in questo lavoro estende l’uso del metodo di programmazione dinamica per risolvere dei problemi legati al dimensionamento e controllo ottimizzati di impianti complessi. Questo metodo è veloce, facile da implementare e tiene conto anche della non-linearità dei sistemi ibridi.
Inoltre, questo lavoro affronta la valutazione del ciclo di vita di sistemi alimentati da fonti rinnovabili e non-rinnovabili destinati ad uso residenziale mediante un approccio “cradle-to-gate” applicato ai vari sistemi energetici. Inoltre, si affronta il problema del calcolo dell’inventario dei vari sistemi per diverse taglie e si illustrano i vari coefficienti usati per il calcolo dell’inventario in funzione della taglia. La procedura sviluppata consente di ottenere delle curve di impatto che possono essere usate per l’ottimizzazione dei sistemi energetici.
Infine, viene sviluppata una metodologia per l’integrazione dell’analisi del ciclo di vita nel processo di ottimizzazione di impianti energetici ibridi. La metodologia viene applicata ad un caso studio, che consiste in un impianto energetico ibrido costituito da sistemi alimentati da energia rinnovabile e non-rinnovabile. L’ottimizzazione viene condotta minimizzando il consumo di energia primaria durante la fase di costruzione, trasporto e funzionamento dell’impianto.Hybrid energy plants may be a solution to overcome the limitations of a single source of energy, both based on renewable and non-renewable energy sources. A hybrid energy plant consists in a combination of two or more energy conversion systems which use different energy sources, that, when integrated, overcome the respective limitations. Several energy systems could be integrated in a hybrid energy plant depending on the availability of their primary energy resources. Hybrid energy plants have the potential to provide higher quality and better reliability of energy supply compared to a system based on a single source of energy. The promising energy and environmental benefits of hybrid energy plants for building applications are greatly dependent upon their design and operation strategy. In other words, the key factors for the achievement of an as high as possible primary energy saving and greenhouse gas emission reduction are the correct sizing and operation of the hybrid energy plant. Moreover, the optimization process of a hybrid energy plant must be based on the efficient match between building energy demand and supply. The optimal design of hybrid energy plants is commonly achieved by accounting for their environmental impacts during their useful life. However, this common approach, which only accounts for on-site environmental impacts, costs or primary energy consumption, may lead to burden shifting by ignoring the upstream life cycle of the hybrid energy plant. Given the complexity to deal with the number of variables involved, the multiple sources of energy that can be used, the choice of energy converters, the integration of life cycle assessment in system’s design and operation, procedures ad guidelines are needed for the solution of such complex problem, i.e. the optimization of hybrid energy plants in order to achieve an optimal result in term of primary energy saving and consequently environmental impacts reduction over the life cycle of the plant. For these reasons, the work of this thesis focuses on the development of original methods and procedures for the optimization of hybrid energy plants by accounting for the on-site and off-site energy consumption or environmental impacts calculated throughout the various stages of the life cycle of the energy plant. This work provides a new dynamic programming based optimization method to solve the optimization problem of hybrid energy plants by minimizing the on-site primary consumption. The proposed methodology extends the use of the dynamic programming method and attempts to apply it to solve both the sizing and operating optimization problems. Moreover, the presented method is fast, easy to implement and also addresses the nonlinearity associated with the characteristics of a hybrid energy plant. In addition, this work, investigates the life cycle assessment of renewable and non-renewable energy systems which can be employed for residential applications. For each system a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment is carried out. The considered impact parameter is the cumulative energy demand. Furthermore, the problem of life cycle inventory scaling is addressed and appropriate scaling factors and their relevance for calculating environmental impacts are presented. The scaling procedure used in this work allows to obtain impact curves which can be used for optimization purposes. Finally, a general procedure for the integration of life cycle assessment into system’s design and optimization is developed. A case study consisting of a hybrid energy plant, which is composed of renewable and non-renewable energy systems, is considered to demonstrate the proposed approach. The optimization is carried out by taking into account the non-linear life cycle inventory scaling of energy systems and is conducted with the aim of minimizing the primary energy consumed during the manufacturing, transportation and operation phases.
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Yossef, Delav, i Dino Hot. "Comparative life cycle assessment of organic building materials". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37774.
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The ever-increasing awareness of global warming has made the building industry startlooking for alternative building solutions in order to meet the changing demands. Thesechallenges have given rise to organization which aim to go further and construct moresustainable alternatives in the form of Ecovillages. This thesis is conducted in collaborationwith Bysjöstrans Ekoby and aims to investigate what type of organic alternatives exist andhow they perform in building elements.The study was carried out through a comparative LCA where a base case construction forboth roof and wall was established. Followed by comparing different organic materials toeach other and the base case materials in order to determine low-impact materials. The goalwas to replaces as many layers within the structure such as insulation, structure, roofcladding, façade, wind and vapor barrier.This was later followed by combing the materials together in order to identify whichalternative construction options would perform the best in regard to greenhouse gasemissions (CO2 eq kg) and primary energy use (MJ).The results of the study show that the performance or organic materials vary significantly.Whit a lot of materials being better but also worse than traditional materials. It showed thatfor internal wall and roof surface adding clay plater can reduce the GHG emission with 68%, timber frame with 98 %, façade with 43 %, roof cladding with 93 %, vapor barrier with76 % and insulation with 79 %. The best preforming construction option could reduce thebase case emission with 68 %.
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Hashemi, Farzad Tabassom. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for a DC-microgrid energy system in Fjärås". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263173.
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Application of Photovoltaic PV panels for electricity production has rapidly increased in recent years in Sweden after launching a capital subsidy for PV panel installations in 2009. Kungsbacka municipality’s housing company equipped two groups of buildings in Fjärås with PV systems to generate electricity. The newly built residential buildings are connected to a DC-microgrid, whereas the existing buildings have been equipped with a single PV system. This project conducts a cradle to gate life cycle assessment (LCA) for this DC-microgrid energy system. The main purpose of this project is to determine which parts and processes of the DC-microgrid contribute to highest environmental impact throughout their lifespan from cradle to gate stages. Moreover, this study explores the energy payback time (EPBT) and the cumulative energy demand (CED) for the DC-microgrid. Additionally, this study performs two comparative LCA. First the DC-microgrid is being compared with PV system to determine which system has higher environment impacts, and secondly, the DC-microgrid is being compared with the average electricity mix in Sweden in terms of contribution to environmental impacts. The LCA follows the ISO 14040 framework and the baseline method is applied in order to assess 11 environmental impact categories. Two different functional units are adopted in this study. One is based on installed kilowatt peak (kWp) capacity by which environmental impacts of the PV system are compared with the DC-microgrid system. The other functional unit for this study is 1 kWh of delivered electricity to residential buildings produced by the DC-microgrid system. This functional unit is used exclusively for a stand-alone analysis of the DC-microgrid system in order to make it comparable with other microgrid systems or other systems with different energy sources, such as hydro, wind or nuclear. The results of the stand-alone LCA analysis of the DC-microgrid show that the battery has high contribution in human toxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity whereas the energy hub system (Ehub) is the main contributor to eutrophication, abiotic depletion, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity and marineaquatic ecotoxicity. The monocrystalline PV panel has the highest impact on global warming and abiotic depletion (fossil fuel). In addition, the EPBT for the DC-microgrid system is approximately 3.7 years. This means that one can get energy free of cost for an estimated time of 26.5 years if the lifetime of the system is assumed to be 30 years. The CED results show that monocrystalline PV production is an intense energy process which requires more non-renewable energy than all remaining parts of the DC-microgrid. The comparison of the DC-microgrid with the PV system reveals that the DC-microgrid has a higher environmental impact almost in all impact categories. This is mainly due to batteries and inverters which have a clear effect on the result. The CED analysis results illustrate that the multicrystalline PV panel production from the PV system is the most energy demanding process in both categories of renewable and non-renewable energy source. Moreover, the analysis illustrates that the DC-microgrid has still higher environmental impacts in all impact categories compared to the average electricity mix in Sweden. This is due to the electricity production in Sweden relies on hydropower and nuclear power with around 83 % of the total electricity production in the year 2017 which causes a lower environmental burden. Although the DC microgrid system shows a higher environmental impact compared to PV system, it is still a proper option to generate electricity since DC-microgrid system allows to achieve some indirect advantages such as energy saving due to an increase in own usage rate and self-sufficiency rate compared to the PV system. It should be noted that the end-of-life procedures becomes very important especially when crediting back for the recycling of materials. The collection and recycling of the PV panels at their end-of-life should be considered for future work as soon as reliable data are available.Användningen av solpaneler har de senaste åren kommit att öka markant i Sverige. Ökningen beror på det statliga bidraget för installation av solceller som lanserades 2009. Kungsbacka kommun installerade solcellssystem i två olika typer av byggnader, ny och äldre befintlig byggnad. Den nya byggnaden anslöts till direkt mikronät (DC-mikcrogrid) och den äldre byggnaden utrustades med solcellssystem. Detta projekt utför en ’från vaggan till porten’ livscykelanalys (LCA) för energisystemet direkt mikronät. Syftet är i huvudsak att fastställa vilka delar och processer av det direkta mikronätet som bidrar till störst miljöpåverkan genom dess livslängd, det vill säga från vaggan till porten. Vidare undersöker studien återbetalningstiden (Energy PayBack Time, EPBT) och den ackumulerade energianvändningen (Cumulative Energy Demand, CED) för det direkta mikronätet. Studien utför två komparativa LCA varpå det direkta mikronätet först jämförs med solcellssystemet i syfte att fastställa vilket av systemen har större miljöpåverkan. Studien ämnar också jämföra det direkta mikronätet med den genomsnittliga energimixen i Sverige, också avseende miljöpåverkan. LCA metoden följer ISO 14040-ramverket. Studien är baserad på två funktionella enheter vilka består av installerad kilowatt peak (kWp) kapacitet vilken används för att jämföra solcellssystemet och det direkta mikromåttet. Den andra funktionella enheten är 1 kWh levererad elektricitet till bostäder som producerats genom det direkta mikronätet. Denna funktionella enhet används för en ’stand-alone’ analys av det direkta mikronätet i syfte att göra det jämförbart med andra mikrosystem eller system med olika energikällor så som vatten-, vind- och kärnkraft. Resultaten från ‘stand-alone’ livscykelanalysen av det direkta mikronätet visar på att batteriet har en större effekt på mänsklig toxicitet terrestrisk ekotoxicitet, varpå systemet för energihubb bidrar främst till övergödning, abiotisk utarmning, vattenlevande ekotoxicitet och havslevande ekotoxicitet. Monokristallin solpanel har större påverkan på global uppvärmning och övergödning (fossilabränslen). I övrigt är EPBT för det direkta mikronätet cirka 3,7 år vilket innebär att energin beräknas kostnadsfri i cirka 26,5 år, givet att det kan antas att systemets livslängd är 30 år. CED-resultat visar på att microkristallin solpanel är en intensiv energiprocess som kräver mer icke-förnybar energi jämfört med resterande delar av det direkta mikronätet. Jämförelsen mellan det direkta mikronätet och solcellssystemet visar på att det direkta mikronätet har större miljöpåverkan i de flesta kategorier. Detta beror i huvudsak på batterier och växelriktare som har tydlig effekt på resultatet. Av resultatet från CED-analysen framgår att produktion av multikristallin solpanel av solcellssystemet är det mest energikrävande processen i båda kategorierna för förnybar och icke-förnybar energikälla. Vidare framgår av analysen att det direkta mikronätet har en större miljöpåverkan i alla kategorier, jämfört med påverkan från genomsnittet av energimixen i Sverige. Detta beror på att elproduktionen i Sverige mestadels består av vatten- och kärnkraft som tillsammans 2017 utgjorde 83 procent av den totala energiproduktionen. Denna produktion orsakaren mindre miljöbelastning. Trots att det direkta mikronätet påvisar en högre miljöpåverkan än solcellssystemet, är det fortfarande ett alternativ till att generera elektricitet eftersom det direkta mikronätet bidrar till indirekta fördelar såsom energibesparing. Energibesparingen i det direkta mikronnätet sker således genom ökad användning av den egenproducerade energin samt självförsörjning. Det ska vidare tilläggas att ’end-of-life’ procedurerna blir viktiga i synnerhet när de återvunna materialet återanvänds. Vidare bör solpaneler återanvändas vid ’end-of-life’ vilket bör finnas i åtanke för vidarestudier och i samband med att data tillgängliggörs.
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Du, Guangli. "Life cycle assessment of bridges, model development and case studies". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-161196.
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In recent decades, the environmental issues from the construction sector have attracted increasing attention from both the public and authorities. Notably, the bridge construction is responsible for considerable amount of energy and raw material consumptions. However, the current bridges are still mainly designed from the economic, technical, and safety perspective, while considerations of their environmental performance are rarely integrated into the decision making process. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive, standardized and internationally recognized approach for quantifying all emissions, resource consumption and related environmental and health impacts linked to a service, asset or product. LCA has the potential to provide reliable environmental profiles of the bridges, and thus help the decision-makers to select the most environmentally optimal designs. However, due to the complexity of the environmental problems and the diversity of bridge structures, robust environmental evaluation of bridges is far from straightforward. The LCA has rarely been studied on bridges till now. The overall aim of this research is to implement LCA on bridge, thus eventually integrate it into the decision-making process to mitigate the environmental burden at an early stage. Specific objectives are to: i) provide up-to-date knowledge to practitioners; ii) identify associated obstacles and clarify key operational issues; iii) establish a holistic framework and develop computational tool for bridge LCA; and iv) explore the feasibility of combining LCA with life cycle cost (LCC). The developed tool (called GreenBridge) enables the simultaneous comparison and analysis of 10 feasible bridges at any detail level, and the framework has been utilized on real cases in Sweden. The studied bridge types include: railway bridge with ballast or fix-slab track, road bridges of steel box-girder composite bridge, steel I-girder composite bridge, post tensioned concrete box-girder bridge, balanced cantilever concrete box-girder bridge, steel-soil composite bridge and concrete slab-frame bridge. The assessments are detailed from cradle to grave phases, covering thousands of types of substances in the output, diverse mid-point environmental indicators, the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and monetary value weighting. Some analyses also investigated the impact from on-site construction scenarios, which have been overlooked in the current state-of-the-art. The study identifies the major structural and life-cycle scenario contributors to the selected impact categories, and reveals the effects of varying the monetary weighting system, the steel recycling rate and the material types. The result shows that the environmental performance can be highly influenced by the choice of bridge design. The optimal solution is found to be governed by several variables. The analyses also imply that the selected indicators, structural components and life-cycle scenarios must be clearly specified to be applicable in a transparent procurement. This work may provide important references for evaluating similar bridge cases, and identification of the main sources of environmental burden. The outcome of this research may serve as recommendation for decision-makers to select the most LCA-feasible proposal and minimize environmental burdens.QC 20150311
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Wan, Omar Wan Mohd Sabki. "Analysis of Embodied Energy and Carbon in Malaysian Building Construction Using Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365359.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is considered as the most efficient methodology and has been widely accepted by previous researches in the area of energy analysis. Quantifying embodied energy (EE) and carbon (EC) is time-consuming and needs a lot of quantitative effort to ensure reliability of the data to be obtained and analysed. Hybrid-based LCA (hybrid LCA) is utilised - this incorporates input-output based LCA (I-O LCA) that calculate flow of building materials, products, and construction processes in the whole sector of economy and process-based LCA (process LCA) is used to quantify physical quantities of materials, products, or processes. Although hybrid LCA has been identified as improving completeness of EE and EC inventory data, this benefit was not empirically verified extensively, particularly in the Malaysian building construction industry. Therefore, the principal aim of this research was to develop LCEA methodology in order to systematically quantify EE and EC of building construction in Malaysia.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Östling, Ida. "Life cycle analysis as a tool for CO2 mitigation in the building sector". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-155572.
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Ximenes, Naves Alex. "Whole Life Sustainability Assessment at the Building Industry and Constructed Assets, through the Whole Life Costing Assessment and Life Cycle Costing Assessment evaluating the economic and financial aspects". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670202.
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Els edificis d’energia neta poden ser entesos com a edificis, que durant un temps determinat generen tanta energia
com consumeixen. Ja sigui des del punt de vista de l’oferta o el consum, la disponibilitat d’energia està relacionada
amb alguns aspectes bàsics, com ara la font (s), la conversió, la distribució, l’ús, el malbaratament, l’optimització,
l’eficiència i l’autonomia. Aquests temes revelen la complexitat del tema de l'energia i justifiquen l'atenció especial que
li dóna la comunitat acadèmica.
Per obtenir resultats tangibles en l'anàlisi d'aquests sistemes, en el nostre estudi ens centrem en la modelització i
optimització de solucions energètiques aplicades a edificis o sistemes similars. D'altra banda, el període de temps dels
objectes analitzats es va estendre fins al seu període de cicle de vida previst.
Es van establir els objectius principals com: - Verificar i analitzar l’estat de la tecnologia de les energies renovables per
a edificis i actius construïts i l’aplicabilitat de l’anàlisi de costos del cicle de vida a aquests temes; - Configurar models
reproductibles d’edificis i les seves principals càrregues elèctriques, mitjançant eines d’enginyeria de processos
assistits per ordinador, per procedir a simulacions i optimització, considerant-se com a font d’energia primària l’energia
solar; - Quantificar, utilitzant estudis de casos reals i hipotètics, els beneficis de les solucions proposades, amb
l'objectiu de realitzar tota l'avaluació de la sostenibilitat de la vida mitjançant la reducció de tot el cost del cicle de vida;Los edificios de energía de red cero pueden entenderse como edificios, que durante un tiempo dado generan tanta energía como consumen. O bien, desde el punto de vista del suministro o el consumo, la disponibilidad de energía está relacionada con algunos problemas básicos, como las fuentes, la conversión, la distribución, la utilización, el desperdicio, la optimización, la eficiencia y la autonomía. Estos problemas revelan la complejidad del tema de la energía y justifican la atención especial que le presta la comunidad académica. Para obtener resultados tangibles en el análisis de estos sistemas, en nuestro estudio nos centramos en el modelado y la optimización de soluciones energéticas aplicadas a edificios o sistemas similares. Por otro lado, el período de tiempo de los objetos analizados se extendió a su período de ciclo de vida esperado. Los objetivos principales se establecieron como: - Verificar y analizar el estado de la técnica de las soluciones de energía renovable para edificios y activos construidos y la aplicabilidad del análisis de costos de ciclo de vida a estas cuestiones; - Configure modelos reproducibles de edificios y sus principales cargas eléctricas, a través de herramientas de Ingeniería de Procesos Asistidos por Computadora, para proceder a simulaciones y optimización, considerando como fuente de energía primaria la energía solar;
Net-zero energy buildings can be understood as buildings, that for a given time, generate as much energy as they consume. Either, from the point of view of supply or consumption, energy availability is related to some basic issues such as source (s), conversion, distribution, utilization, waste, optimization, efficiency and autonomy. These issues reveal the complexity of the subject of energy and justify the special attention given to it by the academic community. To obtain tangible results in the analysis of these systems, in our study we focus on the modelling and optimization of energy solutions applied to buildings or similar systems. On the other hand, the time frame of the analysed objects was extended to their expected life cycle period. The main objectives were stablished as: - Verify and analyse the state-of-the-art of renewable energy solutions for buildings and constructed assets and the applicability of life cycle costing analysis to these issues; - Configure reproducible models of buildings and their main electrical loads, via Computer Aided Process Engineering tools, to proceed simulations and optimization, considering as primary energy source solar energy; - Quantify, using real-life and hypothetical case studies, the benefits of the proposed solutions, aiming the whole life sustainability assessment through the reduction of the whole life cycle costing; and - Guarantee the reproducibility of the models and main general results of this study and make them public, to contribute with their applicability and further researches.
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Pektas, Deniz. "A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of centralized and decentralized wastewater heat recovery in Stockholm, Sweden". Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299856.
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The cities bear a large role in the climate crisis. However, this also means that they have a big potential in the transition towards sustainable communities and a sustainable world. Up to 90 % of energy use within the urban water cycle is allocated to hot water heating for end users. A large portion of the heat that is provided to households in the form of hot water is lost through the drains. According to Schmid (2008), approximately 15 % of thermal energy supplied to conventional new buildings is lost through the sewers, while for new low-energy buildings, this number rises to 30 %. When buildings’ transmission, infiltration, and exfiltration losses decrease because of better building design, the share of losses to the drains can be expected to rise. In order to better utilize the heat still contained in the water that is flushed down the drains, wastewater heat recovery (WWHR) has been implemented and tested in various cities around the world. Wastewater (WW) is a reliable and renewable source of thermal energy with a relatively stable temperature throughout the year. Several techno-economi assessments, and a few lifecycle assessments have been conducted so far. However, no comparative lifecycle assessment of centralized and decentralized WWHR has been found. Bad or insufficient planning of WWHR can lead to competing technologies. Furthermore, uncoordinated decentralized WWHR can lead to the minimum influent temperature requirement of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) being jeopardized. Therefore, the environmental impact of centralized, and a future scenario with an increased amount of decentralized WWHR in Stockholm has been estimated and compared. This was achieved by systematically analyzing energy consumption, emissions, and natural resource extractions from manufacturing, transportation, operation, internal WWTP processes, biogas consumption, and disposal/recycling by developing a lifecycle assessment (LCA) model both in Excel and SimaPro. Centralized WWHR in Stockholm is compared with the case that 10, 20, …, 90, and 100 % of buildings installing shower wastewater heat exchanger (WWHEX). The decreased WW temperature and consequently the decreased centralized WWHR because of shower WWHR were estimated by calculating the resulting mixed WW temperature at the inlet of the sewer pipes, and adopting a simple model for the WW temperature decrease along the sewer pipes. The results of the lifecycle inventory (LCI), which was developed in Excel, were assigned to affected impact categories with the lifecycle impact assessment (LCIA). The midpoint and endpoint impact analyses of the ReCiPe2016 method showed that the centralized case has the lowest environmental impact per kWh WWHR. More specifically, the impacts of the centralized system were 0.131 kg CO2eq/kWh, 1.27×10-7 DALY/kWh, 3.73×10-10 terrestrial species years/kWh, 80.6 ktons CO2eqs, 1,780 DALYs, and 5.23 terrestrial species years. This can be-3-compared with the results of the 50 % decentralized case with 0.164 kg CO2eq/kWh, 1.59×10-7 DALY/kWh, 4.68×10-10 terrestrial species years/kWh, 82.8 ktons CO2eqs, 1,600 DALYs, and 4.72 terrestrial species years.The 100 % decentralized system had the biggest impact on all categories. The sensitivity of the model was inspected by varying major input parameters.Städerna bär ett stort ansvar i klimatkrisen. Detta innebär också att städernas omställning är en nyckelfaktor för att uppnå hållbara samhällen och en hållbar värld. Upp till 90 % av energianvändningen inom den urbana vattencykeln går till varmvattenuppvärmning för slutanvändare. En stor andel av värmen som förses till hushållen i form av varmvatten går förlorad genom avloppen. Enligt Schmid (2008), går ungefär 15 % av värmeenergin som tillförs konventionella nya byggnader förlorad genom avloppen, medan för nya lågenergibyggnader är motsvarande andel 30 %. När byggnadernas transmission-, infiltration-, och exfiltrationsförluster minskar på grund av förbättrad byggdesign, kan man förvänta att andelen av avloppsvärmeförlusterna kommer att öka. För att bättre ta tillvara denna värme i vattnet som spolas ner i avloppen, har värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten tillämpats och testats i flera städer runt om i världen. Avloppsvatten är en pålitlig och förnybar form av värmeenergi med en relativt stabil temperatur under hela året. Flera teknisk-ekonomiska bedömningar, och ett fåtal livscykelanalyser har utförts hittills. Däremot har ingen jämförande livscykelanalys av centraliserad och decentraliserad värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten påträffats. Dålig eller otillräcklig planering av värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten kan leda till konkurrerande teknik. Dessutom kan okoordinerad decentraliserad vårmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten resultera i att avloppsreningsverkens minimikrav på inkommande avloppsvattentemperatur till reningsverken äventyras. Därför har påverkan på miljön på grund av centraliserad, och ett framtida scenario med en ökande andel av decentraliserad värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten i Stockholm uppskattats och jämförts. Detta utfördes genom att systematiskt analysera energianvändning, utsläpp, och utvinning av naturresurser från tillverkning, transport, drift, interna avloppsreningsverkprocesser, biogasförbrukning, och bortskaffande/återvinning genom att utveckla en livscykelanaysmodell i både Excel och SimaPro. Centraliserad värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten i Stockholm jämfördes med decentraliserad värmeåtervinning där 10, 20, …, 90, och 100 % av hushållen installerar avloppsvattenvärmeväxlare för duschar. Den minskade avloppsvattentemperaturen och följaktligen den minskade centrala värmeåtervinningen på grund av vårmeåtervinning från duschar uppskattades genom att beräkna den resulterande blandtemperaturen på avloppsvattnet vid inloppet till avloppsrören, och därefter anta en enkel modell för temperaturminskningen på avloppsvattnet längs avloppsrören. Resultaten av livscykelinventeringen, som utvecklades i Excel, tilldelades till respektive miljöpåverkanskategori med miljöpåverkansbedömning. Miljöpåverkansbedömningen med ReCiPe2016 metoden vid mitt- och slutpunkterna visade att det centraliserade alternativet har lägst miljöpåverkan per kWh återvunnen värme från avloppsvatten. Mer specifikt, var miljöpåverkan av det centraliserade alternativet 0,131 kg CO2ekv/kWh, 1,27×10-7 Invaliditetsjusterade livsår/kWh, 3,73×10-10 markbundna artår/kWh, 80,6 kiloton CO2ekv, 1 780 Invaliditetsjusterade livsår, och 5,23 markbundna artår. Detta kan jämföras med resultaten av 50 % decentraliserad värmeåtervinning som var 0,164 kg CO2ekv/kWh, 1,59×10-7 Invaliditetsjusterade livsår/kWh, 4,68×10-10 markbundna artår/kWh, 82,8 kiloton CO2ekv, 1 600 Invaliditetsjusterade livsår, och 4,72 markbundna artår. Alternativet med 100 % decentralisering visade sig ha störst påverkan på alla kategorier. Känsligheten hos modellen undersöktes genom att variera viktiga parametrar.
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Miliutenko, Sofiia. "Life Cycle Impacts of Road Infrastructure : Assessment of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-89885.
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Road infrastructure is essential in the development of human society, but has both negative and positive impacts. Large amounts of money and natural resources are spent each year on its construction, operation and maintenance. Obviously, there is potentially significantenvironmental impact associated with these activities. Thus the need for integration of life cycle environmental impacts of road infrastructure into transport planning is currently being widely recognised on international and national level. However certain issues, such as energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the construction, maintenance and operation of road infrastructure, are rarely considered during the current transport planning process in Sweden and most other countries.This thesis examined energy use and GHG emissions for the whole life cycle (construction, operation, maintenance and end-of-life) of road infrastructure, with the aim of improving transport planning on both strategic and project level. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to two selected case studies: LCA of a road tunnel and LCA of three methods for asphalt recycling and reuse: hot in-plant, hot in-place and reuse as unbound material. The impact categories selected for analysis were Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Global Warming Potential (GWP). Other methods used in the research included interviews and a literature review.The results of the first case study indicated that the operational phase of the tunnel contributed the highest share of CED and GWP throughout the tunnel’s life cycle. Construction of concrete tunnels had much higher CED and GWP per lane-metre than construction of rocktunnels. The results of the second case study showed that hot in-place recycling of asphalt gave slightly more net savings of GWP and CED than hot in-plant recycling. Asphalt reuse was less environmentally beneficial than either of these alternatives, resulting in no net savings of GWP and minor net savings of CED. Main sources of data uncertainty identified in the two case-studies included prediction of future electricity mix and inventory data for asphalt concrete.This thesis contributes to methodological development which will be useful to future infrastructure LCAs in terms of inventory data collection. It presents estimated amounts of energy use and GHG emissions associated with road infrastructure, on the example of roadtunnel and asphalt recycling. Operation of road infrastructure and production of construction materials are identified as the main priorities for decreasing GHG emissions and energy use during the life cycle of road infrastructure. It was concluded that the potential exists for significant decreases in GHG emissions and energy use associated with the road transport system if the entire life cycle of road infrastructure is taken into consideration from the very start of the policy-making process.QC 20120229
Książki na temat "Life Cycle Energy (LCE)"
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Demirbas, Ayhan. Waste Energy for Life Cycle Assessment. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40551-3.
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Sakellariou, Nicholas. Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119418580.
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Kuemmel, Bernd. Life-cycle analysis of energy systems. Frederiksberg: Roskilde University Press, 1997.
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Basosi, Riccardo, Maurizio Cellura, Sonia Longo i Maria Laura Parisi, red. Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems and Sustainable Energy Technologies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93740-3.
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Singh, Anoop, Deepak Pant i Stig Irving Olsen, red. Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5364-1.
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Corp, Forintek Canada, Canada Natural Resources Canada i University of British Columbia. School of Architecture. Environmental Research Group., red. Life-cycle energy use in office buildings. [Canada]: Forintek Canada Corp., 1994.
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Ryan, Davis, i National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.), red. Techno-economics & life cycle assessment. Golden, Colo.]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.
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Ayres, Robert U. Life cycle analysis and materials/energy forecasting models. Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1993.
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Engineers, Society of Automotive, i SAE World Congress (2007 : Detroit, Mich.), red. Life cycle analysis and energy or emissions modeling. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2007.
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Ayres, Robert U. Life cycle analysis and materials/energy forecasting models. Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1993.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Life Cycle Energy (LCE)"
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Laurent, Alexis, Nieves Espinosa i Michael Z. Hauschild. "LCA of Energy Systems". W Life Cycle Assessment, 633–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56475-3_26.
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Laleman, Ruben, Johan Albrecht i Jo Dewulf. "Comparing Various Indicators for the LCA of Residential Photovoltaic Systems". W Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources, 211–39. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5364-1_10.
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Ruggeri, B., S. Sanfilippo i T. Tommasi. "Sustainability of (H2 + CH4) by Anaerobic Digestion via EROI Approach and LCA Evaluations". W Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources, 169–94. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5364-1_8.
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Girardi, Pierpaolo, i Alessia Gargiulo. "LCA of Photovoltaic Solutions in the Italian Context". W Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems and Sustainable Energy Technologies, 17–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93740-3_2.
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Brondi, Carlo, Simone Cornago, Dario Piloni, Alessandro Brusaferri i Andrea Ballarino. "Application of LCA for the Short-Term Management of Electricity Consumption". W Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems and Sustainable Energy Technologies, 45–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93740-3_4.
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Parisi, Maria Laura, i Riccardo Basosi. "Geothermal Energy Production in Italy: An LCA Approach for Environmental Performance Optimization". W Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems and Sustainable Energy Technologies, 31–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93740-3_3.
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L’Abbate, Pasqua, Michele Dassisti i Abdul G. Olabi. "Small-Size Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: An Environmental Sustainability Analysis via LCA". W Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems and Sustainable Energy Technologies, 61–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93740-3_5.
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Muradin, Magdalena. "The Environmental Assessment of Biomass Waste Conversion to Sustainable Energy in the Agricultural Biogas Plant". W Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management, 133–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_12.
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AbstractOperating an agricultural biogas plants offers the potential of stable, clean, renewable and diversified energy source. It is also a good opportunity to reduce the amount of organic waste. The objective of this study is to evaluate the main environmental hot spots of operating agricultural biogas plants using LCA methodology. This article presents the environmental impact assessment of two agricultural biogas plants with different type of feedstock provision. The environmental life cycle assessment was carried out from “cradle to gate” using the SimaPro software and the ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ methodology. The boundaries of the system included cultivation of maize, delivery of feedstock to the plant, energy production, storage and transport of digestate. The results show that transport of liquid manure induces the highest environmental impact.
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Keller, Heiko, Horst Fehrenbach, Nils Rettenmaier i Marie Hemmen. "Extending LCA Methodology for Assessing Liquid Biofuels by Phosphate Resource Depletion and Attributional Land Use/Land Use Change". W Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management, 121–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_11.
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AbstractMany pathways towards reaching defossilization goals build on a substantially increased production of bio-based products and energy carriers including liquid biofuels. This is, amongst others, limited by land and phosphorous availability. However, it is challenging to adequately capture these limitations in LCA using state-of-the-art LCI and LCIA methods. We propose two new methods to overcome these challenges: (1) attributional land use and land use change (aLULUC) evenly attributes LU-/LUC-related burdens (emissions) occurring in a country to each hectare of cropland used in that country and (2) phosphate rock demand as a stand-alone resource indicator for a finite resource that cannot be replaced. Approach, calculations and used factors are described for both methods, and exemplary results for biofuels are presented. We conclude that both methods can yield additional insight and can support finding solutions for current challenges in agriculture.
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Ingemarsdotter, Emilia, Sahil Singhania i Georgios Pallas. "Dynamic LCA and LCC with ECOFACT". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 703–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_79.
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AbstractThis paper introduces the work on dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) carried out within the EU Horizon 2020 project ECOFACT. The goal of the ECOFACT project is to develop a digital platform for manufacturing companies to optimize their production systems for energy, costs, resources and life cycle impacts. The platform will include a manufacturing decision-support-system based on dynamic LCA and LCC and it will be demonstrated in four factories that are members of the project consortium. Dynamic and automated LCA and LCC provides opportunities for new insights compared to conventional, static assessments. For example, temporal variations in the environmental impact can be made available on an hourly, daily, monthly and yearly basis. Moreover, once set up, LCA and LCC results can automatically be updated with the latest data, reducing efforts and costs related to data collection and reporting. In this paper, we briefly explain the ECOFACT approach to dynamic LCA and LCC and discuss preliminary learnings as well as future opportunities.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Life Cycle Energy (LCE)"
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Lokesh, Kadambari, Atma Prakash, Vishal Sethi, Eric Goodger i Pericles Pilidis. "Assessment of Life Cycle Emissions of Bio-SPKs for Jet Engines". W ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94238.
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Bio-Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (Bio-SPK) is one of the most anticipated renewable energy to conventional Jet kerosene (CJK). Bio-SPK is plant lipid which is thermo-chemically converted to kerosene like compositions to serve as “Drop-in” biojet fuel. The environmental impact of Bio-SPK is to be understood to determine its potential as a carbon neutral / negative fuel. Assessment of Life Cycle Emissions of Bio-SPKs (ALCEmB) aims to deliver a quantitative, life cycle centered emissions (LCE) model, reporting the process related-carbon footprint of Bio-SPKs. This study also encompasses the key emission-suppressing feature associated with biofuels, termed as “Biomass Credit”. The Bio-SPKs chosen for this analysis and ranked based on their “Well-to-Wake” emissions are Camelina SPK, Microalgae SPK and Jatropha SPK. The Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted at each stage of their life cycles have been represented in the form of CO2 equivalents and the LCE of each of the Bio-SPKs were weighed against that of a reference fuel, the CJK. Camelina SPK among the three Bio-SPKs analyzed, was determined to have a relatively lower carbon footprint with a <70% carbon reduction relative to CJK followed by Jatropha SPK and Microalgae SPK respectively. In general, Bio-SPKs were able to reduce their overall LCE by 60–70%, at baseline scenario, relative to its fossil derived counterpart.
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Bashirzadeh Tabrizi, Toktam, i Francesco Fiorito. "Optimization of windows’ design in residential buildings Use of overall Life Cycle Energy (LCE) indicator". W Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2016). Global Science & Technology Forum ( GSTF ), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-394x_ace16.17.
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Raynolds, Marlo A., M. David Checkel i Roydon A. Fraser. "A Case Study for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as an Energy Decision Making Tool: The Production of Fuel Ethanol from Various Feedstocks". W Total Life Cycle Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/982205.
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Larsen, Chris, Jennifer Szaro i William Wilson. "An Alternative Approach to PV System Life Cycle Cost Analysis". W ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65082.
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This analysis uses actual installed system costs from available data to better assess and understand the real installed and life cycle costs for small-scale photovoltaic (PV) installations. Most PV systems are sold on the basis of first cost, but in addition to these first costs, system owners must consider operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and down time, as well as energy savings [1]. The challenge in developing realistic life cycle costs is that most databases have only new data available, and only one database — that maintained by the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) — contains performance information along with cost and maintenance data. The goals of this effort are to: 1. Characterize the actual life cycle costs (LCC) of PV systems installed in Florida and tracked since 1998. 2. Develop a benchmark of PV LCC that will aid in prioritizing cost improvement steps and feed into the U.S. Department of Energy and its subcontractors’ efforts to develop a baseline for grid-connected small residential and larger commercial PV system costs. 3. Develop an easy to use and modify LCC model that allows sensitivity analysis and input of new data as it becomes available. The PV system LCC model developed and used here is based on statistical methods, which provide us with a range of expected outcomes. The Monte Carlo technique allows the use of repeated simulation iterations to mimic a population sample. For inputs, the model relies largely on data from FSEC’s performance and maintenance databases, and where appropriate simplifying assumptions are explained. Beyond establishing an LCC baseline, this project considers the sensitivity of the total LCC to various inputs and thereby provides guidance on the question of where to put valuable resources to substantially reduce PV system costs. Further discussion is offered concerning the additional value of this model in determining the impact of various methods of PV system performance tracking.
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Marius, Nicolae Florin. "APPLICATIONS OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) IN SHIPPING INDUSTRY". W 14th SGEM GeoConference on ENERGY AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b42/s19.038.
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Fitch, Peder E., i Joyce Smith Cooper. "Life Cycle Energy Analysis as a Method for Material Selection". W ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dfm-48142.
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This paper presents a method of performing Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) for the purpose of material selection. The method applies product analysis methods to the evaluation of material options for automotive components. Specifically, LCEA is used to compare material options for a bumper-reinforcing beam on a 1030 kg vehicle. From an energy perspective, glass fiber composites and high-strength steel beams performed best. This paper also presents a set of life cycle energy terms designed to clearly distinguish between energy consumption occurring during different phases of a product’s life cycle. In addition, this paper compares the results of the LCEA method to those of other energy analyses and demonstrates how different methods of varying thoroughness can result in different material selections. Finally, opportunities are identified for extending this type of analysis beyond both automotive components and energy consumption.
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Heath, Garvin, Craig Turchi, Terese Decker, John Burkhardt i Chuck Kutscher. "Life Cycle Assessment of Thermal Energy Storage: Two-Tank Indirect and Thermocline". W ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90402.
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In the United States, concentrating solar power (CSP) is one of the most promising renewable energy (RE) technologies for reduction of electric sector greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and for rapid capacity expansion. It is also one of the most price-competitive RE technologies, thanks in large measure to decades of field experience and consistent improvements in design. One of the key design features that makes CSP more attractive than many other RE technologies, like solar photovoltaics and wind, is the potential for including relatively low-cost and efficient thermal energy storage (TES), which can smooth the daily fluctuation of electricity production and extend its duration into the evening peak hours or longer. Because operational environmental burdens are typically small for RE technologies, life cycle assessment (LCA) is recognized as the most appropriate analytical approach for determining their environmental impacts of these technologies, including CSP. An LCA accounts for impacts from all stages in the development, operation, and decommissioning of a CSP plant, including such upstream stages as the extraction of raw materials used in system components, manufacturing of those components, and construction of the plant. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is undertaking an LCA of modern CSP plants, starting with those of parabolic trough design. Our LCA follows the guidelines described in the international standard series ISO 14040-44 [1]. To support this effort, we are comparing the life-cycle environmental impacts of two TES designs: two-tank, indirect molten salt and indirect thermocline. To put the environmental burden of the TES system in perspective, one recent LCA that considered a two-tank, indirect molten salt TES system on a parabolic trough CSP plant found that the TES component can account for approximately 40% of the plant’s non-operational GHG emissions [2]. As emissions associated with plant construction, operation and decommissioning are generally small for RE technologies, this analysis focuses on estimating the emissions embodied in the production of the materials used in the TES system. A CSP plant that utilizes an indirect, molten salt, TES system transfers heat from the solar field’s heat transfer fluid (HTF) to the binary molten salts of the TES system via several heat exchangers. The “cold tank” receives the heat from the solar field HTF and conveys it to the “hot tank” via another series of heat exchangers. The hot tank stores the thermal energy for power generation later in the day. A thermocline TES system is a potentially attractive alternative because it replaces the hot and cold tanks with a thermal gradient within a single tank that significantly reduces the quantity of materials required for the same amount of thermal storage. An additional advantage is that the thermocline design can replace much of the expensive molten salt with a low-cost quartzite rock or sand filler material. This LCA is based on a detailed cost specification for a 50 MWe CSP plant with six hours of molten salt thermal storage, which utilizes an indirect, two-tank configuration [3]. This cost specification, and subsequent conversations with the author, revealed enough information to estimate weights of materials (reinforcing steel, concrete, etc.) used in all components of the specified two-tank TES system. To estimate embodied GHG emissions per kilogram of each material, two life cycle inventory (LCI) databases were consulted: EcoInvent v2.0 [4], which requires materials mass data as input, and the US Economic Input-Output LCA database [5], which requires cost data as input. IPCC default global warming potentials (GWPs) give the greenhouse potential of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide [6]. Where certain materials specified in Kelly [3] were not available in the LCI databases, the closest available proxy for those materials was selected based on such factors as peak process temperature, and similar input materials and process technology. The thermocline system was modeled using the two-tank system design as the foundation, from which materials were subtracted or substituted based on the differences and similarities of design [7]. Table 1 summarizes the results of our evaluation. Embodied emissions of GHGs from the materials used in the 6-hour, 50 MWe two-tank system are estimated to be 17,100 MTCO2e. Analogous emissions for the thermocline system are less than half of those for the two-tank: 7890 MTCO2e. The reduction of salt inventory associated with a thermocline design thus reduces both storage cost and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. While construction-, operation- and decommissioning-related emissions are not included in this assessment, we do not expect any differences between the two system designs to significantly affect the relative results reported here. Sensitivity analysis on choices of proxy materials for the nitrate salts and calcium silicate insulation also do not significantly affect the relative results.
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Hu, Ming. "A New Building Life-Cycle Embodied Performance Index". W 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.1.
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Knowledge and research tying the environmental impact and embodied energy together is a largely unexplored area in the building industry. The aim of this study is to investigate the practicality of using the ratio between embodied energy and embodied carbon to measure the building’s impact. This study is based on life-cycle assessment and proposes a new measure: life-cycle embodied performance (LCEP), in order to evaluate building performance. In this study, eight buildings located in the same climate zone with similar construction types are studied to test the proposed method. For each case, the embodied energy intensities and embodied carbon coefficients are calculated, and four environmental impact categories are quantified. The following observations can be drawn from the findings: (a) the ozone depletion potential could be used as an indicator to predict the value of LCEP; (b) the use of embodied energy and embodied carbon independently from each other could lead to incomplete assessments; and (c) the exterior wall system is a common significant factor influencing embodied energy and embodied carbon. The results lead to several conclusions: firstly, the proposed LCEP ratio, between embodied energy and embodied carbon, can serve as a genuine indicator of embodied performance. Secondly, environmental impact categories are not dependent on embodied energy, nor embodied carbon. Rather, they are proportional to LCEP. Lastly, among the different building materials studied, metal and concrete express the highest contribution towards embodied energy and embodied carbon.
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Curtiss, Peter S., i Jan F. Kreider. "Developments in Light Vehicle Life Cycle Analysis With Application to Electric Vehicles". W ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54957.
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An LCA tool first reported on at the ASME ES conference in 2007 has been expanded and improved as follows: • More than 400 production vehicles from all over the world are now in the data base. • Conventional and renewable liquid and gas fuels are included. • Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are included along with hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. • The tool is now web-based. The LCA tool includes both fuel and vehicle life cycle coefficients in its data base. To illustrate the LCA ranking of vehicles using electricity (EVs, PHEVs, and HEVs) vs. conventional vehicles this paper will report on greenhouse gas emissions, total life cycle energy use along with NOx, SOx and mercury emissions. It will be shown, for example, that EVs are not the cleanest solution contrary to claims of various commentators in the popular press and of EV enthusiasts who do not take the entire life cycle into account.
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Maruyama, Naoki, Seizo Kato i Anugerah Widiyanto. "Life Cycle Management for Power Plant Optimization by LCA Consolidated Evaluation Scheme". W 1st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC). Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-5995.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Hasan Ozer, Mouna Krami Senhaji, Qingwen Zhou, Rebekah Yang, Seunggu Kang, Marshall Thompson i in. A Life-Cycle Methodology for Energy Use by In-Place Pavement Recycling Techniques. Illinois Center for Transportation, październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-018.
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Worldwide interest in using recycled materials in flexible pavements as an alternative to virgin materials has increased significantly over the past few decades. Therefore, recycling has been utilized in pavement maintenance and rehabilitation activities. Three types of in-place recycling technologies have been introduced since the late 70s: hot in-place recycling, cold in-place recycling, and full-depth reclamation. The main objectives of this project are to develop a framework and a life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate maintenance and rehabilitation treatments, specifically in-place recycling and conventional paving methods, and develop a LCA tool utilizing Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to help local and state highway agencies evaluate environmental benefits and tradeoffs of in-place recycling techniques as compared to conventional rehabilitation methods at each life-cycle stage from the material extraction to the end of life. The ultimate outcome of this study is the development of a framework and a user-friendly LCA tool that assesses the environmental impact of a wide range of pavement treatments, including in-place recycling, conventional methods, and surface treatments. The developed tool provides pavement industry practitioners, consultants, and agencies the opportunity to complement their projects’ economic and social assessment with the environmental impacts quantification. In addition, the tool presents the main factors that impact produced emissions and energy consumed at every stage of the pavement life cycle due to treatments. The tool provides detailed information such as fuel usage analysis of in-place recycling based on field data.
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Ruegg, Rosalie T. Life-cycle costing for energy conservation in buildings:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4129.
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Ruegg, Rosalie T., i Stephen R. Petersen. Life-cycle costing for energy conservation in buildings:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4130.
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Littlefield, James, Joe Marriott i Timothy J. Skone. Using Life Cycle Analysis to Inform Energy Policy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1526310.
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Ruegg, Rosalie T., i Stephen R. Petersen. Life-cycle costing for energy conservation in buildings:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4778.
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Swaminathan, S., N. F. Miller i R. K. Sen. Battery energy storage systems life cycle costs case studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/291017.
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Fuller, Sieglinde K., i Stephen R. Petersen. Life-cycle costing workshop for energy conservation in buildings:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5165-1.
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Twomey, Janet M. Sustainable Energy Solutions Task 3.0:Life-Cycle Database for Wind Energy Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/991642.
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Lippiatt, Barbara C., Stephen F. Weber i Rosalie T. Ruegg. Energy prices and discount factors for life-cycle cost analysis :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3273-1.
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Lippiatt, Barbara C., i Rosalie T. Ruegg. Energy prices and discount factors for life-cycle cost analysis :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3273-2.
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