Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Libye et Tunisie”

Dans cette communication, est présentée l’Union du Maghreb Arabe (UMA), une des communautés régionales de l’Union Africaine, créée en 1989 par l’Algérie, la Libye, le Maroc, la Mauritanie et la Tunisie. On y expose le rôle qu’elle joue dans la problématique linguistique en Afrique mais également les rapports qu’elle entretient avec l’Europe.

[fr] Ces notules traitent de la question des données lexicales en arabe vernaculaire/semi-vernaculaire collectées dans les Manāqib Abī l-Qāsim al-Misrātī de l’écrivain Ǧamāl al-dīn Muḥammad b. Ḫalaf al-Misrātī al-Qayrawānī (après 1035/1626). On rappelle aux historiens et linguistes l’intérêt qu’il y aurait à étudier le matériel textuel en arabe vernaculaire/semi-vernaculaire de Tunisie-Libye au XIe/XVIIe siècle afin de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de l’histoire sociale des habitudes linguistiques. Les informations sont exposées en écriture arabe et réparties en deux sections : lexique commun et formules composées/segments de phrases.

Un grand nombre des maisons qui bordent le bassin méditerranéen sont organisées autour d’un patio. Cela est vrai pour l’Andalousie, la Grèce, le sud de l’Italie, les pays de la méditerranée, et particulièrement pour l’Afrique du Nord. Les origines de cette organisation spatiale sont très anciennes. A la suite de la maison grecque, la maison romaine disposait généralement de deux cours intérieures. Mais c’est avec l’arrivée de la civilisation arabo-musulmane en Afrique du nord, que la maison à patio a connu son apogée, répondant à la fois à des exigences sociologiques, culturelles, et thermiques [1]. Les valeurs d’intimité président à cette conception de l’habitat. Il s’agit de privilégier l’être, et non le paraître. Sur le plan thermique, la maison à patio est particulièrement bien adaptée au climat chaud et semi-aride. Le patio jouit d’un microclimat plus tempéré que le climat extérieur, et joue ainsi le rôle d’un espace tampon entre l’intérieur de l’habitation et l’ambiance extérieur. Particulièrement en saison chaude, elle propose des solutions thermique sans contradiction avec la vie des gens, leurs traditions, et leur système de croyance [2]. Mais les schémas de la modernité constituent une menace pour ce type de maison. En Egypte par exemple, elles n’existent pratiquement plus que sous forme de vestige d’une époque révolue. Dans ce travail, nous proposons une simulation numérique du comportement thermique d’une maison à patio en fonction du contexte climatique maghrébin, à l’aide du logiciel de simulation du comportement thermique en régime dynamique TRNSYS.

Résumé Taieb (Jacques). - Les Juifs du Maghreb au xixe siècle : aperçu de démographie historique et répartition géographique En se fondant essentiellement sur les recensements, on peut donner une image à peu près fiable de la population juive au Maroc, en Algérie, en Tunisie et en Libye au début du xxc siècle. Mais pour remonter dans le passé, il faut s'appuyer sur des sources plus disparates et se contenter d'évaluations «raisonnables ». On peut ainsi suivre l'évolution de cette population depuis la conquête d'Alger en 1830. La population juive représentait à peu près 2 % de la population totale. La première phase de la transition démographique (baisse de la mortalité) était en cours, mais la deuxième n'était commencée qu'en Algérie. Cette population était essentiellement urbaine, souvent regroupée au sein des villes dans des quartiers spécifiques. Mais il y avait aussi un important peuplement montagnard et même des semi-nomades intégrés aux tribus bédouines. La population des xvne et xvnie siècles était sans doute beaucoup plus rurale, ce qui tend à montrer que les sociétés de cette époque n'étaient pas nécessairement figées.

Comment les États gouvernent-ils les migrations forcées lors des moments critiques de leur (trans) formation ? En s’appuyant sur des entretiens et des documents d’archives de la Tunisie entre 1950 et 2020, cet article analyse la manière dont l’État tunisien a géré l’arrivée massive de migrants forcés en provenance des pays voisins à deux moments critiques de sa formation : l’arrivée des Algériens après l’indépendance tunisienne en 1956, dans le contexte de la guerre d’indépendance algérienne, et l’arrivée des Libyens après la révolution tunisienne en 2011 dans le cadre du conflit libyen. Notre analyse montre que l’approche politique vis-à-vis les migrations forcées est directement liée à la transformation de l’État tunisien au niveau national, bilatéral et international : pendant la guerre d’indépendance algérienne, la redéfinition de l’État tunisien postcolonial comme État solidaire avec l’indépendance algérienne et sa défense de la souveraineté nationale au niveau international ont entraîné soutien et ouverture envers les réfugiés algériens, suivis par leur rapatriement. En revanche, l’État tunisien s’est montré réticent à fournir une aide humanitaire et des permis de séjour aux Libyens. En fait, la Tunisie a répondu à l’arrivée massive des Libyens par une politique de « laisser-faire stratégique » – une politique d’absence stratégique de l’État, ce qui était lié au fait que la Tunisie post-révolutionnaire se concentrait sur la démocratisation de ses institutions, la redéfinition de sa position au niveau bilatéral et international et la survie de l’État face à une situation économique et politique fragile.

Ce travail analyse les politiques de change du Maroc et de la Tunisie depuis la fin du Système de Bretton Woods. Les monnaies de ces pays sont rattachées à un panier de devises qui privilégie l'euro face au dollar. Si le Maroc et la Tunisie partagent un objectif final de stabilité du taux de change effectif réel, et visent à terme le passage au flottement libre, il apparaît que les stratégies employées par chacun diffèrent. Alors que la Tunisie a opté pour des ajustements réguliers du taux de change nominal, le Maroc a adopté une politique d’ancrage nominal couplée avec une politique monétaire rigoureuse.

As the 1980s drew to a close in the Maghreb, old plans for unification were dusted off with the creation of the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), an organization bringing together all five countries of North Africa : Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya. This article seeks to analyze this new dynamic of regional integration by emphasizing its significance, its characteristics, its scope, and its limits. We express the hypothesis according to which the process of the Maghreb 's integration has been set in motion largely by the crisis in the inter-Arab System. Above all else, it represents a response to the constraints implicit in the push towards European union.

Le présent travail représente une étude expérimentale d’un chauffe eau solaire à stockage intégré, d’une nouvelle et simple conception, dans un climat tunisien. Ce chauffe eau est équipé d’un système de concentration comportant trois branches paraboliques favorisant une meilleure absorption du rayonnement solaire. Grâce à la libre rotation du système de concentration, on peut minimiser les pertes au moyen d’un dispositif de commande permettant de renverser le système pendant les périodes non ensoleillée. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré des performances thermiques acceptables malgré la simplicité du capteur. Enfin, une amélioration peut être facilement apportée que ce soit par le perfectionnement de l’isolation thermique ou l’utilisation des surfaces sélectives de captation.

Henry de Montherlant a parcouru dans les années trente le bassin méditerranéen avec pour seul objectif se détacher de tout. Dans les livres composés à cette période, Montherlant est éblouissant dans ses descriptions de ces populations arabes, des oasis où les touristes s'ennuient, de villes comme Fez, Grenade, Sidi-bou-Saïd, perle de la Méditerranée près de Tunis, et des splendeurs du Sahara. Je propose d'explorer l'univers mental du voyageur assoiffé et dont rien n'étanche la soif. Montherlant pose le problème de la limite, de la frontière du rêve et du voyage; la féerie ne se réalise pas toujours et l'errance peut devenir une prison. Cela représente l'itinéraire d'un créateur de génie qui à travers son œuvre a dessiné le voyage intérieur d'une âme vagabonde.

Résumé Le succès de la grammaire scolaire dans la France du XIXe siècle avait favorisé la traduction de certains de ses manuels, comme le Lhomond ou le Noël et Chapsal, pour servir de méthodes d’apprentissage aux étrangers. Le Lhomond tout particulièrement, après la traduction anglaise de Longfellow (1830) avait connu une traduction arabe, publiée à Paris en 1857 par un Tunisien du nom de Soliman al-Haraïri (1824–1877). Il y développe en fait, une double traduction: traduction libre et traduction littérale. Cette dernière, très paradoxalement, constitue le noyau d’une méthode présentée par l’auteur comme une invention didactique à laquelle il n’a jamais été précédé. L’effort de traduction y est considérable par rapport à ce que l’on trouve dans l’ouvrage anglais. La langue arabe, ainsi que la grammatisation autochtone qui s’y rapporte sont tellement éloignées du français et de sa grammatisation que le traducteur est amené à faire œuvre de linguiste et non de simple traducteur. La traduction de la terminologie, comme celle des exemples et des paradigmes, nécessite en effet une grande connaissance de l’arabe et de sa grammaire. Le recours au dialecte marque d’ailleurs l’épuisement des ressources de l’arabe classique. La transcription s’y ajoute pour faire encore reculer l’écart, au-delà de la grammaire et du système phonologique, jusqu’à l’écriture elle-même. Les éléments d’une recherche contrastive viennent, en outre, accompagner la traduction littérale comme pour en retracer les limites et révéler les irréductibles difficultés de l’apprentissage. Mais la correspondance entre les deux langues, incarnée dans cette traduction, a été expressément exagérée pour gagner plus de terrain dans le rapprochement du Lhomond, dans sa langue originale, à l’élève arabe. L’objectif étant de le mettre immédiatement en contact avec la langue française, via ce pré-texte qu’est la traduction littérale. Quant à la traduction libre, elle est considérée comme superflue, ne pouvant profiter qu’à l’élève français censé y trouver un ‘guide de bien traduire’.

L’objectif de ce papier est de mener une étude analytique comparative des critères d’évaluation des systèmes e-gouvernement au Maroc en mettant le point sur son positionnement international par rapport au certains pays du continent (Egypte Afrique du Sud, Maurice, les Seychelles, Rwanda) et du Maghreb (Tunisie, Algérie, la Lybie et Mauritanie) dans le domaine. Sur la base d’une recherche bibliographique sélective de 39 articles et rapports sur 880 retenus au début de la recherche, une étude d’analyse bibliographique a été menée en mesure d’identifier les différentes variables influençant l’évaluation d’e-gouvernement et de la valeur publique de certains pays émergents (Inde par exemple) qui partagent un bon nombre de paramètres socioéconomiques avec le Maroc. Pour l’analyse de l’évaluation des pratiques e-gouvernement, cette étude repose sur l’Indice de Développement d’E-Gouvernement (IDEG), un outil adopté par l’ONU dans l’évaluation des pratiques numériques des pays membres dont le Maroc fait partie. L’étude montre que le Maroc a un potentiel qui nécessite à être mobilisé d’avantage pour améliorer ses indices d’IDEG et se classer parmi les meilleurs pays émergents en matière d’e-gouvernement et de valeur publique. Le Maroc est appelé ainsi, de consolider ces efforts autour de la qualité des services en ligne, un domaine où il présente un retard par rapport à d'autres pays émergents en général, et du Maghreb en particulier. Il est important de souligner que le Maroc a initié son premier Plan d'Action à court terme en mars 2003, comprenant 32 projets pilotes. Cette étude se concentre sur la période allant de 2003 à 2022 pour analyser l'évolution des pratiques d’e-gouvernement dans le pays en question au cours de cette période et pour apporter des éléments de réponse à notre question centrale : Quel est le niveau de développement de l'e-gouvernement au Maroc et comment se positionne-t-il à l’échelle internationale ? The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analytical study of the evaluation criteria for e-government systems in Morocco, focusing on the country's international positioning in relation to other countries on the continent (Egypt, South Africa, Mauritius, Seychelles, Rwanda) and in the Maghreb (Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, and Mauritania) in this field. On the basis of a selective bibliographical search of 39 articles and reports out of the 880 retained at the beginning of the research, a bibliographical analysis study was carried out in order to identify the different variables influencing the evaluation of e-government and public value in certain emerging countries (India, for example) which share a good number of socio-economic parameters with Morocco. To analyze the evaluation of e-government practices, this study uses the E-Government Development Index (EGDI), a tool adopted by the UN to evaluate the digital practices of member countries, including Morocco. Morocco is therefore called to consolidate these efforts around the quality of online services, an area in which it is lagging behind other emerging countries in general and the Maghreb in particular. It is important to note that Morocco initiated its first short-term Action Plan in March 2003, including 32 pilot projects. This study focuses on the period from 2003 to 2022, to analyze the evolution of e-government practices in the country over this period and to provide some answers to our central question: How developed is e-government in Morocco, and how is it positioned internationally?

Members of the Lamiaceae family are considered chief sources of bioactive therapeutic agents. They are important ornamental, medicinal, and aromatic plants, many of which are used in traditional and modern medicine and in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In North Africa, on the Mediterranean side, there is the following particularly interesting Lamiaceous species: Thymus hirtus Willd. sp. Algeriensis Boiss. Et Reut. The populations of this endemic plant are distributed from the subhumid to the lower arid zone and are mainly employed as ethnomedicinal remedies in the following Maghreb countries: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. In fact, they have been applied as antimicrobial agents, antispasmodics, astringents, expectorants, and preservatives for several food products. The species is commonly consumed as a tea or infusion and is used against hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, respiratory ailments, heart disease, and food poisoning. These medicinal uses are related to constituents with many biological characteristics, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, insecticidal, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review aims to present an overview of the botanical characteristics and geographical distribution of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. Et Reut and its traditional uses. This manuscript also examines the phytochemical profile and its correlation with biological activities revealed by in vitro and in vivo studies.

Abstract En 1845, les premières concessions minières en Algérie sous domination coloniale sont attribuées à une poignée de patrons français. Parmi ceux-ci, Jules Talabot, bientôt relayé par son frère Léon Talabot, prend possession du gisement d'Aïn Mokra situé à quelques kilomètres du port de Bône / Annaba. Après un début fastidieux, le site est mis en exploitation à une échelle industrielle au cours de la décennie 1860. Jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle, le site attire des travailleurs de tous les horizons méditerranéens. Algériens, Italiens, Français, Espagnols, Maltais, et Tunisiens s'y pressent, y travaillent, y vivent ou y meurent. Leurs statuts sont variés tant vis-à-vis de la citoyenneté française que dans leur rapport au travail. Les formes de travail contraint coexistent avec celles du travail libre. Ces migrations ne sont pas seulement masculines puisque des femmes travaillent aussi sur le site dans une division genrée du travail. Le site d'Aïn Mokra se présente alors comme un observatoire d'un XIXe siècle autant colonial qu'industriel que cet article se propose d'explorer dans une démarche micro-historique.

Our Lives are but Stories is a welcome and appealing addition to the small but valuable corpus of studies of Jewish women whose ethnic heritages, as much as their Judaism, shape their life experiences and their narratives telling of those experiences. Joining books such as Lisa Gilad's Ginger and Salt: Yemeni Jewish Women in an Israeli Town (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989); Jael Silliman's Jewish Portraits, Indian Frames: Women's Narratives from a Diaspora of Hope (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2001); Joelle Bahloul's Le Culte de la Table Dressée: Rites et Traditions de la Table Juive Algérienne (Paris: A. M. Métailié: Diffusion, Presses universitaires de France, 1983); Rachel Simon's Change Within Tradition Among Jewish Women in Libya (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992); and my own Women As Ritual Experts: The Religious Lives of Elderly Jewish Women in Jerusalem (New York: Oxford University Press 1992), Schely-Newman's Our Lives are but Stories makes a substantial contribution to the study of Jewish women of Asia and North Africa.

"Quelque chose se passait. Je le savais. Cet homme était là. Devant moi. Je ne le connaissais pas. Je ne l’avais jamais vu. Je ne comprenais pas ce qui se passait. Pourquoi il me regardait ? Pourquoi je le regardais ? Mon cœur battait. Il battait fort. Je le voyais presque. Je le sentais. Dans ce petit corps d’adolescent, affaibli par ce soleil, et par le charme de cet inconnu d’en face". Tahir, Hicham (2015). Les Ruelles des pieds nus (p. 181). Casa-Express éditions. Deuxième solstice d’été pour la revue HYBRIDA… Rituel solitaire du feu, de la mer et de la lune… Nouveaux vœux pour tous et toutes… pour ceux et celles qui souffrent… pour les mères dévouées… pour mon père qui fait 80 ans. Fierté renouvelée en ce juin 2022, plus libre mais plus accéléré… plus individualiste… Espoir pour l’Ukraine et positionnement contre toute forme de totalitarisme et d’oppression… Notre revue se consolide et reçoit la considération des spécialistes qui permettent d’afficher le label de qualité et de soutenir, nunc et semper, une recherche engagée. Ce numéro 4 contient un Dossier central intitulé IDENTITÉ/S coordonné, magistralement il faut le préciser, par le professeur Walter Romero de l’Université de Buenos Aires en Argentine. Il regroupe dix articles venus d’espaces culturels différents qui se font écho : Côte d’Ivoire, Espagne, France, Maroc, Tunisie… Ils abordent et étudient des auteur·e·s aussi différent·e·s, et finalement aussi proches dans la thématique proposée, que Tahar Ben Jelloun, Fatima Daas, Alexandra David-Neel, Ariane Dreyfus, Carlos Fuentes, Édouard Glissant, Patrick Grainville, Laura Kasischke, Milan Kundera et Achille Mbembe, ainsi que d’autres productions audio-visuelles. En partant d’une orientation méthodologique spécialisée en études postcoloniales et migratoires et/ou en études culturelles, de genre et queer, tout en privilégiant les approches intersectionnelles où convergent plusieurs facteurs d’oppression et d’exclusion (classe, race, genre…), ce Dossier porte sur la polyvalente notion d’identité, concept fuyant et pluriel qui s’appuie sur l’idée d’hybridation culturelle. Les articles du Dossier prennent donc comme objet d’étude l’itinérance, l’errance et le déplacement, incluant l’idée de retour (récits de voyage, opposition entre les pays colonisés et les pays colonisateurs, entre le centre et la périphérie ou la banlieue, etc.). Ils insistent également sur les questions identitaires liées aussi bien à la mémoire qu’aux processus d’interculturalité, voire de transculturalité. Un autre aspect qui a été exploré est celui de l’identité individuelle et communautaire en relation avec les questions concernant la diversité sexuelle, ethnique, religieuse… mettant en valeur les récits et les sujets diasporiques, voire transgresseurs, tout en questionnant la normativité et les systèmes de domination. Dans notre section Mosaïque, nous publions deux articles spécialement intéressants : Ihab Abumallouh part d’une réflexion générale sur la présence de la sexualité dans la littérature maghrébine d’expression française pour centrer son analyse sur la sexualité dans son rapport avec la religion et la « raison/folie » chez Ben Jelloun. Stéphanie Parmentier, quant à elle, aborde les univers du livre numérique qui prennent un élan inespéré et gratifiant de nous jours, grâce aux nouvelles plateformes d’auto-édition et de lecture en étroit lien avec les réseaux sociaux. Dans la section Traces, nous avons l’honneur et l’énorme plaisir de publier en avant-première le texte inédit de Tassadit Imache, écrivaine que nous aimons et admirons, intitulé « Disparaitre dans un beau paysage » qui fera partie de son nouveau roman à paraitre en 2023. Sous le titre de « Sombras negras », nous publions également le témoignage poignant de l’artiste et activiste trans d’origine soudanaise Alex Medina, réfugiée politique en Espagne qui vient d’obtenir sa nationalité, ce dont nous nous réjouissons. Il ne nous reste qu’à remercier toutes les personnes qui nous aident, nous soutiennent et nous encouragent dans ce beau projet. Merci aux lecteurs et lectrices et merci aux chercheur·e·s du monde entier de nous envoyer vos propositions, vos créations et vos témoignages. Varius Multiplex Multiformis… (dixit Marguerite Y.). N’hésitez pas à succomber sous le charme de « cet inconnu d’en face ».

In the late summer of 1996, a root rot and vine decline was noticed on greenhouse grown melons (Cucumis melo L.) at the National Agriculture and Water Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Melons were grown on sandy clay soil and peat moss was spot applied as organic manure. The pH of the soil was 7.8. Disease symptoms first appeared at early stage of fruit maturity of the crop. Diseased vines exhibited stunting, yellowing, and, at a late stage, complete collapse of the leaf canopy. The roots showed discoloration, discrete lesions on all root systems, and loss of secondary and tertiary feeder roots. Numerous perithecia were observed on the secondary and tertiary roots only. Each ascus contained one large spherical ascospore. The fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar and identified as a Monosporascus sp. (2). A pure culture was confirmed as Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack & Uecker. IMI (373485(01)) by IMI, Surrey, U.K. Pathogenicity was confirmed in a temperature-controlled growth chamber on the melon cv. Red Queen(F1). A medium that consisted of 3 liters of sand, 275 g of dried ground oat hulls, and 450 ml of distilled sterile water (1) was inoculated and incubated for 40 days. The colonized medium (100 ml) was mixed with a pasturized potting mix (sand/peat moss; 1:1) in 17-cm-diameter plastic pots. Five seeds were planted in each pot and, 15 days after germination, seedlings were thinned to one per pot. Noninfested pots were inoculated with sterile sand/oat hull medium. The pots were placed in chambers maintained at 30/20°C, day/night. At various intervals, the onset and severity of symptom expression were recorded. The isolate caused stunting and root necrosis. The fungus was reisolated from symptomatic plants. This report extends the known range of M. cannonballus to include Saudi Arabia. Other reports of this fungus are from India, Israel, Japan, Libya, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan, Tunisia, and the U.S. References: (1) J. C. Mertely et al. Plant Dis. 77:667, 1993. (2) F. G. Pollack and F. A. Uecker. Mycologia 66:346, 1974.

In 2010 and 2011, diseased watermelon plants (Citrillus lanatus [Thunb.] Matsun and Nakai) had chlorotic and wilted leaves and vines prior to harvest in three out of four sampled commercial fields in the Municipality of Matamoros, State of Coahuila, in the north-central region of Mexico known as La Comarca Lagunera. Disease incidence across the fields was 30%. Diseased plants also showed necrotic lesions and loss of secondary and tertiary roots, which can render roots unable to obtain an adequate supply of water and nutrients supporting the aboveground part of the plant before fruit maturity. Roots of affected plants contained perithecia with asci and ascospores typical of Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack & Uecker (4). This fungus has been found in hot semi-arid climates with saline and alkaline soils. Daytime temperatures above 40°C are frequent in north-central Mexico during the watermelon growing season. Small root pieces from 30 plants with disease symptoms (10 plants per field) were taken and surface-sterilized with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium with 0.5 g/L of streptomycin sulfate at two petri dishes per plant and five root pieces per petri dish, and incubated for 7 days at 25°C in the dark. The fungus was isolated with a frequency of 60%. Mycelia were identified from root tissue based on morphological characteristics. DNA was also extracted in CTAB buffer followed by a phenol/chloroform purification and precipitation in isopropanol and ethanol (2). The internal transcribed spacer region was then amplified from isolate 1 using PCR, sequenced, and submitted to GenBank (Accession Number JQ599552). Pathogenicity of isolates was confirmed on watermelon plants (cv. Sweet summer 800) under greenhouse conditions at 25 to 32°C. Inoculum was produced in a sand-oat hull (Avena sativa) medium (0.5 l of sand, 45 g of oat hulls, and 100 ml of distilled water) and incubated for 50 days (1). Watermelon seeds were sown in sterile sand in 20-cm diameter and 12-cm deep polyurethane containers, where inoculum was added to reach a soil concentration of 20 CFU/g. Four seeds were sown in each of five inoculated containers; plants were thinned to two per container after emergence (each container representing a replication). Similarly, plants were also grown in four noninoculated containers and used as controls. After 50 days, all watermelon plants inoculated with M. cannonballus showed root necrosis in contrast with roots from noninoculated plants. M. cannonballus was reisolated from 80% of inoculated plants, confirming Koch's postulates. M. cannonballus causes severe damage on watermelon and other cucurbits such as cantaloupe (Cucumis melo). This fungus has been reported in the United States, Spain, Tunisia, Libya, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands (plants from Russia), Saudi Arabia, India, Japan, Taiwan, Brazil, Guatemala, and Honduras. To date, M. cannonballus has been reported on watermelon in 1996 in the State of Colima in southeastern Mexico (3). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. cannonballus on watermelon in northern Mexico. References: (1) B. D. Bruton et al. Plant Dis. 84:907, 2000. (2) B. R. Lovic et al. Phytopathology 85:655, 1995. (3) R. D. Martyn et al. Plant Dis. 80:1430, 1996. (4) F. G. Pollack and F. A. Uecker. Mycol. 66:346, 1974.

In 2009, 2010, and 2011, melon plants (Cucumis melo L.) exhibited vine decline in commercial fields in the Municipality of Viesca, State of Coahuila, in the north-central region of Mexico known as La Comarca Lagunera. Symptoms included wilting, leaf yellowing, and vine collapse prior to harvest. Diseased plants showed necrotic root lesions and loss of secondary and tertiary roots. Numerous perithecia containing asci and ascospores typical of Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack & Uecker (3) were found in the root system. M. cannonballus is a typical fungus of hot semiarid climates such as La Comarca Lagunera in which daytime temperatures above 40°C are frequent during the melon growing season. Small root pieces were disinfected with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium with 0.5 g l–1 streptomycin sulfate and incubated for 7 days at 25°C under dark conditions. The mycelium of the fungus colony was initially white, turning gray about 3 weeks later and yielding black perithecia with one ascospore per asci. The internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA of isolate 4 was sequenced and submitted to GenBank with Accession No. JQ51935. Pathogenicity of this isolate was confirmed on melon plants (cv. Cruiser) in the greenhouse at 25 to 32°C. Fungus inoculum was produced in a sand-oat hull medium (0.5 l of sand, 45 g of oat hulls, and 100 ml of distilled water), and incubated at 25°C for 50 days (1). Melon seeds were sown in sterile sand in 20-cm diameter and 12-cm depth polyurethane containers, and the inoculum was added to produce a concentration of 20 CFU g–1. Sowing was done in five inoculated containers and thinned to two plants per container, each container representing a replication. Plants were also grown in five noninoculated containers that were used as controls. After 50 days under greenhouse conditions, plants were evaluated for disease symptoms. Melon plants inoculated with M. cannonballus exhibited root necrosis as opposed to healthy roots observed in noninoculated plants. M. cannonballus was reisolated from symptomatic plants, confirming Koch's postulates. M. cannonballus causes root rot and vine decline on melon and has been reported in Brazil, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Libya, the Netherlands (plants from Russia), Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Taiwan, Tunisia, and the United States. M. cannonballus was reported in 1996 in southeastern Mexico in the State of Colima, where watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum.& Nakai) showed wilting and plant collapse prior to harvest (2). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of M. cannonballus on melon in Mexico. This is relevant because La Comarca Lagunera region is one of the major melon producing areas in Mexico and M. cannonballus is a pathogen that may cause yield losses of up to 100%. References: (1) B. D. Bruton et al. Plant Dis. 84:907, 2000. (2) R. D. Martyn et al. Plant Dis. 80:1430, 1996. (3) F. G. Pollack and F. A. Uecker. Mycologia 66:346, 1974.

Social network sites have been viewed as viable tools for communication during the political unrest in the Arab world since it started in December 2010. This study employs content analysis method to explore the characteristics of public political Facebook pages in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria during their recent political events.Les sites de réseautage social ont été perçus comme des outils de communication viables lors de la crise politique dans les pays arabes depuis leur commencement en décembre 2010. Cette étude utilise l’analyse de contenu pour explorer les caractéristiques des pages Facebook politiques publiques en Tunisie, en Égypte, en Libye et en Syrie lors des récents événements politiques.

Mythes et réalités d’un désert convoité : Le Sahara Abed Bendjelid de Jean Bisson. L’Harmattan, Paris, 2003, ISBN : 2-7475-5008-7, 479 pages, 40 Euro. Ouvrage documenté, cette synthèse portant sur le Sahara présente une formidable somme d’informations, fruit d’un demi siècle de recherches effectuées par Jean Bisson sur le terrain de différents pays (Algérie, Tunisie, Libye, Mauritanie) et complétées par des incursions dans les pays de la frange saharo-sahélienne.Couvrant 8.500.000 km2 et habité par 7.000.000 de personnes, ce milieu naturel aride chevauche sur l’Afrique du Nord et l’Afrique subsaharienne ; c’est dire là, la portée de son rôle géostratégique en ce début de millénaire caractérisé par la mondialisation et la protection de l’environnement. Dans cet ordre d’idées, cet espace naturel est une zone d’échanges multiformes qui, dotée d’énormes ressources minières et énergétiques, reste géographiquement fractionnée entre huit Etats africains (reconnus). Certes, il demeure caractérisé par un sousdéveloppement de niveau différencié, mais il connaît, depuis la période de la décolonisation de l’Afrique des transformations démographiques, économiques et spatiales indéniables. Par tous ces éléments d’analyse, le Sahara apparaît aussi, dans le texte présenté, comme une zone de conflits politiques récurrents en raison des enjeux territoriaux et économiques, c’est-à-dire un désert convoité tant par des pouvoirs étatiques africains en place que par les grandes puissances mondiales...

Les problèmes énergétiques et d’environnement et l’abondance d’énergie solaire gratuite en Tunisie, incitent à développer l’étude du moteur Stirling à piston libre à énergie solaire ‘FPSE’. C’est un moteur à cogénération. Cette étude nécessite plusieurs étapes de modélisations et de simulation numérique. Les équations thermodynamiques et thermiques du moteur sont introduites dans le modèle dynamique, qui forme un système d’équations non linéaires. L’étude de stabilité du moteur examine les zones de travail stable et instable. Une programmation contrôlée permet de définir un moteur performant.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al. Hosts: Citrus, also horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Asia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Europe, Corsica, Cyprus, Greece, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, North America, Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Illinois, Maryland, South America, Argentina, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al. Mollicutes: Entomoplasmatales. Main hosts: Citrus spp., horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), carrot (Daucus carota) and many other cultivated or wild plants, particularly Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae and Plantaginaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus, France, Corsica, Greece, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain), Asia (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen), Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia) North America (Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Illinois, Maryland, Ohio, Washington), Oceania (New Zealand).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. race 3 Bacteria Hosts: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), some solanaceous weeds. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mainland Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Madeira, Mainland Portugal, Romania, Spain, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, ASIA, Bangladesh, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Cyprus, India, Himacha Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kyushu, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Turkey, AFRICA, Burundi, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Reunion, South Africa, Tunisia, Zambia, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Gotas, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Papua New Guinea.

The past four years have been a time of political upheaval and reform for many Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. There have been varied explanations for these changes including the demographic profile of younger generations (Dubai School of Government, 2011a), anger at corruption in government (Miladi, 2011), adoption of techniques from successful political campaigns (Ishani, 2011), and the coordination of dissent through offline and online efforts. The use of social media by anti- and pro-government groups has been widely publicized, and some suggest that social media was afforded too much credit in the political changes and reforms that occurred in places such as Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and the ongoing conflict in Syria (Ghannam, 2011). Although this may be the case, the information that can be gathered from examining the social media of political activist groups is often a window into the movements and a source of alternative information for the people of those countries. Because the media are often censored under authoritative governments, these social media sites become an important voice in describing and documenting attacks, coordinating protests and other anti-government activities, creating community, and communicating information to local and global audiences (Eaton, 2013; Howard et al., 2011; Khamis & Vaughn, 2013; Storck, 2011).

Abstract The mountain range formed by Jebels Matmata, Demmer and Nefoussa which links the two countries, Tunisia and Libya, is strewn with archaeological remains that are little known today, due in part to the rugged terrain which makes it difficult to see them. This issue has been helped by the use of new technologies, in this case remote sensing and QGIS software. Archaeological evidence has been uncovered and more than 3,900 sites and monuments have been detected on the sides of these mountains. In addition to the inventory of unknown archaeological sites, the main aim of the work was to draw up a management and conservation plan to provide, with an order of priority, a strategy for the safeguard and conservation of the mountain heritage. This management plan was only possible through a correlation of three data: assessment of values, identification of threats, and study of the state of conservation. These components were studied using an indirect evaluation based on satellite imagery and direct evaluation through field visits.

In the context of the long, complex disputes in Bien Dong (South China Sea) and the emergence of the use of force risks therefor, a long term solution based on a system of approaches and measures on deferent diplomatic, economic, and legal levels must be available. On the legal level, the Article analyzes the main contents of the Arbitration Award in the Philippines v. China Case regarding the status of islands and other features and the China's unreasonable claim on the nine-dash line and its actions in the South China Sea. Since then, the Article suggests the comments on the effects and consequences of the Award in light of the general perception that this Award is an important victory of international law in general and of the Law of the Sea in particular, this also is the victory of the countries, including Vietnam against China's unjustified unilateral claims and acts in the South China Sea. Keywords: South China sea; the arbitration award on South China sea, legal status of islands, the nine-dash line. References: [1] PCA Case Nº 2013-19, The South China Sea Arbitration, Award of 12 July 2016,https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086. [2] Nikos Papadakis, The International Legal Regime of Artificial Islands, Sijthoff - Leyden, 1977. [3] Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, Geneva 29 April 1958, United Nations, Treaty Series , vol. 516, p. 205.[4] Convention on the Continental Shelf, Geneva, 29 April 1958, United Nations, Treaty Series , vol. 499, p. 311.[5] United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay 10 December 1982.[6] Van Dyke, M. Jon and Bennett, Dale (1993), Islands and the Delimitation of Ocean Space in the South China Sea, 10 Ocean Yearbook.[7] Jonathan I. Charney (1999), Rocks That Cannot Sustain Human Habitation, American Journal of International Law, 93 A.J.I.L. 863.[8] Continental Shelf Area between Jan Mayen and Iceland (Jan Mayen Continental Shelf), Report and Recommendations to the Government of Iceland and Norway of the Conciliation Commission of 19-20 May 1981 in 62 International Law Reports (1981), p. 108.[9] D.W. Bowett (1979), The Legal Regime of Islands in International Law; E.D. Brown (1978), Rockall and the Limits of National Jurisdiction of the UK: Part 1, Marine Policy Vol. 2, p. 181 at pp. 206-207; J.M. Van Dyke & R.A. Brooks (1983), Uninhabited Islands: Their Impact on the Ownership of the Oceans’ Resources, Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 12, , Nos. 3-4, p. 265; R. Kolb (1994), The Interpretation of Article 121, Paragraph 3 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Rocks Which Cannot Sustain Human Habitation or Economic Life of Their Own, French Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 40, 1994, p. 899; D. Anderson (2002), Islands and Rocks in the Modern Law of the Sea, in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Vol. VI, pp. 307-21; J.L. Jesus, Rocks (2003), New-born Islands, Sea Level Rise, and Maritime Space, in J. Frowein, et al., eds., Negotiating for Peace, p. 579.[10] North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, Para 57.[11] Tunisia Libya Case, Para. 128.[12] Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, (U.S. v. Canada), I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 222.[13] PCA Case Nº 2013-19, The South China Sea Arbitration, Award of 12 July 2016. Truy cập tại đường link:https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086.[14] Note Verbal No. CML/8/2011 (14 April 2011) from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN Secretary-General with regard to the joint submission made by Malaysia and Viet Nam to the Commssion on the Limites of Continental Shefl, Annex I, Doc. A23; Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on Relevant Issue about Taiping Dao, 06/03/2016: www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510665401/t1369189.shtml.[15] Daniel Schaerffer, The Legacy of the Nine -Dashed Line: Past, Present and Future in International Workshop Paracel and Spratly Archipelagos History Truth, Danang, 19-21/4/2014: http://pdu.edu.vn/a/index.php?dept=20&disd=&tid=4921.[16] Note Verbal No. CML/17/2009 (7 May 2009) from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN Secretary-General with regard to the joint submission made by Malaysia and Viet Nam to the Commssion on the Limites of Continental Shefl: https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissionsfiles/mysvnm33_09/chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf.[17] Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) Outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines: Submissions to the Commission: Joint submission by Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[18] http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissiosfiles/submission_mysvnm_33_2009.htm.

03–386 Anquetil, Mathilde (U. of Macerata, Italy). Apprendre à être un médiateur culturel en situation d'échange scolaire. [Learning to be a cultural mediator on a school exchange.] Le français dans le monde (Recherches et applications), Special issue Jan 2003, 121–135.03–387 Arbiol, Serge (UFR de Langues – Université Toulouse III, France; Email: arbiol@cict.fr). Multimodalité et enseignement multimédia. [Multimodality and multimedia teaching.] Stratégies d'apprentissage (Toulouse, France), 12 (2003), 51–66.03–388 Aronin, Larissa and Toubkin, Lynne (U. of Haifa Israel; Email: larisa@research.haifa.ac.il). Code-switching and learning in the classroom. International Journal of Bilingual Educationand Bilingualism (Clevedon, UK), 5, 5 (2002), 267–78.03–389 Arteaga, Deborah, Herschensohn, Julia and Gess, Randall (U. of Nevada, USA; Email: darteaga@unlv.edu). Focusing on phonology to teach morphological form in French. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA), 87, 1 (2003), 58–70.03–390 Bax, Stephen (Canterbury Christ Church UC, UK; Email: s.bax@cant.ac.uk). CALL – past, present, and future. System (Oxford, UK), 31, 1 (2003), 13–28.03–391 Black, Catherine (Wilfrid Laurier University; Email: cblack@wlu.ca). Internet et travail coopératif: Impact sur l'attitude envers la langue et la culture-cible. [Internet and cooperative work: Impact on the students' attitude towards the target language and its culture.] The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Canada), 6, 1 (2003), 5–23.03–392 Breen, Michael P. (U. of Stirling, Scotland; Email: m.p.breen@stir.ac.uk). From a Language Policy to Classroom Practice: The intervention of identity and relationships. Language and Education (Clevedon, UK), 16, 4 (2002), 260–282.03–393 Brown, David (ESSTIN, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy). Mediated learning and foreign language acquisition. Anglais de Spécialité (Bordeaux, France), 35–36 (2000), 167–182.03–394 Charnock, Ross (Université Paris 9, France). L'argumentation rhétorique et l'enseignement de la langue de spécialité: l'exemple du discours juridique. [Rhetorical argumentation and the teaching of language for special purposes: the example of legal discourse.] Anglais de Spécialité (Bordeaux, France), 35–36 (2002), 121–136.03–395 Coffin, C. (The Centre for Language and Communications at the Open University, UK; Email: c.coffin@open.ac.uk). Exploring different dimensions of language use. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 1 (2003), 11–18.03–396 Crosnier, Elizabeth (Université Paul Valéry de Montpellier, France; Email: elizabeth.crosnier@univ.montp3.fr). De la contradiction dans la formation en anglais Langue Etrangère Appliquée (LEA). [Some contradictions in the teaching of English as an Applied Foreign Language (LEA) at French universities.] Anglais de Spécialité (Bordeaux, France), 35–36 (2002), 157–166.03–397 De la Fuente, María J. (Vanderbilt U., USA). Is SLA interactionist theory relevant to CALL? A study on the effects of computer-mediated interaction in L2 vocabulary acquisition. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, NE), 16, 1 (2003), 47–81.03–398 Dhier-Henia, Nebila (Inst. Sup. des Langues, Tunisia; Email: nebila.dhieb@fsb.mu.tn). “Explication de texte” revisited in an ESP context. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics (Leuven, Belgium), 137–138 (2002), 233–251.03–399 Eken, A. N. (Sabanci University, Turkey; Email: eken@sabanciuniv.edu). ‘You've got mail’: a film workshop. ELT Journal, 57, 1 (2003), 51–59.03–400 Fernández-García, Marisol (Northeastern University, Boston, USA) and Martínez-Arbelaiz, Asunción. Learners' interactions: A comparison of oral and computer-assisted written conversations. ReCALL, 15, 1 (2003), 113–136.03–401 Gánem Gutiérrez, Gabriela Adela (University of Southampton, UK; Email: Adela@robcham.freeserve.co.uk). Beyond interaction: The study of collaborative activity in computer-mediated tasks. ReCALL, 15, 1 (2003), 94–112.03–402 Gibbons, Pauline. Mediating language learning: teacher interactions with ESL students in a content-based classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 37, 2 (2003), 213–245.03–403 Gwyn-Paquette, Caroline (U. of Sherbrooke, Canada; Email: cgwyn@interlinx.qc.ca) and Tochon, François Victor. The role of reflective conversations and feedback in helping preservice teachers learn to use cooperative activities in their second language classrooms. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue Canadienne des Langues Vivantes, 59, 4 (2003), 503–545.03–404 Hincks, Rebecca (Centre for Speech Technology, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Sweden; Email: hinks@speech.kth.se). Speech technologies for pronunciation feedback and evaluation. ReCALL, 15, 1 (2003), 3–20.03–405 Hinkel, Eli (Seattle University, USA). Simplicity without elegance: features of sentences in L1 and L2 academic texts. TESOL Quarterly, 37, 2 (2003), 275–302.03–406 Huang, J. (Monmouth University, USA). Activities as a vehicle for linguistic and sociocultural knowledge at the elementary level. Language Teaching research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 3–33.03–407 Kim, Kyung Suk (Kyonggi U., South Korea; Email: kskim@kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr). Direction-giving interactions in Korean high-school English textbooks. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics (Leuven, Belgium), 137–138 (2002), 165–179.03–408 Klippel, Friederike (Ludwigs-Maximilians U., Germany). New prospects or imminent danger? The impact of English medium instruction on education in Germany. Prospect (NSW, Australia), 18, 1 (2003), 68–81.03–409 Knutson, Sonja. Experiential learning in second-language classrooms. TESL Canada Journal (BC, Canada), 20, 2 (2003), 52–64.03–410 Ko, Jungmin, Schallert Diane L., Walters, Keith (University of Texas). Rethinking scaffolding: examining negotiation of meaning in an ESL storytelling task. TESOL Quarterly, 37, 2 (2003), 303–336.03–411 Lazaraton, Anne (University of Minnesota, USA). Incidental displays of cultural knowledge in Nonnative-English-Speaking Teachers. TESOL Quarterly, 37, 2 (2003), 213–245.03–412 Lehtonen, Tuija (University of Jyväskylä, Finland; Email: tuijunt@cc.jyu.fi) and Tuomainen, Sirpa. CSCL – A Tool to Motivate Foreign Language Learners: The Finnish Application. ReCALL, 15, 1 (2003), 51–67.03–413 Lycakis, Françoise (Lycée Galilée, Cergy, France). Les TPE et l'enseignement de l'anglais. [Supervised individual projects and English teaching.] Les langues modernes, 97, 2 (2003), 20–26.03–414 Lyster, Roy and Rebuffot, Jacques (McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Email: roy.lister@mcgill.ca). Acquisition des pronoms d'allocution en classe de français immersif. [The acquisition of pronouns of address in the French immersion class.] Aile, 17 (2002), 51–71.03–415 Macdonald, Shem (La Trobe U., Australia). Pronunciation – views and practices of reluctant teachers. Prospect (NSW, Australia) 17, 3 (2002), 3–15.03–416 Miccoli, L. (The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Email: lmiccoli@dedalus.lcc.ufmg.br). English through drama for oral skills development. ELT Journal, 57, 2 (2003), 122–129.03–417 Mitchell, R. (University of Southampton), and Lee, J.H-W. Sameness and difference in classroom learning cultures: interpretations of communicative pedagogy in the UK and Korea. Language teaching research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 35–63.03–418 Moore, Daniele (Ecole Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Lyon, France; Email: yanmoore@aol.com). Code-switching and learning in the classroom. International Journal of Bilingual Educationand Bilingualism (Clevedon, UK), 5, 5 (2002), 279–93.03–419 Nünning, Vera (Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany) and Nünning, Ansgar. Narrative Kompetenz durch neue erzählerische Kurzformen. [Acquiring narrative competence through short narrative forms.] Der Fremdsprachliche Unterricht Englisch (Seelze, Germany), 1 (2003), 4–10.03–420 O'Sullivan, Emer (Johann-Wolfgang von Goethe – Universität, Germany) and Rösler, Dietmar. Fremdsprachenlernen und Kinder- und Jugendliteratur: eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme. [Foreign language learning and children's and young people's literature: a critical stocktaking.] Zeitschrift für Fremdsprachenforschung (Berlin, Germany), 13, 1 (2002), 63–111.03–421 Parisel, Françoise (Lycée Pablo Neruda, St Martin d'Hères, France). Traduction et TPE: quand des élèves expérimentent sur la frontière entre deux langues. [Translation and supervised individual project: when students experiment between two languages.] Les Langues Modernes, 96, 4 (2002), 52–64.03–422 Ping, Alvin Leong, Pin Pin, Vera Tay, Wee, Samuel and Hwee Nah, Heng (Nanyang U., Singapore; Email: paleong@nie.edu.sg). Teacher feedback: a Singaporean perspective. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics (Leuven, Belgium), 139–140 (2003), 47–75.03–423 Platt, Elizabeth, Harper, Candace, Mendoza, Maria Beatriz (Florida State University). Dueling Philosophies: Inclusion or Separation for Florida's English Language Learners?TESOL Quarterly, 37, 1 (2003), 105–133.03–424 Polleti, Axel (Universität Passau, Germany). Sinnvoll Grammatik üben. [Meaningful grammar practice.] Der fremdsprachliche Unterricht Französisch (Seelze, Germany), 1 (2003), 4–13.03–425 Raschio, Richard and Raymond, Robert L. (U. of St Thomas, St Paul, Minnesota, USA). 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OPENING Welcome to this special feature of Approaches, which was inspired by the 1st Mediterranean Music Therapy Meeting. Organised by the Giovanni Ferrari Music Therapy School of Padua, with the support of the Italian Association of Professional Music Therapists (AIM) and the Italian Confederation of Associations and Music Therapy Schools (CONFIAM), this event took place on 22nd September 2018 in Padua, Italy. Reflecting the theme of this meeting, Dialogue on Music Therapy Interventions for Dementia and End-of-Life Care: Voices from Beyond the Sea, this special feature aims to raise awareness and promote dialogue around music therapy in the Mediterranean region with a focus on dementia and end-of-life care settings. The special feature contains brief country reports. Although reports vary in writing style and depth of information, each report has a two-fold overall focus: to outline briefly the current state of music therapy within each country and to describe particular applications of music therapy within dementia and end-of-life care contexts. Additionally, this special feature contains a Preface by Melissa Brotons, who was the keynote speaker at the 1st Mediterranean Music Therapy Meeting, as well as a conference report outlining key aspects of this meeting. THE SEA AROUND US: A NOTE ON THE MEDITERRANEAN The name of the Mediterranean Sea originates from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning “middle of the earth”. This name was first used by the Romans reflecting their perception of the sea as the middle or the centre of the earth. Interestingly, while perceived as a middle point, the Mediterranean was also experienced as something that surrounded people. Thus, both the Ancient Greeks and the Romans called the Mediterranean “our sea” or “the sea around us” (mare nostrum in Latin, orἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ’ἡμᾶς [hē thálassa hē kath’hēmâs] in Greek). The Mediterranean Sea is linked to the Atlantic Ocean. It is surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Asia Minor, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by Western Asia. Since antiquity the Mediterranean has been a vital waterway for merchants and travellers, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region. The Mediterranean region has been the birthplace of influential civilizations on its shores, and the history of the region is crucial to understanding the origins and evolvement of the modern Western world. Throughout its history the region has been dramatically affected by conflict, war and occupation. The Roman Empire and the Arab Empire are past examples with lasting footprints in the region; while ongoing conflicts in Syria, Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories are contemporary examples, some of which have led to a refugee crisis in the region. As such, the history of the region has been accompanied by endeavours and struggles to define and redefine national identities, territories and borders. Interestingly, Cyprus is one of just two nations, and the first one in the world, to include its map on its flag (the second is Kosovo – a Balkan country close to the Mediterranean region). The sea touches three continents, and today the Mediterranean region can be understood, framed and divided differently based on varying geopolitical and other perspectives (see, for example, the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization [WHO, 2020]). For the purposes of this special feature, we understand the Mediterranean region as including 12 countries in Europe, five in Asia and five in Africa. These countries, in clockwise order, are Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Occupied Palestinian Territories, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. Despite its relatively small geographical area, the Mediterranean region is characterised by the richness of cultures, religions and musical traditions. Likewise, there is a dramatic diversity in terms of political and socio-economic situations. This diversity is equally reflected in the development of dementia and end-of-life care in these countries. Regarding dementia care, in 2016, the Monegasque Association for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease, published the Alzheimer and the Mediterranean Report where is underlined that “[in] many Mediterranean countries, there is still little knowledge about the problems surrounding Alzheimer’s disease, which remains under-estimated and insufficiently documented” (AMPA, 2016, p.7). The report identified a concerning rise in the number of people with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders in the Mediterranean area, but little biomedical, fundamental and clinical research, unequal and unspecialised access to home care services, and also a general lack of training among professionals and a lack of status recognition for family carers. In terms of end-of-life care, in 2017 the first systematic attempt to map and assess the development of palliative care in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean region was published (Osman et al., 2017). Results demonstrate that palliative care development in Eastern Mediterranean countries is scarce. Most countries are at the very initial stages of palliative care development, with only a small fraction of patients needing palliative care being able to access it. This situation also applies to the integration and provision of palliative care within care homes and nursing homes offering long-term care for older people (Froggatt et al., 2017). Recent reviews also demonstrate that palliative care is variable and inconsistent across the region, while various barriers exist to the development of palliative care delivery. Examples of such barriers include the lack of relevant national policies, limited palliative care training for professionals and volunteers, as well as weak public awareness around death and dying (Fadhil et al., 2017). Similar barriers around legislation, training and public awareness are met in the development of music therapy in many Mediterranean countries. Music therapy, as a contemporary profession and discipline, and indeed its applications in dementia and end-of-life care, are equally limited and characterised by diversity across the region. As such, this special feature is a modest attempt to bring together perspectives and present initial information for areas of work which are not widely developed, explored or documented so far in most Mediterranean countries. Hopefully this publication will raise further awareness and inform the future development of music therapy with specific reference to its potential applications to dementia and end-of-life care in each country. This becomes even more relevant considering the increase of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, in the region (Fadhil et al., 2017). BEHIND THE SCENES Inviting authors Although the 1st Mediterranean Music Therapy Meeting included speakers only from a few Mediterranean countries, this special feature attempted to include authors from every single Mediterranean country. In addition to inviting the speakers from the meeting to contribute to this special feature, we invited authors from each of the other Mediterranean countries. After listing all the countries, we tried to identify music therapists in each of them. We drew on our own professional networks, as well as information available on the websites of the European Music Therapy Confederation (EMTC) and the World Federation for Music Therapy (WFMT), along with relevant publications in the open access journals Approaches: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Music Therapy and Voices: A World Forum of Music Therapy. In countries where we could not identify a music therapist (with or without direct experience of working in dementia and end-of-life care), we attempted to identify and invite other relevant professionals with an explicit interest in music therapy. When this second option was impossible, no authors were invited. There were also cases where potential authors who met the above criteria did not respond to the invitation. As such, this special feature does not include a report from every Mediterranean country. The absence of reports from some countries, however, does not necessarily reflect the lack of music therapy work in these countries. Some of the contributing authors are members or representatives of professional associations and some are not. In either case, their contribution to this special feature aims to represent their views and experiences as individuals without claiming to represent national or other professional bodies. Depending on the position of each individual author, different aspects of music therapy may be explored, prioritised, silenced or challenged in each country report. We want to be clear: these reports are not about absolute ‘truths’ and do not provide comprehensive accounts of music therapy and of its applications in dementia and end-of-life care in each country. Instead of being a ‘full stop’, we see these reports as an opening; as invitations for dialogue, debate, critique and mutual growth. We encourage readers to engage with the contents of this special feature critically; being informed by their own experiences and practices, as well as by related literature and historical trajectories in the field (e.g. De Backer et al., 2013; Dileo-Maranto, 1993; Hesser & Heinemann, 2015; Ridder & Tsiris, 2015a; Schmid, 2014; Stegemann et al., 2016). The challenge of the review process All reports were peer-reviewed. Although we strived to ensure a ‘blind’ review process, this was difficult to achieve in certain cases due to the nature of the reports and the small size of the music therapy communities in certain countries. We invited music therapists living and working in Mediterranean countries to serve as reviewers. We also invited some music therapists living in other parts of the world, given their experience and role within international music therapy bodies and initiatives. Reviewers were requested to evaluate not only the accuracy of the information provided in each report but also the reflexive stance of the authors. This comes with acknowledging that in some instances authors and reviewers came from diverse professional and disciplinary spheres, where music therapy can be understood and practised differently. This was particularly relevant to country reports where we could not identify reviewers with ‘inland’ knowledge of the music therapy field and of its relevance to local dementia and end-of-life care contexts. Towards hospitality Professionalisation issues – which seem to be a common denominator across the reports of this special feature – are often an area of controversy and conflict, where alliances and oppositions have emerged over the history of the music therapy profession within and beyond the Mediterranean region. Writing a country report, and indeed reviewing and editing a collection of such reports, can be a ‘hot potato’! Although it is impossible to remain apolitical, we argue (and we have actively tried to promote this through our editorial and reviewing work) that a constructive dialogue needs to be characterised by reflexivity. It needs to be underpinned by openness and transparency regarding our own values and assumptions, our pre-understanding, our standpoint, as well as our invested interests. Professionalisation conflicts within some Mediterranean countries have led to the development of multiple and, at times, antagonistic associations and professional bodies. In Spain, for example, there are over 40 associations (Mercadal-Brotons et al., 2015), whereas in Italy there are four main associations (Scarlata, 2015). In other countries, such as Greece (Tsiris, 2011), there are communication challenges and conflicting situations between professional association, training programmes and governmental departments. Although such challenges tend to remain unarticulated and ‘hidden’ from the professional literature and discourse, they have real implications for the development of the profession within each context and for the morale of each music therapy community. Overall, this special feature aims to promote a spirit of open dialogue and mutual respect. It is underpinned by a commitment to remain in ongoing dialogue while accepting that we can agree to disagree. As editors we tried to remain true to this commitment, and this became particularly evident in cases where reported practices and concepts were at odds with our own perspectives and understandings of music therapy and its development as a contemporary profession and discipline in Western countries. Indeed, the perspectives presented in some of the reports may sit on the edge or even outside the ‘professional canon’ of music therapy as developed in many contemporary Western countries. In line with the vision of Approaches, this special feature opens up a space where local-global tensions can be voiced (Ridder & Tsiris, 2015b), allowing multiple translations, transitions and borders to be explored. What becomes evident is that definitions of music therapy are inextricably linked to cultural, including spiritual and political, meanings and practices of music, health and illness. Mediterranean people are known for their hospitality but also for their passionate temperament. We hope that this special feature creates a hospitable and welcoming environment for professional and intercultural exchange where passion can fuel creative action and collaboration instead of conflict. We invite the readers to engage with each report in this spirit of openness and reflexivity. This special feature will hopefully be only the start of future dialogue, debate and constructive critique. To this end, we also invite people to add their voices and perspectives regarding music therapy in the Mediterranean region in relation to dementia and end-of-life care. Music therapists, palliative care practitioners and other professionals are welcome to submit their own papers in the form of articles, reports or letters to the editor. References AMPA (2016). Alzheimer and the Mediterranean Report 2016: Overview – challenges – perspectives. Retrieved from https://ampa-monaco.com/files/MAA_Rapport_GB_web_sml.pdf De Backer, J., Nöcker Ribaupierre, M., & Sutton, J. (2013). Music therapy in Europe: The identity and professionalisation of European music therapy, with an overview and history of the European Music Therapy Confederation. In J. De Backer & J. Sutton (Eds.), The music in music therapy: Psychodynamic music therapy in Europe: Clinical, theoretical and research approaches (pp. 24-36). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Dileo-Maranto, C. (Ed.). (1993). Music therapy: International perspectives. Saint Louis, MI: MMB Music, Inc. Fadhil, I., Lyons, G., & Payne, S. (2017). Barriers to, and opportunities for, palliative care development in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The Lancet Oncology, 18(3), e176-e184. Froggatt, K., Payne, S., Morbey, H., Edwards, M., Finne-Soveri, H., Gambassi, G., Pasman, H. R., Szczerbinska, K., & Van den Block, L. (2017). Palliative care development in European care homes and nursing homes: Application of a typology of implementation. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(6), 550.e7-550.e14. Hesser, B., & Heinemann, H. (Eds.). (2015). Music as a global resource: Solutions for social and economic issues (4th ed.). New York, NY: United Nations Headquarters. Mercadal-Brotons, M., Sabbatella, P. L., & Del Moral Marcos, M. T. (2017). Music therapy as a profession in Spain: Past, present and future. Approaches: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Music Therapy, 9(1), 111-119. Retrieved from https://approaches.gr/mercadal-brotons-a20150509 Osman, H., Rihan, A., Garralda, E., Rhee, J.Y., Pons, J.J., de Lima, L., Tfayli, A., & Centeno, C. (2017). Atlas of palliative care in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Houston: IAHPC Press. Retrieved from https://dadun.unav.edu/handle/10171/43303 Ridder, H. M., & Tsiris, G. (Eds.). (2015a). Special issue on ‘Music therapy in Europe: Paths of professional development’. Approaches: Music Therapy & Special Music Education, Special Issue 7(1). Retrieved from https://approaches.gr/special-issue-7-1-2015/ Ridder, H. M., & Tsiris, G. (2015b). ‘Thinking globally, acting locally’: Music therapy in Europe. Approaches: Music Therapy & Special Music Education, Special Issue 7(1), 3-9. Retrieved from https://approaches.gr/special-issue-7-1-2015/ Scarlata, E. (2015). Italy. Approaches: Music Therapy & Special Music Education, Special Issue 7(1), 161-162. Retrieved from https://approaches.gr/special-issue-7-1-2015 Schmid, J. (2014). Music therapy training courses in Europe. Thesis at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna, Austria. Stegemann, T., Schmidt, H. U., Fitzthum, E., & Timmermann, T. (Eds.). (2016). Music therapy training programmes in Europe: Theme and variations. Reichert Verlag. Tsiris, G. (2011). Music therapy in Greece. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy. Retrieved from https://voices.no/community/?q=country-of-the-month/2011-music-therapy-greece World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Countries. Retrieved from: http://www.emro.who.int/countries.html

Introduction Since December 2010 the dramatic spectacle of the spread of mass uprisings, civil unrest, and protest across North Africa and the Middle East have been chronicled daily on mainstream media and new media. Broadly speaking, the Arab Spring—as it came to be known—is challenging repressive, corrupt governments and calling for democracy and human rights. The convulsive events linked with these debates have been striking not only because of the rapid spread of historically momentous mass protests but also because of the ways in which the media “have become inextricably infused inside them” enabling the global media ecology to perform “an integral part in building and mobilizing support, co-ordinating and defining the protests within different Arab societies as well as trans-nationalizing them” (Cottle 295). Images of mass protests have been juxtaposed against those of individuals prepared to self-destruct for political ends. Video clips and photographs of the individual suffering of Tunisian Mohamed Bouazizi’s self-immolation and the Bahraini Abdulhad al-Khawaja’s emaciated body foreground, in very graphic ways, political struggles that larger events would mask or render invisible. Highlighting broad commonalties does not assume uniformity in patterns of protest and media coverage across the region. There has been considerable variation in the global media coverage and nature of the protests in North Africa and the Middle East (Cottle). In Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen uprisings overthrew regimes and leaders. In Syria it has led the country to the brink of civil war. In Bahrain, the regime and its militia violently suppressed peaceful protests. As a wave of protests spread across the Middle East and one government after another toppled in front of 24/7 global media coverage, Bahrain became the “Arab revolution that was abandoned by the Arabs, forsaken by the West … forgotten by the world,” and largely ignored by the global media (Al-Jazeera English). Per capita the protests have been among the largest of the Arab Spring (Human Rights First) and the crackdown as brutal as elsewhere. International organizations have condemned the use of military courts to trial protestors, the detaining of medical staff who had treated the injured, and the use of torture, including the torture of children (Fisher). Bahraini and international human rights organizations have been systematically chronicling these violations of human rights, and posting on Websites distressing images of tortured bodies often with warnings about the graphic depictions viewers are about to see. It was in this context of brutal suppression, global media silence, and the reluctance of the international community to intervene, that the Bahraini-Danish human rights activist Abdulhad al-Khawaja launched his “death or freedom” hunger strike. Even this radical action initially failed to interest international editors who were more focused on Egypt, Libya, and Syria, but media attention rose in response to the Bahrain Formula 1 race in April 2012. Pro-democracy activists pledged “days of rage” to coincide with the race in order to highlight continuing human rights abuses in the kingdom (Turner). As Al Khawaja’s health deteriorated the Bahraini government resisted calls for his release (Article 19) from the Danish government who requested that Al Khawaja be extradited there on “humanitarian grounds” for hospital treatment (Fisk). This article does not explore the geo-politics of the Bahraini struggle or the possible reasons why the international community—in contrast to Syria and Egypt—has been largely silent and reluctant to debate the issues. Important as they are, those remain questions for Middle Eastern specialists to address. In this article I am concerned with the overlapping and interpenetration of two ecologies. The first ecology is the ethical framing of a prison hunger strike as a corporeal-environmental act of (self) destruction intended to achieve political ends. The second ecology is the operation of global media where international inaction inadvertently foregrounds the political struggles that larger events and discourses surrounding Egypt, Libya, and Syria overshadow. What connects these two ecologies is the body of the hunger striker, turned into a spectacle and mediated via a politics of affect that invites a global public to empathise and so enter into his suffering. The connection between the two lies in the emaciated body of the hunger striker. An Ecological Humanities Approach This exploration of two ecologies draws on the ecological humanities and its central premise of connectivity. The ecological humanities critique the traditional binaries in Western thinking between nature and culture; the political and social; them and us; the collective and the individual; mind, body and emotion (Rose & Robin, Rieber). Such binaries create artificial hierarchies, divisions, and conflicts that ultimately impede the ability to respond to crises. Crises are major changes that are “out of control” driven—primarily but not exclusively—by social, political, and cultural forces that unleash “runaway systems with their own dynamics” (Rose & Robin 1). The ecological humanities response to crises is premised on the recognition of the all-inclusive connectivity of organisms, systems, and environments and an ethical commitment to action from within this entanglement. A founding premise of connectivity, first articulated by anthropologist and philosopher Gregory Bateson, is that the “unit of survival is not the individual or the species, but the organism-and-its-environment” (Rose & Robin 2). This highlights a dialectic in which an organism is shaped by and shapes the context in which it finds itself. Or, as Harries-Jones puts it, relations are recursive as “events continually enter into, become entangled with, and then re-enter the universe they describe” (3). This ensures constantly evolving ecosystems but it also means any organism that “deteriorates its environment commits suicide” (Rose & Robin 2) with implications for the others in the eco-system. Bateson’s central premise is that organisms are simultaneously independent, as separate beings, but also interdependent. Interactions are not seen purely as exchanges but as dynamic, dialectical, dialogical, and mutually constitutive. Thus, it is presumed that the destruction or protection of others has consequences for oneself. Another dimension of interactions is multi-modality, which implies that human communication cannot be reduced to a single mode such as words, actions, or images but needs to be understood in the complexity of inter-relations between these (see Rieber 16). Nor can dissemination be reduced to a single technological platform whether this is print, television, Internet, or other media (see Cottle). The final point is that interactions are “biologically grounded but not determined” in that the “cognitive, emotional and volitional processes” underpinning face-to-face or mediated communication are “essentially indivisible” and any attempt to separate them by privileging emotion at the expense of thought, or vice versa, is likely to be unhealthy (Rieber 17). This is most graphically demonstrated in a politically-motivated hunger strike where emotion and volition over-rides the survivalist instinct. The Ecology of a Prison Hunger Strike The radical nature of a hunger strike inevitably gives rise to medico-ethical debates. Hunger strikes entail the voluntary refusal of sustenance by an individual and, when prolonged, such deprivation sets off a chain reaction as the less important components in the internal body systems shut down to protect the brain until even that can no longer be protected (see Basoglu et al). This extreme form of protest—essentially an act of self-destruction—raises ethical issues over whether or not doctors or the state should intervene to save a life for humanitarian or political reasons. In 1975 and 1991, the World Medical Association (WMA) sought to negotiate this by distinguishing between, on the one hand, the mentally/psychological impaired individual who chooses a “voluntary fast” and, on the other hand, the hunger striker who chooses a form of protest action to secure an explicit political goal fully aware of fatal consequences of prolonged action (see Annas, Reyes). This binary enables the WMA to label the action of the mentally impaired suicide while claiming that to do so for political protesters would be a “misconception” because the “striker … does not want to die” but to “live better” by obtaining certain political goals for himself, his group or his country. “If necessary he is willing to sacrifice his life for his case, but the aim is certainly not suicide” (Reyes 11). In practice, the boundaries between suicide and political protest are likely to be much more blurred than this but the medico-ethical binary is important because it informs discourses about what form of intervention is ethically appropriate. In the case of the “suicidal” the WMA legitimises force-feeding by a doctor as a life-saving act. In the case of the political protestor, it is de-legitimised in discourses of an infringement of freedom of expression and an act of torture because of the pain involved (see Annas, Reyes). Philosopher Michel Foucault argued that prison is a key site where the embodied subject is explicitly governed and where the exercising of state power in the act of incarceration means the body of the imprisoned no longer solely belongs to the individual. It is also where the “body’s range of significations” is curtailed, “shaped and invested by the very forces that detain and imprison it” (Pugliese 2). Thus, prison creates the circumstances in which the incarcerated is denied the “usual forms of protest and judicial safeguards” available outside its confines. The consequence is that when presented with conditions that violate core beliefs he/she may view acts of self-destruction—such as hunger strikes or lip sewing—as one of the few “means of protesting against, or demanding attention” or achieving political ends still available to them (Reyes 11; Pugliese). The hunger strike implicates the state, which, in the act of imprisoning, has assumed a measure of power and responsibility for the body of the individual. If a protest action is labelled suicidal by medical professionals—for instance at Guantanamo—then the force-feeding of prisoners can be legitimised within the WMA guidelines (Annas). There is considerable political temptation to do so particularly when the hunger striker has become an icon of resistance to the state, the knowledge of his/her action has transcended prison confines, and the alienating conditions that prompted the action are being widely debated in the media. This poses a two-fold danger for the state. On the one hand, there is the possibility that the slow emaciation and death while imprisoned, if covered by the media, may become a spectacle able to mobilise further resistance that can destabilise the polity. On the other hand, there is the fear that in the act of dying, and the spectacle surrounding death, the hunger striker would have secured the public attention to the very cause they are championing. Central to this is whether or not the act of self-destruction is mediated. It is far from inevitable that the media will cover a hunger strike or do so in ways that enable the hunger striker’s appeal to the emotions of others. However, when it does, the international scrutiny and condemnation that follows may undermine the credibility of the state—as happened with the death of the IRA member Bobby Sands in Northern Ireland (Russell). The Media Ecology and the Bahrain Arab Spring The IRA’s use of an “ancient tactic ... to make a blunt appeal to sympathy and emotion” in the form of the Sands hunger strike was seen as “spectacularly successful in gaining worldwide publicity” (Willis 1). Media ecology has evolved dramatically since then. Over the past 20 years communication flows between the local and the global, traditional media formations (broadcast and print), and new communication media (Internet and mobile phones) have escalated. The interactions of the traditional media have historically shaped and been shaped by more “top-down” “politics of representation” in which the primary relationship is between journalists and competing public relations professionals servicing rival politicians, business or NGOs desire for media attention and framing issues in a way that is favourable or sympathetic to their cause. However, rapidly evolving new media platforms offer bottom up, user-generated content, a politics of connectivity, and mobilization of ordinary people (Cottle 31). However, this distinction has increasingly been seen as offering too rigid a binary to capture the complexity of the interactions between traditional and new media as well as the events they capture. The evolution of both meant their content increasingly overlaps and interpenetrates (see Bennett). New media technologies “add new communicative ingredients into the media ecology mix” (Cottle 31) as well as new forms of political protests and new ways of mobilizing dispersed networks of activists (Juris). Despite their pervasiveness, new media technologies are “unlikely to displace the necessity for coverage in mainstream media”; a feature noted by activist groups who have evolved their own “carnivalesque” tactics (Cottle 32) capable of creating the spectacle that meets television demands for action-driven visuals (Juris). New media provide these groups with the tools to publicise their actions pre- and post-event thereby increasing the possibility that mainstream media might cover their protests. However there is no guarantee that traditional and new media content will overlap and interpenetrate as initial coverage of the Bahrain Arab Spring highlights. Peaceful protests began in February 2011 but were violently quelled often by Saudi, Qatari and UAE militia on behalf of the Bahraini government. Mass arrests were made including that of children and medical personnel who had treated those wounded during the suppression of the protests. What followed were a long series of detentions without trial, military court rulings on civilians, and frequent use of torture in prisons (Human Rights Watch 2012). By the end of 2011, the country had the highest number of political prisoners per capita of any country in the world (Amiri) but received little coverage in the US. The Libyan uprising was afforded the most broadcast time (700 minutes) followed by Egypt (500 minutes), Syria (143), and Bahrain (34) (Lobe). Year-end round-ups of the Arab Spring on the American Broadcasting Corporation ignored Bahrain altogether or mentioned it once in a 21-page feature (Cavell). This was not due to a lack of information because a steady stream has flowed from mobile phones, Internet sites and Twitter as NGOs—Bahraini and international—chronicled in images and first-hand accounts the abuses. However, little of this coverage was picked up by the US-dominated global media. It was in this context that the Bahraini-Danish human rights activist Abdulhad Al Khawaja launched his “freedom or death” hunger strike in protest against the violent suppression of peaceful demonstrations, the treatment of prisoners, and the conduct of the trials. Even this radical action failed to persuade international editors to cover the Bahrain Arab Spring or Al Khawaja’s deteriorating health despite being “one of the most important stories to emerge over the Arab Spring” (Nallu). This began to change in April 2012 as a number of things converged. Formula 1 pressed ahead with the Bahrain Grand Prix, and pro-democracy activists pledged “days of rage” over human rights abuses. As these were violently suppressed, editors on global news desks increasingly questioned the government and Formula 1 “spin” that all was well in the kingdom (see BBC; Turner). Claims by the drivers—many of who were sponsored by the Bahraini government—that this was a sports event, not a political one, were met with derision and journalists more familiar with interviewing superstars were diverted into covering protests because their political counterparts had been denied entry to the country (Fisk). This combination of media events and responses created the attention, interest, and space in which Al Khawaja’s deteriorating condition could become a media spectacle. The Mediated Spectacle of Al Khawaja’s Hunger Strike Journalists who had previously struggled to interest editors in Bahrain and Al Khawaja’s plight found that in the weeks leading up to the Grand Prix and since “his condition rapidly deteriorated”’ and there were “daily updates with stories from CNN to the Hindustan Times” (Nulla). Much of this mainstream news was derived from interviews and tweets from Al Khawaja’s family after each visit or phone call. What emerged was an unprecedented composite—a diary of witnesses to a hunger strike interspersed with the family’s struggles with the authorities to get access to him and their almost tangible fear that the Bahraini government would not relent and he would die. As these fears intensified 48 human rights NGOs called for his release from prison (Article 19) and the Danish government formally requested his extradition for hospital treatment on “humanitarian grounds”. Both were rejected. As if to provide evidence of Al Khawaja’s tenuous hold on life, his family released an image of his emaciated body onto Twitter. This graphic depiction of the corporeal-environmental act of (self) destruction was re-tweeted and posted on countless NGO and news Websites (see Al-Jazeera). It was also juxtaposed against images of multi-million dollar cars circling a race-track, funded by similarly large advertising deals and watched by millions of people around the world on satellite channels. Spectator sport had become a grotesque parody of one man’s struggle to speak of what was going on in Bahrain. In an attempt to silence the criticism the Bahraini government imposed a de facto news blackout denying all access to Al Khawaja in hospital where he had been sent after collapsing. The family’s tweets while he was held incommunicado speak of their raw pain, their desperation to find out if he was still alive, and their grief. They also provided a new source of information, and the refrain “where is alkhawaja,” reverberated on Twitter and in global news outlets (see for instance Der Spiegel, Al-Jazeera). In the days immediately after the race the Danish prime minister called for the release of Al Khawaja, saying he is in a “very critical condition” (Guardian), as did the UN’s Ban-Ki Moon (UN News and Media). The silencing of Al Khawaja had become a discourse of callousness and as global media pressure built Bahraini ministers felt compelled to challenge this on non-Arabic media, claiming Al Khawaja was “eating” and “well”. The Bahraini Prime Minister gave one of his first interviews to the Western media in years in which he denied “AlKhawaja’s health is ‘as bad’ as you say. According to the doctors attending to him on a daily basis, he takes liquids” (Der Spiegel Online). Then, after six days of silence, the family was allowed to visit. They tweeted that while incommunicado he had been restrained and force-fed against his will (Almousawi), a statement almost immediately denied by the military hospital (Lebanon Now). The discourses of silence and callousness were replaced with discourses of “torture” through force-feeding. A month later Al Khawaja’s wife announced he was ending his hunger strike because he was being force-fed by two doctors at the prison, family and friends had urged him to eat again, and he felt the strike had achieved its goal of drawing the world’s attention to Bahrain government’s response to pro-democracy protests (Ahlul Bayt News Agency). Conclusion This article has sought to explore two ecologies. The first is of medico-ethical discourses which construct a prison hunger strike as a corporeal-environmental act of (self) destruction to achieve particular political ends. 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