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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Liability for domestic animals"
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Altunkaya, Mehmet, Yavuz Guloglu, Nur Belkayalı, Alper Bulut i İlknur Cesur. "Liability for Damage Caused by Domestic and Wild Animals in Turkish Law". Jurnal Cita Hukum 8, nr 2 (1.08.2020): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v8i2.16299.
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Abstract.The Turkish Code of Obligations holds pet owners objectively liable for any damage caused by their pets regardless of fault on the grounds that they failed to carry out their supervisory duty. There is, however, no regulation on compensation for damages caused by wild or stray animals. The legal gap in this field is filled by case laws. The aim of this study is to compare pet owner liability regulated by private law as strict liability and state liability for damage caused by wild animals protected by national legislation and international conventions. The research material consists of current legislation, and judicial and administrative decisions on property damage and bodily injury caused by animals. Tort claims for damages caused by pets and wild animals differ by statute of limitations, judicial remedy, the law on which the case is based, and strict liability principles. Pet owner liability for damage caused by the pet is based on strict liability in private law while administrative court decisions hold the administration liable based sometimes on strict liability and sometimes on negligence.Keywords: Pet owner liability; Pets; Wild animals; Strict liability; Compensation Abstrak.Kode Kewajiban Turki meminta pemilik hewan peliharaan bertanggung jawab secara obyektif atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan peliharaan mereka, terlepas dari kesalahan yang dilakukan. Adapun alasan yang diajukan karena pemilik hewan gagal menjalankan tugas pengawasan. Namun, tidak ada peraturan tentang kompensasi atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan liar atau tersesat tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kewajiban pemilik hewan peliharaan yang diatur oleh hukum privat sebagai kewajiban yang ketat dan kewajiban negara atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan liar yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang nasional dan konvensi internasional. Materi penelitian terdiri dari undang-undang saat ini, dan keputusan yudisial dan administratif tentang kerusakan properti dan cidera tubuh yang disebabkan oleh hewan. Klaim kerugian atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan peliharaan dan hewan liar berbeda menurut undang-undang pembatasan, upaya hukum, hukum yang menjadi dasar kasus, dan prinsip tanggung jawab yang ketat. Tanggung jawab pemilik hewan peliharaan atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan peliharaan didasarkan pada tanggung jawab yang ketat dalam hukum privat, sementara keputusan pengadilan administratif memegang tanggung jawab administrasi terkadang berdasarkan tanggung jawab yang ketat dan terkadang pada kelalaian.Kata kunci: Kewajiban pemilik hewan peliharaan; Hewan peliharaan; Hewan liar; Tanggung jawab yang ketat; Kompensasi Аннотация.Обязательственный кодекс Турции возлагает на владельцев домашних животных объективную ответственность за ущерб, причиненный их домашними животными, независимо от причиненного им вреда. Выдвинутые причины заключались в том, что владелец животного не выполнил свои обязанности по надзору за ним. Однако нет никаких правил относительно компенсации ущерба, причиненного дикими или бродячими животными. Целью этого исследования было сравнить обязанности владельцев домашних животных, регулируемые частным правом как строгое обязательство, и обязанности государства за ущерб, причиненный дикими животными, охраняемыми национальными законами и международными конвенциями. Материалы исследования состоят из действующего законодательства, судебных и административных решений в отношении имущественного ущерба и телесных повреждений, причиненных животными. Иски о возмещении ущерба, причиненного домашними и дикими животными, различаются в зависимости от закона об исковой давности, установленного закона, закона, на котором основано дело, и строгих принципов ответственности. Ответственность владельца домашнего животного за ущерб, причиненный домашним животным, основана на строгой ответственности по частному праву, в то время как решения административных судов предусматривают административную ответственность, иногда основанную на строгой ответственности, а иногда на небрежности.Ключевые слова: Обязанности владельцев домашних животных; Домашнее животное; Дикое животное; Строгая ответственность; Компенсация
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KIRYK, Alla, i Anna DANILOVA. "Legal responsibility for animal cruelty: EU and Ukraine practice". Economics. Finances. Law 7, nr - (28.07.2023): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2023.7.20.
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The paper examines the issue of legal responsibility for animal cruelty in Ukraine and EU member states. The main acts of domestic legislation, which specialize in the protection of animals from cruel treatment, have been identified. It has been established that the EU member states have implemented a significant number of legal acts that allow the protection of animals at the legislative level. In all European countries, abuse of animals is considered a crime and is punishable by a fine or even imprisonment. The legislation of Italy, Norway, Greece and France was analyzed. It has been established that in Italy the term of imprisonment ranges from 3 to 18 months, and the fine that the animal abuser will have to pay can reach 30,000 euros. Norway is also worthy of attention, where the penalty is imprisonment for up to 1 year, the imposition of a fine with confiscation of the animal. In Greece, animal cruelty is subject to administrative and criminal liability. Administrative responsibility can reach 30,000 thousand euros. Criminal liability consists of imprisonment for up to 10 years and fines from 30,000 to 50,000 euros. In France, criminal liability is provided in the form of imprisonment for up to 5 years and a fine of up to 75,000 thousand euros. Based on the analysis of the legislation of European countries, changes to the domestic legislation are proposed, namely, it is worth borrowing foreign experience and in case of cruel treatment of animals, in addition to the prescribed confiscation of the animal, establish a ban on their further keeping. In addition, a global problem in the area of prosecution is the low public awareness of legal responsibility for animal cruelty, so one of the important measures is the implementation of legal education measures regarding administrative and criminal norms that provide for responsibility and the degree of punishment for the specified offense.
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Alexsandra Аndreevna, Panasiuk. "The law about animal's protection from cruelty: historical and modern issues". Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, nr 11 (sierpień 2020): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-59.
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The article deals with the protection of animals from ill-treatment, generalizes the scientific approaches of the historical and legal aspect of the formation and development of responsibility, conducts a comparative analysis of the present with the historical past. The legal regulation of criminal liability for animal cruelty is characterized. The sanctions and the list of legislation governing this issue are outlined. Solve issues in the area oj the institution of responsibility for animal cruelty is extremely important. In today`s world, animals are considered not only as property of a person, but also as family members. People call for human treatment of animals, both domestic and wild. In addition, humane treatment is usually understood as actions of a person not related to self-defense, causing pain, torment, suffering to the animal. Violence can also be inaction, such as leaving in danger or violating the conditions of keeping animals, leaving without care, and so on. The history of development and regulation of relevant issues deserves special attention. At the level of international law, the issue of liability for animal cruelty has been regulated since the 1960s. The European Community has adopted five main conventions: the European Convention for the Protection of Animals in International Transport (1968), the European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept on Farms (1976), the European Convention for the Protection of Animals intended for Slaughter ), the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (1986), the European Convention for the Protection of Pets (1987). Key words: The provisions of international legal acts have become the basis for the settlement of relevant issues in Ukraine as well.
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Popova, Elena A., i Vladimir G. Kokorev. "History of domestic legislation development on criminal liability for environmental crimes". Current Issues of the State and Law, nr 20 (2021): 766–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2021-5-20-766-778.
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We consider the negative impact of society on the environment, which adversely affects humanity itself. We emphasize the peculiarities of environmental crimes development in Russian law. We point out that the first legislative norms containing responsibility for environmental offenses date back to the middle of the 17th century, when the direct reflection of norms aimed at protecting nature from criminal encroachments begins. We note that the Extensive Edition of Rus’ Justice reflected responsibility for the theft of a number of animals, which in a sense can be attributed to environmental encroachments. It is emphasized that if responsibility for such acts was reflected in the Cathedral Code of 1649, then in the Military Article of 1715 it was absent. We note that in the first codified criminal law, adopted in 1845, under the name “Code on penal and correctional punishments”, acts encroaching on the environment were reflected, which was subsequently consolidated and developed in criminal laws as pre-revolutionary Russia (Criminal Code 1903), and adopted after the October Revolution of 1917, especially in the Criminal Code of the RSFSR in 1960.
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Alves, Felipe Dalenogare, i Katiele Daiana da Silva Rehbein. "O dever constitucional de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas à proteção dos animais domésticos em situação de abandono nos centros urbanos / The Constitutional Duty to Formulate and Implement Public Policies for the Protection of Domestic Animals in a Situation of Abandonment in Urban Centers". Revista de Direito da Cidade 14, nr 3 (23.12.2022): 1643–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2022.55702.
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Resumo O presente artigo expõe o resultado de uma pesquisa bibliográfica elaborada a partir do método dedutivo, para fins de abordagem, e monográfico, como forma de procedimento, sobre o tema do dever constitucional de proteção aos animais domésticos em situação de abandono nos centros urbanos, tendo por objetivo principal analisar a quem compete este dever e se a omissão do Ente competente poderá ocasionar responsabilização. Assim, no decorrer do trabalho, buscou-se responder a seguinte pergunta: a omissão ao dever constitucional de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas voltadas aos animais domésticos abandonados nos centros urbanos poderá ensejar responsabilidade ao poder público? Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo dos principais aspectos, dentre os quais o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado como um direito fundamental e dever constitucional estatal, assim como a tutela constitucional dos animais não humanos sob a perspectiva deste direito fundamental e a possibilidade de responsabilização estatal pela ausência de políticas públicas destinadas a estes animais. Por fim, dentre os resultados encontrados como resposta ao problema, tem-se que a omissão ao dever constitucional de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas voltadas aos animais domésticos abandonados nos centros urbanos poderá ensejar responsabilidade ao poder público municipal.Palavras-chave: Animais domésticos abandonados; Abandono de animais; Dever constitucional ao meio ambiente; Direito ao meio ambiente; Responsabilidade estatal por dano ao meio ambiente. Abstract This article presents the result of a bibliographical research elaborated from the deductive method, for the purposes of approach, and monographic, as a form of procedure, on the theme of the constitutional duty to protect domestic animals in situations of abandonment in urban centers, having the main objective is to analyze who is responsible for this duty and whether the omission of the competent entity may lead to liability. Thus, in the course of the work, we sought to answer the following question: could the omission of the constitutional duty to formulate and implement public policies aimed at domestic animals abandoned in urban centers give rise to responsibility to the public authorities? Therefore, a study of the main aspects was carried out, among which the ecologically balanced environment as a fundamental right and state constitutional duty, as well as the constitutional protection of non-human animals from the perspective of this fundamental right and the possibility of state accountability by the absence of public policies aimed at these animals. Finally, among the results found in response to the problem, there is that the omission of the constitutional duty to formulate and implement public policies aimed at domestic animals abandoned in urban centers may give rise to responsibility to the municipal government.Keywords: Abandoned domestic animals; Abandonment of animals; Constitutional duty to the environment; Right to the environment; State accountability for damage to the environment.
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Mukasheva, A. A., i A. B. Omarova. "The Civil Law Regime of Animals: Problems of Definition and Prospects for Regulation". Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Law Series” 111, nr 3 (30.09.2023): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023l3/119-126.
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The article is devoted to the study of problems related to the study of the legal regime of animals in civil law. This article aims to study the problems associated with the definition of animals as an object of civil rights and to identify some prospects for regulation. In the course of the study, methods of analytical and comparative analysis of scientific sources, documents of legislation and legal practice in the field of the use of the animal world were used. The analysis made it possible to identify the main problems associated with the definition of animals as an object of civil rights, respectively, the problems of determining the civil law regime of animals, as well as suggest promising directions for its regulation. The article presents the results of a study of materials on the modern regulation of the legal regime of animals, highlights domestic and foreign experience in this area, explores the methods of regulation used for the legal protection of animals. As a result of the analysis, such problems were identified as related to the legal regime of animals in civil law, such as the lack of the concept of animals as an object of civil rights, the insufficient legislative framework governing the legal regime of animals, and the insufficient application of administrative and criminal liability in cases of cruelty to animals. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were drawn about the need to improve the legal regime of animals in order to ensure more effective protection and welfare of animals. Having a clear and unambiguous concept of animals in civil and special legislation will be an important step towards a clear definition of the civil law regime.
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Nicholas, Frank W. "Animal breeding and disease". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, nr 1459 (7.07.2005): 1529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1674.
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Single-locus disorders in domesticated animals were among the first Mendelian traits to be documented after the rediscovery of Mendelism, and to be included in early linkage maps. The use of linkage maps and (increasingly) comparative genomics has been central to the identification of the causative gene for single-locus disorders of considerable practical importance. The ‘score-card’ in domestic animals is now more than 100 disorders for which the molecular lesion has been identified and hence for which a DNA test is available. Because of the limited lifespan of any such test, a cost-effective and hence popular means of protecting the intellectual property inherent in a DNA test is not to publish the discovery. While understandable, this practice creates a disconcerting precedent. For multifactorial disorders that are scored on an all-or-none basis or into many classes, the effectiveness of control schemes could be greatly enhanced by selection on estimated breeding values for liability. Genetic variation for resistance to pathogens and parasites is ubiquitous. Selection for resistance can therefore be successful. Because of the technical and welfare challenges inherent in the requirement to expose animals to pathogens or parasites in order to be able to select for resistance, there is a very active search for DNA markers for resistance. The first practical fruits of this research were seen in 2002, with the launch of a national scrapie control programme in the UK.
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Spada, Gabriella. "If a Lion Eats Him..." Archiv orientální 89, nr 3 (16.01.2022): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.89.3.513-529.
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This article, starting from the analysis of the expression “if a lion kills/eats him” (i.e., a slave received on pledge), which appears in a limited number of surety contracts in the archive of the famous Balaĝunamḫe of Larsa (1829–1792 BC), gives a brief overview of the threat that lions posed not only to livestock but also to human beings in second-millennium Mesopotamia. Letters and administrative documents inform us of attacks on animals and, more rarely, even people. By contrast, collections of laws and legal principles seem to deal exclusively with problems arising from lions attacking domestic animals, without any mention of attacks on humans. In the light of this brief investigation, the author concludes that the expression “if a lion kills/eats him” must be considered a
unicum, since it is not found in any other real-life or school contract. She assumes that the scribe decided to add this formula to the liability clause of Balaĝunamḫe’s surety contracts in order to cover as many scenarios as possible, including the chance of being eaten by a lion, clearly representing an event of force majeure.
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Samokhvalov, I. M., K. P. Golovko, A. V. Denisov, S. Yu Telitsky, N. A. Zhirnova, S. E. Komiagin, O. D. Karpenko, K. N. Demchenko, Ya D. Barakov i A. Yu Stepanov. "The first domestic devices for intraosseous infusion - is the great advance of military medicine in pre-hospital stage enhancement". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, nr 4 (15.12.2018): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12299.
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Traumatic shock is considered to be the most common clinical form of a severe patient’s condition (63%). Timely and adequate blood volume resuscitation is one of the most important procedures in providing medical care to critically injured casualties and patients at the forward medical evacuation stage. The key to this problem, especially when the infusion therapy is needed at the pre-hospital stage, is the development of alternative (extravascular) techniques of plasma volume expander administration. The article presents the results of testing of the first domestic medical devices for intraosseous infusion in critically injured casualties and patients. At present, on commission of the Russian Ministry of Defense and with the scientific support of Kirov Military Medical Academy, domestic enterprises developed test samples of medical devices to provide intraosseous infusions: a «Disposable device for intraosseous infusion of solutions if there is no intravenous access, which was designed on the basis of a spring drive» - the index «VKI-P», developed by limited liability company «Novoplast-М» and a set for intraosseous infusion using an electric drive - the index « VKI-E», developed by limited liability company «Research engineering company «Spetsproekt». Assessment of performance of test samples of the medical devices for intraosseous infusions «VKI-P» and «VKI-E» was carried out using pathophysiologic model of traumatic shock in 14 experimental animals (pigs) by creating artificial blood loss of medium severity, 25% of circulating blood volume (in average 440 ml), followed by its resuscitation with intraosseous infusion of 0,9% solution of NaCl. As a result of the performed tests it was found that the device «VKI-P» and the set «VKI-E» provide for NaCl infusion in major vessels (with an intraosseous infusion), 750 ml of volume during 45-50 min, and can be used as an alternative access to provide infusion as a part of anti-shock therapy, which solves the problem of volume resuscitation when giving care to severely injured casualties and patients at the forward medical evacuation stages. These samples may be recommended for inclusion into the medical service list of complete supplies and the Medical Corps supply support, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
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Pendyuk, A. R., V. V. Fedorovych i N. P. Mazur. "PHENOTYPE FEATURES APPEARANCE OF DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT UKRAINIAN DAIRY BLACK-AND-WHITE BREED COWS GENOTYPES". Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (29.11.2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.05.
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The main task of breeding in dairy cattle breeding is to raise dairy productivity of cows. Improvement of productive qualities of domestic dairy cattle with the use of Holstein breeders of high breeding value led to serious disadvantages, including impairment of animal health, reproductive capacity and quality of milk. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to examine the milk productivity of cows of different genotypes of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed and ascertain the relationship between quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk.
Research conducted at agricultural limited liability company "Lishche" Lutsk district of Volyn region on cows of different genotypes of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. 5 groups of animals were formed: I − cows with a proportion of Holstein breed 75% or less, II − with a share Holstein heredity 75.1–81.25%, III − Holstein heredity share 81.26–87.50%, ІV − with a share of the heredity of the Holstein 87.51–93.75% and V − with a share of the heredity of the Holstein more than 93.75%. Evaluation of milk productivity was carried out by milk yield, fat content in milk and the amount of milk fat for the first, second, third and highest lactations according to the data of zootechnical accounting.
It was found that the largest number of animals under control (33.7%) was with the relative share of Holstein heredity of 81.26–87.50%, and the lowest (9.3%) was with relative share of the Holstein breed's heredity more than 93.75%. Analysis of the level of milk yield of cows of different genotypes showed that the increase of Holstein heredity increases milk yields, however, significantly reduces the fat content of milk. If the animals have a share of Holstein heredity up to 75% the milk yields was 5154, and the amount of milk fat − 199.7 kg, and cows with hereditary of 75.10–81.25% showed figures increased by 16.4 and 15.5%, with Holstein heredity 81.26–87.50% by 23.3 and 20.8%, Holstein heredity 87.51–93.75% for 26.1 and 23.2% and with Holstein heredity more than 93.75% for 34.8 and 31.4%, and fat content in milk, on the contrary, decreased, depending on the genotype of animals, by 1.6–2.3%. In all in the above cases, these changes were highly significant (P < 0.001).
The effectiveness of breeding on increasing the milk productivity of cows depends on the efficiency of selection and selection of animals, taking into account the phenotypic and genetic correlation between economically useful features. It was found that the studied cows of all genotypes had highest highly reliable (P < 0.001) positive values of correlation coefficients between milk yield and milk fat (Table 2). These features are the most predicted because strong relationship between them (r = 0.912–0.987). There was also observed direct positive ligament (r = 0.039–0.533, P < 0.05–0.001) between fat content in milk and milk fat content, and mostly weak, and only in some cases correlation coefficients had average values. The cows of the studied genotypes had the lowest and for the most part unreliable values of relative variability by the milk yields and fat content milk. The heifers with conditional share of Holstein heredity, more than 75% had negative and weak relationship features, and the older cows were diversified from weak to average values.
One of the reliable criteria for determining the level of heredity of features is the coefficient of frequency, which indicates their heredity stability in age. Coefficients of age-related frequency of milk yield, fat content of milk and the highest milk fat content of cows with a conditional share of Holstein heredity of up to 75% had indicating a higher degree of heredity of these features compared to high half-bred cows. With the increasing of heredity of the Holstein breed the genotype of controlled animals values were decreasing for the most part. The most significant and reliable (P < 0.001) genotype of animals affected milk yields (13.3–18.1% of the total variability of this feature), less – the fat content of milk (9.3–13.2% (P < 0.001) and the amount of milk fat (6.6–14.1% (P < 0.001), with the highest genotype influence on the studied features indicated in the first lactation.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Liability for domestic animals"
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Raish, Carol. "Domestic animals and stability in pre-state farming societies /". Oxford : Tempus reparatum, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356941544.
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McGee, Marcus. "The use of non-invasive monitoring techniques for profiling hormonal changes associated with stress and reproductive cyclicity in domestic and non-domestic species". Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-02102009-145608.
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García, Sáenz Ariadna. "Spatial epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals and evaluation of surveillance". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328428.
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El objetivo de la presente tesis ha sido obtener información sobre la epidemiología de la Tuberculosis Bovina (TBb) en rebaños vacunos así como la obtención de datos para la implementación de un posible sistema de vigilancia basado en riesgo.
En el primer estudio se analizó la variación espacio-temporal del riesgo de TBb en rebaños vacunos desde el año 2006 hasta el 2011. Los resultados indicaron que la prevalencia y la incidencia fueron más elevadas en algunas comarcas y en algunos años, comparando con la evolución global a nivel de país. El análisis de potenciales factores de riesgo indicaron que tanto los movimientos entre granjas provenientes de zonas de elevada incidencia (>1%) como la presencia de ganado de lidia, incrementaban el riesgo de infección.
En el segundo estudio se describió una aproximación a un sistema de vigilancia basado en riesgo que se está evaluando actualmente en Nueva Zelanda. Dado que la presencia de TBb en granjas está conducida por un número de factores que incluyen: historial de infección previo en la explotación, frecuencia de test diagnósticos llevados a cabo en la explotación, localización geográfica y los movimientos de animales; el objetivo del estudio fue calcular una puntuación de riesgo de infección para cada granja utilizando datos recogidos durante la campaña de erradicación de forma rutinaria. De esta forma, los rebaños podrían ser clasificados en función de su riesgo de infección y así la vigilancia se podría focalizar en intentar detectar, de una forma más eficiente y economizando los costes, aquellas granjas con la puntuación de riesgo más elevada.
En el tercer estudio, la sensibilidad individual de la vigilancia de TBb en mataderos de Cataluña fue evaluada. La probabilidad de detectar un bovino infectado fue estimada mediante el producto de las siguientes probabilidades: 1) probabilidad de que un bovino infectado llegue a matadero presentando lesiones compatibles y detectables macroscópicamente (LDM), 2) probabilidad de que LDM sean detectadas durante la inspección en matadero, 3) probabilidad de que el veterinario oficial de matadero sospeche de TBb y envíe las muestras al laboratorio para su confirmación. La sensibilidad individual de la vigilancia de TBb en los mataderos de bovino de Cataluña, resultó ser de un 31.4% (CI 95%: 28.6-36.2).
En el cuarto estudio, la dinámica de transmisión de TBb dentro de un rebaño fue analizada. Para ello se desarrolló un modelo compartimental estocástico SEI (Susceptibles, Expuestos e Infecciosos). Con este modelo se infirieron los parámetros relacionados con la transmisión, en particular el ratio de transmisión (β) y el ratio en el que los animales infectados pasan a ser infecciosos (α). También, debido a la controversia sobre las sensibilidades reportadas de la prueba de la intradermo-tuberculinización simple (IDTs) en condiciones de campo, la probabilidad de detectar tanto los animales infectados como los infecciosos (ϕ y ρ, respectivamente) fue también evaluada. Las distribuciones posteriores de los parámetros modelizados fueron obtenidas mediante el método de las cadenas de Markov Chain Monte Carlo y por métodos de aproximación por computación bayesiana (MCMC-ABC). El promedio obtenido, de 33 rebaños de diferentes áreas de España, para el ratio de transmisión varió entre 0.0001 y 0.0002 por día, y el promedio del ratio de transición de bovinos infectados a infecciosos varió entre 0.011 y 0.0001.The present PhD Thesis aimed to provide information about the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle and relevant data for the implementation of a risk based surveillance system. In the first study the space-time variation of the risk of bTB in cattle between 2006 and 2011 was analyzed. The results indicated that in some counties, between some years, the prevalence and the incidence of the disease was higher as compared to the global rate in the rest of the counties of Spain. The analysis of potential risk factors indicated that both, a large number of movements from counties with high incidence (>1%), and presence of bullfighting cattle herds increased the bTB risk. In the second study it was described a risk-based approach for bTB surveillance that is under development in New Zealand. Given that the presence of bTB in a herd is driven by a number of factors including previous infection history, the amount of testing carried out on individual herds, geographic location or herd movement behavior, the objective was to use routinely recorded data to derive a ‘risk score’ for each of these factors and then to combine them to return a composite bTB risk score for each herd. By this way, herds could be ranked and this would enable to focus surveillance in those herds with the highest risk score, providing effective surveillance coverage at a reasonable overall cost. In the third study the individual sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Catalonian slaughterhouses of cattle was assessed. The probability of detection of a bTB-infected cattle by the slaughterhouses in Catalonia was estimated as the product of three consecutive probabilities: P1) the probability that a bTB-infected animal arrived at the slaughterhouse presenting Macroscopically Detectable Lesions (MDL); P2) the probability that MDL were detected by the routine meat inspection procedure, and P3) the probability that the veterinary officer suspected of bTB and sent the sample for laboratory confirmation. The mean individual bTB surveillance sensitivity of the different cattle slaughterhouses in Catalonia obtained in this study was 31.4% (CI 95%: 28.6-36.2). In the fourth study a stochastic compartmental SEI (Susceptible, Exposed (latent), and Infectious) model was developed to mimic Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) within-herd transmission dynamics. This model was used to infer several parameters related to bTB spread within Spanish cattle farms, in particular the cattle-to-cattle transmission rate (β) and the rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α). Also, given the controversy over the sensitivities of the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT) application in field conditions, the probability of detection of both infected and infectious cattle (ϕ and ρ, respectively), were also evaluated. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo-Approximate Bayesian Computation (MCMC-ABC) method was used to generate posterior distributions and the mean within herd transmission rate (β) estimated in 33 Spanish herds varied between 0.0001 and 0.0002 per day, and the mean rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α) varied between 0.011 and 0.0001.
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Dorey, Nicole. "Experimental investigation of social learning in domestic animals and non-human primates". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/47016.
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Imitation is considered to be an efficient method of conveying information between individuals. It is believed to be among the least common and most complex forms of animal learning. After almost a century of studying social learning in animals, scientists still have not been able to give a clear answer to the question “Do animals imitate?”. Although there have been some studies that have shown certain species under certain conditions unequivocally imitate (e.g. Zentall, et al., 1996), these studies have not been successfully replicated in a wide range of species. This thesis expands the social learning literature extending the range of settings and species in which it has been studied and by drawing links to the field of behaviour analysis. Four of the current studies used versions of the two-action method to look for imitative learning in both non- human primates and domesticated animals. In this methodology an observer watches a demonstrator manipulate an apparatus with two different parts of their body. Using two different parts of the body and not two different manipulations lets researchers determine if the individual is learning by observation or just learning about changes in the state of the environment. This methodology is the only one that can distinguish local enhancement (learning only to attend to the location of the demonstrator), or stimulus enhancement (learning only to attend to the stimulus which the demonstrator interacts with) from “true” imitation (Campbell, Heyes, and Goldsmith, 1999). One of the current studies used the “do as I do” methodology. In this method a subject is trained to match a few gestures of the demonstrator for reinforcement (i.e. the demonstrator raises her/his hand and the subject raises his/her hand) on the verbal command of “Do this” or “Do it”. After the subject reaches criterion on the trained behaviours a novel behaviour is added that has not been trained to see if the subject will spontaneously imitate the behaviour. Successfully copying a novel demonstration is taken as evidence of understanding the rule needed for imitative performance. This methodology is popular because it not only can distinguish between imitation and the other forms of social learning, but it can also show the subjects’ ability to generalize this type of learning. The overall results show very little imitative learning occurring in the various groups of animals studied. The low rate of imitation may not be surprising. For just over 100 years psychologists have been studying social learning and in that time only a handful of researchers have been able to show clear evidence of an animal’s ability to imitate the actions of a demonstrator. These results suggest that, though imitative learning may be important in the lives of a few species, or in the acquisition of particular behaviour, it is unlikely that it plays an essential role in the acquisition of behaviour in general, especially behaviour through which animals directly manipulate their environment.
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SCAVONE, DONATELLA. "CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF PARAOXONASE-1 IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS: BEYOND CONVENTIONAL INFLAMMATORY MARKERS". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/943292.
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Inflammation and oxidative stress frequently occur in domestic animals. The diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory and oxidative conditions are based on markers that are so far considered accurate but may lack specificity and prognostic utility. In the last years’ research, interest has grown about the role of Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of many diseases characterized by inflammation and/or oxidative stress, both in human and veterinary medicine. In veterinary species, PON-1 measurement is to date primarily restricted to the research field and has not been yet undertaken in the routine clinical field. However, recent research has highlighted promising utility in many clinical contexts. Since accurate and precise spectrophotometrical assays validated in many species are now available and proved to be cheap, rapid and automated, its measurement could easily be included in routine chemistry panel in the near future. Therefore, the aim of my research was focused on the evaluation of the usefulness of PON-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in different conditions characterized by inflammation and/or oxidative stress in different veterinary species.
The results collected in the different studies described in this thesis provided further insights about the possible utility of PON-1 as a biomarker in veterinary clinical pathology. We confirmed the role of PON-1 as a marker of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, possibly associated with sepsis in horses and dogs, and its usefulness as a prognostic marker in these contexts. Furthermore, in dogs we confirmed its usefulness as a marker of disease severity and its possible applications as a tool for clinical decision or detection of subclinical disease. As regards cats and pigs, results about its usefulness are still preliminary and deserve further investigation with a wider and more standardized caseload. On the contrary, we demonstrated the usefulness of PON-1 as an ancillary test for clinical decisions or to address further testing in cattle with bovine respiratory disease.
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Rutter, Steven Mark. "Fear in the domestic fowl : can aversion be measured?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24288.
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Qin, Jinyi. "Characterisation of the central region of the sheep major histocompatibility complex". Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/375.
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a chromosomal region encoding molecules controlling adaptive immune response in vertebrates. In farm animals, many associations between MHC loci and productivity traits including disease susceptibility have been described. However, current knowledge about the structure and function of the MHC in domestic animals, especially sheep, is very limited. Characterization of the sheep MHC may potentially facilitate breeding for enhanced disease-resistant animals through use of marker assisted selection. The main aim of this project has been to provide insights into the organization of the genomic content of the central region of the sheep MHC. The work described herein has utilized subcloning of a sheep BAC genomic library in conjunction with DNA sequencing to generate a map of the central region of the sheep MHC covering ≈700 kbp. Within this map the relative order and identity of twenty five recognized loci were established. For some loci the intergenic distances were also determined. The final map is the most accurate map of this region reported to date and shows a high degree of similarity to the analogous region of the human MHC. This work has been published and a copy of the paper is included in Appendix 1. During the course of this work detailed genomic sequences were obtained for several sheep central region loci. Complete nucleotide sequences were generated for the complement factor B locus (CFB) and the TNFα locus and a comparative analysis of these sequences confirmed their homology with other vertebrate orthologues. Extensive partial sequences for complement components C2 and C4 were also obtained and reported to GenBank.In addition, a previously identified short tandem repeat locus designated BfMs believed to be in the CFB locus was mapped to an intron within the adjacent SKI2VL locus. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by analysing homologous sequences from a minimum of five individual sheep. In total 33 SNPs were discovered distributed over eleven distinct loci. Allele frequencies for SNPs from ten of these loci were determined and reported for a panel of 71 sheep comprising 58 unrelated sheep from the Rylington Merino flock plus a further 13 unrelated parental animals from a three generation half sibling sheep pedigree. The availability of an independently confirmed pedigree constructed from a three generation half sibling sheep family permitted the identification by deduction of central region MHC haplotypes based on a panel of SNPs derived from 10 loci. This is the first reporting of haplotypes covering this region of the sheep MHC. Analysis of SNP panel genotypes in the cohort of 71 unrelated sheep using the expectation maximization algorithm permitted the prediction of a group of approximately 20 haplotypes, which accounted for more than 90% of the expected haplotype distribution. Four of these predicted haplotypes were also present in the known haplotype cohort deduced from the sheep pedigree. Analysis of pairwise linkage disequilibrium between SNP loci in the cohort of 71 unrelated sheep showed a centre-most region displaying relatively high levels of linkage disequilibrium which was bounded by two regions displaying more variable linkage disequilibrium.It is hypothesised that this mid region of the central region of the sheep MHC may be a block like structure characterized by low recombination similar to those that have been widely described in the human and mouse genomes. The discoveries reported in this thesis provide a more accurate and detailed description of the central region of the sheep MHC together with a panel of SNPs, which reflect the diversity of this important genomic region which is known to be associated with immune responsiveness. The description, for the first time, of central region haplotypes provides a practical means of seeking candidate loci associated with disease resistance and productivity traits. The application of molecular techniques will enhance the rate at which the genomic composition of this region is elucidated and the work described in this thesis will contribute to final characterization of this important complex in health and disease.
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Jacevičienė, Ingrida. "Epidemiology, diagnostics and immunoprophylaxis of rabies in wild and domestic animals in Lithuania". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121211_095603-81838.
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Rabies is one of the oldest and most dangerous human and animal diseases. This is a disease that is transmitted directly from animal to animal and from an animal to a human being. People usually contract this disease from stray domestic animals therefore a realistic threat is posed to everyone to become infected with the rabies virus (RV). The only and the most effective way of protecting oneself from rabies after an infected or unknown animal has bitten one, is immunoprophylaxis.
Between 2003 and 2011, the epidemiological situation of rabies in Lithuania was assessed. The methods that were used to diagnose rabies are noted for specificity and sensitivity. It has been proved that applying simultaneously the direct fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and rabies tissue culture infections test (RTCIT) methods it was possible to ensure a fast and effective determination of RV in the samples of wild and domestic animals under investigation thereby ensuring confirmation of the diagnosis of being infected with RV. During the wild fauna oral rabies vaccination (ORV) period between 2007 and 2011, the philogenetic analysis of RV isolates of domestic and wild animals in the sphere of N gene by means of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out for the first time.
In 2006-2011, the assessment of the efficacy of ORV in raccoon dogs and red foxes by means of the quantitative the Enzyme-linked immunoassay test (ELISA) research method... [to full text]Pasiutligė – viena iš seniausių ir pavojingiausių žmonių ir gyvūnų ligų. Šia liga užsikrečiama kai pasiutlige sergantis gyvūnas įkanda žmogui ar kitam gyvūnui, ar apseilėja sužalotą odą. Žmonės dažniausiai užsikrečia nuo valkataujančių naminių gyvūnų, todėl išlieka visiems reali užsikrėtimo pasiutligės virusu grėsmė. Vienintelis ir efektyviausias apsisaugojimo būdas nuo pasiutligės yra imunoprofilaktika. Šiame darbe ištirtas pasiutligės viruso paplitimas 2003-2011 metų laikotarpiu ir nustatyta laukinių ir naminių gyvūnų pasiutligės epidemiologinė situacija Lietuvoje. Atliekant 2007–2011 metų pasiutligės geografinio paplitimo analizę buvo nustatyta, kad nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu didžiausias tiek laukinių, tiek naminių gyvūnų infekuotumas buvo nustatytas Lietuvos Rytinėje ir Pietrytinėje dalyje. Naudoti pasiutligės diagnostikos metodai pasižymi speciškumu ir jautrumu. Įrodyta, kad kartu taikant tiesioginį fluorescuojančių antikūnų ir audinių kultūrų infekavimo pasiutligės virusu metodus, galima užtikrinti greitą ir efektyvų pasiutligės viruso nustatymą laukinių ir naminių gyvūnų tiriamuosiuose galvos smegenų mėginiuose, tuo užtikrinant diagnozės patvirtinimą dėl užsikrėtimo pasiutligės virusu. Laukinių gyvūnų oralinės vakcinacijos nuo pasiutligės (ORV) periodu 2007-2011 metais atlikta naminių ir laukinių gyvūnų pasiutligės viruso izoliatų filogenetinė analizė N geno srityje atvirkštinės transkripcijos polimerazės grandininės reakcijos (AT-PGR) metodu. Pirmą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Metzger, Julia Anna Petra [Verfasser]. "Exploring genomes of domestic animals using Next Generation Sequencing / Julia Anna Petra Metzger". Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174835583/34.
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Cerbulis, Inga G. "Cognitive abilities of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa)". Connect to resource, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1129213827.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Liability for domestic animals"
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Holzer, Henry Mark. Harming companion animals: Liability and damages. Indio, Calif: Institute for Animal Rights Law, 2006.
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Couret, Alain. Le tribunal des animaux: Les animaux et le droit. Paris: Thissot, 1987.
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Payllier, Nicole. Der Tierhalter und dessen besondere Befreiungsmöglichkeiten (Art. 56 Abs. 1 OR): Unter rechtsvergleichender Berücksichtigung des deutschen und des französischen Rechts. Zürich: Schulthess, 2003.
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Monguió, José María Pérez. Los animales como agentes y víctimas de daños: Especial referencia a los animales que se encuentran bajo el dominio del hombre. Barcelona: Bosch, 2008.
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Monguió, José María Pérez. Los animales como agentes y víctimas de daños: Especial referencia a los animales que se encuentran bajo el dominio del hombre. Barcelona: Bosch, 2008.
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Kayasseh, Eveline Schneider. Haftung bei Verletzung oder Tötung eines Tieres - unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des schweizerischen und U.S.-amerikanischen Rechts. Zürich: Schulthess, 2009.
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Kayasseh, Eveline Schneider. Haftung bei Verletzung oder Tötung eines Tieres - unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des schweizerischen und U.S.-amerikanischen Rechts. Zürich: Schulthess, 2009.
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Commission, Manitoba Law Reform. Tort liability for animals. Winnipeg, Man: Manitoba Law Reform Commission, 1992.
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Barrow, P. A., i U. Methner, red. Salmonella in domestic animals. Wallingford: CABI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845939021.0000.
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Carr, Neil, red. Domestic Animals and Leisure. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137415547.
Pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Liability for domestic animals"
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Li, Xiang, i Jigang Jin. "Liability for Harm Caused by Domestic Animals". W Concise Chinese Tort Laws, 307–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41024-6_35.
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Li, Xiang, i Jigang Jin. "Liability for Harm Caused by Domestic Animal". W Concise Chinese Tort Laws, 225–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41024-6_22.
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Cochran, Judith. "Domestic Animals". W Routledge Library Editions: Egypt, Vol10:93—Vol10:102. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203079140-136.
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Kodilinye, Gilbert, i Natalie Corthésy. "Liability for Animals". W Commonwealth Caribbean Tort Law, 226–49. Wyd. 6. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351065108-9.
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Aspinall, V., M. Cappello i C. Phillips. "Domestic farm animals." W Introduction to animal and veterinary anatomy and physiology, 221–52. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241150.0221.
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Peggs, Kay. "Eating animals". W Criminology of the Domestic, 101–16. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003250418-7.
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Pietropaoli, Irene. "Domestic criminal and civil liability". W Business, Human Rights and Transitional Justice, 66–142. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367809546-4.
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Sprik, Lenneke. "Omission liability in domestic law". W Protection of Civilians and Individual Accountability, 32–56. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429424373-3.
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Sommer, Volker. "Infanticide in Animals: Langurs". W Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_1996-1.
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Cullen, John M., i Matthew Breen. "An Overview of Molecular Cancer Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Diagnosis". W Tumors in Domestic Animals, 1–26. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119181200.ch1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Liability for domestic animals"
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Garcês, Andreia, Catarina Pereira, Maria Inês Santiago, Justina Prada, Filipe Silva i Isabel Pires. "Snakebites in Domestic Animals". W IECT 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iect2023-14798.
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Bilen, Mehmet, Ali Hakan Isik i Tuncay Yigit. "Expert system software for domestic animals". W 2017 International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ubmk.2017.8093581.
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Demir, Guneycan, i Aysegul Tuysuz Erman. "Activity recognition and tracking system for domestic animals". W 2018 26th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2018.8404784.
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Kokolova, L. M. "Trichinosis in wild and domestic animals of Yakutia". W ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-01-2019-110.
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Rusu, Stefan. "Diversitatea parazitofaunei animalelor sălbatice și celor domestice din diverse biotopuri naturale și antropizate ale Republicii Moldova". W International Symposium "Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects". Institute of Zoology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.07.
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The study of the diversity of the parasitophauna in wild and domestic animals from various natural and anthropic biotopes of the Republic of Moldova allowed revealing that 80,8% of such animals were infested with mix forms of parasites, in diverse associations from two till five parasite agents. The obtained results suggest that the parasitophauna of the wild animals (deers, roedeers, bisons) roughly correspond to the parasitophauna of the domestic animals (cattle, sheep) pasturing in the neighboring regions. The analysis of the parasitological data show that the parasitic agents could be attributed into two groups: those obligate for wild animals and those common for the wild and wild animals. The high level of infestation of the wild ruminants with fasciolas, dicrocelium, intestinal and pulmonary strongyles, protista as well as the presence of the intermediary and complementary hosts demonstrate again that these take part in maintaining the epizootic chain of diseases and have a huge impact on infesting the domestic animals. In this way, the ambient environment plays an important role in maintaining the epizootic chain of the parasitic infections. The recent parasitic research conducted in domestic and wild animals in Moldova reveal the conversed situation – the wild and domestic animals are reciprocally infested by various parasitic agents while pasturing on the same territory.
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Scheglakov, Ivan P., Anna A. Oleshkevich i Yulia L. Gordeeva. "Comparative analysis of indicators of homeostasis in domestic animals (dogs)". W RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2021.3.1.
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Muthumanickam, S., B. Keertana, L. Lavanya, S. Madhumitha i PGK Sathvikaa. "Hardware Implementation of Health Monitoring of Domestic Animals Using RFID". W 2021 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscan53069.2021.9526431.
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Manikovskaia, N. S. "Mixed infestations of domestic animals and their ecological-epizootic characteristic". W ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-04-2018-122.
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Строк, А. С. "The history of formation and the institution of development of criminal liability for cruelty to animals in Russia". W XXIII Международная научная конференция «Цивилизация знаний: российские реалии» «Цивилизационные задачи современного правоведения: наука, образование, практика» (стратегическая панель). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cz22.2022.16.35.001.
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в работе проанализировано историческое становление и развитие норм, регулирующих отношения в области обращения с животными и уголовную ответственность за жестокое обращение с животными. The paper analyzes the historical formation and development of the norms governing relations in the field of treatment of animals and criminal liability for cruelty to animals.
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Schaerer, Enrique, Richard Kelley i Monica Nicolescu. "Robots as animals: A framework for liability and responsibility in human-robot interactions". W RO-MAN 2009 - The 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/roman.2009.5326244.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Liability for domestic animals"
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Logan, T. M., F. G. Davies, K. J. Linthicum i T. G. Ksiazek. Rift Valley Fever Antibody in Human Sera Collected after an Outbreak in Domestic Animals in Kenya. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, styczeń 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada259748.
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Gorbach, Danielle M., Bin Fan, Suneel K. Onteru, Xia Zhao, Zhi-Qiang Du, Dorian J. Garrick, Jack C. M. Dekkers i Max F. Rothschild. Genome-Wide Association Studies for Important Economic Traits in Domestic Animals Using High Density SNP Genotyping. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, styczeń 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-980.
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Calvo, Guillermo A. Monetary Policy Challenges in Emerging Markets: Sudden Stop, Liability Dollarization, and Lender of Last Resort. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010971.
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The paper argues that Emerging Market economies (EMs) face financial vulnerabilities that weaken the effectiveness of a domestic Lender of Last Resort (LOLR). As a result, monetary policy is inextricably linked to the state of the credit market. In particular, the central bank should be ready to operate as LOLR during Sudden Stop (of capital inflows) by releasing international reserves in an effective manner. These conditions also impact on optimal monetary policy in normal but high-volatility periods. The paper further argues that during those periods interest rate rules may engender excessive volatility of exchange rates and, thus, that it may be advisable to temporarily supplement those rules by foreign exchange market intervention or outright exchange rate pegging. At a fundamental level, the analysis suggests that the state-of-the-art literature summarized by Woodford (2003) or even more heterodox approaches exemplified by Stiglitz and Greenwald (2003) are likely fall short of providing a satisfactory guide for monetary policy in EMs.
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Grubman, Marvin J., Yehuda Stram, Peter W. Mason i Hagai Yadin. Development of an Empty Viral Capsid Vaccine against Foot and Mouth Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, sierpień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570568.bard.
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is economically the most important disease of domestic animals. Although inactivated FMD vaccines have been succesfully used as part of comprehensive eradication programs in Western Europe, there are a number of concerns about their safety. In this proposal, we have attempted to develop a new generation of FMD vaccines that addresses these concerns. Specifically we have cloned the region of the viral genome coding for the structural proteins and the proteinase responsible for processing of the structural protein precursor into both a DNA vector and a replication-deficient human adenovirus. We have demonstrated the induction of an FMDV-specific immune response and a neutralizing antibody response with the DNA vectors in mice, but preliminary potency and efficacy studies in swine are variable. However, the adenovirus vector induces a significant and long-lived neutralizing antibody response in mice and most importantly a neutralizing and protective response in swine. These results suggest that the empty capsid approach is a potential alternative to the current vaccination strategy.
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Fernández-Arias, Eduardo. Financial Dollarization and Dedollarization. Inter-American Development Bank, wrzesień 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009066.
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Financial dollarization is a key factor behind systemic financial fragility in Latin America. The experience shows that dedollarization can be achieved but can just as easily be missed, and worse: blunt dedollarization measures repressing dollarization may easily fail to solve fragility and, instead, foster risky short-term debt or provoke massive financial disintermediation and crisis. This paper analyzes the sources of liability dollarization in a portfolio framework and identifies the failures leading to excessive dollarization meriting policy intervention as well as the reasons why dedollarization policy often goes awry. It then derives an analytically sound multipronged domestic dedollarization program that takes into account the risks of misdiagnosis and the experience, both successful and failed. This program centers around the development of good local currency substitutes for dollar debt, such as CPI-indexed debt, rather than the repression of dollar debt.
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Mengak, Michael T. Wildlife Translocation. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, lipiec 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7210105.ws.
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Many people enjoy wildlife. Nationwide, Americans spend over $144 billion annually on fishing, hunting, and wildlife-watching activities. However, wildlife is not always welcome in or near homes, buildings, or other property and can cause significant damage or health and safety issues. Many people who experience a wildlife conflict prefer to resolve the issue without harming the offending animal. Of the many options available (i.e., habitat modification, exclusion, repellents) for addressing nuisance wildlife problems, translocation—capturing and moving—of the offending animal is often perceived to be effective. However, trapping and translocating wild animals is rarely legal nor is it considered a viable solution by wildlife professionals for resolving most nuisance wildlife problems. Reasons to avoid translocating nuisance wildlife include legal restrictions, disease concerns, liability issues associated with injuries or damage caused by a translocated animal, stress to the animal, homing behavior, and risk of death to the animal. Translocation is appropriate in some situations such as re-establishing endangered species, enhancing genetic diversity, and stocking species in formerly occupied habitats. The main focus of this publication, however, is to address nuisance wildlife issues that may be commonly encountered by homeowners and nuisance wildlife control professionals.
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Leiderman, Leonardo, i Arturo Galindo. Living with Dollarization and the Route to Dedollarization. Inter-American Development Bank, maj 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010840.
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Financial dollarization in Latin America has been growing over time in spite of a major reduction in inflation and a shift toward central bank independence. After discussing the key stylized facts of dollarization and dedollarization in the region, we discuss the risks this process poses to the region. In particular, we explore the validity of concerns about the effectiveness of monetary policy in a dollarized economy and about a loss of seigniorage revenue in such an economy. After concluding that to a large extent these concerns lack empirical support, we focus on the main reason for concern: increased vulnerability due to the dollarization of public and private debt. We emphasize the importance of precautionary/regulatory measures to limit the scope of mismatches originating from liability dollarization, and of developing financial instruments designed to hedge against currency risk. Moreover, we deal with the experience of policies directly aimed at deepening domestic financial markets in local currency assets and in gradually lengthening the maturity of these assets. We find that important lessons from the experience of dedollarization in Israel are of particular interest for Latin America.
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Mejía, Luis Fernando, Alejandro Izquierdo i Guillermo A. Calvo. On the Empirics of Sudden Stops: The Relevance of Balance-Sheet Effects. Inter-American Development Bank, lipiec 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010819.
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Using a sample of 32 developed and developing countries we analyze the empirical characteristics of Sudden Stops in capital flows and the relevance of balance-sheet effects in the likelihood of their occurrence. We find that large real exchange rate (RER) fluctuations accompanied by Sudden Stops are basically an emerging market (EM) phenomenon. Sudden Stops seem to come in bunches, grouping together countries that are different in many respects. However, countries are similar in that they remain vulnerable to large RER fluctuations. This may be the case because countries are forced to make large adjustments in the absorption of tradable goods, and/or because the size of dollar liabilities in the banking system (i.e., domestic liability dollarization, or DLD) is large. Openness, understood as a large supply of tradable goods that reduces leverage over the current account deficit, in combination with DLD, is a key determinant of the probability of Sudden Stops. The relationship between Openness and DLD in the determination of the probability of Sudden Stops is highly non-linear, implying that the interaction of high current account leverage and high dollarization may be a dangerous cocktail.
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Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho i Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.
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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.
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Ament, Rob, Marcel Huijser i Dana May. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Cost Effective Solutions - Final Report. Nevada Department of Transportation, lipiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.1.4.
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Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) are a significant component of overall crashes in the US and Canada. Roads and their traffic also create partial or total barriers to the movement of wildlife, both large and small. There are several well-studied proven mitigation measures that significantly reduce WVCs, provide for safe animal passage across roads, and maintain habitat connectivity. Highly effective measures, such as overpasses and underpasses with fencing can reduce large animal WVCs by over 80% – 100% on average; yet these structures can be costly and there is room for improvement in their design, the use of new materials, adding elements that improve their use by smaller animal species, such as reptiles and amphibians and improving their cost effectiveness. This Transportation Pooled Fund Study, TPF-5(358) (TPF Study), allowed researchers to evaluate the latest information on the effectiveness of 24 different highway mitigation measures designed to decrease collisions with large wildlife, large feral and domestic animals. Also reviewed were these same measures’ ability to protect small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians from collisions. The TPF Study also explored the effectiveness of the 24 measures ability to maintain or enhance habitat connectivity. It conducted 11 different research projects that variously explored a) the costs and benefits of animal-vehicle collisions and the mitigation measures that seek to reduce them, b) the ecological effectiveness of various mitigation measures, and 3) new designs for crossing structures for a variety of species. The project developed a manual of best practices and concluded with a final report.