Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Leptodactylus knudseni”

The third instar larva and puparium of Gastrops willistoni Cresson (Diptera: Ephydridae), preying on eggs in a foam nest of Leptodactylus knudseni Heyer (Anura: Leptodactylidae), in a central Amazonian dryland forest (Brazil) are described for the first time. The fusiform larva has a short breathing tube, its anterior spiracles are fan-shaped and posterior spiracles with three spircular openings. Pupa is ovoid with a broad anterior margin and bifurcate posterior tip. The taxonomic relationship of the frog egg predators, Gastrops Williston and Typopsilopa Cresson, are discussed.

The Neotropical frog Leptodactylus vastus belongs to the L. pentadactylus group, a group that currently contains 14 species, and of which nine tadpoles have been described. The tadpoles of L. vastus described here are generally much smaller than tadpoles of the other species described. The oral disk of L. vastus tadpoles is almost anteriorly placed, similar to other tadpoles in the group except for L. lithonaetes and L. rugosus, and the rows of marginal papillae in L. vastus are different from those in the other species. The tadpoles of L. vastus have a 1/2(1) LTRF similar to that of L. labyrinthicus and amazonian L. pentadactylus, whereas other species in the group show different arrangements of the tooth rows. The internal oral characteristics of the tadpole of L. vastus differs from L. knudseni and L. pentadactylus by having four infralabial papillae, possess 4–5 prepocket papillae surrounded by postulations and the buccal roof arena is circular, surrounded by two long papillae and 4–6 smaller papillae. The tadpoles of L. vastus, in general, possess a set of morphological characteristics that are very similar to those of other species of the L. pentadactylus group, and some of them are probably related to tadpole ecology.

The Leptodactylus pentadactylus species group is composed of 19 species of medium to large-sized frogs with distributions in tropical forest, cerrado, and caatinga habitats of Central and South America (Frost 2010). Nine of them are associated with Amazonian Biome (Frost 2010). The larvae of five species have been formally described for species occurring in this region: L. knudseni, L. lithonaetes, L. rhodomystax, L. rhodonotus, and L. rugosus (Heyer 1979, 1995; Heyer & Thompson 2000; Heyer & Heyer 2006; Rodrigues et al. 2007). The majority of the species in the L. pentadactylus group deposits foam nests in excavated basins close to water bodies and the tadpoles complete their development in the water (see Silva & Giaretta 2009). But other species (L. pentadactylus and L. stenodema) deposit foam nests in burrows or cavities in the forest floor isolated from forest pools or swamps and the tadpoles complete their development in the nests (Hero & Galatti 1990). The tadpole of L. pentadactylus has been mentioned briefly in two papers, but has not yet been formally described. Hero & Galatti (1990) presented a brief description of specimens from Manaus, Brazil; and Hero (1990) described a few external features (e.g. LTRF and body coloration) for an identification key of tadpoles of the Brazilian central Amazon. In this paper we describe the tadpole of L. pentadactylus based on individuals from several stages of development and also provide comments on the spawning sites.

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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The group of L. pentadactylus is composed by species of large size which has some reproductive characteristics suggested as possible synapomorphies: deposition of foam nests in excavated basins, foam nest beating pattern, and the presence of trophic eggs in the nests. Leptodactylus knudseni is a member of this group and has wide distribution throughout the Amazon Basin. The larvae of L. knudseni were described briefly, but there is no morphological information and data on ontogenetic variation. This study aimed to describe aspects of reproductive biology of the species and redescribe the larval stage. The study was conducted in the Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, using the Focal Animal method to describe the reproductive behavior. The redescription of L. knudseni larva was based on individuals at different stages of development. Couples deposited foam nests in excavated basins on the edge of temporary ponds with bottom covered by leaf litter, located in clay soil and distant from streams. The clutches lack trophic eggs. Tadpoles are not able to generate the foam itself. The tadpole of L. knudseni has body ovoid in dorsal and lateral views. Spiracle single, sinistral. LTRF 2(2)/3(1). The use of excavated basin to deposition of eggs has been described for several species of L. pentadactylus group. The absence of trophic eggs and the production of foam by the tadpoles differ from that reported to some species of the group. The tadpoles of L. knudseni are similar to those described for other species of the group.
O grupo de L. pentadactylus possui algumas características reprodutivas apontadas como possíveis sinapomorfias para o grupo: construção de bacias escavadas, padrão de batimento da espuma, presença de ovos tróficos nos ninhos. Leptodactylus knudseni faz parte desse grupo e possui ampla distribuição pela Bacia Amazônica. As larvas de L. knudseni foram descritas anteriormente, mas não há informações morfométricas e dados sobre variação ontogenética. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever aspectos da biologia reprodutiva da espécie e redescrever a fase larval. O estudo foi realizado na Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, usando o método Animal Focal para descrever o comportamento reprodutivo. A redescrição da larva de L. knudseni foi baseada em indivíduos em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. Os casais depositaram os ninhos de espuma em bacias escavadas na margem de poças temporárias com fundo coberto por folhiço, localizadas em solo argiloso e distante de riachos. As desovas não apresentam ovos tróficos. Girinos dessa espécie não são capazes de gerar a própria espuma. O girino de L. knudseni possui corpo ovóide. Espiráculo único posicionado ao lado esquerdo. Fórmula dentária 2(2)/3(1). O uso de bacia escavada para a deposição dos ovos foi descrita para diversas espécies do grupo L. pentadactylus. A ausência de ovos tróficos e o comportamento de não produzir a própria espuma difere do que é encontrado para outras espécies do grupo. O girino de L. knudseni se assemelha ao que foi descrito para girinos de outras espécies do grupo de L. pentadactylus.

A variety of aquatic habitats with different levels of potential predators are available to larval amphibians in Central Amazon rainforest. The anuran community at Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, 25 km east of Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, was studied to determine which species have eggs and/or larvae in water and how those larvae are distributed in time and space. The temporal and spatial distribution of potential predators as well as abiotic characteristics of these waterbodies were determined simultaneously to test for correlations with the distribution of tadpoles. The distribution of tadpoles was strongly related to fish predation pressure. Several tadpole species were found only in waterbodies with high fish abundance and thus have the ability to survive with fish. Most of these tadpoles were found to be unpalatable in controlled experiments. Unpalatability is the major adaptation allowing the coexistence of tadpoles and fish and is thus a major factor affecting tadpole community composition in this system. Controlled experiments showed that fish do not eat anuran eggs while the tadpoles of Leptodacrylus knudseni and Osteocephalus taurinus ate all types of eggs offered. The percentage of anurans with aquatic oviposition was positively related to fish abundance and negatively related to the occurrence of species of tadpole that ate eggs in experiments. These findings suggest that the present patterns of anuran distribution represent an evolutionary response to predation on the eggs and larvae. Contrary to the models of Heyer et al. (1975) and Wilbur (1984), desiccation and predation-pressure were not the major factors affecting species richness within waterbodies of the RFAD rainforest. In support of the model of Heyer et al. (1975), anuran species richness was correlated with the size of the waterbody. This could be because the size of the waterbody is related to increased complexity and availability of microhabitats. The range of volumes of waterbodies was also found to directly affect species richness of the RFAD community. While predation appeared to have a limited effect on species richness of individual ponds, predation-pressure was found to have a major influence on species composition. Anuran eggs and larvae survived with specific predators by possessing particular survival-traits (e.g. unpalatability and oviposition strategies). However, survival-traits were not effective against all predators in all habitats. The distribution of different predators among ponds provides a patchy environment on a local scale (i.e. within ponds). When combined with the variety of survival-traits exhibited by the anuran species, this spatial patchiness in predation contributes towards species richness within the anuran community of the RFAD rainforest.

A variety of aquatic habitats with different levels of potential predators are available to larval amphibians in Central Amazon rainforest. The anuran community at Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, 25 km east of Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, was studied to determine which species have eggs and/or larvae in water and how those larvae are distributed in time and space. The temporal and spatial distribution of potential predators as well as abiotic characteristics of these waterbodies were determined simultaneously to test for correlations with the distribution of tadpoles. The distribution of tadpoles was strongly related to fish predation pressure. Several tadpole species were found only in waterbodies with high fish abundance and thus have the ability to survive with fish. Most of these tadpoles were found to be unpalatable in controlled experiments. Unpalatability is the major adaptation allowing the coexistence of tadpoles and fish and is thus a major factor affecting tadpole community composition in this system. Controlled experiments showed that fish do not eat anuran eggs while the tadpoles of Leptodacrylus knudseni and Osteocephalus taurinus ate all types of eggs offered. The percentage of anurans with aquatic oviposition was positively related to fish abundance and negatively related to the occurrence of species of tadpole that ate eggs in experiments. These findings suggest that the present patterns of anuran distribution represent an evolutionary response to predation on the eggs and larvae. Contrary to the models of Heyer et al. (1975) and Wilbur (1984), desiccation and predation-pressure were not the major factors affecting species richness within waterbodies of the RFAD rainforest. In support of the model of Heyer et al. (1975), anuran species richness was correlated with the size of the waterbody. This could be because the size of the waterbody is related to increased complexity and availability of microhabitats. The range of volumes of waterbodies was also found to directly affect species richness of the RFAD community. While predation appeared to have a limited effect on species richness of individual ponds, predation-pressure was found to have a major influence on species composition. Anuran eggs and larvae survived with specific predators by possessing particular survival-traits (e.g. unpalatability and oviposition strategies). However, survival-traits were not effective against all predators in all habitats. The distribution of different predators among ponds provides a patchy environment on a local scale (i.e. within ponds). When combined with the variety of survival-traits exhibited by the anuran species, this spatial patchiness in predation contributes towards species richness within the anuran community of the RFAD rainforest.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Division of Australian Environmental Studies
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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