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JONES, ANDREW J. I. "Deontic Logic and Legal Knowledge Representation". Ratio Juris 3, nr 2 (lipiec 1990): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1990.tb00060.x.
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Takale, Sheetal Ajaykumar. "Knowledge Representation for Legal Document Summarization". International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 11, nr 4 (13.07.2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2023.11.4.11.
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This paper presents a novel approach for legal document summarization. Proposed approach is based on Ripple-Down Rules (RDR). It is an incremental knowledge acquisition method. RDR allows us to quickly build an extendable knowledge base using classification rules. The classification rules are written using a set of features. Summary is generated using the identified rhetorical roles in the document. Experiments demonstrate that the RDR based Legal Document summarization approach outperforms the supervised and unsupervised machine learning models.
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Cross, George R., i Cary G. deBessonet. "Representation of legal knowledge for conceptual retrieval". Information Processing & Management 21, nr 1 (styczeń 1985): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(85)90126-8.
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Boginskaya, Olga A. "Representation of expert knowledge in institutional discourse practices". Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, nr 3 (2022): 310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/80/24.
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A jury trial involves both legal professionals and laymen without legal training and knowledge. This heterogeneity of participants indicates the asymmetric relationships in the courtroom. Since jurors play a crucial role in the trial, it is extremely important for them not to experience difficulties in understanding and interpreting the discursive practices of lawyers. The paper studies the discursive strategies and linguistic means of expert knowledge representation in the institutional genre of “judicial instructions.” Although regularly used to overcome knowledge asymmetry in the process of communication between professional lawyers and jurors, explanatory strategies in the Russian-language judicial instructions have not previously been the object of linguistic analysis. The hypothesis has been put forward stating that explanatory strategies help to overcome difficulties in understanding and interpreting legal texts by non-professional participants. The analysis of the corpus has shown that Russian judges use the following explanatory strategies to overcome cognitive and communicative problems amid the knowledge asymmetry: 1) definition, i.e., explication of the meaning of a term by indicating its distinctive features; 2) description, i.e., a narrative transfer of expert knowledge by establishing its connection with everyday knowledge; 3) exemplification, i.e., an appeal to the everyday experience by correlating legal categories with specific objects or events of everyday life; 4) metaphorization, i.e., interaction between two objects or phenomena based on their subject, feature, or functional similarities resulting in legal categories approaching the everyday experience; 5) synonymization, i.e., replacement of abstract legal concepts with everyday lexical units that have similar meanings.
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Narayanan, Ajit. "Trends in the representation of legal knowledge: An introduction". Information & Communications Technology Law 2, nr 2 (styczeń 1993): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1993.9965673.
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Barklund, Jonas, i Andreas Hamfelt. "Hierarchical representation of legal knowledge with metaprogramming in logic". Journal of Logic Programming 18, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-1066(94)90041-8.
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Zurek, Tomasz. "Conflicts in legal knowledge base". Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 37, nr 2 (1.10.2012): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10209-011-0006-9.
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Abstract The simulation of inference processes performed by lawyers can be seen as one way to create advisory legal system. In order to simulate such a process as accurately as possible, it is indispensable to make a clear-cut distinction between the provision itself, and its interpretation and inference mechanisms. This distinction would allow for preserving both the universal character of the provision and its applicability to various legal problems. The authors main objective was to model a selected legal act, together with the inference rules applied, and to represent them in an advisory system, focusing on the most accurate representation of both the content and inference rules. Given that the laws which stand in contradiction prove to be the major challenge, they will constitute the primary focus of this study.
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Muninggar, Nur Siti, i Adila Alfa Krisnadhi. "LexID: The Metadata and Semantic Knowledge Graph Construction of Indonesian Legal Document". Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi 16, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 15–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21609/jiki.v16i1.1096.
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The Legal Fiction principle stipulates that the government needs to ensure the public availability of all of their legal documents. Unfortunately, the text-based search services they provide cannot return satisfactory answers in retrieval scenarios requiring proper representation of relationships between various legal documents. A key problem here is the lack of explicit representation of such relationships behind the employed retrieval engines. We aim to address this problem by proposing LexID knowledge graph (KG) that provides an explicit knowledge representation for Indonesian legal domain usable for such retrieval purposes. The KG contains both legal metadata information and semantic content of the legal clauses of the legal document's articles, modeled using formal vocabulary from the LexID ontology also presented in this paper. The KG is constructed from thousands of Indonesian legal documents. Since the procedure of writing a legal document regulated by the government is clear and detailed, we use a rule-based approach to construct our KG. At the end, we describe several use cases of the KG to address different retrieval needs. In Addition, we evaluated the quality of our KG by measuring its ability to answer questions and got that LexID can answer questions with the macro average F1 score is about 0.91.
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Kodan, Sergey. "Source base of legal dissertation research: understanding, structure, representation of information carriers". Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2023, nr 3 (30.09.2023): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2023-3-13-25.
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The article is devoted to the problems of understanding and determining the place, role, purpose and meaning of the source base in dissertations on legal sciences. Underestimation of the importance of understanding and compliance with the criteria of rejection, representational characteristics and representation of sources of knowledge of state-legal phenomena and institutions as carriers of legal information in dissertation research directly affects their quality in terms of novelty, consistency, source argumentation. The evidence and verifiability of the provisions of the scientific attestation work. The author focuses on a number of main problems in this regard, offers a number of specific provisions and proposals regarding the correct presentation of the sources of knowledge of state-legal phenomena and institutions in the text of the dissertation research and the abstract of the dissertation.
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Zeng, Y., R. Wang, J. Zeleznikow i E. Kemp. "A Knowledge Representation Model for the Intelligent Retrieval of Legal Cases". International Journal of Law and Information Technology 15, nr 3 (8.12.2006): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eal023.
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Murthy, M. G. Venkatesh, i R. K. Subramanian. "Forms and Modified Rules: A Knowledge Representation Technique for Legal Consultation". IETE Journal of Research 34, nr 3 (maj 1988): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.1988.11436731.
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MELENTIEVA, Aliona. "Peculiarities of social representation of forensic psychological expertise". Psihologie. Revista științifico-practică = Psychology. Scientific-practical journal 43, nr 2 (grudzień 2023): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/pspj.2023.v43.i2.p67-79.
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Forensic psychological expertise is at the beginning of its development and establishment, being used rarely in criminal/civil proceedings. The “status” of forensic psychological expertise is undefined, mainly because of the lack of specialists, as well as because psychologists face negative and skeptical attitudes from legal workers. In this context, the purpose of this research is to reveal the social representations of forensic psychological expertise among specialists working in the legal field. The given research has involved 417 specialists in the legal field (officers of criminal investigation, lawyers, attorneys), aged between 24-62, men and women, with different professional experience in the legal field, who have completed a questionnaire (elaborated by the author). The analysis of the results emphasized the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of specialists regarding the forensic psychological expertise integrated in the structure and silent zone of the social representation.
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Maslovskaya, E. V. "Representation of Expert Knowledge in the Legal Field and the Problem of Legitimacy of Legal Decisions". Russian Journal of Legal Studies 5, nr 2 (15.06.2018): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18401.
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The article demonstrates the possibilities and limitations of different theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of interaction of forensic experts and jurists. The author substantiates the relevance of combining the concept of «working group» and Bourdieu’s theory of juridical field for problematizing the legitimacy of legal decisions in the context of representation of expert knowledge in legal proceedings. This approach allows us not only to analyze the process of circulation of expert knowledge but also to take into account the structural context of interaction of forensic experts and jurists revealing the interests, strategies and tactics of various actors. The article emphasizes the need for conducting empirical sociological research focused on entanglement of dispositions of actors and their positions in social space. The author’s approach allows to reveal the strategies of using expert knowledge for legitimization of legal decisions. Interviews with participants in legal proceedings confirm that pre- judicial «working groups» are characteristic for the system of criminal justice in Russia. The persistence of relations between participants of a pre-judicial «working group» is defined by institutional interdependence of organizations which they represent and by informal relations. The differences between «working groups» are based on such factors as the scale of urban space and the degree of diversification of the market of expert services.
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Maslova, Zh N. "INTERACTION OF BASIC AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE FORMATION OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS". Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, nr 4 (2022): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2022-4-45-54.
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The study of legal consciousness from the position of cognitive approach is due to the idea of the existence of mental constructs, the role of which is to maintain a holistic and meaningful picture of the world. The study of the phenomenon of law as applied to human consciousness allows us to talk about LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS - gestalt reflection of legal norms in the mind of an individual, a form of social consciousness. In accordance with the above mentioned argument the aim of the research is to cognitively analyze linguistic representations of the concept to study the interaction of scientific and ordinary knowledge. The object of the research is the interaction of ordinary and scientific knowledge in the gestalt structure. During the study, using the method of cognitive modeling, we identified two aspects (localization of legal consciousness, detailing of legal consciousness). The analysis of two aspects confirms the fact that this knowledge is assimilated and formed with the participation of stable cognitive structures, which have arisen on the basis of human bodily experience. It showed the representation of the phenomenon with the help of conceptual metaphors. Theoretical scientific knowledge is a part of the considered gestalt, it can be unsystematic and fragmentary, as it does not determine the integrity of the gestalt.
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Li, Jun, Lu Qian, Peifeng Liu i Taoxiong Liu. "Construction of Legal Knowledge Graph Based on Knowledge-Enhanced Large Language Models". Information 15, nr 11 (23.10.2024): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15110666.
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Legal knowledge involves multidimensional heterogeneous knowledge such as legal provisions, judicial interpretations, judicial cases, and defenses, which requires extremely high relevance and accuracy of knowledge. Meanwhile, the construction of a legal knowledge reasoning system also faces challenges in obtaining, processing, and sharing multisource heterogeneous knowledge. The knowledge graph technology, which is a knowledge organization form with triples as the basic unit, is able to efficiently transform multisource heterogeneous information into a knowledge representation form close to human cognition. Taking the automated construction of the Chinese legal knowledge graph (CLKG) as a case scenario, this paper presents a joint knowledge enhancement model (JKEM), where prior knowledge is embedded into a large language model (LLM), and the LLM is fine-tuned through the prefix of the prior knowledge data. Under the condition of freezing most parameters of the LLM, this fine-tuning scheme adds continuous deep prompts as prefix tokens to the input sequences of different layers, which can significantly improve the accuracy of knowledge extraction. The results show that the knowledge extraction accuracy of the JKEM in this paper reaches 90.92%. Based on the superior performance of this model, the CLKG is further constructed, which contains 3480 knowledge triples composed of 9 entities and 2 relationships, providing strong support for an in-depth understanding of the complex relationships in the legal field.
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Haladzhun, Zoryana. "REPRESENTATION OF LEGAL INFORMATION IN A LEGAL JOURNAL FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN". Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University: journalism 1, nr 5 (luty 2023): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2023.01.016.
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After Ukraine gained independence in 1991, the number of children's periodicals increased rapidly. There was a need not only to determine their quantitative characteristics, but also to analyze their qualitative content in accordance with the functions and purpose of children's periodicals in general - the education of a new generation of Ukrainians, and the legal direction in particular - the formation of a law-abiding citizen. The market of journal legal periodicals of Ukraine is quite saturated, among them there is a predominance of journals of a scientific and practical nature, which are usually published by higher educational institutions of the country, and editions for practitioners of jurisprudence, which are publications of specialized publishing houses, such as "Jurinkom Inter" or "Yurydychna Praktyka". The only legal magazine for children was "Abetka Prava", which was published in 2012-2013 by the editors of the all-Ukrainian legal magazine "Pravo Ukrayiny". There were six publications, but four issues (№1 and №2-4 in 2012 and №1 and №2 in 2013), with a print run of 300 copies of each issue in 2012 and 100 copies in 2013. Larisa Denysenko was the editor-in-chief. She was a lawyer, TV journalist and writer, who led the sections - the editor-in-chief's introduction, an interview, a story with a continuation, and practical exercises (co-authored). The authors of the materials were journalists, lawyers, philologists, psychologists and teachers. The rubric of the edition includes both permanent rubrics and those that were repeated in several issues or sounded only once. The topic of the publication's materials corresponds to the stated idea - a legal magazine for schoolchildren. Each issue of the magazine had a thematic nature and all texts were subordinated to certain aspects of the topic, were presented in different genre forms, where the authors tried to explain the essence of a certain human right, its nature, how it can be used, what are the legal mechanisms of protection and defense, and practical exercises contribute to consolidation of acquired knowledge and elementary skills of using one's constitutional right and protection against its violations.
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Gallagher, Mary, i Yujeong Yang. "Getting Schooled: Legal Mobilization as an Educative Process". Law & Social Inquiry 42, nr 01 (2017): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12188.
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This article explores the role of formal education and specific legal knowledge in the process of legal mobilization. Using survey data and in-depth case narratives of workplace disputes in China, we highlight three major findings. First, and uncontroversially, higher levels of formal education are associated with greater propensity to use legal institutions and to find them more effective. Second, informally acquired labor law knowledge can substitute for formal education in bringing people to the legal system and improving their legal experiences. The Chinese state's propagation of legal knowledge has had positive effects on citizens' legal mobilization. Finally, while education and legal knowledge are factors that push people toward the legal system, actual dispute experience leads people away from it, especially among disputants without effective legal representation. The article concludes that the Chinese state's encouragement of individualized legal mobilization produces contradictory outcomes—encouraging citizens to use formal legal institutions, imbuing them with new knowledge and rights awareness, but also breeding disdain for the law in practice.
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Gordon, Thomas F. "Some problems with prolog as a knowledge representation language for legal expert systems". International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 3, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.1987.9966253.
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Faber, Pamela, i Arianne Reimerink. "Framing terminology in legal translation". International Journal of Legal Discourse 4, nr 1 (26.04.2019): 15–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2019-2015.
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Abstract Legal language and its translation are considerably more complex than scientific and technical translation because the legal object is a text that performs an action. For this reason it is not only necessary to consider the legal terminology but also the structure of the text itself as well as the verbs used and their performative act. In this paper, we explore how the analysis of terminological meaning in legal texts can be addressed from the perspective of Frame-Based Terminology (FBT), a cognitive approach to domain-specific language, which directly links specialized knowledge representation to cognitive linguistics and cognitive semantics. In a case study on international agreements in the context of environmental law, we analyze the argument structure of verbs as well as the conceptual categories of their semantic arguments providing insights into the semantic profile of this text type. The representation of the verb class and its semantic arguments can be considered a type of interlingua that could be used as a basis for translation.
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Molnár, Bálint. "Semantic Reconciliation between two Different Aspects of Law". Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 331 (12.07.2018): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v331.11.
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This paper presents a proposal for reconciliation between the warehouse of legal documents created during legislation and Knowledge Warehouse that is dedicated to assisting both citizens and public officers in the procedural legal rules of Public Administration in Hungary. The Knowledge Warehouse contains several thousand detailed rules that describe how to manage and handle life events of citizens. This description can be considered as generic legal cases within legal procedures of authorities. The citizens trigger specific instances of the generic ones. The evolving Knowledge Warehouse main purpose is to enable citizens to get their specific legal cases started either through Web on the Government Portal or with the help of public officers. The Knowledge Warehouse will be extended by ontologies and semantic search capabilities. An Integrated System for Supporting of Codification will be created in an on-going project that will serve as sound basis for the National Warehouse of Legal Rules. The National Warehouse pursues the prescription of MetaLex legal standards in the case of representation of electronic legal documents. The two Warehouse are strongly coupled to each other. However, the syntactic and semantic structure of both differs profoundly. The representation of e-documents within the National Warehouse is in line with ELI, the European Legislation Identifier, even the ontologies and attached semantic description concentrates on the legal documents structural elements and their interpretation. The Knowledge Warehouse focuses on ontologies of life events and procedures of authorities to leverage semantic searching. The proposed solution tries to reconcile and integrate the two differing approaches.
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Jakob, Markus, i Helmut Krcmar. "Which barriers hinder a successful digital transformation in small and medium-sized municipalities in a federal system?" Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 331 (12.07.2018): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v331.12.
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This paper presents a proposal for reconciliation between the warehouse of legal documents created during legislation and Knowledge Warehouse that is dedicated to assisting both citizens and public officers in the procedural legal rules of Public Administration in Hungary. The Knowledge Warehouse contains several thousand detailed rules that describe how to manage and handle life events of citizens. This description can be considered as generic legal cases within legal procedures of authorities. The citizens trigger specific instances of the generic ones. The evolving Knowledge Warehouse main purpose is to enable citizens to get their specific legal cases started either through Web on the Government Portal or with the help of public officers. The Knowledge Warehouse will be extended by ontologies and semantic search capabilities. An Integrated System for Supporting of Codification will be created in an on-going project that will serve as sound basis for the National Warehouse of Legal Rules. The National Warehouse pursues the prescription of MetaLex legal standards in the case of representation of electronic legal documents. The two Warehouse are strongly coupled to each other. However, the syntactic and semantic structure of both differs profoundly. The representation of e-documents within the National Warehouse is in line with ELI, the European Legislation Identifier, even the ontologies and attached semantic description concentrates on the legal documents structural elements and their interpretation. The Knowledge Warehouse focuses on ontologies of life events and procedures of authorities to leverage semantic searching. The proposed solution tries to reconcile and integrate the two differing approaches.
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Hirota, Kaoru, MingQiang Xu, Yasufumi Takama i Hajime Yoshino. "Implementation of Fuzzy Legal Expert System FLES". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 4, nr 6 (20.11.2000): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2000.p0421.
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A fuzzy legal expert system FLES based on a fuzzy Housdorff similarity measure is implemented. The reasoning approach in this system includes the fuzzy case-based reasoning that is composed of knowledge representation, retrieval, and inference. The proposed approaches are illustrated by the experiments, where the target law is CISG (United Nation Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods).
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Nitta, Hajime Yoshinoand Katsumi. "AI and Law (2)". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 2, nr 1 (20.02.1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.1998.p0001.
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In the last issue (Vol.1, No.2), we introduced the Legal Expert System (LES) project led by Hajime Yoshino of Meiji Gakuin University, presenting six papers on the LES project. Those papers were mainly related to higher order reasoning systems such as ase-based reasoning, abductive and inductive logic programming, nonmonotonic reasoning, and analogical reasoning. The objective of the LES project was to develop a legal expert system effective for use by lawyers, so the project covers inference mechanisms, analysis of legal knowledge, and user interfaces. In this second special issue on the LES project, we present five more papers, mainly related to the analysis of legal knowledge, legal knowledge representation language, and legal reasoning system user interfaces. Hajime Yoshino analyzes the logical structure of contract law. To develop a knowledge base for the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), he proposes a clear logical model of the contract law system, which treats relations between events and legal status such as rights and obligations. Yoshino demonstrates that legal metarules are effective in constructing deductive legal reasoning systems, and are appropriate from the viewpoint of jurisprudence. Seiichiro Sakurai discusses the logical features of the legal knowledge representation language, CPF, developed by Hajime Yoshino. CPF is a logic programming language that enhances the representation of complex data structures. CPF is a convenient tool for representing legal knowledge, yet lawyers often attempt to describe nonexecutable forms of CPF rules.Sakurai introduces a way to construct an executable knowledge base from lawyers' CPF rules. Masato Shibasaki and Katsumi Nitta introduce a new framework to formalize nonmonotonic reasoning with dynamic priorities. The several frameworks proposed thus far to model relationships among arguments do not treat complex arguments, composed of strict rules and default rules. They show that the new framework represents such relationships and analyze these relationships for this framework and others. Takashi Miyata and Yuji Matsumoto introduce LES natural language generation using a user interface for lawyers rather than computer scientists. They describe a sentence generation system that translates logical forms provided from an inference engine into natural-language sentences, and present the unification grammar, generation algorithm and graphical debugging tool. To develop a knowledge base, the lawyers of the LES project analyze and represents the relationships between requirements (actions or events) and consequences (legal status) of legal rules in the form of logical flowcharts. Once the appropriateness of a flowchart is confirmed, they convert it to a CPF rule in their knowledge base. Koji Miyagi, Motoki Miura and Jiro Tanaka developed a flowchart editor that makes legal flowcharting easier. To make it easier to decide where to locate flowchart components and draw linens between the components, the editor possesses several algorithms.
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Nizovets, T. I. "Linguistic representation of the English legal system in modern media". Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University, nr 1 (10.04.2020): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.65.1.045-061.
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The article deals with the image of the English justice system in online versions of English newspapers, magazines and radio talk shows. On the basis of the analysis of different types of word combinations used in the description of lawyers, judges, courts and everyday legal practices there have been revealed some positive and negative characteristics of the system. The effect of the recent cuts to legal aid on the functioning of the legal system is discussed. Conclusions are made about the state of British society today and links between law and politics. Ways of incorporating this knowledge in the English language classroom are outlined.
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Martins, Crystal Coral, i Dr Gajanan Gawde. "Legal Text Mining". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 2 (28.02.2023): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49027.
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Abstract: The law is a vast and complicated body of knowledge, and being able to access the right information quickly and accurately can make the difference. Having access to information is essential to providing the best possible legal advice and representation to clients. It is very essential for legal practitioners and ordinary citizens to do exhaustive research related to their case. For this, they have to read extremely long judgements and try to pick out the useful information from them. To do this, the search engine presently available provides judgements but to find out a particular judgement from this list of judgements is very difficult. So, here we have proposed and developed a search engine that will make it easier to find a particular judgement.
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Benzmüller, Christoph, David Fuenmayor i Bertram Lomfeld. "Modelling Value-Oriented Legal Reasoning in LogiKEy". Logics 2, nr 1 (14.03.2024): 31–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logics2010003.
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The logico-pluralist LogiKEy knowledge engineering methodology and framework is applied to the modelling of a theory of legal balancing, in which legal knowledge (cases and laws) is encoded by utilising context-dependent value preferences. The theory obtained is then used to formalise, automatically evaluate, and reconstruct illustrative property law cases (involving the appropriation of wild animals) within the Isabelle/HOL proof assistant system, illustrating how LogiKEy can harness interactive and automated theorem-proving technology to provide a testbed for the development and formal verification of legal domain-specific languages and theories. Modelling value-oriented legal reasoning in that framework, we establish novel bridges between the latest research in knowledge representation and reasoning in non-classical logics, automated theorem proving, and applications in legal reasoning.
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Zheng, Min, Bo Liu i Le Sun. "LawRec: Automatic Recommendation of Legal Provisions Based on Legal Text Analysis". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (14.09.2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6313161.
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Smart court technologies are making full use of modern science to promote the modernization of the trial system and trial capabilities, for example, artificial intelligence, Internet of things, and cloud computing. The smart court technologies can improve the efficiency of case handling and achieving convenience for the people. Article recommendation is an important part of intelligent trial. For ordinary people without legal background, the traditional information retrieval system that searches laws and regulations based on keywords is not applicable because they do not have the ability to extract professional legal vocabulary from complex case processes. This paper proposes a law recommendation framework, called LawRec, based on Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) and Skip-Recurrent Neural Network (Skip-RNN) models. It intends to integrate the knowledge of legal provisions with the case description and uses the BERT model to learn the case description text and legal knowledge, respectively. At last, laws and regulations for cases can be recommended. Experiment results show that the proposed LawRec can achieve better performance than state-of-the-art methods.
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Tsukanova, Elena V., i Natalya A. Mishankina. "Mechanisms of modeling the semantics of metaphorical terms (based on the legal terminology)". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, nr 500 (2024): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/500/13.
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The aim of the article is the identification of the specificity of metaphorical modeling of the Russian legal terminology in the aspect of the types involved as bases of cognitive models. The theoretical and methodological basis is approaches developed within a cognitive approach to the semantics of the term and metaphorology (conceptual metaphor theory, metaphorical modeling theory, extended conceptual metaphor theory). The analysis methodology includes the continuous selection method, MIPVU; the components’ and conceptual frames’ analysis method, the metaphorical modeling procedure. The empirical data are 909 legal metaphor terms in Russian. The study established the following. The metaphorical fragment of the legal terminology is diverse. In the aspect of the semantics of the source conceptual domains for the representation of knowledge in the field of law, the macrocategories of HUMAN, OBJECT, and SPACE prevail. The HUMAN macro-category is more often used to reveal abstract legal domains such as LEGAL, JUDICIAL, ECONOMIC, CIVIL, POLITICAL, PROCEDURAL, ILLEGAL ACTION, and LEGAL STATE. Models representing physical actions of a human are more actively involved in legal knowledge modeling. The representations of character traits, mental, communicative and social actions are also applied. The macro-category OBJECT most often profiles the characteristics of the legal domains, OBJECT OF LEGAL RELATIONS and its PROPERTIES, OBJECT OF ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND CIVIL RELATIONS, and PROPERTY OF OBJECT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS. The most common notions about the object are most often involved here: the majority of metaphors are based on image-schemes. The macro-category SPACE forms such abstract legal domains as PROPERTIES OF THE OBJECT OF LEGAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS, SUBJECT OF LEGAL RELATIONS, LEGAL STATUS, STATE OF THE OBJECT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS, and LEGAL ACTION. Spatial organization and movements notions are involved more consistently. In the aspect of organization, the markers of the spatial part and size are more prominent. Within terms’ semantics modeling based on this knowledge, the image-scheme “source–path–goal” is actively applied, but representations of the vertical direction of spatial movements are rarely involved.
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Pfister, Hans-Rüdiger, Gisela Böhm i Helmut Jungermann. "The cognitive representation of genetic engineering: Knowledge and evaluations". New Genetics and Society 19, nr 3 (grudzień 2000): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687603.
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Li, Gi-Kuen J., Charles V. Trappey, Amy J. C. Trappey i Annie A. S. Li. "Ontology-based knowledge representation and semantic topic modeling for intelligent trademark legal precedent research". World Patent Information 68 (marzec 2022): 102098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2022.102098.
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Zarri, Gian Piero. "Representation of temporal knowledge in events: The formalism, and its potential for legal narratives". Information & Communications Technology Law 7, nr 3 (październik 1998): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1998.9965792.
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Venturi, Giulia. "Semantic annotation of Italian legal texts". Constructions and Frames 3, nr 1 (19.09.2011): 46–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.3.1.02ven.
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The FrameNet approach to text semantic annotation can be a reliable model to make the linguistic information and semantic content of legal texts explicit. This hypothesis is discussed and empirically demonstrated through a trial of annotating a corpus of Italian legal texts. This study aims to show that FrameNet is particularly appropriate to provide new perspectives for legal language studies and for legal knowledge representation tasks. Moreover, by relying on the output of a statistical dependency parser, the FrameNet-based annotation methodology presented here can be used successfully in the automatic semantic processing of legal texts.
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Bahary-Dionne, Alexandra, i Marc-Antoine Picotte. "Les pauvres et le droit civil : essai sur la production du savoir juridique". Communitas 4, nr 1 (20.12.2023): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1108313ar.
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<p>This article delves into an analysis of the sources of contract law and property law, aiming to explore how the sources of civil law, despite their universalistic aims, predominantly reflect the legal issues faced by corporate entities and affluent individual. The article posits that this tendency is primarily driven by structural and epistemic inequalities in the generation of legal knowledge. In essence, traditional methods of establishing legal knowledge, disparities in access to the legal system, as well as the social standing of those authorized to shape civil norms and the knowledge about these norms significantly influence the kinds of issues, actors, and worldviews that permeate this body of knowledge. This results in a noticeable absence of representation for underprivileged individual within this legal framework. Ultimately, the article calls for a thoughtful consideration of ways to better acknowledge the experiences of poor individuals with civil law, despite the socio-economic and epistemic constraints that are brought to light.</p>
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Belhoucine, Kaoutar, Nadia Zame i Mohammed Mourchid. "Enhancing Moroccan legal cases analysis through ontology-based information extraction". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 34, nr 2 (1.05.2024): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i2.pp1081-1091.
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The efficient organization of diverse disorder cases within a unified memory necessitates an adaptable representation. This study introduces an ontology-based approach for extracting facts from Moroccan legal cases. Leveraging ontological frameworks, a comprehensive case architecture is established, enabling advanced information extraction. Utilizing rules, patterns, and knowledge modeling harmonizes cases and identifies pervasive legal concepts. Statistical techniques unveil latent entities within complex legal textual discourse. Empirical validation demonstrates proficiency, extracting up to 25 regular entities. The rule-based mechanism achieves an F1-score of 99.5%, highlighting precision, while the statistical extractor achieves an 88.3% F1-score, revealing concealed entities. This work presents an innovative ontology-based paradigm for legal information extraction, contributing to advanced knowledge management in the legal domain.
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Joneidy, Sina, Farzad Rahimian i Tomasz Arciszewski. "Closing the Legal-Technical Gap in Digital Trade". Law and Business 4, nr 1 (1.06.2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/law-2024-0001.
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Abstract As digital trade continues to reshape the global economic landscape, the key objective of this study is to bridge a significant Legal-Technical gap characterised by the discord between rapid technological advancements and slower-evolving legal frameworks. This paper delves into the complexities of this gap and emphasises the need for a holistic approach to understand and address the multifaceted challenges it presents to businesses, policymakers, and the broader international trading system. This research offers a novel theoretical foundation for exploring and bridging the Legal-Technical gap in digital trade. Initially, it discusses the integration of legal and technical knowledge systems, which leads to the emergence of specific transdisciplinary knowledge as described by Andrew Sage's Theory of Systems. Subsequently, it explores the acquisition of universal knowledge about these systems through Herman Dooyeweerd's multi-aspectual philosophy. Furthermore, it proposes the development of a transdisciplinary knowledge representation using Fritz Zwicky's Morphological Method. Our analysis reveals that focusing on lingual, social, economic, and aesthetic aspects enables the prioritisation of critical factors essential for enhancing legal-technical functionality.
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Skuratovskiy, Mikhail L. "An Attorney as an Individual in a Commercial Procedure". Arbitrazh-civil procedure 11 (29.10.2020): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-383x-2020-11-21-23.
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The subject of the article is the specifics of representation in the commercial procedure, which requires the persons participating in the court session to have not only legal, but also other knowledge, including the economic background of the dispute. The author proposes ways of normative improvement of the norms of the agro-industrial complex on representation based on the differentiation of representatives by the scope of their powers.
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Hall, Alan, Anne Forrest, Alan Sears i Niki Carlan. "Making a Difference". Articles 61, nr 3 (6.02.2007): 408–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/014184ar.
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This article elaborates the concept of knowledge activism as a way of understanding effective health and safety representation within the current Ontario legal regime of internal responsibility. Based on interviews with unionized health and safety representatives in the auto industry, we suggest that knowledge activism is a form of political activism by worker health and safety representatives that is organized around the strategic collection and tactical use of technical, scientific and legal knowledge. We argue that knowledge activism is more effective with reference to larger scale changes in work processes, workplace organization and technologies, and with reference to occupational health issues. Knowledge activism is conceptualized as an effective adaptation to a legislative regime which involves worker representatives in decisions without providing substantive power or proactive enforcement support.
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Gavrilov, S. N. "Russian Legal Mentality: Experience of Reconstruction and Representation of the Phenomenon of "Snitch" meaning "Abuse of Procedural Rights" (Based on the Materials of Russian Legislation of the 17th-19th Centuries)". Lex Russica, nr 4 (24.04.2021): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.173.4.088-100.
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Historical science shows a growing interest in the study of images of the past, images of historical reality; the reconstruction of mentalities is becoming a priority in the field of historical knowledge. The paper aims at finding (developing) methodological tools for a retrospective study of the legal mentality, as well as its subsequent representation.Historians and legal theorists are paying more and more attention to the process of forming concepts and relevant terminology. At the same time, the "supraconceptual field", namely the field of images, contains a significant potential for both reconstruction and representation of mentalities and historical phenomena (events). The concept itself is only one of the triggers forming images associated with it and partly generated by it. Legal concepts are the object of linguoculturology of law as one of its branches. At the same time, the author believes that the historical legal science should more actively use the appropriate scientific tools on an interdisciplinary basis. In terms of the reconstruction of legal phenomena, their image will help to study the phenomena that are immersed in the mentality of the corresponding era in a more systematic and comprehensive manner. In terms of the representation of legal phenomena, a well-chosen image recognizable by the recipient of the results of legal historical research can serve as a relay of "contextually packed" information (with elements of both rational and evaluative or emotional information) about a legal historical phenomenon.The paper attempts to reconstruct and represent the phenomenon of a "snitch" in the sense of "abuse of procedural rights" by means of a chronotropic, figurative model. The reconstructive and representational model is based on the image symbol of the trial as "roads-paths-tracksways" and snitches are considered as a "path".
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Olatokun, Abiodun Michael. "The Journey To Legal Capability: Challenges for Public Law from Public Legal Education". International Journal of Public Legal Education 6, nr 1 (17.10.2022): 28–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijple.v6i1.1294.
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Citizens whose rights are infringed by a public authority are often unable to attain a court judgment to challenge those adverse decisions. The trite explanation is the most compelling; judicial review is a prohibitively expensive process. This high cost of litigation combined with the fees charged by public lawyers can make fighting for one’s legal rights inaccessible to those without independent means or publicly funded legal representation. There is no question that this is a complete explanation for many instances of unmet legal need, but this paper seeks to raise another important barrier to access to justice that is seldom discussed in the recent literature.
Legal capability is defined as the knowledge, skills and confidence required to participate in legal systems and to deal with one’s legal issues. It is thought to be improved through programmes of Public Legal Education (PLE). Whilst the author reiterates that legal education is no replacement for state-funded legal advice for the poor, PLE is a crucial tool in helping people to challenge public decision making.
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Vedeneev, Yu A. "Jurisprudence in the Era of Change: Subject and Structure of the Discipline". Lex Russica 1, nr 1 (7.02.2020): 88–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.158.1.088-117.
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The law exists in the form of institutions and in the form of representations of institutions, since the representation of something (phenomenon) has a conceptual dimension in the representation of something (concept). Representations of law and representations of law are two aspects of the expression and manifestation of the general legal reality. This, in fact, leads to a fundamental dilemma in determining the subject of legal science. This is the science of law or the science of legal science. Given that the concept of law is a theory of law developed into a system of definitions, the practical language of law finds itself in the theoretical language of jurisprudence, and vice versa. The languages in which the law operates, and the languages in which the phenomenon of law is interpreted, constitute the general object and subject of jurisprudence.Jurisprudence is a conceptual part of legal reality, both an object and a subject of legal science. The evolution of jurisprudence in the cultural-historical logic of changes in its subject and methods is the basis for changes in its disciplinary structure and connections in the general system of social and political sciences. Each cultural and historical epoch of the existence of law corresponds to its own grammar of law and its own epistemology of law, that is, its own analytical language and disciplinary format of legal knowledge. The law exists in the definitions of its concept. The concept of law has both an ontological and epistemological status. One thinks of law because it exists, and one understands the law because it is defined. Each tradition of understanding the law can be conceptually seen in the phenomenon of law that other traditions of legal understanding do not see or do not notice. The history of the development of the concept of law (conceptualization of law) contains the history of the development of legal institutions (institutionalization of law). Both components of legal reality — objective and subjective grounds and conditions for the emergence and development of the phenomenon of law live in the framework definitions of their social culture, its language and discourse. That is, they live in historical forms of awareness and understanding of one’s own law — from the law indicated in rituals, myths, signs and symbols, to the law indicated in canonical texts, doctrines and concepts; from the law of disciplinary society to the law of network communities; from the law of political domination and bureaucratic management to the law of civil communications and network agreements.
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Paliulionienė, Laima. "Teisinių žinių bazių ir teisinių dokumentų izomorfizmo realizavimo metodas". Informacijos mokslai 42, nr 43 (1.01.2008): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2008.0.3437.
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Dirbtinio intelekto ir kitų kompiuterinių technologijų naudojimas rengiant teisės aktus pagerina jų kokybę ir sutrumpina rengimo laiką. Viena iš problemų, su kuriomus susiduriama formalizuojant teisės aktus, yra izomorfizmo problema. Tai teisinių žinių bazės fragmentų susiejimo su atitinkamais teisinių dokumentų struktūriniais elementais problema. Straipsnyje siūlomas teisės akto tekstų ir žinių bazių vaizdavimo būdas, užtikrinantis izomorfizmą tarp jų. Struktūruotam dokumento tekstui saugotinaudojamas XML dokumentas, o žinių bazei – F-logikos formalizmas. Be dokumento teksto ir žinių bazės, nagrinėjamas dar vienas izomorfizmo aspektas – testai, aprašantys realias arba hipotetines situacijas ir skirti patikrinti, ar teisės akto straipsnis adekvačiai apibrėžia jo pageidaujamą taikymą. Siūlomas metodas palengvina teisės akto ir žinių bazės pakeitimų valdymą ir sudaro prielaidas generuoti kokybiškesnius žinių bazėje atliekamų išvedimų paaiškinimus.A method of implementing isomorphism between legal knowledge bases and legal documentsLaima Paliulionienė SummaryThe use of artificial intelligence methods or other computer-based methods in legal drafting can improve the quality of legal documents. During the formalization of legal documents, a problem of isomorphism arises. Isomorphism can be defined as the well defined correspondence of the knowledge base elements to the structural elements of source texts. A method of the representation of legal texts and knowledge bases is proposed in this paper to ensure the isomorphism. XML documents are used to store texts of a legal document, and F-logic is used as a formalism for the knowledge base. Additionally to the document text and knowledge base, one more aspect of the isomorphism is included – tests that describe hypothetic or real situations, and are intended to check the adequacy of possible applications of structural units (articles) of the legal document. The proposed method is designed to simplify the management of the changes in legal documents and appropriate knowledge bases, and to generate explanations of the inference in knowledge bases.
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Mabrouk, Ahmed. "A Model-based Semantic Network for Smart Representation and the Inference of Islamic Law". American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 33, nr 4 (1.10.2017): 48–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v33i4.249.
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Over the last few decades, knowledge representation techniques have made huge strides toward computerizing human knowledge. Modern smart engines can capture some aspects of human intelligence and process natural language texts. However, classical Islamic sciences have yet to benefit from these technological advances. This paper introduces a novel hybrid approach for smart representation and the deduction of Islamic legal rulings. An uṣūlbased structure is used to represent the various elements of rulings across a multi-dimensional semantic network. Moreover, smart deduction engines provide compact codes of fiqh rules and deduce answers to the queries relevant to these rules. Accordingly, a fully computerized system that comprises a fiqh knowledge base and smart deduction engines can be developed. This paper delineates the proposed system’s selective browsing, comparative analysis, deduction from fiqh rules, and fatwa assistance features.
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Mabrouk, Ahmed. "A Model-based Semantic Network for Smart Representation and the Inference of Islamic Law". American Journal of Islam and Society 33, nr 4 (1.10.2017): 48–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v33i4.249.
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Over the last few decades, knowledge representation techniques have made huge strides toward computerizing human knowledge. Modern smart engines can capture some aspects of human intelligence and process natural language texts. However, classical Islamic sciences have yet to benefit from these technological advances. This paper introduces a novel hybrid approach for smart representation and the deduction of Islamic legal rulings. An uṣūlbased structure is used to represent the various elements of rulings across a multi-dimensional semantic network. Moreover, smart deduction engines provide compact codes of fiqh rules and deduce answers to the queries relevant to these rules. Accordingly, a fully computerized system that comprises a fiqh knowledge base and smart deduction engines can be developed. This paper delineates the proposed system’s selective browsing, comparative analysis, deduction from fiqh rules, and fatwa assistance features.
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Zhu, Guicun, Meihui Hao, Changlong Zheng i Linlin Wang. "Design of Knowledge Graph Retrieval System for Legal and Regulatory Framework of Multilevel Latent Semantic Indexing". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (19.07.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6781043.
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Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is a natural language statistical model, which is considered as a method to acquire, generalize, and represent knowledge. Compared with other retrieval models based on concept dictionaries or concept networks, the retrieval model based on LSA has the advantages of strong computability and less human participation. LSA establishes a latent semantic space through truncated singular value decomposition. Words and documents in the latent semantic space are projected onto the dimension representing the latent concept, and then the semantic relationship between words can be extracted to present the semantic structure in natural language. This paper designs the system architecture of the public prosecutorial knowledge graph. Combining the graph data storage technology and the characteristics of the public domain ontology, a knowledge graph storage method is designed. By building a prototype system, the functions of knowledge management, knowledge query, and knowledge push are realized. A named entity recognition method based on bidirectional long-short-term memory (bi-LSTM) combined with conditional random field (CRF) is proposed. Bi-LSTM-CRF performs named entity recognition based on character-level features. CRF can use the transition matrix to further obtain the relationship between each position label, so that bi-LSTM-CRF not only retains the context information but also considers the influence between the current position and the previous position. The experimental results show that the LSTM-entity-context method proposed in this paper improves the representation ability of text semantics compared with other algorithms. However, this method only introduces relevant entity information to supplement the semantic representation of the text. The order in the case is often ignored, especially when it comes to the time series of the case characteristics, and the “order problem” may eventually affect the final prediction result. The knowledge graph of legal documents of theft cases based on ontology can be updated and maintained in real time. The knowledge graph can conceptualize, share, and perpetuate knowledge related to procuratorial organs and can also reasonably utilize and mine many useful experiences and knowledge to assist in decision-making.
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Glukhova, Oksana Yuryevna, i Valentin Vasilyevich Nazarov. "Prospects for the development of professional representation in Russian arbitration proceedings". Current Issues of the State and Law, nr 11 (2019): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-11-385-390.
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We investigate the development problem of professional representation in the arbitration proceedings of the Russian Federation. We believe that the professional representatives participation in the arbitration process has a very positive impact on the efficiency and quality of proceedings which is carrying out by the arbitration courts. It is stated that the need for professional representatives is primarily due to the special (economic) nature of disputes considered by arbitration courts, the participation in which persons who do not have the appropriate education and knowledge, on the one hand, as a rule, does not contribute to the effective protection of their rights, on the other – delays the consideration of cases. Thus, the Arbitration procedure code of the Russian Federation will be amended in autumn 2019, concerning the requirement of compulsory higher legal education for representatives of the parties in civil and arbitration cases. The amendments provide that in addition to lawyers, they can only be persons with a higher legal education or a degree in law. The exception is cases subject to consideration by magistrates or district courts. It is concluded that the presence of higher legal education in the near future becomes a mandatory requirement for representatives in disputes considered by the arbitration courts of the Russian Federation.
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Satyayudha Dananjaya, Nyoman, Putu Ayu Asty Senja Pratiwi i Putu Aras Samsithawrati. "Analysis of the Misuse of Legal English Terminology in Legal Scientific Work Abstracts". Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (UJoSSH) 2, nr 1 (24.07.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2018.v02.i01.p01.
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Scientific work in law field has its own characteristics, including the legal English terminology. Legal English is actually slightly different with general English. Nowadays, there are lots of inappropriate process of language transfer from Bahasa to English can be found especially in abstract, as part of the scientific work related to law field. Thus, such issue will affect the abstract validity as a representation of the contents of the scientific work as a whole. This study used an empirical juridical approach which employed non-probability sampling technique and qualitative descriptive analyses. The results show that the misuse of legal English terminology towards abstract of legal, scientific works may occur due to word-for-word translation, free translation, and literal translation. Based on empirical research, such misuse occurred due to the use of online translation engine which mostly caused by the ignorance of abstract’s authors on the structure of standard academic writing (S- P-O)in the source language and asking help from colleagues who mostly do not have legal background and has minimum knowledge of legal English terminology.
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Billi, Marco, Roberta Calegari, Giuseppe Contissa, Francesca Lagioia, Giuseppe Pisano, Galileo Sartor i Giovanni Sartor. "Argumentation and Defeasible Reasoning in the Law". J 4, nr 4 (18.12.2021): 897–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j4040061.
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Different formalisms for defeasible reasoning have been used to represent knowledge and reason in the legal field. In this work, we provide an overview of the following logic-based approaches to defeasible reasoning: defeasible logic, Answer Set Programming, ABA+, ASPIC+, and DeLP. We compare features of these approaches under three perspectives: the logical model (knowledge representation), the method (computational mechanisms), and the technology (available software resources). On top of that, two real examples in the legal domain are designed and implemented in ASPIC+ to showcase the benefit of an argumentation approach in real-world domains. The CrossJustice and Interlex projects are taken as a testbed, and experiments are conducted with the Arg2P technology.
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Zhao, Peilian, Cunli Mao i Zhengtao Yu. "Semi-Supervised Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis for Case-Related Microblog Reviews Using Case Knowledge Graph Embedding". International Journal of Asian Language Processing 30, nr 03 (wrzesień 2020): 2050012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2717554520500125.
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Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), a fine-grained task of opinion mining, which aims to extract sentiment of specific target from text, is an important task in many real-world applications, especially in the legal field. Therefore, in this paper, we study the problem of limitation of labeled training data required and ignorance of in-domain knowledge representation for End-to-End Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (E2E-ABSA) in legal field. We proposed a new method under deep learning framework, named Semi-ETEKGs, which applied E2E framework using knowledge graph (KG) embedding in legal field after data augmentation (DA). Specifically, we pre-trained the BERT embedding and in-domain KG embedding for unlabeled data and labeled data with case elements after DA, and then we put two embeddings into the E2E framework to classify the polarity of target-entity. Finally, we built a case-related dataset based on a popular benchmark for ABSA to prove the efficiency of Semi-ETEKGs, and experiments on case-related dataset from microblog comments show that our proposed model outperforms the other compared methods significantly.
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Muhammad Ar Rafii i Elan Jaelani. "Upaya Meningkatkan Partisipasi Politik Perempuan Dalam Keterwakilan di Legislatif". Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora 1, nr 2 (23.02.2024): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.62383/aliansi.v1i2.75.
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his research aims to discuss the problems in fulfilling the quota for women's political participation in the legislature and the efforts of state institutions to increase women's participation in general elections. This research uses a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. That is an approach based on the main legal material by examining theories, concepts, legal principles, and laws and regulations related to this research. The results of the study show an increase in women's representation in the legislature, but the representation rate is still far away because the last legislative election practice system in 2019 used an open proportional system, and there is still a low level of public understanding of women's representation in the legislature which is a form of gender equality. The efforts made by the relevant institutions, namely the KPU and Bawaslu, in improving these problems are to ensure the fulfillment of the 30% quota of women's representation in the nomination of legislative members and to provide strict sanctions for those who do not fulfill it. This effort reflects the need for strict supervision to ensure the implementation of rules in achieving the goal of women's representation. Thus, improving the electoral system, increasing public knowledge, and applying strict sanctions are necessary to achieve the affirmative targer of women in politics in Indonesia.
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Spyropoulos, Alexandros Z., Angelos Kornilakis, Georgios C. Makris, Charalampos Bratsas, Vassilis Tsiantos i Ioannis Antoniou. "Semantic Representation of the Intersection of Criminal Law & Civil Tort". Data 7, nr 12 (9.12.2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data7120176.
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The more complex and globalized social structures become, the greater the need for new ways of exchanging information and knowledge. Legal science is a field that needs to be codified to allow the interoperability between people and states, as well as between humans and machines. The objective of this work is to develop an ontology in order to describe two different pillars of codified law (civil and criminal) and be able to depict the interaction between them. To answer the above question, we examine the Greek Criminal Law as depicted in the Greek Penal Code (ΠΚ) and the way its articles can be analyzed. Then we examine Tort as described in the Greek Civil Code (AΚ) and link the two codifications through the concepts of illegality and damage, both being prerequisites of tortious liability. Following that, through the Protégé application, a legal ontology is created in the OWL semantic language, while finally, four articles of the Penal Code are codified in the ontology and a presentation of their relation to the civil tort is required from a reasoning algorithm.