Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Lead glaze”

Lead and strontium isotopes are two powerful tracers that can be used to identify or constrain the provenance of a wide range of archaeological materials, but these two isotopic tracers have been rarely employed to infer the sources of artifacts in the southwestern USA. This dissertation contains four studies that demonstrate how these isotopic systems can address questions about the sources of three types of archaeological materials found in this region: turquoise, lead-based glaze-paints, and metals. The analysis of 116 samples of turquoise from 17 deposits in the southwestern USA reveals that lead and strontium isotopes are robust and sensitive tracers of turquoise at multiple scales. Isotopic variation among turquoise deposits correlates with broad regional differences in the geologic and tectonic setting of the rocks and mineral deposits which host turquoise mineralization. Many turquoise deposits also have unique isotopic signatures that will enable insights into ancient patterns of turquoise acquisition at regional and local levels. To show the utility of these tracers when applied to archaeological turquoise, I use lead and strontium isotopic measurements to establish that the Silver Bell Mountains are the likely source turquoise found at the Redtail site in the Tucson Basin, Arizona, USA. This dissertation also contains new, high-precision isotopic ratios of lead ores (galena and cerrusite) from four mining districts in New Mexico, including the Cerrillos Hills. All districts studied are possible sources of lead used by Pueblo IV communities to produce glaze paints. These new measurements, made by multiple-collector ICP-MS, define the isotopic composition of the ore deposits with greater precision and accuracy than achieved in previous studies, indicating an opportunity to improve interpretations about the provenance of lead in glaze paints. Lead isotopes are also found to be useful tools for identifying lead and copper metal associated with the 1540-1542 Vázquez de Coronado expedition. Lead shot and copper crossbow boltheads from two sites with archaeological evidence for the expedition's presence were determined to share similar or identical lead isotopic ratios. I propose this specific isotopic "fingerprint" can be used to identify other artifacts belonging to the expedition in the Southwest.

Applications of lead and strontium isotope analysis were made on archaeological materials from three different contexts in both the Old and New Worlds. These materials comprised pre-Hispanic glaze painted ceramics from Arizona, U.S.A., glass beads from late first millennium AD Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria, and copper-based metals from early first millennium AD Kissi, Burkina Faso. All materials contain lead at major, minor, or trace concentrations, and lead isotope analysis was employed to determine a provenance for that lead. Strontium isotope analysis also was applied to glass beads from Igbo-Ukwu to determine provenance(s) for strontium found in the glass. Furthermore, application of elemental composition analysis was or had been employed on all samples for additional data comparisons within assemblages and with comparable archaeological materials.Results of these analyses determined, in most cases, regional provenance with high degrees of confidence for lead contained in the analyzed samples. Strontium and elemental composition analysis data also proved valuable in confirming the regional provenance of the raw glass used to produce the glass beads. Leads in the glaze paints from Arizona, which demonstrated a range of resources exploitation, were confidently restricted to a few regions for their procurement. Likewise leads in most glass beads from Igbo-Ukwu were confidently restricted to two main source regions, with a third strong contender also being identified. The elemental composition and strontium isotope data determined with confidence the production regions for the primary raw glasses used to make the glass beads. Finally, leads in copper-based metals from Burkina Faso also were restricted to a few regions, although some inconclusiveness in provenance determination was attributed to mixing of metals from difference sources.These results confirm the utility of heavy isotope analysis of archaeological materials for provenance determination. The combination of these data with elemental composition analyses further confirm the interpretive strength of combining independent but related sets of analytical data for exploring questions of archaeological provenance. With improvements in instrument technology and application in the past two decades, very high precision and high accuracy analyses can be made which eliminate some earlier concerns of heavy isotope applications in archaeology.

Les céramiques glaçurées plombifères transparentes ou opalescentes de Bernard Palissy à la Renaissance constituent aujourd’hui encore des oeuvres techniquement inimitables, tant leurs procédés chimiques et thermiques restent énigmatiques. Ce projet porte sur l’étude de compositions de verres du ternaire SiO2-Al2O3-PbO auxquels Bernard Palissy a ajouté différents agents colorants ou opacifiants. Après une analyse multi-échelle fine de glaçures superficielles d’échantillons archéologiques (composition, propriétés thermomécaniques, micro-inclusions à l’interface glaçures/substrat céramique), on cherchera à les reproduire le plus précisément possible en laboratoire en jouant sur les matières premières, les conditions de traitement thermique et le support céramique. L’impact de la concentration en certains oxydes tels que Al2O3 sur la structure des verres (approche multi-spectroscopique), leur microstructure (nature, distribution des cristaux), leurs caractéristiques physiques (viscosité, coefficient de dilatation, couleur…) et l’interaction avec le substrat seront particulièrement étudiés. L’approche allie l’analyse approfondie d’un corpus archéologique et la reproduction des systèmes chimiques et des procédés thermiques. Elle permettra de connaître les indicateurs pertinents liés aux procédés innovants et aux matières premières qui permirent à Palissy d’obtenir des composites alliant la perfection mécanique (absence de fissuration, cohésion interfaciale remarquable) à celle de l’illusion réaliste. Ils permettront enfin de définir des critères d’authentification de ses oeuvres
The high-lead glazes transparent or opalescent made by Bernard Palissy during the Renaissance still constitute technically inimitable works, so their chemical and thermal processes remain enigmatic. This project involves the study of glass compositions of the ternary SiO2-Al2O3-PbO to which Bernard Palissy added various coloring agents or opacifiers. After a fine multi-scale analysis of superficial glazes of archaeological samples (composition, thermomechanical properties, the interface glazes / ceramic substrate), we will try to reproduce them as accurately as possible in the laboratory by playing on raw materials, heat treatment conditions and ceramic support. The impact of the concentration of certain oxides such as Al2O3 on the glass structure (multi-spectroscopic approach), their microstructure (nature, distribution of crystals), their physical characteristics (viscosity, coefficient of expansion, color ...) and interaction with the substrate will be particularly studied. The approach combines in-depth analysis of an archaeological corpus and the reproduction of chemical systems and thermal processes. It will enable us to know the relevant indicators linked to the innovative processes and raw materials that allowed Palissy to obtain composites combining mechanical perfection (absence of cracking, remarkable interfacial cohesion) with that of realistic illusion. Finally, they will enable us to define criteria for the authentication of his works

In this thesis, the fabrication technology of Roman lead glazes were examined using a number of materials science techniques: namely, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The overall aim of this work was to discern particular technological styles for a wide group of lead glazes by quantifying the chemical and microstructural features of glaze production. Using experimental replication, it was found that two basic methods of glazing could be identified chemically. When applying PbO alone to an earthenware ceramic, the resulting glaze was in equilibrium with the ceramic as indicated by flat compositional profiles obtained along the glaze cross-section. However, when applying PbO·SiO₂ mixtures to earthenware ceramics, gradient profiles indicative of diffusive mass transfer were obtained from the glaze cross-section. On the basis of these chemical criteria, these two methods of glazing were identified in archaeological material. It has been determined that the earliest lead glazes from Anatolia and Italy (approximately 1^st century B.C.) were made using PbO·SiO₂ mixtures applied to calcareous clays with Fe and Cu oxides added as colourants. Later production (post 2^nd century A.D.), seems to have employed PbO alone applied to non-calcareous clays with no intentionally added colourants. The Roman production of lead glazes was compared to both those of Late Antiquity (4^th – 10^th centuries A.D.) which continued to use PbO applied to non-calcareous clays, and to those of Byzantine and Islamic contexts (8^th – 14^th centuries A.D.) which seem to have used PbO·SiO₂ mixtures applied to both calcareous and non-calcareous clays. It is also argued that the technological features of the Byzantine and Islamic glaze production shared more in common with the contemporary Chinese lead glazing tradition (the Sancai wares of the 7^th century A.D.) which also used PbO·SiO₂ mixtures applied to non-calcareous clays, than with the Late Antique glazing tradition.

The thesis is based on a detailed examination of three pottery production centres, in Harlow (Essex), Bamstaple and Bideford (north Devon) and Burslem and Hanley (north Staffordshire). It combines a study of material evidence from archaeological and museum collections, with archival sources, which have in the past largely been studied separately. Four aspects of the pottery trade have been explored. Firstly the production, sales and distribution of pottery, analysing the transfonnation of the trade from small scale production at the start of the seventeenth century to a semiindustrialised trade by the early eighteenth century. Secondly the thesis analyses the function of seventeenth century pottery. From an examination of the way pottery was used for cooking, dining and display by a wide section of society, the analysis explores the interaction between high and low forms of culture within the domestic sphere. Thirdly the design of seventeenth century pottery is analysed, exploring the relationship between localised communities and a wider national socio-economic and cultural context. Finally the thesis examines the consumers of pottery, analysing the differences in pottery ownership between different social groups and in different parts of the country. By integrating an analysis of design, production and consumption, the thesis argues that English lead-glazed earthenware came to be used by non-elite groups during the seventeenth century as a way of buying into a more refined domestic material culture, and explores the way in which elite cultural forms were appropriated at an individual and local level by both the producers and consumers of lead-glazed pottery.

Crystalline phases inside ancient glazes can have different origins: unreacted compounds (thus already formed before the glaze formation), crystallites developed during the glaze production or devitrification crystals formed after the glaze production (during burial by weathering processes). This study deals with the identification of the crystalline phases developed during the firing of lead glazes in ceramics from the 17th to 19th centuries. The formation of the crystallites during firing and their distribution depends on the original composition of the glaze and body (clay, stonepastes, etc.), the use of raw or pre-fired materials and on the firing conditions (temperature and atmosphere of the furnace, single or double firing, etc.). Therefore, the detailed investigation of the crystal inclusions and the microstructural heterogeneities in the glazes yield information on the nature of the objects, the raw materials used, their thermal history as well as other important aspects of the glass making technology. This research develops a methodological approach to study of ceramic glaze microstructures based on the thin section. Starting from its present role as an accessory identification technique, thin-section petrography turns here into a pivotal tool to characterize micro-crystals embedded in ceramic glazes and hence characterize the glazes themselves. Firstly, the crystallites are located and described using thin-section petrographic methods. Special attention is paid to the description of the morphologies and the optical features of the crystallites. Then, the thin section petrography data are linked to compositional and structural data obtained from other analytical tools, such as SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EPMA (electron probe micro-analyser), μ-Raman (micro-Raman) and SR- μXRD (synchrotron-radiation X-ray micro-diffraction). For each mineral phase identified, chemical, mineralogical and structural data are collected in such a way to obtain a correlation between morphological and analytical data. Once established, this correlation could allow a quick and easy identification of the crystallites using a petrographic microscope and therefore avoiding the repetition of an exhaustive identification protocol involving the use of expensive characterization techniques

The production of lead glaze paints has intrigued Southwestern archaeologists since the 1930s, and significant efforts have been dedicated to the study of this technology by researchers interested in the Pueblo IV (ca. 1275-1400 CE) glazes. In this dissertation I explore the technology of production of the earliest glaze paints produced in the Southwest: the Pueblo I (ca. 700-850 CE) glaze paints from the Upper San Juan. These glaze paints were produced nearly 500 years before the later and well studied Pueblo IV glaze paints, and these technologies represent two separate, independent instances of invention of glaze technology in the prehistoric Southwest. The unique aspect of prehistoric Southwestern glazes is that they were developed as paints, thus serving as decorations. Glaze paints are culturally and technologically significant because it is in the production of the paint that potters are innovating and experimenting with materials. This dissertation presents evidence for a patterned technological behavior in the production of Pueblo I glaze paints - while there is no evidence of specialization, there is evidence for shared technological knowledge regarding other aspects of production. The lack of control over the variability in visual appearance as related to the variability in compositions indicates that it is unlikely that any differences in composition represent intentional technological choices; therefore, Pueblo I potters were not using standardized recipes in the production of glaze paints. I argue that potters were aware of the effect of applying a lead-based paint to the ceramic, thus indicating intentionality, but could not control all of the variables that are involved in the production of a ceramic ware. To understand the mechanisms of invention, and later abandonment, of this technology, I looked for clues in the history of ceramic production in the area, and coupled it with a study of the social and environmental constraints placed on the production. My research suggests that the production of the Pueblo I glaze paints, while not as specialized and widespread as that of the later glaze paints, is a significant technological component of the sequence of ceramic production in the Southwest.

This master’s thesis presents new tendency in automotive lighting – matrix LED headlamp. This thesis consists of description of matrix headlamp construction, main functions of matrix headlamp and controlling by using new integrated circuit, developed by ON Semiconductor Company. The aim of this project is concept of algorithm, which provides correct function of integrated circuit. A part of this thesis is to develop and assembly evaluation kit with this integrated circuit, which will be use to present integrated circuit for customers.

L’ensemble constitué par les céramiques en terre cuite à glaçure plombifère, auparavant regroupées sous le terme de « céramiques de Bernard Palissy » puis « suites de Palissy » ou « atelier d’Avon », n’a plus aujourd’hui d’attache géographique concrète ni d’histoire attestée. Il est en effet avéré que la légende et le mythe ont, depuis le début du XIXe siècle, toujours largement dominé. En dépit de leur présence importante au sein des collections publiques françaises et étrangères, la fragilité des connaissances actuelles sur ces pièces rend aujourd’hui leur étude approfondie indispensable. De nature fondamentalement transdisciplinaire, ce travail de thèse explore d’une part leur matérialité, avec la création d’un corpus des œuvres conservées en collections publiques (plats rustiques, pièces de vaisselle moulées, statuettes) et la prise en compte des analyses physico-chimiques ; d’autre part, par un travail minutieux de dépouillement d’archives et de recensement du matériel archéologique, il permet de mieux les situer dans une époque et dans un contexte de production parisien. Ces travaux reviennent ainsi sur l’histoire oubliée de ces objets en enquêtant sur leur origine, leur destination initiale et leur parcours depuis les collections du XVIIe siècle jusqu’aux celles des érudits du XIXe siècle qui les léguèrent en tant qu’objets d’art aux grands musées nationaux
This PhD thesis studies the whole terracotta lead-glazed ceramics produced in France at the end of the XVIth century and the beginning of the XVIIth century usually attributed to Bernard Palissy himself or his unidentified followers under the name Palissy ware ceramics. Legend and myth are widespread since the beginning of the XIXth century. As a consequence the study of these pieces which have proved to be very numerous in the French and foreign public collections has become essential. This transdisciplinary research examines on the one hand their materiality putting together a body of work (rustique figulines, relief-moulded dishes, statuettes) and taking into account physico-chemical analyses. On the other hand, it helps to place these ceramics in their Parisian historical production context by a meticulous study of archives and archaeological material. The research investigates their origin, their initial destination from the XVIIth century to the collections of French scholars or national museums' collections in the XIXth century

L’éblouissement d’inconfort est défini comme la sensation de gêne ressentie par un observateur en présence de sources lumineuses, sans nécessairement impacter ses performances visuelles. Ce doctorat s’intéresse à ce phénomène dans le cadre d’une situation d’éclairage extérieur. Bien que beaucoup de modèles de prédiction de l’éblouissement d’inconfort aient été établis dans la littérature, aucun d’entre eux ne fait consensus en éclairage extérieur. De plus, la majorité de ces modèles ont été conçus pour prédire l’éblouissement d’inconfort quand une seule source immobile est présente dans le champ visuel de l’observateur. Or, en éclairage extérieur, l’usager est généralement en mouvement par rapport aux nombreuses sources qui l’entourent. Pour étudier ce phénomène dans des situations dynamiques à sources multiples, plusieurs expérimentations psychovisuelles ont été conduites en laboratoire sur des panels de participants, en proposant des stimuli multi-sources et dont les caractéristiques (luminance, taille apparente, position) varient périodiquement. Grâce aux données collectées, un modèle de prédiction de probabilité de quatre niveaux de gêne a été établi. Il dépend des caractéristiques photométriques et géométriques de la scène visuelle
The discomfort glare is defined as the sensation of discomfort felt by an observer in presence of light sources, without necessary impacting his visual performance. This PhD investigates this phenomen on in the context of outdoor lighting. Although many models of discomfort glare have been proposed in the literature, there is no consensus in outdoor lighting. Moreover, most of these models have been developed to predict the discomfort glare level from one static light source in the visual field. In outdoor lighting, the road user is usually moving with multiple sources around him. To study this phenomenon in dynamic multi-source situations, seven psychovisual experimentations were carried out in the laboratory with panels of participants. These experimentations proposed multi-source stimuli having their characteristics (luminance, apparent size, position) that periodically varied. From the experimental data, a model was developed which predict the probability of four discomfort glare levels. It depends on the photometric and geometric characteristics of the visual scene

This Ph.D. thesis reports on the results obtained by a research on the productive technology and the decay of glazed ceramic tiles (XX century), and on polymeric treatments employed for their restoration. The subject has been the ceramic tiles of the Grande Albergo Ausonia  Hungaria at the Lido of Venice; it is a unique example of Art Nouveau artwork because the decoration of its façade of 700 m2 was completely decorated with mono- and polychrome lead glazed tiles made by the local pottery master Luigi Fabris (Bassano del Grappa, 1883 – 1952). The characterization of the materials, that is the ceramic body and the glaze, and of the body-glaze interface has been carried out by electron scanning microscopy (FEG-ESEM-EDS-EBSD), X ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and electron microprobe analyses (EMPA). The results have revealed some of the raw materials used to produce the mortars and the tiles, their firing temperatures and firing method. The tiles, totally coated with high lead glaze, are classifiable as earthenware made with the clay of the river Tretto´s quarry (Vicenza, Italy). The neo-formation phases such as gehlenite and diopside in the ceramic body allowed to estimate a firing temperature lower than 1000 °C. A thorough study of the inclusions in the glaze and of the body-glaze interface has allowed the identification of the firing method. The results have shown a double firing process for the monochromatic tiles, while in the case of polychromatic tiles a third firing was executed. The decay of the materials has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (FEG-ESEM-EDS) and the results have shown that deterioration interested both tiles and mortars, and that both the ceramic technology employed by the artist and the weathering may be responsible of the decay. The presence of neo-formation compounds such as lead silicate, together with microrganisms, salts, metal particles and porous carbon particulates probably coming from atmospheric pollution has been detected. Finally, in the present work the evaluation of degradation processes of acrylic and Si-based polymers applied as protective coating on the lead glazed tiles has been reported. An assessment in marine environment of the durability of traditional products, i.e. acrylic Paraloid B72, poly methylphenyl siloxane Rhodorsil RC90 and innovative SiO2 coating applied by sol-gel technique, was performed. The coating, applied on the glazed surface of the tiles, were exposed for three years on the façade to the marine atmosphere. Polymer’s modifications and water repellent efficiency have been monitored each year by physical-chemical measurements and investigations. Optical and electron microscopy (FEG-ESEM) have been used to appreciate the morphological modification of the treatments, FT-IR micro-spectroscopy has been performed in order to detect possible chemical changes of the polymers, while surface wettability has been evaluated by contact angle measurements. The results obtained have shown that through the time polymers underwent chemical changes due to the interaction with environment.
La presente tesi di dottorato riporta i risultati ottenuti da un’indagine inerente la tecnologia produttiva ed il degrado di piastrelle ceramiche invetriate (XX secolo), unitamente ai trattamenti polimerici utilizzati per il loro restauro. Oggetto di studio sono state le piastrelle ceramiche della facciata del Grande Albergo Ausonia  Hungaria sito al Lido di Venezia. L’edificio è un’opera d’arte in stile Liberty la cui unicità risiede nel fatto che la sua facciata, con superficie paria a 700 m2, è stata completamente decorata con piastrelle monocrome e policrome rivestite con vetrina piombifera, realizzate dal noto ceramista veneto Luigi Fabris (Bassano del Grappa, 1883 - 1952). La caratterizzazione dei materiali costitutivi della facciata, identificabili con le piastrelle e le malte, è stata eseguita mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione (FEG-ESEM-EDS-EBSD), diffrazione dei raggi X (XRPD) e microsonda elettronica (EMPA). I risultati hanno rivelato alcuni dei materiali originali utilizzati per produrre le malte e le piastrelle, e le temperature ed i metodi di cottura delle ceramiche. Le piastrelle, interamente rivestite da una vetrina piombifera e classificabili come terraglie tenere, sono state prodotte utilizzando un’argilla bianca cavata nella valle del fiume Tretto (Vicenza). L’identificazione di fasi di neo-formazione come ghelenite e diopside nel corpo ceramico ha permesso di stimare una temperatura di cottura inferiore a 1000 °C. Grazie ad uno studio approfondito delle inclusioni presenti nella vetrina e dell’interfaccia vetrina – corpo ceramico è stato possibile definire il processo di cottura; in particolare, dai risultati è stato possibile concludere che le piastrelle monocrome sono state prodotte con un processo di bi-cottura, mentre quelle policrome hanno subito un’ulteriore cottura con lo scopo di fissare i ritocchi pittorici finali. Il degrado dei materiali è stato studiato mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione (FEG-ESEM), ed i risultati hanno messo in luce il fatto che esso interessa sia le malte sia le piastrelle, e che sembra essere stato favorito sia dalla tecnologia ceramica utilizzata dall’artista sia dall’invecchiamento per azione dell’ambiente. Inoltre, è stata rivelata la presenza di composti di neo-formazione come silicati di piombo, oltre a microrganismi, sali, particelle metalliche e particolato carbonioso poroso associati all’inquinamento atmosferico. Infine, nel presente lavoro sono riportati i risultati riguardanti lo studio dei processi di degrado di polimeri acrilici e a base di silicio applicati come film protettivi sulle piastrelle invetriate. In particolare, è stata valutata la durabilità in ambiente marino di prodotti tradizionali, quali l’acrilico Paraloid B72, il fenilmetilsilossano Rhodorsil RC90 e di uno innovativo, la SiO2 preparata con processo sol – gel. I polimeri, una volta applicati su piastrelle originali, sono stati esposti all’azione dell’ambiente per tre anni. Mediante indagini e misure fisico-chimiche sono state analizzate rispettivamente le modifiche strutturali dei polimeri e la loro efficacia come protettivi. La microscopia ottica ed elettronica (FEG-ESEM) ha permesso di osservare le modifiche morfologiche dei trattamenti, le analisi mediante micro-spettroscopia infrarossa sono state eseguite con lo scopo di rivelare eventuali modifiche chimiche riconducibili ad un degrado dei polimeri, mentre la misura dell’angolo di contatto è stata eseguita con lo scopo di valutare la bagnabilità delle superfici. I risultati hanno evidenziato il fatto che tali polimeri nell’arco di tempo considerato hanno subito modifiche dal punto di vista chimico a causa della loro interazione con l’ambiente.

A high luminance contrast between windows and surrounding surfaces can increase the risk of discomfort glare, which can diminish office workers' satisfaction and productivity. This research explores how increasing the luminance of areas surrounding the window using an innovative electric wall-washing system could improve subjective scores for the window appearance, as well as reducing energy bills in office rooms with different window-to-exterior-wall ratios. This study demonstrate that the proposed electric wall-washing system with low power level does efficiently improve window appearance, as well as mitigating problematic interventions in lighting conditions that lead to increased energy consumption in buildings.

Cette thèse a pour objectif premier de fournir une documentation complète des différentes céramiques à glaçure plombifère antiques signalées dans les contextes archéologiques de Gaule méridionale et de la vallée du Rhône. L’inventaire a mis en lumière l’existence de six groupes de production de céramiques à glaçure plombifère durant une période comprise entre la fin du Ier s. av. J.-C et le milieu du IIIe siècle apr. J.-C. Ces céramiques proviennent d’Asie Mineure, d’Italie septentrionale, des ateliers de Lyon et de Saint-Romain-en-Gal, du centre de la Gaule, d’Italie centrale et de l’atelier du Capitou (Hérault). Chaque catégorie de céramique fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. Ce travail s’est focalisé surtout sur les céramiques à glaçure plombifère d’Italie centrale. Un nouveau classement typologique est ainsi proposé à partir de céramiques issues des contextes gaulois et romains. Certaines formes récurrentes indiquent l’existence d’un commerce - certes réduit - de ce type de céramique en Méditerranée occidentale au cours des IIe et IIIe siècles. L’étude des ateliers du Latium, couplée à des analyses archéométriques et aux dernières découvertes archéologiques, permet de localiser avec précision les centres de production de céramiques à glaçure plombifère dans la région de Rome (Nuovo Mercato Testaccio et Janicule).Cette étude apporte une meilleure connaissance de la fabrication, de la chronologie, des lieux de production, de la diffusion et du statut de cette catégorie de céramique si particulière. L’échelle géographique et chronologique large permet d’entrevoir les transferts de la technique de la glaçure des ateliers d’Orient à ceux d’Occident
This PhD thesis aims firstly at providing full documentation about the various lead-glazed potteries reported in the southern Gaul and the Rhone Valley contexts. The inventory has pointed out the existence of six ceramic production groups over a period spending between the end of the first century B.C and the middle of the third century A.D. Ceramics come from Minor Asia, northern Italy, Lyon and Saint-Romain-en-Gal’s workshops, the center of Gaul, central Italy and Capitou's workshop (Hérault). Each ceramic category is the subject of a detailed study. This work is mainly dedicated to lead-glazed ceramics of central Italy. Investigation of consumer contexts leads to re-examine the classification of these ceramics and changes dating. A new typological classification is proposed. Some recurrent forms indicate the existence of a real trade - even reduced - of this type of ceramic in western Mediterranean area during the second and third century. The work done on Lazio's workshops, coupled with archaeometric analyses and recent archaeological discoveries, allowed the precise location of lead-glazed ceramic production centres in the Rome area (Nuovo Mercato Testaccio and Janiculum).This study of lead-glazed potteries from the southern Gaul and the Rhone valley, and more generally of the western Mediterranean basin, provides a better understanding of the production, chronology, productions sites, trade and status of this so peculiar category of ceramic. This research work based on large geographical and chronological scale, allows us to understand the process of glaze technology transfer from Eastern workshops to those of the Western workshops

碩士
逢甲大學
資訊電機工程碩士在職專班
102
So far, the development of illumination lamp light source has changed from tungsten lamp to Light emitting diode, The main discuss of this thesis using the geometrical optics theorem that including the refraction and reflection principle to design the LED lens of large light-emitting angle, and to utilize the optical simulation software that could optimize, design and analyze the optical field, it could arrive the light-emitting field that has high-effective and large-angle. The harmless and glare less design for adult is practical application with a sin-form wave film.

碩士
國立中正大學
光機電整合工程研究所
99
The purpose of this study is to find the optical and glare properties of fluorescent and light emitting diode luminaries in office illumination. The LED luminaires at home and abroad are the most anti-glare diffuser devices as the main. Therefore, the simulating processes of an anti-glare LED luminaires by optical design are proposed which include model building by Solidworks and ray tracing by ASAP. Detectors are set under three luminaries to analyze the illumination, uniformity, light distribution curve, efficiency, retinal image and unified glare rating. According to the simulation results, it can know that the string glare of the retinal image of its greater number and greater intensity stray light. To confirm that retinal image designed light emitting diode lighting glare values are lower than in conventional light emitting diode lamps.

碩士
國立中央大學
光電科學研究所
99
White light LED can save two third of every power consumption compare with our daily used reference light, It is an important green energy. Glare is an important light-distress indicator of our environment. It is generally a subjective discomfort sensation while a person is exposing to a light source. Glare may possibly induce many eye problems. However, it is seldom expressed in the objective scale. The short wave of their glare effect to measure it is the CIE glare index equation. But the CIE glare index is coming from subjective questionnaire and statistical result. The purpose of this paper is to develop an objective investigation of glare. At this experiment use the new design instrument to measure the Ciliary body micro fluctuation then decision the glare degree. This instrument is an ultrafast automatic refractometer capable of near vision measurement, was used to measure accommodation. High frequency component (HFC) was extracted through Fourier transformation. The methods used LED white-light bulb with 13-watt that was put in upper-anterior-lateral θ degree position then illuminate to the eye (θcould be from 90° to 0°, here we chose θ=43° and 0°). Without LED light, accommodation was measured with our equipment, and HFC was extracted simultaneously. Then LED bulb of θ=43° with eye was turned on to trigger glare, and accommodation measurement was done in the same manner. Afterwards, the cycloplegic eye drop was applied and high myopia/anisometropia unilateral cataract volunteers then test was repeated again. Statistical difference exists between light-on and light-off condition in the form of accommodation and HFC. In the cycloplegic group, the HFC change is more prominent. Then we use θ=0° position and turn on the power variable LED vision target, we get the same result which showing that the strength of the glare is proportional to the HFC. For the first time, an objective method to measure the glare using the parameters such as accommodation and HFC is established. The approach is sensitive and reproducible.

碩士
國立中正大學
光機電整合工程所
98
The purpose of this study is to find the optical and glare properties of fluorescent and light emitting diode luminaries in office spaces. We found that LED luminaries both at home and abroad are still lack of installation convenience. Therefore, the simulating processes of an anti-glare LED luminarie by optical design are proposed which include model building by Solidworks and ray tracing by ASAP. Detectors are set under three luminaries to analyze the illumination, uniformity, light distribution curve, efficiency and unified glare rating. According to the simulation results, it can be realized that the pros and cons of using fluorescent, LED and self-designed luminaries. By improving its drawbacks and simplify the structure, the purpose of cost saving and installation simplified can be implemented. In addition, this self-designed luminary can change the angle between the ramp and the horizontal which means the illumination on the detectors will also be changed. The variation in illumination can be applied to different working environments, so we expect that it can replace common fluorescent and LED luminaries in the future.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
色彩與照明科技研究所
103
In recent years, the technology of high-luminance light-emitting diode (LED) has a great breakthrough. LED has been used in lighting applications, but also widely ap-plied in traffic signs, so that the applications of LED light source can be carried for-ward. Nowadays, the standards of the LED traffic sign control in Taiwan is still not well-defined, the growing of LED lighting abuse may affect the passers-by, driving conditions, and light pollution at night. Therefore, this study had investigated in clar-ity and perception of glare with a LED embedded traffic mark by the data of psycho-physical experiment and proposed recommendations methods. To obtain the main factors affecting the clarity in the preliminary experiment, control variables included the size of the LED light source, LED light source spacing and complexity and luminance with different fonts. The reference luminance specifi-cation of Illuminating Engineering Society of North America and Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs were followed in this research, so the luminance of LED light source is set to 20 ~ 500 cd/m2. According to the preliminary results, the further discussion and comparison with LED embedded traffic mark used in the national highways was mentioned. Besides, by the evaluation of subjective feelings of clarity and perception of glare, we obtained the combination of different sizes and spacing of the LED light source. Thus, the lu-minance of single LED light source for LED embedded traffic mark was suggested to redefine as 100~300 cd/m2 according to the analysis results. Finally, this study presents the related formula of evaluation score, and the for-mula is related with density and luminance. The definition of clear is as follow: if the clarity score is more than five points, then means observer felt clear, and likewise, when the score of perception of glare more than five points, it means observer has feeling glare. The conclusion can be used as a reference in LED signs in the future.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
色彩與照明科技研究所
101
Mesopic vision is gaining high attention from lighting researchers and industry people re¬cently. Most night-time outdoor and traffic lighting scenarios are belong the mesopic range. As known as the Purkinje effect, the peak of spectral luminous efficiency shifts to the short-wavelength range in mesopic region. Full color RGB LEDs, which are becoming a popular and energy efficient source for dynamic lighting and displaying information, generally have more wide color gamut than conventional lamps for outdoor lighting like high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. In addition, achromatic and chromatic color stimuli with same luminance are generally different in brightness (or perceived lightness). The brightness of the latter is higher than the former. The phenomena are well-know and identified with the Helmoholz-Kohlrausch effect (H-K effect). Those imply that LEDs have a potential risk over conventional lamps in terms of discomfort glare. In the measurement, we have 108 different kinds of conditions using the full-color LED billboard with nine color photographs, three color gamut, two kinds of background luminance and two groups of ages. Results revealed that there are significant main factor effects of age, saturation, image and gender in twenty subjects for de Boer glare rating scale. There are three significant interaction effects, including age and saturation, age and image, image and gender. Furthermore, we found that different saturation of displayed images will affect glare discomfort score. Post hoc tests indicated that wide-gamut of RGB LED billboard demonstrated the highest de Boer rating scores (Mean100LED = 4.64; Mean069LED = 4.25; Mean033LED = 3.99), with statistically significant differences detected among three gamut settings. For different age groups, the effect of age was significant. The luminance of the background is not significant. This paper presents results from an ongoing study that compares discomfort glare for different color gamut of RGB LED billboard using the de Boer rating scale. The subjective results were also compared with previous discomfort glare equations. Final, the discomfort glare of RGB LED billboard were described to develop a new discomfort glare equation for outdoor at night.

碩士
國立中央大學
光電科學與工程學系
102
Due to the advantages of LEDs in energy saving, eco-friendliness and dynamic display capability, traditional billboards are replaced by high brightness LED panels progressively. However, some distinct characteristics of LEDs, such as small source size, high directivity and the blue-peaked spectrum, make LEDs more probable to induce glare that disturbs human’s visual sensation. In addition, LED billboards usually display flashing advertisements with high brightness during the night; these conditions have led to concerns about discomfort glare and light pollution. This study investigates the flicker glare and visual discomfort produced by the high brightness LED panel and aims to reduce discomfort feelings by modulating some important factors. Flicker frequency, luminance, visual angle and ambient illuminance are chosen as the independent variables. The experiment complies with the within-subjects design. The orthogonal design and Latin-square design are adopted to arrange the experimental conditions. Levels of these factors are selected according to the hardware specifications and common nighttime illumination conditions. The results show that visual comfort is not affected by ambient illuminance, and significantly affected by flicker frequency, luminance, and visual angle. By analyzing the experimental results, we model the comfort ratings as functions of these factors and find the range of comfortable operating conditions.

This is the first archaeometric study comparing Hispano-Moresque tiles from different Portuguese and Spanish collections, no other published one being known at the time of writing. Despite the increasing interest in the Iberian ceramic cultural heritage, a specific study dedicated to architectural tiles was lacking. With this in mind, this thesis offers a first approach on the technological features of these impressive – although somehow undervalued – architectural tiles. With this work, important Portuguese and Spanish Hispano-Moresque tile collections are characterised, compared and studied: National Palace of Sintra (Portugal) (PNS), Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha (Coimbra, Portugal) (SCV), archaeological site of Santo António da Charneca (Barreiro, Portugal) (SAC), Instituto Valencia de Don Juan (Madrid, Spain) (IVDJ), Casa de Pilatos (Seville, Spain) (CPS) and Museo de Cerámica y Artes Sumtuarias “González Marti” (Valencia, Spain) (MCV). The aim is to provide a physicochemical characterisation of both the glazes and the ceramic bodies of the tiles to better understand the production technology. The methodology proposed for this study had the main purpose of developing a minimally invasive and essentially non-destructive approach with complementary analytical techniques that will allow for replication in future studies with other Hispano-Moresque tile collections. The techniques chosen were: Micro-Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (μ-PIXE), Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-ray Microanalysis (SEM-EDS), μ-Raman spectroscopy, Micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and Synchrotron Radiation Micro-X-ray diffraction (SR-μ-XRD). The archaeometric study concluded that calcareous clays were the standard material used for the ceramic bodies of the tiles. Lime content is frequently higher than 20 wt.%, which is a high value among the typical calcareous clays analysed in the literature, although within the expected results for tinopacified ceramic bodies. The glaze technology employed in Hispano-Moresque tiles followed the Islamic tradition that was introduced in the Iberian Peninsula from the 8th century onwards. High-lead glazes (ca. 30-50 wt.% PbO) were identified in all analysed samples. Two types of high-lead glazes were identified: “transparent” and tin-opacified. Besides the disparity in tin contents, the two glaze types also evidence differences in sodium and lead values. A sodium compound (most likely NaCl) may have been added to compensate the lower PbO content in tin-opacified glazes. The pictorial layer is composed of five colours: white (SnO2), blue (SnO2 + CoO), green (CuO), amber (Fe2O3) and brown (MnO). These colours exhibit different shades depending on the glaze recipe, its thickness and the influence of the underlying ceramic body. White and blue are consistently tin-opacified, whereas most green, amber and brown glazes are transparent. The results of the archaeometric study identify a widespread ceramic technology. Nevertheless, it is still visible a higher proximity between the CPS, IVDJ-Seville, SCV and PNS collections – although with differences among them – whereas the MCV and IVDJ-Toledo groups display distinct features that attest for their different provenance.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
光電工程系研究所
100
In the development of economic and technology, illumination has been indispen- sable and diversification in our life along with increasing energy consumption year by year. As the problem occur of global warming and abnormal of climate change. Make us must be careful to assessment of resource use and actively to develop the energy saving lighting products. With improvement of technology and efficacy, application of LED in illumination has continuously expanded. Due to the advantages in low work voltage, long performance life and no mercury of LED make it become the new light source. This research combined with LED and TIR Lens to control the light source of emitting angle, make rays hit the reflection plate to illumination work space. Use software of simulation and experimental to assessment when the reflector of material, shape and surface structure is different, compare with each other of the ability of lighting and glare suppression performance. Finally, a reflective LED desk lamp is designed with different from the traditional cantilever outlook and it could satisfy environmentally friendly, energy-saving, lighting regulations.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
102
Spotlights are commonly used in exhibition areas or shopping centers for accent lighting, but nevertheless, they can also generate a glare that makes our eyes uncomfortable. To resolve the problem, anti-glare products are used together with spotlights, and those anti-glare products commonly use materials with either a high absorption rate or a dense grid to shield the light source and thus suppress glare. Unfortunately, both approaches significantly reduce the efficiency of the fixture and waste energy. 　　In the thesis, the investigator chose AR111 spotlight fixtures, the most commonly used type of spotlight fixtures in shopping centers, as design subjects. By referring to those anti-glare products currently available on the market and applying the TRIZ method, the investigator proposes novel improvement strategies for the anti-glare grid component. The investigator also used the optical software TracePro and the illumination software DIALux conduct optical simulation and illumination quality analysis. Actual grid components were developed according to the results and compared with two anti-glare products from the market for photometric detection. The simulation and the empirical test results suggest that all three types of LED spotlight anti-glare grids designed in this study had a unified glare rating (UGR) less than 10, i.e., glare was non-detectable; their fixture efficiencies were 77%, 79% and 81% respectively, which are all greater than 60%, the standard for general grid lighting fixtures. Compared with anti-glare Product 1 from the market, the three designs reached a level of enhancement of 20%, 22%, and 24% respectively, and compared with anti-glare Product 2 from the market, their levels of enhancement were 57%, 59%, and 61% respectively. These values suggest that the new designs presented in this study have better energy efficiency. Finally, the grid components presented here are equipped with a light beam angle adjustment design allowing the user to adjust the angle of the beam flexibly based on the need. Moreover, the surface of the spotlight is even, bright and without image retention, and therefore, the lighting quality can be much improved.

碩士
明新科技大學
光電系統工程系碩士班
106
Glare is a very important factor relative to lighting quality. If the human eyes get a long time by the stimulus of glare, the people will feel nervous, tired and uncomfortable. In order to get better lighting quality to reduce glare of lighting fixtures is necessary. Because most of the distribution of the LED panel light fixtures are lambertian distribution that will cause too much light into the direct glare area resulting in raised UGR. Therefore, in this study will be developed optical film for the LED panel light fixtures. The film's surface has many structures. It can change the original distribution of the LED panel light fixtures and the design of narrow angle distribution and batwing distribution respectively. In this study, the investigator used the optical software “TracePro” and the illumination software “DIALux” conduct analysis for the impact of variance value of the optical film on lighting quality and the primary objective is set to UGR≤19. Simultaneously, evaluated and compared average illuminance value and illumination uniformity in the space. The simulation results are shown narrow angle distribution can provide the best average illumination value at UGR≤19 and batwing distribution is able to provide the best illumination uniformity at UGR≤19. In addition, both the optical film of narrow angle distribution and the optical film of batwing distribution can be effectively reduced glare of lighting fixtures.

碩士
崑山科技大學
機械工程研究所
96
Light-emitting diode (LED) is a dot-like light source. A reflective surface of parabolic curve is used to parallel light output of the LED fixture and to prevent light glare. Tracepro was used to simulate and design the LED fixture. The illuminance of LED fixture, with 36 × 1 W LEDs, is 434 lux in average at a distance of 2.65 m.

碩士
國立中央大學
光電科學研究所
99
In this thesis, we apply a multi-chip and high-power LED to design a low-glare lamp. According to the mid-field algorithm, we have established an accurate LED optical model. Base on the light source model, we design a projection lamp with the low-glare property. By analyzing the tolerance of the lamp, we find it has large tolerance in shifted and tilted variation. Then, we verify the accurcy of the simulation results with the proto-type sample. Finally we confirme that low-glare projection lamp can reduce the glare level by calculating the veiling luminance of the low-glare lamp and compare it with another LED lamp.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系
99
The main idea of this article is a novel design of the secondary optics which can be applied into two kinds of planes. In the C0 °-180 °plane the distribution curve flux presents asymmetric luminous intensity distribution. But when in the C90 °-270 ° planes, it presents a symmetrical light intensity distribution. In the latter plane, the angle projection can be designed according to the actual application. Such designing concept can be applied in road lighting and auxiliary lighting. This optical component can make the light more efficient in projecting to the given surface at zero inclination. The lamp holder of such design does not have to lean, it can avoid the eyes exposing to the intensify lights and eliminate unnecessary glare and the hand shadows. It also can significantly reduce eyestrain caused by light reading and maintain the high efficiency lighting. The LED road lighting on the poles doesn’t need dip either under this application, the only thing you need to do is to change the intensity distribution in the C90 °-270 ° plane into another intensity distribution of the bat wing. This secondary optical design has accorded the standard of LED roadway lighting. It can make sure that the light behind the pole projects to the road direction and improve the efficiency of reducing light pollution caused by street lights.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
色彩與照明科技研究所
104
LED （Light Emitting Diode）has been widely used in our daily life. Higher brightness will cause glare and visual discomfort. Many researches focus on the environmental of light pollution in recent years. The abuse of LED dynamic pixel array light source is a rigorous problem in Taiwan. The main purpose of this study is to investigate flicker and glare threshold for LED dynamic pixel array light source. The aim of this study was to determine 50% perceptibility threshold (PT) and 50% acceptability threshold (AT) of frequency and luminance for LED dynamic pixel array light source. The results showed that influence of perception of flicker is frequency of LED dynamic pixel array light source. The 50% perceptibility threshold of frequency is under 1Hz, the 50% acceptability threshold of frequency is 2Hz~4.5Hz, and the influence of glare is luminance for LED dynamic pixel array light source. The 50% perceptibility threshold of luminance is about 331 cd/㎡, the 50% acceptability threshold of luminance is lower 54750 cd/㎡.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
色彩與照明科技研究所
103
Due to the diversity of light fixture in lighting application, there is a rising concern that different kinds of light source may easily cause various degree of glare to human especially discomfort glare. Discomfort glare may cause people to look away from a bright light source and even to have painful sensation in seeing a task. With the development of lighting fixture, more levels of correlated color temperature (CCT) of LEDs-based luminaries may be used in interior lighting. Different color temperature of luminaries may cause different degrees of discomfort glare. Therefore, we intend to develop an evaluation model to predict the visual comfort with different CCT in interior lighting based on the foundation of Unified Glare Rating (UGR). Furthermore, a portable and smart system for UGR inspection is also developed to obtain the status of various lighting scenes and evaluation UGR conveniently for lighting environment. In this study, the influence of stimulus CCT, surround CCT, luminance and viewing angle on discomfort glare would be re-investigated. According to the results of psychological experiments, we established two new UGR models for improving prediction on observer’s discomfort glare. The correlation R2 between two different evaluation model and visual comfort were up to 0.84 and 0.9 in verification scenes. The results show improved evaluation model can really predict the degree of glare under different color temperatures. Finally, we established glare inspection system based on the smart phone and evaluation model by image processing. The luminance measurement error of phone camera after color correction is 4.77%, and the ΔCCT is only 76.5 K. In verification scenes, the parameters of the luminance, color temperature and solid angle calculated by inspection system were 4.03%, 114 K and 4.18%. The results show that the prediction of discomfort glare by using inspection system have high reliability. With the establishment of discomfort glare inspection system, it can provide fast and convenient lighting environmental testing and environmental assessment. And we wish this inspection system can also be applied for smart lighting in next generation.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
色彩與照明科技研究所
102
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the measures of discomfort glare of motion pictures on LED billboards at night. Nowadays, the Visual Comfort Probability model and the Unified Glare Rating are the most commonly used glare prediction models for electric lighting, however, it can only apply for static sources, not dynamic lighting.

碩士
逢甲大學
光電學系
105
The focus of this study is to discuss color temperature variation by volume scattering diffuser (VSD) in anti-glare white light LED. According to the CCT variation of white light model established in the past, we incorporate the Monte Carlo ray tracing with Mie scattering theory to simulate scattering effect of volume scattering diffuser. Through the experiment and simulation results, it’s known that the CCT of white light tends to oscillate with increase of the concentration of the diffuser. Then, we simulate the effect of the reflectivity of the lamp on the CCT variation, as the reflectivity increases, the CCT decreases slowly at low concentrations of VSD, and decreases rapidly at high concentrations of VSD. Finally, we use MacAdam Ellipses to compare the variation in color coordinates of lamp, and analyze the tolerance for making lamp with concentration variation of VSD. As the results, the concentration tolerance for low color temperature is better than high color temperature, high color temperature and low color temperature light source tolerance were 0.1% and 0.2%.