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Furey, Deborah A. "LDV Measurements in a Navy CPS fan /". Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08142009-040414/.
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Felis-Carrasco, Francisco. "Atomisation et dispersion d'un jet liquide : approches numérique et expérimentale". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDM0001/document.
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L'atomisation d'un jet circulaire d'eau typique des applications agricoles est présentée dans cette étude. Maîtriser la dispersion de l'eau à des fins d'irrigation ou de traitements phytosanitaires implique de réduire la consommation d’eau et la pollution de l'environnement. Un cas d'étude simplifié est construit : une buse ronde dn=1.2 mm et d'une longueur Ln=50dn y est considérée. La vitesse d'injection est fixée à UJ=35 m/s et alignée avec la gravité, plaçant le jet liquide dans un régime d'atomisation turbulent. L'écoulement est statistiquement axisymétrique. L'approche est à la fois expérimentale et numérique.Un modèle multiphasique Eulérien de mélange décrit l'écoulement constitué de deux phases. Plusieurs modèles de turbulence U-RANS sont utilisés: k-ε et RSM. Une attention particulière est alors portée à la modélisation des effets de masse volumique variable issus de la formulation du fluide de mélange. Un solveur numérique spécifique est développé à l'aide du code CFD OpenFOAM. Une série de cas d'étude est construite pour tester l'influence de la modélisation de la turbulence et des fermetures de premier/second-ordre des flux massiques turbulents.Les techniques optiques (LDV et DTV) sont déployées pour recueillir des informations statistiques des phases liquide et gazeuse du spray. La campagne expérimentale est réalisée de x/dn=0 jusqu'à x/dn=800. En ce qui concerne la LDV, des gouttelettes d'huile d'olive (~1 µm) permettent d'analyser la phase gazeuse. Une distinction entre les gouttes de liquide et ces traceurs est obtenue par une configuration spécifique de la source laser et le paramétrage de la détection des bouffées Doppler (Filtre-BP et le SNR). Dans la zone dispersée, les mesures par DTV permettent d'estimer les vitesses et les tailles des gouttes. Une attention particulière est portée à l'estimation de la profondeur de champ (DOF) afin d'obtenir une corrélation taille-vitesse des gouttes moins biaisée.Les résultats numériques et expérimentaux concordent pour le champ de vitesse moyenne. Une forte dépendance au modèle de turbulence est trouvée. Cependant, le modèle RSM ne simule pas le comportement du tenseur de Reynolds. En effet, ni l'anisotropie trouvée expérimentalement (R22/R11≈0.05), ni la vitesse de glissement liquide-gaz ne peuvent être reproduites; même avec une fermeture au 2nd-ordre des flux massiques turbulents. Le fort rapport de masse volumique (eau/air), la directionnalité de l'écoulement et la production d'énergie cinétique turbulente peuvent être à l'origine d'une faible dispersion et d'un faible mélange entre les deux fluides. Ce mécanisme n'est pas encore clarifié du point de vue de la modélisation RSMA typical water round-nozzle jet for agricultural applications is presented in this study. The dispersion of a liquid for irrigation or pesticides spraying is a key subject to both reduce water consumption and air pollution. A simplified study case is constructed to tackle both scenarios, where a round dn=1.2 mm nozzle of a length Ln=50dn is considered. The injection velocity is chosen to be UJ=35 m/s, aligned with gravity, placing the liquid jet in a turbulent atomization regime. The flow is considered statistically axisymmetric. Experimental and numerical approaches are considered.An Eulerian mixture multiphase model describes the original two-phase flow. Several U-RANS turbulence models are used: k-ε and RSM; where special attention is taken to the modelling of variable density effects from the mixture formulation. A custom numerical solver is implemented using the OpenFOAM CFD code. A series of study cases are constructed to test the influence of the turbulence modeling and first/second-order closures of the turbulent mass fluxes. LDV and DTV optical techniques are used to gather statistical information from both the liquid and the gas phases of the spray. The experimental campaign is carried out from x/dn=0 to x/dn=800. Concerning the LDV, small (~1 µm) olive-oil tracers are used to capture the gas phase, where a distinction between the liquid droplets and tracers is achieved by a specific set-up of the laser power source and the burst Doppler setting (BP-Filter and SNR). On the dispersed zone, DTV measurements are carried out to measure velocities and sizes of droplets. Special attention to the depth-of-field (DOF) estimation is taken in order to obtain a less biased droplet’s size-velocity correlation.Numerical and experimental results show good agreement on the mean velocity field. A strong dependence on the turbulence model is found. However, the RSM does not capture the same behaviour on the calculated Reynolds stresses. Indeed, neither the experimental anisotropy (R22/R11≈0.05), nor the liquid-gas slip-velocity can be reproduced, even with a second-order closure for the turbulent mass fluxes. The strong density ratio (water/air), flow’s directionality and production of turbulent kinetic energy may be the cause of a weak dispersion and mixing between the two fluids. This mechanism is not yet clarified from a RSM modeling point-of-view
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Parisot-Dupuis, Hélène. "Application de l'holographie acoustique en soufflerie par mesures LDV". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0035/document.
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L’ Holographie acoustique de champ proche (NAH) est une méthode d’imagerie acoustique robuste, mais son application en écoulement peut être limitée par l’utilisation de mesures intrusives de pression ou de vitesse acoustique. Dans cette étude, une procédure holographique applicable en écoulement utilisant des mesures de vitesse non-intrusives est proposée. Cette méthode est basée sur le théorème intégral de Kirchhoff-Helmholtz convecté. La fonction de Green convectée est alors utilisée pour déterminer des propagateurs spatiaux convectés définis dans l’espace réel et incluant l’effet d’un écoulement subsonique uniforme. Les transformées de Fourier discrètes de ces propagateurs permettent alors d’évaluer les champs acoustiques à partir de la mesure du champ de pression ou de vitesse acoustique normale. Le but étant de développer une méthode de caractérisation de sources aéroacoustiques à partir de mesures de vitesse non-intrusives, cette étude se concentre essentiellement sur les propagateurs réels convectés basés sur la mesure de vitesse acoustique. Afin de valider cette procédure,des simulations ont été menées dans le cas de combinaisons de sources monopolaires et dipolaires convectées corrélées ou non. La procédure holographique développée donne de bons résultats par comparaison aux champs acoustiques théoriques. Une comparaison des résultats obtenus par les propagateurs convectés réels, développés dans cette thèse, avec ceux obtenus par leurs formes spectrales, développés par Kwon et al. fin 2010 pour des mesures de pression acoustique, montre l’intérêt d’utiliser la forme réelle pour la reconstruction de la pression acoustique à partir de la mesure de vitesse acoustique normale. L’efficacité de la procédure développée est confirmée par une campagne de mesure en soufflerie avec un haut-parleur affleurant rayonnant au sein d’un écoulement à Mach 0.22, et des mesures non-intrusives effectuées par Vélocimétrie Laser Doppler (LDV). Les champs de vitesse acoustique utilisés pour la procédure holographique sont dans ce cas extraits des mesures LDV par corrélation avec un microphone de référence. La faisabilité de prendre en compte des variations de l’écoulement dans la direction de reconstruction holographique est également vérifiéeNearfield Acoustic Holography (NAH) is a powerful acoustic imaging method but its application in flow can be limited by intrusive measurements of acoustic pressure or velocity. In this work, a moving fluid medium NAH procedure using non-intrusive velocity measurements is proposed. This method is based on the convective Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral formula. The convective Green’s function is then used to derive convective realspace propagators including uniform subsonic airflow effects. Discrete Fourier transforms of these propagators allow then the assessment of acoustic fields from acoustic pressure or normal acoustic velocity measurements. As the aim is to derive an aeroacoustic sources characterisation method from non-inrusive velocity measurements, this study is especially focused on real convective velocity-based propagators. In order to validate this procedure, simulations in the case of combinations of monopolar and dipolar sources correlated or not, radiating invarious uniform subsonic flows, have been performed. NAH provides very favorable results when compared to the theoretical fields. A comparison of results obtained by real convective propagators, developed in this work, and those obtained by the spectral ones, developed by Kwon et al. at the end of 2010 for acoustic pressure measurements, shows the interest of using the real-form for NAH acoustic pressure reconstruction from normal acoustic velocity measurements. The efficiency of the developed procedure is confirmed by a wind tunnel campaign with a flush-mounted loudspeaker radiating in a flow at Mach 0.22 and non-intrusive Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurements. Acoustic velocity fields used for the NAH procedure are in this case extracted from LDV measurements by correlation with a reference microphone. The feasibility of taking into account mean flow variations in the direction of NAH reconstruction is also checked
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Pandey, Preetanshu. "Application evaluation of a prototype backscatter imaging LDV system (BILS)". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2660.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 100 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-86).
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Choi, Hae-Jin. "Kinematics measurements of regular, irregular, and rogue waves by PIV/LDV". Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4797.
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A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to produce benchmark wave
kinematics data for five different regular waves and the maxima of four different irregular
wave trains. Two of the irregular waves generated are in the category of rogue waves. A
series of experiments were conducted in a 2-D wave tank at Texas A&M University to
measure wave velocities and accelerations using LDV and PIV systems. The wave crests
of regular and rogue waves are the focus of this study. With the measured wave velocity
field, the wave accelerations were computed using a centered finite difference scheme.
Both local and convective components of the total accelerations are obtained from
experimental data. Also, the nonlinear wave forces on a truncated slender cylinder are
computed by applying the obtained wave kinematics to the Morison equation. The force
results based on measured wave kinematics are compared with those based on the
kinematics of linear extrapolation, Wheeler stretching, and modified stretching. The
Wheeler stretching method generally underestimates the actual wave kinematics. The
linear extrapolation method is very sensitive to the cutoff frequency of the wave spectrum.
The modified stretching method tends to predict the maximum value of wave kinematics
above the still water level (SWL) well except for the convective acceleration. The magnitude of convective acceleration in the regular waves was negligibly small, whereas
the magnitudes of horizontal and vertical convective accelerations in the rogue wave were
increased rapidly above the SWL.
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Землянський, Володимир Михайлович. "the two-wave ldv with cophased reception of the doppler signals". Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2014. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/11708.
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Daughtrey, William D. "Development of an underwater LDV for use in the high radiation case". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17256.
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García, Vizcaino David. "Sistema láser de medida de velocidad por efecto doppler de bajo coste para aplicaciones industriales e hidrodinámicas". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6892.
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La utilización práctica del efecto Doppler en la emisión láser fue propuesta desde los inicios del desarrollo de los láseres en los años sesenta. Sólo en los años ochenta la investigación realizada pudo salir del laboratorio y dar lugar a la fabricación de aparatos de medida de velocidad comerciales. A partir de los noventa estos aparatos se popularizaron rápidamente. Actualmente se utilizan medidores de velocidad láser por efecto Doppler en múltiples aplicaciones, entre las que sobresale la medida de velocidad de fluidos, para estudios aéreo e hidrodinámicos. Sus características únicas, como la precisión obtenida en la medida, su alta resolución espacial y el carácter no intrusivo, sólo han comenzado recientemente a tener rivales de consideración, como pueden ser la velocimetría de imagen de partículas (PIV). También la medida de velocidades de móviles sólidos comienza a resultar, con el abaratamiento general de los componentes opto-electrónicos, un objetivo para muchas empresas. Entre las aplicaciones de este tipo se contemplan el control de velocidad de los vehículos en carretera y el control de procesos industriales del ramo textil, papelero y deempresas fabricantes de cables, entre otros.
Empresas europeas y americanas, como Dantec Electronik y TSI, por citar las más representativas, comercializan aparatos LDA de propósito general de altas prestaciones. Hasta la fecha estos sistemas sólo podían ser adquiridos por importantes centros de investigación o grandes empresas, debido a su elevado coste. El futuro comercial de la velocimetría láser Doppler exige la fabricación de aparatos más económicos y adaptados a las necesidades del cliente. Muchos de los sistemas actuales son voluminosos,
difíciles de manejar y con potencias de trabajo elevadas. Se está llevando a cabo un importante trabajo para conseguir reducir el tamaño y coste de los equipos sin perder sus principales prestaciones. Asimismo la alta velocidad y capacidad de cálculo de los ordenadores personales actuales debe hacer innecesaria la inclusión de procesadores específicos para estos equipos.
Presentamos el diseño y construcción de un sistema integral de medida de dos componentes de la velocidad, sistema 2D-LDA, para aplicaciones industriales e hidrodinámicas de baja potencia.
Siguiendo la filosofía delineada arriba, el diseño de nuestro sistema LDA fue realizado utilizando únicamente una fuente laser y un módulo detector. Los sistemas LDA de medida de dos componentes de velocidad comercialmente disponibles, por el contrario, emplean dos longitudes de onda óptica y dos fotodetectores independientes. Las emisiones azul y verde típicas de los láseres de ion-Ar son las longitudes de onda a menudo elegidas en este tipo de medidas.
Por otra parte, se ha empleado los dos canales de entrada de una tarjeta de adquisición de uso general para realizar el disparo multinivel. Esta configuración permite trabajar en cada momento con la parte de señal burst teóricamente más adecuada, con mayor valor de relación señal a ruido.
Este trabajo ha sido financiado por la CICYT Proyecto PETRI 95-0249-OP:
REALIZACIÓN DE SISTEMAS LÁSER PORTÁTILES DE MEDIDA DE VELOCIDAD POR EFECTO DOPPLER (LDA-LDV) DE BAJO COSTE PARA APLICACIONES INDUSTRIALES E HIDRODINÁMICAS.
The practical use of the Doppler effect at optical wavelengths was proposed at the early beginning of the development of the laser, in the sixties. However, it was only in the eighties when the results of the experimental work could finally get out of the laboratories, and the first Laser Velocimeters were commercially available. In the nineties this kind of systems became rapidly popular. Nowadays the Laser Velocimeters based on the Doppler frequency shift find a lot of important applications, especially in some industrial processes and in hydrodynamic and aerodynamic research.
The unique characteristics of the Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) only recently have encountered a rival technique in the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), for applications on fluids. The main features of LDV systems are the accuracy and the speed of the measurements, the high spatial resolution and, of course, the non-intrusive character of the technique. Moreover this kind of systems present advantages not only in fluid applications: actually it can compete with the microwave radar in the estimation of the velocity of solid targets. This becomes possible due to the
progressive reduction of prices of optoelectronic devices and the improvement of its performances. The monitoring of the traffic velocity and the control of machinery in the manufacture of paper, wires and cables or thread can be mentioned among these applications.
European an American companies, as Dantek Electronic or TSI, to mention the two most representative, commercialize high performance general-purpose LDV systems. Up to the date these instruments are sizeable and expensive, and its use requires some special training. There is not doubt that the future market of the LDV systems goes through a substantial decrease of prices and, indeed, through the possibility of custom-built designs. The potential number of users would increase then in an important manner. Many efforts are now being devoted by researchers in that direction. Moreover, the important improvement of capabilities of the desktop computers makes unnecessary the special electronic processors that, up to now, have been provided by the manufacturers of LDV systems as a part of them.
In this Thesis the design and realization of a complete Laser Doppler Anemometer is presented. The system can measure two components of a fluid velocity (2D-LDA) and originally it was conceived to be used in industrial and hydrodynamics applications.
Following the philosophy outlined above, the design of our LDA system was performed with only one laser source and one detector module. The common commercially available LDAs, on the contrary, designed to measure two components of velocity, use two different optical wavelengths and two independent photodiodes.
On the other hand, a general-purpose acquisition card with two input channels has been used to implement a multilevel trigger. The configuration performed here permits to work in each moment with the part of the burst having the best signal to noise ratio.
This work has been supported by the Spanish Government, CICYT project PETRI 95-0249-OP.
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Bergan, Carl Werdelin. "Transient LDV-measurements in the draft tube of a high head Francis turbine". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26064.
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Francis-99 is a series of upcoming workshops aimed at determining the state of the art of high head Francis turbine simulations. The scope of this essay is to provide empirical data to serve as validation for the CFD simulations.Axial and tangential velocity profiles were measured for a model of the Tokke runner while operating in part load, best efficiency, and full load, at two different locations in the draft tube cone: 64mm and 382mm below the draft tube inlet. The results were phase resolved in order to calculate normal Reynolds stresses at the different operating conditions, and the results have been compared with computer simulations. The resulting velocity profiles have been evaluated with respect to the governing equations, and the correlation between velocity profiles, pressure gradients and normal stresses has been discussed. The effect of head on the velocity profiles has been evaluated, and found to have only a small impact on the reduced velocity profiles, both axially and tangentially. The repeatability of the test rig was also tested, and found to be within acceptable limits.The reliability of the measured velocity profiles is considered high enough to be admissible as validation data for the Francis-99 workshop.The simulated results show good agreement with the measured velocity profiles for axial flow, but show great discrepancies for the tangential velocity profiles. How- ever, some similarities can be seen between the simulated and measured results, and further work is required in this area.
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Wu, Howard Honezern. "LDV measurements and numerical modeling of the turbulent flow in a stirred mixer". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184528.
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It is recognized that detailed knowledge of turbulence parameters, as well as velocities, can aid in understanding and modeling mixing rate-dominated phenomena in stirred vessels. Measurements using a laser-Doppler velocimeter and modeling using a k-ε turbulence model and FLUENT, a general-purpose fluid flow modeling program, have been conducted of the flow in a baffled, turbine-agitated vessel. The complex flow patterns and high turbulence intensities explain why flows in stirred vessels are difficult to attack experimentally or numerically. In the measurements, the necessary corrections for the periodic, nondissipative velocity fluctuations in the near-impeller region, which were caused by the periodic passage of the impeller blades, were made by an autocorrelation method. With the contributions of the periodic fluctuations removed, meaningful turbulence data including turbulence intensities, autocorrelation functions, turbulence energy spectra, turbulence scales, and turbulence energy dissipation rates were obtained. Integral scales and energy dissipation rates were a particular objective in this work because of their usefulness in modeling local mixing rates in turbulent flows. An energy balance around a region containing the impeller and the impeller stream showed that 60% of the energy transmitted into the vessel via the impeller was dissipated in the region, and 40% was dissipated in the rest of the vessel. An equation for calculating local energy dissipation rates ε from total turbulence energy and resultant integral scales, ε = A q³/² /L(res), appeared adequate with constant A = 0.85 (where q ≡ uᵢuᵢ/2, L(res) ≡√LᵢLᵢ, and uᵢ and Lᵢ are, respectively, the i-th component of fluctuation velocity and the turbulence integral scale measured in direction i). Both the k-ε model (two-dimensional) and FLUENT (which employed three-dimensional k-ε and Reynolds stress models) obtained mean velocity profiles fairly close to the experimental data, but both predicted k and ε significantly lower than the measured values. The reason for the underestimation of k and ε was not entirely clear, but may have been caused by use of only the random parts of velocities for computing k and ε at the impeller boundary. The objective of modeling complex turbulent flows in stirred vessels has been accomplished, a goal which until recently would have been considered beyond the possibility of computation.
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Hassan, Ali. "Etude de l'impact des infections parasitaires et virales sur les maladies inflammatoires médiées par les lymphocytes T". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30158.
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Certains microorganismes sont capables de moduler le système immunitaire de leur hôte, ce qui peut influencer positivement ou négativement le développement et la progression de maladies inflammatoires d'origines infectieuses et auto-immunes. L'infection par certaines souches de Plasmodium, l'agent du paludisme, peut altérer des réactions auto-immunes et la co-infection avec des espèces concurrentes de Plasmodium peut modifier l'évolution clinique du paludisme. Cependant les mécanismes sous-jacents restent mal définis. Dans ce projet, nous avons étudié l'impact de certains souches de Plamsodium sur le neuropaludisme expérimental (NPE) et l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE), qui sont deux maladies inflammatoires médiées par les lymphocytes T. Nous avons observé que certaines souches de paludisme chez le rongeur protègent contre le NPE et l'EAE. Par la suite, nous avons montré que les effets protecteurs sont indépendants du parasiteet entièrement dus à un virus à ARN, le lactate dehydorogenase elevating virus (LDV), co-hébergé dans le sang parasité par Plasmodium. La protection est corrélée à une réponse immune précoce typique d'une signature IFN I. Nos analyses fonctionnelles ont établi que la protection contre le NPE est due à une diminution des réponses pathogènes des LT CD4+ Th1, résultant d'une réduction de l'abondance des cellules dendritiques conventionnelles spléniques et d'une altération de la production d'IL-12p70, dépendante de l'IFN-I. En outre, nous avons montré que le LDV protège contre l'EAE en atténuant la différenciation des LT encéphalitogènes productrices d'IFN-ƴ, d'IL-17 et de GM-CSF. Notre étude a permis d'identifier un virus immuno-modulateur co-hébergé dans plusieurs stocks de Plasmodium. Au-delà de l'impact sur la communauté qui étudie le paludisme dans des modèles de rongeurs, cette étude apporte un nouvel éclairage sur les mécanismes de protection contre les maladies inflammatoires véhiculés par l'infection. Ceci pourrait être utile dans la mise en place de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutique contre les complications associées au paludisme et contre l'auto-immunitéSome microorganisms are able to modulate the immune system of their host, which can influence the development and progression of inflammatory diseases positively or negatively. Co-infection with concurrent species or a simple infection with certain strains of Plasmodium, the malaria agent, can alter the clinical course of malaria as well as autoimmune reactions, but in both cases the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. In this project, we studied the impact of certain strains of Plasmodium on the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which are respectively an infectious and autoimmune inflammatory disease mediated by T lymphocytes. We showed that some rodent strains of malaria protect against ECM and EAE. Then, we found that the protective effect is independent from the parasite and is entirely due to an RNA virus, the lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV), co-hosted in Plasmodium-parasitized blood. The protection was correlated with an early immune response typical of type I IFN signature. Our functional analyzes indicated that the protection against ECM is due to a decrease in the pathogenic responses of Th1 CD4+ cells, resulting from an IFN-I-dependent reduction in the abundance of conventional splenic dendritic cells and in the production of IL-12p70. In addition, we established that LDV protects against EAE by attenuating the differentiation of IFN-ƴ, IL-17 and GM-CSF-producing encephalitogenic T cells. Our study identified an immunomodulatory virus co-hosted in several Plasmodium stocks, which will have an impact on the mouse malaria community. In addition, this study sheds new light on the mechanisms of protection against inflammatory diseases by infectious agents, which could be useful in the implementation of new therapeutic strategies against malaria complications and autoimmunity
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山本, 和弘, Kazuhiro YAMAMOTO, 泰樹 西澤 i Yasuki NISHIZAWA. "強乱流予混合火炎の流れ場と構造". 日本機械学会, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9347.
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DeVlaminck, James Raymond. "Extracting the Rotational Degrees of Freedom From a Reconstructed Three-Dimensional Velocity Field Along With an Analytical Demonstraton and a Proposed Method for Experimental Verification". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34173.
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A theoretical method for extracting the rotational degrees of freedom from a reconstructed three-dimensional velocity field has been developed. To extract the angular velocities the curl of the translational velocities must be performed. The three-dimensional velocity field is to be equally spaced so that the DFT-IDFT technique of taking partial derivatives of the translational velocities is used. A program was written in C along with MATLAB® which performed the theoretical calculations.
Two proposed methods of experimentally verifying the angular velocity data is developed using a Kistler translational/angular piezobeam accelerometer to compare against the DFT-IDFT partial derivative technique for calculating the angular velocities.Master of Science
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Dudley, Tom E. "Plant closure and policy response : an examination of the LDV closure, impact and response". Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/c2b86698-a866-4246-8004-5600b29290e9/1.
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The de-industrialisation of the UK economy caused by globalised international markets, advancements in technology and production with changing consumer demands have made much of what was ‘traditional’ manufacturing redundant; this has led to industrial restructuring or even collapse, resulting in mass job redundancies. Market and industrial pressures have intensified since the late 1990s, culminating in the symbolic collapse of MG Rover in 2005 in addition to other key producers in the West Midlands, which represented the end of mass automotive production in the region (Donnelly et al. 2012). This came alongside various geographical, political and economic factors, including the restructuring of regional development agencies, prolonged industrial decline and a period of national economic recession, which presented challenges for any recovery. This thesis examines more precisely the closure of the commercial vehicle manufacturer LDV in 2009, once a part of the larger conglomerate British Leyland. The closure further reinforced the decline in UK automotive manufacturing until that point. The research involves the corporate collapse of LDV and the local government reaction to the closure and the following re-employment pathways of the redundant LDV workforce. The research continues the discussion of plant closures and the issues that redundant workers face when engaged in the labour market during economic recession. In particular, the thesis contribution employs a qualitative approach to examine the difficulties faced by the office tier, or ‘white collar’, workers who possess relatively high skills and who regarded as flexible and less vulnerable workers within the labour market. Yet this research exposes that highly skilled specialist workers are themselves also subject to unique issues when adjusting to the labour market. This topic is covered through the concept of worker trajectories: the research illustrates the unique employability issues and job precariousness that highly skilled workers can experience. The research concludes that the ability of highly skilled redundant workers to adapt effectively requires local job recovery strategies to implement short- and long-term policies with an emphasis on better job search and network development for individuals to sustain a resilient economy, and to mitigate the effects of plant closure upon redundant workers and maintain high skills within the region.
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Finstad, Pål Henrik Enger. "Undersøkelse av ustasjonære og turbulente forhold i minirigg ved hjelp av LDV, trykkmålinger og CFD". Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10509.
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Diplomoppgava fortsetter arbeidet som blei starta i prosjektoppgava høsten 2008. Det er utført laboratorieforsøk på en minirigg der spinn settes opp i et vertikalt rør. Nedstrøms kan vann injiseres tangentielt gjennom ei dyse i motsatt retning av spinnet. Strømningsbildet og trykksvingninger er tidligere undersøkt ved hjelp av pitot og trykkmålinger. Arbeidet i denne oppgava omfatter utbedring av miniriggen for måling med LDV, samt supplerende målinger av hastighet med LDV og trykkmålinger. En rekke målinger av hastighet og trykk er gjort for å undersøke strømningsbildet uten og med vanninjeksjon. De eksperimentelle resultata er sammenligna med numeriske beregninger gjort i ANSYS CFX. Det er funnet at vanninjeksjon dreper spinnet i strømninga, og gir lavere tangentiell hastighet. I flere tilfeller minsker trykkpulsasjonene, men det er også funnet at vanninjiseringa kan ha motsatt effekt. Dette avhenger av swirlnummer og trykk i strømninga. Det er ikke funnet sammenfallende frekvenser for trykkpulsasjona og det turbulente hastighetsleddet. De numeriske simuleringene beskriver strømningsbildet på en tilfredsstillende måte uten vanninjeksjon. Spinnet underpredikerers, i tillegg til at profilformen avviker noe. Ved vanninjeksjon dempes spinnet betraktelig mer i de numeriske simuleringene enn hva som virkelig er målt i lab. Særlig den tangentielle hastigheta og det tangentielle momentet avviker mye i verdi.
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Primus, Julien. "Détermination de l'impédance acoustique de matériaux absorbants en écoulement par méthode inverse et mesures LDV". Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787256.
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La réduction des nuisances sonores est un enjeu permanent pour les acteurs de l'aéronautique. L'optimisation de la réduction de bruit apportée par les traitements acoustiques tapissant la nacelle des réacteurs turbofan passe par une caractérisation précise des matériaux employés dans l'environnement aéroacoustique d'utilisation, qui met en jeu un écoulement rasant de vitesse importante combiné à de forts niveaux sonores. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthode inverse pour la détermination de l'impédance acoustique de liners soumis à un écoulement rasant, basée sur des mesures non intrusives du champ de vitesse acoustique au-dessus du matériau par Vélocimétrie Laser Doppler (LDV). L'impédance de liner est obtenue par minimisation de l'écart entre le champ de vitesse acoustique mesuré et le champ simulé numériquement en résolvant les équations d'Euler linéarisées bidimensionnelles harmoniques, discrétisées par un schéma Galerkin discontinu. Le gradient de la fonction objectif minimisée est calculé via la résolution, à chaque itération, des équations directes et adjointes. Une première étape de validation du solveur est effectuée sur des cas-tests académiques, puis sur des cas expérimentaux impliquant des mesures de pression acoustique en paroi rigide opposée au liner. Dans un second temps, la méthode est appliquée à des mesures de vitesse acoustique obtenues par LDV dans le banc B2A de l'ONERA en l'absence d'écoulement. La dernière étape consiste à prendre en compte l'effet d'un écoulement rasant de profil cisaillé. Les impédances identifiées à partir de mesures LDV en présence d'écoulement ont notamment permis de gagner en compréhension sur les phénomènes d'absorption intervenant dans le banc B2A.
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Foreman, Michael J. "Flow field measuremnts of an airfoil with deflected spoiler using a two-component LDV sys". Thesis, Monterey, California: U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/21868.
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Murray, Kenneth Douglas. "Automation and extension of LDV measurements of off-design flow in a cascade wind tunnel". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25708.
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Felis, Carrasco Francisco Ignacio. "Instalación y Pruebas de un Sistema de Medición de Velocidad por LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry)". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103561.
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Autorizada por el autor, pero con restricción para ser publicada a texto completo hasta el año 2014El principal objetivo de este trabajo de título fue instalar un sistema de medición de velocidades de flujo en fluidos por anemometría láser Doppler (LDV). Esto se realizó en el marco del proyecto Fondecyt N°1085015, cuyos estudios apuntan a la caracterización de los flujos de transporte de calor y momentum a través de dispositivos de cortinas de aire doble jet-doble flujo. Parte de estos estudios se realizan en un montaje experimental, el cual simula el calor generado por un incendio en un túnel a escala, donde el objetivo de las cortinas de aire es contener el calor, generado por una fuente térmica, aislándolo de las zonas que se quiere proteger, y que deberán mantenerse a una temperatura moderada. Dentro de este montaje experimental, se instaló el dispositivo LDV junto con un sistema de medición de temperaturas por termocupla fina. La operación de estos instrumentos permitió la medición simultánea del campo de velocidad y temperatura, promedio y fluctuante, al interior del túnel donde evoluciona el doble jet-doble flujo. Para probar los instrumentos se consideraron tres casos de estudio. El primero fue un caso base de prueba, donde se obtuvieron perfiles de velocidad y temperatura de manera simultánea, lo que permitió posteriormente calcular el factor de correlación velocidad-temperatura, el cual corresponde al transporte de calor turbulento. Posteriormente, el caso dos y tres corresponde al análisis de las correlaciones velocidad-temperatura en la dirección vertical y horizontal del jet respectivamente. Se obtuvieron los valores de esta correlación en perfiles horizontales a distintas alturas del jet, encontrando que el transporte de calor turbulento aumenta considerablemente de magnitud, a medida que el jet se ensancha en los niveles inferiores más cercanos a la zona de impacto. Sin embargo, la dirección neta de este transporte de calor no pudo determinarse claramente, debido a una alta dispersión de los datos obtenidos. Se concluye que las condiciones de medición son determinantes al momento de obtener los datos de temperatura y velocidad simultáneamente. Especial cuidado debe tenerse en el sembrado de partículas y alineación de los instrumentos, para así obtener resultados concordantes con la teoría del fenómeno.
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Primus, Julien. "Détermination de l'impédance acoustique de matériaux absorbants en écoulement par méthode inverse et mesure LDV". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0026/document.
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La réduction des nuisances sonores est un enjeu permanent pour les acteurs de l’aéronautique. L’optimisation de la réduction de bruit apportée par les traitements acoustiques tapissant la nacelle des réacteurs turbofan passe par une caractérisation précise des matériaux employés dans l’environnement aéroacoustique d’utilisation, qui met en jeu un écoulement rasant de vitesse importante combiné à de forts niveaux sonores. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthode inverse pour la détermination de l’impédance acoustique de liners soumis à un écoulement rasant, basée sur des mesures non intrusives du champ de vitesse acoustique au-dessus du matériau par Vélocimétrie Laser Doppler (LDV). L’impédance de liner est obtenue par minimisation de l’écart entre le champ de vitesse acoustique mesuré et le champ simulé numériquement en résolvant les équations d’Euler linéarisées bidimensionnelles harmoniques, discrétisées par un schéma Galerkin discontinu. Le gradient de la fonction objectif minimisée est calculé via la résolution, à chaque itération, des équations directes et adjointes. Une première étape de validation du solveur est effectuée sur des cas-tests académiques, puis sur des cas expérimentaux impliquant des mesures de pression acoustique en paroi rigide opposée au liner. Dans un second temps, la méthode est appliquée à des mesures de vitesse acoustique obtenues par LDV dans le banc B2A de l’ONERA en l’absence d’écoulement. La dernière étape consiste à prendre en compte l’effet d’un écoulement rasant de profil cisaillé. Les impédances identifiées à partir de mesures LDV en présence d’écoulement ont notamment permis de gagner en compréhension sur les phénomènes d’absorption intervenant dans le banc B2AWhile aircraft noise constraints become increasingly stringent, efficient duct treatment of turbofan engines requires an accurate knowledge of liner impedance with grazing flow at high acoustic levels. This thesis aims at developing an impedance eduction method in the presence of grazing flow. The inverse process is based on acoustic velocity fields acquired by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) above the liner. The liner acoustic impedance is obtained by minimization of the distance between the measured acoustic velocity field and the simulated one. Computations rely on the resolution of the 2D linearized Euler equations in the harmonic domain, spatially discretized by a discontinuous Galerkin scheme. The gradient of the objective function is achieved by the resolution, at each iteration on the liner impedance, of the direct and adjoint equations. The solver is first validated on academic test cases, then on experimental results of acoustic pressure measurements at the rigid wall opposite the liner. Secondly the method is applied to acoustic velocity measurements obtained by LDV above the liner without flow, in the ONERA B2A test bench. The last step consists in taking into account the effects of a sheared grazing flow. The impedances educed from LDV measurements in the presence of flow namely allowed to gain insight into the absorption phenomena occuring in the B2A test bench
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Zima, Andrew David Jr. "Misalignment Effects of the Self-Tracking Laser Doppler Vibrometer". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32471.
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There are many limitations to the current methods used to measure vibration on rotating structures. These limitations include physical flow blockages, relating the measurement spot to the structure rotation, data processing issues, and having to physically alter the engine. This work further describes aspects of a self-tracking laser vibrometry system that can be used to measure the vibrations of rotating structures. This method, if setup correctly, has the capability to overcome many of the limitations listed above. A study of all misalignment effects is presented in this thesis. The study consists of a parametric sensitivity analysis of misalignment variables, a parametric Monte Carlo analysis of misalignment variables, and a full interaction Monte Carlo analysis of misalignment variables. In addition, the results of the misalignment variable analyses were used to develop a self-tracker test rig for obtaining fan vibration from a Pratt and Whitney JT15D turbofan engine. A prototype this test rig was designed, built, and tested on the turbofan. It was found that in order to achieve acceptable amounts of position and velocity error using the self-tracker LDV system, very strict alignment of the optical equipment is necessary. Additionally, the alignment criteria can likely be achieved with the use of digitally controlled high precision linear motion equipment.Master of Science
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Hreiz, Rainier. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de séparateurs gaz-liquide cyclindriques de type cyclone". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL100N/document.
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Ce travail se penche sur l'étude expérimentale et la simulation numérique du GLCC, un séparateur gaz-liquide cyclonique destiné à de l'industrie pétrolière.Les expériences sont menées sur un pilote air-eau. Dans un premier temps, des observations visuelles ont permis de caractériser le fonctionnement du système en fonction des débits d'entrée. L'influence de la géométrie du système ainsi que des propriétés des fluides sont également considérées.Dans un second temps, l'hydrodynamique de l'écoulement tourbillonnaire dans le séparateur est étudiée par vélocimétrie laser Doppler.Cette étude expérimentale, en mettant l'accent sur le rôle important du fillament tourbillonnaire, a permis d'expliquer pour la première fois divers aspects des écoulements tourbillonnaires turbulents. L'analyse des résultats met également en évidence les nombreuses limites du modèle théorique utilisé pour dimensionner les GLCCs.Côté numérique, les écoulements tourbillonnaires en conduite sont étudiés par une approche CFD utilisant le code commercial Fluent 6.3. Les résultats montrent que la CFD peut reproduire correctement les écoulements tourbillonnaires monophasiques. Cependant, en diphasique, les techniques de simulation actuelles ne conviennent pas pour simuler ce type d'écoulementThis work focuses on the experimental study and numerical simulation of the GLCC, a gas-liquid cyclone separator developed for the oil industry.The experiments are conducted on an air-water pilot. In a first step, visual observations were used to characterize the system operation according to the incoming flow rates. The influence of system's geometry and the fluid's properties are also considered.In a second step, the hydrodynamics of the vortex flow in the separator is studied by laser Doppler velocimetry.This experimental study, focusing on the important role of the vortex filament, allowed to explain for the first time various aspects of turbulent swirling flows. The analysis of the results also highlights the many limitations of the theoretical model used to design the GLCC.On the numerical side, the swirling flows in pipes are studied via the CFD commercial code Fluent 6.3. The results show that CFD can correctly reproduce the single-phase vortex flow.However, for multiphase flow simulations, it is shown that the current simulation techniques are not suitable to simulate this type of flow
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Caruso, Todd M. "Three-component LDV measurements of corner vortices over second-generation, controlled-diffusion, compressor blades in cascade". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA397132.
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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2001.Thesis advisor: Hobson, Garth V. "September 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 89). Also available online.
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Nath, Subhra K. "Spectral estimates and flow characteristics from non-uniformly sampled LDV data in a turbulent junction vortex". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54395.
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The strongly time variant flow in an incompressible, turbulent junction vortex formed at the base of a streamlined cylinder with a circular leading edge placed normal to a flat surface was investigated. The investigation centered around spectral analysis and time resolved measurements of the velocity fluctuations to characterize the time variant flow on the plane of symmetry. All the measurements were performed with a two-color, two-component, frequency shifted laser Doppler velocimeter.
Spectral analysis methods for randomly sampled data occurring from the LDV were evaluated under various simulated and real flow situations. The real flow situations studied were the vortex shedding flow behind a cylinder and the two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. The spectral estimates obtained from the discretized lag product method were found to be better than those obtained from the direct transform method. It was found that the exact lag product method does not offer significant improvements in the spectral estimates to offset its computational slowness.
The mean velocity vectors in the junction vortex showed a single vortex on the plane of symmetry and a singular separation point upstream of the cylinder.
The time resolved measurements showed the instantaneous separation point on the plane of symmetry to be randomly oscillating between two limits. Maximum possible excursions of the junction vortex position and size were also obtained form the time resolved measurements.
The turbulence intensities in the junction vortex were found to be at least two to three times higher than typical two-dimensional boundary layer values. The histograms of instantaneous velocity fluctuations deviated from the expected Gaussian distributions and were found to have multiple peaks.
The spectral content of the junction vortex flow was investigated. The overall character of the junction vortex flow was found to be similar to a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer, with greater amplification perceived in the lower frequencies relative to the higher frequencies. The spectra at locations above the time mean center of the junction vortex showed distinct peaks around 20-30 Hz, unlike boundary layer flows.Ph. D.
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Morilhat, Sylvain. "Modélisation des fluctuations de la pression pariétale d'une couche limite turbulente pour des applications en vibro-acoustique". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESAE0041/document.
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Une couche limite turbulente se développant le long d’une paroi présente des fluctuationsde vitesses et de pression importantes. Si la paroi du profil est suffisammentsouple, les fluctuations de pression pariétale peuvent la faire rentrer en vibration cequi induit un rayonnement acoustique de chaque côté de la paroi. Ce scenario estl’un des mécanismes de génération de bruit interne dans les aéronefs. Le but de cettethèse est de proposer un modèle de reconstruction des fluctuations de pression pariétaleafin de prévoir in fine le bruit rayonné. Plutôt que de reposer sur une approchesemi-empirique, les modèles développés dans cette thèse se basent sur la résolutionanalytique de l’équation de Poisson liant les fluctuations de pression aux fluctuationsde vitesses. Ces dernières sont modélisées par exemple à l’aide des profils moyensde la couche limite obtenus grâce à un calcul RANS. La résolution de l’équation dePoisson dans ce contexte a déjà été entreprise en particulier par Lysak et Aupoixet leurs travaux sont le point de départ de cette thèse. Cependant, leur modèle nedonne qu’une description temporelle des fluctuations de pression pariétale alors queles aspects spatiaux sont nécessaires pour une application vibro-acoustique. L’apportde cette thèse consiste donc en une modification de leur modèle afin de palliercette difficulté. En parallèle de ces travaux de modélisation, une expérience de validationen soufflerie a été élaborée et mise en place. Les fluctuations de vitesses ontété mesurées par vélocimétrie laser tandis que les fluctuations de pression pariétaleont été mesurées à l’aide de micro-tiges mobiles. Le modèle initialement développéà été affiné à l’aide de ces mesures. En particulier, une description anisotrope desfluctuations de vitesses a été développée, ce qui est plus cohérent pour un écoulementcisaillé que la description homogène isotrope utilisée jusqu’alors. Les modèlesdéveloppés ont un large recoupement avec le modèle semi-empirique de Corcos quiest la référence utilisée pour les applications en vibro-acoustique. Cependant, desdifférences comportementales importantes aux hautes et basses fréquences ont étémises en évidence. Le modèle de Corcos peut donc être remis en question pour cesplages fréquentielles. Ces résultats théoriques doivent néanmoins être confortés pardes mesuresLarge pressure and velocity fluctuations are present inside a turbulent boundarylayer developing along a wall. A non-rigid wall can be excited by the wall pressurefluctuations and thus acoustic radiations will be emitted above and bellow the wall.This scenario is one the mechanism of intern noise generation inside aircraft. Theaim of this thesis is to elaborate a turbulent wall pressure fluctuations model inorder to compute the noise radiated by the vibrating wall at the end. Modelsdeveloped during this thesis do not rely on an semi-empirical approach as they arebased on the analytical resolution of Poisson’s equation relating pressure and velocityfluctuations. This kind of approach has already been used by Lysak and Aupoix andtheir work was the starting point of this thesis. However, their model only gives atemporal description of the wall pressure fluctuations while a temporal and spatialdescription is needed for vibro-acoustics application. The major contribution of thisthesis is to modify their model in order to overcome this incapacity. In parallelto this theoretical modelling, a wind-tunnel experimental campaign dedicated tovalidation was designed and implemented. Velocity fluctuations were measured usingLaser Doppler Velocimetry while wall pressure fluctuations were measured usingmobile wall-mounted microphones. The initial model was improved using thesemeasurements. In particular, an anisotropic description of the velocity fluctuationswas developed which is more consistent for a sheared flow than the homogeneous andisotropic description used by Lysak and Aupoix. For a large frequency range, thefinal model behaves similarly to Corcos’ model which is the most used reference forvibro-acoustics applications. However, large differences were highlighted for low andhigh frequencies. Therefore the validity of Corcos’ model is questionable for thesefrequency range. These theoretical results must still be confirmed by experimentaldata
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Ilie, Katherine-Rodica, i Katherine ilie@rmit edu au. "Modelling, Simulation and Optimisation of Asymmetric Rotor Profiles in Twin-screw Superchargers". RMIT University. Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080213.144857.
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There is a growing recognition worldwide of the need for more powerful, smaller petrol engines, capable of delivering the higher picking power of larger engines, yet still being economical and environmentally friendly when used for day-to-day driving. An engineering solution for more efficient engines has been considered by research so far. It has been identified that superchargers can potentially improve the performance of automotive engines; therefore research has focused on developing superchargers and supercharger components with higher efficiency. Of particular interest to the research presented in this thesis has been the twin-screw supercharging compressor with design adapted for automotive use (the twin-screw supercharger). The performance of this supercharger type depends on the volume and total losses of the air flow through the supercharger rotors more than on any other aspects of its behaviour. To accurately predict the efficiency of the twin-screw su percharger for matching a particular engine system, accurate supercharger design is required. The main objective of this research was the investigation of the existing limitations of twin-screw superchargers, in particular leakage and reduced efficiency, leading to the development of optimal asymmetric rotor profiles. This research has been completed in four stages defining an innovative rotor design method. The parametric three-dimensional geometric model of twin-screw supercharger rotors of any aspect ratio was developed. For model validation through visualisation, CAD rotor models with scalable data were generated in commercial CAD software and calibrated experimentally by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) tests. Calibrated rotor profile data can be transferred into CAD-CFD interface for flow simulation and performance optimisation. Through the application of this new rotor design method, new opportunities are created for the twin-screw supercharger design practice, making it a part of the engineering solution for more efficient engines.
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山本, 和弘, Kazuhiro YAMAMOTO, 泰樹 西澤, Yasuki NISHIZAWA, 義昭 小沼 i Yoshiaki ONUMA. "旋回噴流燃焼器を用いた強乱流予混合火炎の研究 (第3報, Slot-Correlation法による燃焼場の乱れスケールの計測)". 日本機械学会, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9348.
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Norberg, Adam D. "Facility and Methodologies for Evaluation of Hydrogen-Air Mixer Performance". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35109.
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Increased efficiency and reduced emissions from gas turbine (GT) engines are of consistently growing concern for the current gas turbine community and for the political environment. GT engines commonly produce undesirable emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitric Oxides (NOx), and Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC), which all pose various threats to the environment. Lean premixed combustion of hydrogen provides a potential solution to these concerns. A key component of successful lean hydrogen combustion is the fuel-air mixer.
A facility and methodology for the evaluation of such a hydrogen-air mixer is developed and discussed in this thesis. The facility developed utilizes three experimental techniques: Mie scattering flow visualization, schlieren flow visualization, and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) to characterize and evaluate mixer performance. Results from the two flow visualization experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the established facility. The results from the Mie scattering experiment are post processed and overlaid on CFD predictions of mixer performance and many similarities are found. Capability of the LDV to measure two components of mean velocity is also demonstrated.Master of Science
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Wang, Juan. "Experimental study of two counter rotating axial flow fans". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0024/document.
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RESUME : Les machines axiales à rotors contrarotatifs subsoniques sont une bonne solution pour les industries où de fortes élévations de pressions et d'efficacités sont nécessaires sans augmenter le diamètre ou la vitesse de rotation des rotors. Néanmoins, le comportement des CRS et les paramètres impactant ses performances ne sont pas encore totalement compris. Cette thèse mène une investigation expérimentale sur la performance et les paramètres influents sur un étage contrarotatif. La technique de design et les méthodes de mesure sont repris sur une thèse précédente réalisée au laboratoire Dynfluid (Arts et métiers ParisTech). Trois étages contrarotatifs ont été fabriqués (JW1, JW2 et JW3) et testés sur le banc d'essai normalisé AERO2FANS. Ces machines ont été conçues pour avoir le même point de fonctionnement mais avec une répartition de charge différente. Les résultats expérimentaux se concentrent dans un premier temps sur JW1. Les grandeurs physiques regardées sont l'efficacité globale et l'élévation de pression statique pour juger de la performance globale de la machine. La fluctuation de pression pariétale et le champ de vitesse sont aussi mesurés. L'impact du changement de rapport de vitesse ou la distance entre les deux rotors sur la machine JW1 a été étudiée grâce aux grandeurs physiques décrits précédemment. Enfin dans une dernière partie, les trois machines sont comparées toujours grâce aux grandeurs physiques définies précédemmentABSTRACT : The counter rotating subsonic axial flow fans could be a good solution for applications where the highly improved static pressure and efficiency are required without the increase of rotational speed and fan diameter. However, the mechanisms of high performance CRS and parameters influences are not well understood nowadays. This thesis is an experimental investigation of the performance and parameter studies of two counter rotatingaxial flow ducted fans. The design and measurement methods are based on the previous research work in Laboratory Dynfluid (Arts et Métiers ParisTech). Three Counter Rotating Stages (CRS) (named JW1, JW2 and JW3) are developed and tested on a normalized test bench (AERO2FANS). These systems have same design point and differ by the distribution of loading as well as the ratio of angular velocity between the Front Rotor (FR) and Rear Rotor (RR). The first part of results focus on the JW1. The overall performance is obtained by the experimental results of the static pressure rise and static efficiency, as well as the wall pressure fluctuations recorded by a microphone on the casing wall. The parameter study is conducted to investigate the effects of the axial distance and the ratio of angular velocity between the FR and RR on the global performance and flow fields measured by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV).The last part of the work is devoted to analyze the differences of the three CRS with different distribution of work, in terms of the global performance and flow features
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Eriksson, Jan. "Experimental studies of the plane turbulent wall jet". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mechanics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3635.
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Mercier, Guillaume. "Modélisation de parcs d'hydroliennes à flux transverse avec une méthode d'équivalence". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI061/document.
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L'exploitation de l'énergie cinétique des courants marins ou fluviaux est une source d'énergie prometteuse et renouvelable. Les performances hydrodynamiques des hydroliennes sont à ce jour bien connues et l'attention se porte sur la compréhension des phénomènes de parc et l'interaction entre machines. Ce document présente la construction d'un modèle simplifié (ou méthode d'équivalence) pour les turbines à axe de rotation vertical. Une étape préliminaire consiste à valider l'utilisation de la méthode de maillage rotatif proposée par Code_Saturne (solveur CFD open source). La simulation de la turbine Darrieus/Achard A10 en 2D met en évidence une bonne concordance des mesures expérimentales (PIV). Cet outil sert dans une seconde étape à mettre au point un modèle simplifié de ces mêmes turbines. Celui-ci consiste à représenter la turbine dans l'écoulement par son équivalent en termes sources de quantité de mouvement sur la base d'une paramétrisation efficace des données empiriques. La méthode est validée pour une large plage de vitesses de rotation et de confinements, et sur plusieurs machines. La représentation du sillage par par les deux méthode de simulation est ensuite étudiée en détail. Des mesures par la technique de LDV dans le sillage proche d'un modèle réduit sont effectuées et établissent une référence expérimentale nécessaire pour ce type de machine. La dépendance forte des deux méthodes de simulation aux paramètres et aux modèles de turbulence est constatée. Deux phénomènes principaux sont relevés : la diffusion turbulente et les instabilités à grandes échelles. Des calculs de rendement sur des dispositions de machines variables illustrent l'applicabilité du modèle. Ils mettent notamment en avant l'effet positif de l'intensité turbulente ambiante sur le rendement dans un parcHarnessing kinetic energy from oceans or rivers is a promising source of renewable energy. The hydrodynamical performance of water turbines is well known and the focus is now on array optimization and turbine interaction. The present document aims to introduce a new modeling solution for vertical axis water current turbine of Darrieus/Achard type and its construction methodology. A preliminary stage consists in the validation of the new sliding mesh method available in Code_Saturne, EDF CFD open source solver. The good results obtained by comparison with PIV measurements on the Achard type turbine allow the use of this method as a reference tool. The second stage sees the construction of an equivalence model for the Darrieus turbine using momentum source terms. These terms are calculated thanks to an efficient parametrization of empirical data. The comparison of the model with full geometry calculation shows a good agreement in terms of power for a wide range of rotational velocity and blocking ratio. LDV measurements in the near wake of a small scale Achard turbine give a necessary reference set of data. The wake given by both simulations is strongly dependent of turbulence parameters or models, with the cohabitation of two main phenomena : momentum turbulent diffusion, and large scale fluctuations. To conclude, a calculation of the power output for several turbine distributions in an array illustrates the model capability
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Dober, David Michael, i Garth V. Hobson. "Three-dimensional fiber-optical LDV measurements in the endwall region of a linear cascade of controlled-diffusion stator blades". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24238.
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Derlaga, Joseph Michael. "An Experimental Study of Longitudinally Embedded Vortices in a Turbulent Boundary Layer via the Non-Invasive Comprehensive LDV Technique". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32776.
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This report documents the measurements of turbulence quantities resulting from vortices embedded in a zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer. Turbulent boundary layers are found in most flow regimes over large scale vehicles and have been studied for many years. Various systems to control separation of boundary layers have been proposed, but vortex generators have proven to be an economical choice as they are often used to fix deficiencies in a flow field after large scale production of a vehicle has commenced. In order to better understand the interaction between vortex generators and the boundary layer in which they are embedded, an experiment has been performed using through non-invasive Comprehensive Laser Doppler Velocimeter.
The results show that normalization on edge velocity is appropriate for comparison with previous work. The 1/S parameter and vq^2 parameter were found to be most appropriate to correlate the Reynolds stresses and triple products, respectively. The higher inflow edge velocity and greater momentum thickness, creating a lower vortex generator to boundary layer height ratio, result in a more diffuse vortex as compared to previous work conducted in the same wind tunnel, with the same geometry, but with different inflow conditions.Master of Science
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ELSHAMY, OMAR M. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF STEADY AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF TRANSVERSE LIQUID JETS". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179052529.
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Chakraborty, Sharmishtha. "Flow characteristics of a transverse water jet into an unconfined water channel". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1751.
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The flow pattern of a transverse jet in a crossflow is complex due to the interaction between the jet and the crossflow. This interaction plays a significant role in practical fluid mixing including effluent discharge in water, film cooling and chemical mixing chamber. In this research, the flow patterns of a transverse jet in an open channel were studied experimentally and numerically. For this detailed study, three velocity ratios 2, 3 and 4 and two water depths 100 and 200 mm were considered. The objectives of this study were: To explore the velocity distribution for different velocity ratios To analyse the turbulence characteristics of the water jet in a crossflow To simulate the flow dynamics using three turbulence models (k - E. k – w and RSM) To compare the experimental results with the predictions arising from the turbulence models.
The experiments were conducted in Edith Cowan University’s Hydraulic Laboratory using a 13 m horizontal flume with a recirculating water system. A vertical circular pipe (23 mm diameter) was used as the jet and placed at 8.5 m from the flume inlet, normal to the crossflow. For the experimental measurements, a 2D Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) was used. The numerical simulations of the flow field were carried out using ANSYS FLUENT 14.5.
The outcomes of the study were: The trajectory of the jet centreline and the penetration of the jet were dependent on the velocity ratio For the same velocity ratio, the penetration of the jet varied with the depth but the overall relationship between these variables was complex Analysis of turbulence characteristics showed that turbulence behaviour greatly influenced mixing and entrainment of the jet flow None of the three turbulence models, in their current form, can adequately describe the full flow behaviour. However, the k - E. model performed better than the other two models for the velocity and turbulence analysis of a jet in a crossflow.
Usually, a flash jet from the bottom of a channel, induces a recirculation region at the upstream side of the channel; however, with a transverse jet in this study no upstream recirculation region was observed. The strength of the reverse flow region was influenced by the degree of blockage of the crossflow by the jet. The upstream flow deceleration rate was coupled to the jet blockage factor and the magnitude of the adverse pressure gradient on the trailing edge of the jet. This implies that either the jet blockage or the adverse pressure gradient was not strong enough to create an upstream reverse flow near the jet exit close the free surface. The velocity ratios considered in this study were ranges from low to high velocity ratios. The different flow features observed due to those velocity ratios enhance the knowledge of basic fluid dynamics. The results provide the information that the flow behaviour due to the different velocity ratios depends on the crossflow Reynolds number and the flow configuration. With the knowledge of this result, the relative importance of the flow propagation and mixing in the crossflow can be evaluated. The influence of the velocity ratio in a crossflow in an unconfined situation may aid to understand the design estimation of such flow field. The jet trajectories provide the information of penetration depths that can be used to figure out the proper mixing process of such situations.
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Enochs, Edgar R. "An LDV investigation of support structure influence on the flow field near the wingtip of a STOVL configuration in hover". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA294126.
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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1994.Thesis advisor(s): S. K. Hebbar, M. F. Platzer. "September 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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YAMAMOTO, Kazuhiro, Yasuki NISHIZAWA i Yoshiaki ONUMA. "Persistence of Laminar Flamelet Structure Under Highly Turbulent Combustion". The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9003.
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Franco, Camila, Marli Luiza Tebaldi, Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres i Andreia Buffon. "Desenvolvimento de nanocápsulas funcionalizadas com o tripeptídeo LDV para a vetorização ativa de um agente antineoplásico visando o tratamento de câncer". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/170656.
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O objetivo do presente estudo visa o desenvolvimento de um copolímero em bloco constituído por metacrilato de metila (MMA) e de dimetilaminoetila (DMAEMA), tendo como macroniciador poli--caprolactona dibromada (Br-PCL-Br), e que permite formar nanocápsulas sensíveis ao pH, contendo ou não o tripeptídeo leucina-ácido aspártico-valina (LDV) na superfície para a vetorização ativa de anti-neoplásicos. Os métodos envolveram diferentes abordagens sintéticas testadas, sendo que a técnica de transferência eletrônica por regeneração de ativadores (ATRP-ARGET) permitiu obter o copolímero PCL-P(MMA-DMAEMA)2 de forma mais prática e com rendimentos entre 30 e 70%. Por fim, o tripeptídeo LDV foi conjugado ao copolímero por meio do ligante metacrilato de 2-isocianato de etila (IEM). Um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi adaptado para a quantificação da doxorrubicina e as nanopartículas foram preparadas por nanoprecipitação e avaliadas quanto à capacidade de expandir em diferentes pHs e citotoxicidade em células de câncer de mama. Os resultados do copolímero demonstram, por análises de infravermelho (IR-FT), sinais característicos em 2900 cm-1 e 1720 cm-1 correspondentes às funções –CH e –C=O. A análise de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN 1H) mostra a caracterização das cadeias hidrocarbônicas do copolímero, sendo que os deslocamentos químicos em 2,8 ppm e 3,8 ppm correspondem aos sinais dos grupamentos –CH2-N do DMAEMA e -OCH3 do MMA. As nanocápsulas preparadas a partir do copolímero expandiram de diâmetro quando expostas à pH ácido. Uma vez que o PMMA foi identificado como componente mais citotóxico, o copolímero foi otimizado por meio da redução da quantia de MMA. A quantificação da doxorrubicina encapsulada nas nanopartículas preparadas a partir dos copolímeros não otimizado (ARGET-A) e otimizado (ARGETB) foi de 61,42% e 64,88%, respectivamente. No estudo de citotoxicidade, as nanopartículas preparadas a partir do copolímero ARGET-B apresentaram-se eficazes no controle da proliferação celular de MCF-7. Conclui-se que o método de síntese ATRP-ARGET-B foi o mais apropriado para a produção do copolímero empregado no desenvolvimento de nanopartículas pH responsivas eficazes no 6 controle da proliferação de células tumorais. Ainda, existe a possibilidade do emprego do copolímero contendo o tripeptídeo LDV para alcançar uma vetorização ativa em células de câncer por meio da interação com integrinas específicas. Entretanto, até o presente, não foi realizada a avaliação das nanopartículas contendo LDV.The objective of the present study looks for the development of a block copolymer constituted by methyl methacrylate (MMA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), having poly--caprolactone dibromated (Br-PCL-Br) as a macroinitiator and, that could form pH sensible nanocapsules with or without the tripeptide leucineaspartic acid-valine (LDV) in its surface for active vectorization of anti-neoplasics. The methods employed different synthetic approaches tested, being that the activator regenerated by eletron transfer technique (ATRP-ARGET) allowed to obtain the copolymer PCL-P(MMA-DMAEMA)2 in a practicle way and with incomes between 30 and 70%. Finally, the tripeptide LDV was linked to the copolymer through the 2- isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). A high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was adapted to doxorubicin quantification and, the nanopartircles were prepared by nanoprecipitation and evaluated conserning its ability to expand in different environments and citotoxycity in mammary cancer cells. The results from the copolymer demonstrated, by infrared (FT-IR), characteristic signals of 2900 cm-1 and 1720 cm-1 from the functions –CH and –C=O. And hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN 1H) analysis allowed the characterization of the hydrogen-carbonic chains of the copolymer, being that the chemical displacement in 2,8 ppm and 3,8 ppm corresponds to the signals of the groups –CH2-N from DMAEMA and –O-CH3 from MMA. The nanocapsules prepared from the copolymer expanded its diameter when exposed to acidic pH. Once PMMA was identified as the most toxic component the copolymer was optimized by the reduction of MMA amount. Doxorubicin quantification in the nanocapsules prepared with the copolymers not optimized (ARGET-A) and optimized (ARGET-B) was 61,42% and 64,88%, respectively. In the cytotoxicity study, the nanocapsules prepared from copolymer ARGET-B showed to be efficient to control the cellular proliferation of MCF-7. It can be concluded that the ATRP-ARGET-B method was the more appropriate one for the copolymer production, which was employed in nanocapsules pH responsive effective to control 8 tumor proliferation. Besides, there is the possibility to use the copolymer functionalized with LDV to achieve an active delivery to cancer cells by it interaction with specific integrins. However, till the present, it was not realized the evaluation of the nanocapsules with LDV.
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Dattani, Poonam. "Development and Characterization of LDV Peptide Targeted Nanocarriers for Paclitaxel Delivery: A Comparative Study of Micelles, Liposomes and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles". Scholarly Commons, 2019. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3623.
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Nanocarriers have been established as delivery vehicles to target cancer tumors. However, premature drug leakage is one of the major reasons for inefficient drug delivery of nanocarriers to the tumor. Drug diffusion out of the nanocarriers or destabilization of drug loaded nanocarriers by physiological interactions with blood cells, serum proteins, and cell membranes upon systemic administration contribute to premature drug release. In this study, targeted micelles, liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of similar composition were prepared and characterized to compare physicochemical characteristics, in vitro stability, in vitro release rates in release media and in vivo performance. Peptide Amphiphiles (PAs) formed micelles with critical micelle concentration (CMC) values ranging between 23.68 ± 0.72 µM to 38.76 ± 2.27 µM. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the self-assembly of PAs into spherical structures where the largest sizes were seen for C16-(PEG2)6-LDV micelles. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) results confirmed the presence of targeted liposomes and SLNs with sizes smaller than 100 nm. Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) studies revealed that targeted micelles, liposomes and SLNs were all stable upon dilution in aqueous medium, however the stability was significantly reduced in human serum, with micelles being the least stable and SLNs being the most stable. The same trend was observed for the in vitro release profiles, where targeted paclitaxel-loaded micelles (PTX-micelles) had the fastest release rate and paclitaxel-loaded SLNs (PTX-SLN) exhibited the slowest release rate. DLS results showed that sizes of PTX-SLNs were smaller than PTX-liposomes (80.53 ± 5.37 nm vs 123.31 ± 5.87 nm). Cryogenic TEM observation showed increasing size in the order of PTX-micelles (6 to 12 nm) < PTX-SLNs (10-120 nm) < PTX-liposomes (48-145 nm). Drug Loading Content (DLC) of PTX-SLNs was greater than PTX-micelles and PTX-liposomes (7.45 ± 0.41 % vs 1.70 ± 0.42 % and 0.92 ± 0.09 %). Compared to initial aqueous dispersions, reconstituted spray dried formulations maintained their nanosize and paclitaxel content over 7 days at 4⁰C. In A375 melanoma xenograft mouse model, the tumor volumes were significantly smaller for mice treated with PTX-SLNs compared to the control group. Furthermore, tumor volumes were significantly smaller for mice treated with PTX-SLNs compared to those treated with PTX-micelles and PTX-liposomes. These studies demonstrate the potential of stable PTX-SLNs for targeted delivery in cancer.
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Vitillo, Francesco. "Contribution expérimentale et numérique à l’amélioration de l’échange thermique des échangeurs de chaleur compacts à plaques". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ESAE0039/document.
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Dans le cadre du programme CEA R&D pour développer un prototype industriel de Réacteur à Neutrons Rapides refroidi au Sodium (RNR-Na), cette thèse vise à proposer une technologie d'échangeur de chaleur compact innovant. Afin d'augmenter la compacité globale du composant la conception est réalisée d’un canal: il peut être considéré comme le résultat de la superposition de deux canaux ondulés en opposition de phase. Afin de fournir un modèle numérique physiquement cohérent, un nouveau modèle de turbulence à viscosité turbulente non linéaire nommé modèle ASST a été développé et implémenté dans le solveur ANSYS FLUENT ®. Il a été démontré que le modèle ASST peut fournir une alternative intéressante aux modèles plus complexes. Pour valider le modèle ASST, deux montages expérimentaux ont été réalisés, dont un utilisant la Vélocimétrie Laser à franges et l'autre la Vélocimétrie Laser par images de particules. Pour la validation thermique, l'installation "VHEGAS" a été construite. Une fois le modèle ASST validé, les performances pour différentes géométries peuvent être étudiées. Enfin, il a été montré que la géométrie innovante est la plus compacte parmi les autres technologies d'échangeurs de chaleur compacts type PCHEIn the framework of CEA R&D program to develop an industrial prototype of Sodiumcooled Fast Reactor, the present thesis aimed to propose an innovative compact heat exchanger technology. In order to increase the global compactness the basic idea of this work is to design a channel were the fluid flow is as much three-dimensional as possible. In particular the channel can be thought as the result of the superposition of two undulated channels in phase opposition. To numerically provide a physically-consistent model, a new non-linear eddy viscosity named Anisotropic Shear Stress Transport (ASST) model has been developed and implemented into the available solver ANSYS FLUENT. To validate the numerical model, two experimental sections have been used to acquire an extensive aerodynamic database, whereas, to validate the thermal modeling approach, the VHEGAS facility has been built. Once having validated the ASST model, correlations for friction factor and Nusselt number for various geometries could be obtained. Finally, it has been shown that the innovative channel is the most compact one among the most important existing industrial compact heat exchanger technologies
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Prothin, Sébastien. "Intéraction entre un tourbillon et une couche limite : application au contrôle d'écoulement". Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00531178.
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L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser expérimentalement l’interaction entre un tourbillon longitudinal isolé et une couche limite se développant sur un profil portant bi-dimensionnel de type NACA0015 pour des incidences faibles et autour du décrochage statique. Le travail a été réalisé en tunnel hydrodynamique à Reynolds 5 105, le tourbillon est généré en amont par une aile elliptique de section NACA0020. Les campagnes de mesures ont été réalisées par LDV et PIV en ce qui concerne le champ de vitesse et par balance hydrodynamique en ce qui concerne les efforts globaux. Ce type de configuration peut être retrouvé dans les applications de contrôle d’écoulement (par utilisation de générateurs de vortex) ou en hydrodynamique navale dans les interactions « tourbillon d’ogive-safran de gouvernail ». L’originalité de la configuration étudiée réside dans le fait que le vortex est généré hors couche limite, contrairement à la configuration classique du contrôle d’écoulement en aérodynamique, où le vortex est généré à une distance de l’ordre de l’épaisseur de couche limite. Les résultats ont montré que la présence du tourbillon inhibe le phénomène d’hystérésis lors du décrochage statique du profil NACA0015, ceci étant associé à une modification notable des états de couche limite tant en valeur moyenne que fluctuante. En effet, pour les faibles incidences, la présence du tourbillon longitudinal modifie le gradient de pression, retarde de manière globale le décollement de la couche limite en ré-accélérant le fluide à la paroi. Pour les incidences plus élevées, on observe un ré-attachement de la couche limite dans la région d’inflow (zone d’apport de fluide rapide à la paroi). La dynamique de cet écoulement est analysée par décomposition orthogonale en modes propres (POD) dans le but de mieux appréhender l’alignement spatial tourbillonnaire dans le sillage des corps mis à grande incidence et contrôléThe main objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate interactions between a longitudinal vortex and turbulent boundary layer that develops on NACA0015 foil. The vortex is generated upstream by a NACA0020 and the study is realized for low and high incidence angles. Experiments were carried out in hydrodynamic tunnel of French naval academy at high Reynolds number, the vortex is generated upstream by an elliptical wing of NACA0020 section. Measurement campaigns were conducted by LDV and PIV regarding the velocity field and gauge balance in regard to global efforts. This configuration can be found in applications of flow control (by use of vortex generators) or naval hydrodynamics interactions “hub vortex- rudder”. The originality of the studied configuration is the fact that the vortex is generated outside the boundary layer, unlike the typical configuration of flow control in aerodynamics, where the vortex is generated at a distance of about the thickness of boundary layer. The results showed that the presence of the vortex suppresses the hysteresis phenomenon in the static stall of NACA0015 profile, this being associated with a marked change in states of boundary layer bothin average value fluctuates. Indeed, for low impact, the presence of the vortex changes the longitudinal pressure gradient, so delaying the overall boundary layer separation while accelerating the fluid to the wall. For higher incidences, there is a re-attachment of the boundary layer in the inflow region (area of rapid fluid delivery to the wall). Dynamics of this flow is analyzed by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) in order to better understand the spatial alignment vortex in the wakeof bodies made great impact and controlled
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Deveaux, Benjamin. "Analyse et contrôle de l'écoulement de jeu d'une aube fixe isolée". Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE009.
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L’objectif de cette ´étude est de d´écrire en détail l´écoulement de jeu afin d’en ´évaluer la sensibilité´e auxparamètres de conception ainsi que la r´réceptivité´e `a des dispositifs de contrôle par injection d’air au carter. Pourcela, on considère une géométrie simplifiée qui est constituée d’une aube fixe isolée, placée perpendiculairement `aune plaque plane représentant le carter. L’analyse de cette configuration simplifiée s’appuie sur la complémentarité´edes mesures en soufflerie et simulations numériques. La taille du jeu est le paramètre principal qui affectel’écoulement de jeu. L’épaisseur de la couche limite incidente au carter et le chargement de l’aube ont ´égalementun effet visible sur la position latérale du tourbillon de jeu. Le calcul du taux de création d’entropie local a permisd’identifier plusieurs zones de pertes dans l’écoulement. Ensuite, les pertes de pression totale ont été décomposéesen la somme d’un terme li´e au tourbillon et d’un autre li´e au déficit de vitesse longitudinale. Ce terme li´e autourbillon est responsable de l’augmentation des pertes de pression totale avec la taille du jeu. Enfin, un modèleempirique a été développé pour estimer la circulation du tourbillon de jeu ainsi que les pertes de pression totaleen fonction de la taille du jeu. Un système d’injection continue d’air dans le jeu a été évalué, les jets étant orientésperpendiculairement au carter. D’une part, cette stratégie de contrôle permet de rapprocher le tourbillon de jeude l’aube, ce qui pourrait permettre d’augmenter le domaine de fonctionnement stable d’un compresseur. D’autrepart, le champ de vorticité axiale dans le tourbillon de jeu devient plus homogène, ce qui serait intéressant pourlimiter les interactions rotor-stator. Cependant cette approche tend `a augmenter les pertes de pression totale etperd en efficacité avec un élargissement du jeuThis study aims at providing a detailed description of the tip-leakage flow, in order to analyzeits sensitivity to design parameters and to control devices based on air injection from the casing. The setup iscomposed of a single blade, set orthogonal to a flat plate that plays the role of the casing wall. The analysis isbased on experiments conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel that are complemented by CFD calculations. Thetip-leakage flow is primarily driven by the gap height. The incoming boundary layer thickness and the bladeloading also have a notable effect on the lateral position of the tip-leakage vortex. The distribution of local entropycreation rate has been used to identify areas of losses in the flow. Moreover, the total pressure losses have beendecomposed in two terms identified as a vortex loss and a wake loss. This vortex loss drives the increase of totalpressure losses with the gap height. An empirical model has been developped to predict the evolution of thetip-leakage vortex circulation and of the total pressure losses with respect to the gap height. A steady injection ofair from the casing has been evaluated, using normal jets in the gap. With this control strategy, the tip-leakagevortex tends to be closer to the blade, which could lead to an extension of the range of stable operation for axialcompressors. In addition to that, the control device smoothes out the axial vorticity field in the tip-leakage vortex,which could be interesting to reduce rotor-stator interactions. However, this control strategy leads to higher totalpressure losses and is less effective with larger gaps
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Daverat, Christophe. "Etude expérimentale de la convection naturelle en canal vertical à flux de chaleur imposé : application au rafraîchissement passif de composants actifs de l'enveloppe des bâtiments". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782327.
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La réduction de la consommation des bâtiments passe par : l'économie d'énergie, l'efficacité énergétique et l'utilisation des énergies renouvelables. Sur ce dernier point, l'intégration à grande échelle de composants photovoltaïques (PV) est une solution. Le rendement et la durée de vie des cellules PV en silicium cristalin diminuant avec l'augmentation de leur température de fonctionnement, il est essentiel de mettre au point des configurations d'intégration limitant leur échauffement. L'intégration en configuration de double-peau - la surface PV est séparée du bâtiment par une lame d'air - est une solution prometteuse. Sous l'effet de la chaleur, un écoulement de convection naturelle se met en place entre les deux parois, refroidissant ainsi les panneaux PV. Cet écoulement peut également servir de moteur pour la ventilation en été, et de préchauffage de l'air en hiver. Cette étude, expérimentale, fait partie d'un projet visant à comprendre le fonctionnement des double-peaux PV en analysant séparément les différents phénomènes physiques avant de prendre en compte l'ensemble des couplages. Elle porte plus particulièrement sur la convection naturelle au sein des double-façades verticales. Ici, la double-peau est modélisée par un canal vertical dont les deux parois principales sont chauffées sous des conditions de flux imposé. Un banc d'essais a été développé pour étudier la convection naturelle dans un canal vertical en eau. L'eau a été choisie pour se placer dans le cas d'un écoulement de convection pure (pas de rayonnement entre les parois). C'est un canal vertical de 65 cm de haut avec un écartement réglable placé dans une cuve de 1,5 m de haut contenant 160 L d'eau. Les parois sont chauffées à l'aide de 24 chaufferettes indépendantes délivrant un flux de chaleur uniforme, ce qui permet d'appliquer différentes configurations de chauffage. Des mesures de flux et de température sont réalisées au niveau des parois, et un système couplant de la velocimétrie laser Doppler deux composantes à un micro-thermocouple (25 μm) a été développé pour avoir accès aux vitesses verticale et horizontale et à la température dans le canal. Ce banc et son instrumentation sont décrits et les incertitudes de mesure associées ont été caractérisées. La configuration de chauffage uniforme symétrique a été étudiée ici pour différentes puissances injectées. Les profils de vitesse et de température moyennes mettent en évidence la présence d'un changement de régime d'écoulement dans le canal pour un nombre de Rayleigh indéntifié. L'étude approfondie des profils des fluctuations de vitesse et de température a permis de mettre au point une modélisation comportementale de ce changement de régime. De plus, une première approche est développée pour évaluer la pression dans le canal à partir de l'analyse et de l'estimation des différents termes de l'équation de conservation de la quantité de mouvement.
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Issa, Hayder Mohammed. "Characterization and improvement of a surface aerator for water treatment". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/10672/1/issa.pdf.
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A new surface aeration system for water and wastewater treatment has been studied. Its uniqueness lies in its ability to operate in two modes: aeration or simply blending (mixing) by just reversing the direction of rotation. An experimental plant has enabled to focus on mass transfer performance and hydrodynamics. The flow pattern and the velocity field measurements inside the agitated tank were performed by both the Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques for the single phase (Mixing) mode and for the two phases (Aeration) mode. The oxygen mass transfer occurs both in the water bulk and in the spray above water surface and has been independently investigated. Different configurations and operational conditions were tested during the experimental part in order to interpret phenomenon effect of the draft tube and RTP propeller, rotational speed, turbine blades submergence and else on the flow field and the oxygen mass transfer in the agitated system that produced mainly by a cone shape turbine. The experimental part dealing with hydrodynamics and flow field shows that the down-pumping operation mode with the draft tube has the most convenient results in the mixing mode with respect to turbulent flow field and mixing time. Whilst for the up-pumping aeration mode the hydrodynamics experimental results show the whole system configuration is the most convenient with regarded to mean velocities, turbulent flow intensity and mixing time. For the oxygen mass transfer experimental part, it is found that the highest standard liquid bulk aeration efficiency is achieved (SAEb = 2.65 kgO2 kw-1h-1) when the whole system configuration is used. The highest standard aeration efficiency at 20°C for the water spray zone is accomplished ((Esp)20 = 51.3 %) with the whole system configuration. Several correlations models have been derived for the oxygen mass transfer in water bulk and spray zones, power consumption and mixing time, on the basis of experimental results. They can be used as tools to estimate these parameters for geometrical and dynamical similar systems at industrial scales.
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Karásek, David. "Měření akustických polí bezkontaktními optickými metodami". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400677.
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The purpose of this paper is to assemble measurement chain dedicated to contactless measuring of acoustic fields emitted by test sources and to validate its results. At first author discusses possible optic methods which can be used to measure acoustic fields, then he talks about theoretical foundations which are needed to measure data and to reconstruct final data. The last two chapters are dedicated to cover basics about created program and to analyse various aspects which influence measured and reconstructed data. Created measurement chain is fully functional, at the end of this thesis are proposed some ways of improving
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VYAS, SAURABH. "EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZING OF VORTEX STRUCTURE IN SINUSOIDAL WAVY CHANNEL AND A CASE STUDY FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1132255225.
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Toussaint, Damien. "Couche limite turbulente sur paroi rugueuse : étude expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0122.
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Les écoulements sur parois rugueuses apparaissent dans de nombreuses situations environnementales ou industrielles, notamment dans l'aéronautique. Par rapport au cas idéal d'une paroi lisse, une augmentation de traînée et du flux de chaleur pariétal, susceptible de dégrader les performances d'un système (aile, machine tournante...), est induite par les rugosités. La prise en compte des effets des rugosités est ainsi souhaitable dans tout processus de conception. Plusieurs approches permettent de modéliser les effets de ces rugosités. Dans le cadre de cette étude, on considère la Méthode par Eléments Discrets Rugueux (DERM). Celle-ci, dont l'objectif est représenter de manière moyennée l'influence d'une paroi rugueuse sur un écoulement, est obtenue en appliquant une moyenne de volume et d'ensemble aux équations de Navier-Stokes. De nouveaux termes, notamment de traînée des rugosités et de tensions turbulentes et dispersives, apparaissent alors dans les équations. Cette étude consiste donc à proposer des pistes de fermeture pour ces termes. Pour ce faire, une campagne de mesures par LDV est réalisée afin de caractériser un écoulement de couche limite turbulente sur paroi rugueuse. Un accent particulier est accordé à l'obtention de mesures au plus près des rugosités, notamment dans leurs sillages, là où la littérature est pauvre en données. Une base de données numérique d'écoulements de canal turbulents sur paroi rugueuse est également constituée à l'aide de simulations RANS réalisées sur des rugosités résolues. Les résultats numériques sont confrontés aux mesures afin de s'assurer qu'ils sont bien représentatifs de l'écoulement réel. Ils sont enfin analysés afin de mettre en lumière le comportement des termes de l'approche DERM et de construire des modèles de fermetureTurbulent flows over rough walls can be found in various environmental and engineering situations. Focusing on aeronautical applications, unwanted rough surfaces are likely to decrease the overall efficiency of a system, skin friction, and heat transfer coefficients being generally increased compared to ideal smooth-wall situations. A careful account of the aerodynamic effects induced by surface roughness is therefore important in a design process, and several prediction strategies may be considered. The Discrete Element Roughness Method (DERM) is considered in the present study. This approach aims at resolving the averaged roughness effects and is derived by ensemble- and volume-averaging the Navier–Stokes equations, yielding three unknown terms in the momentum equation: the Reynolds stress and dispersive stress tensors and the average drag force acting on the roughness elements. The present work aims at proposing guidance for their modelling. First, a LDV measurement campaign was conducted to investigate turbulent boundary layer flows over rough surfaces. Measurements were especially performed within the roughness wake regions, that are not extensively investigated in the literature. Second, RANS simulations of turbulent channel flows over resolved rough surfaces were performed. The numerical results were then compared to the experimental data to assess the validity of the RANS simulations. Finally, these numerical results were analysed to highlight the behavior of the specific DERM terms and propose guidance for their modeling
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Benabed, Ahmed. "Contribution à l’étude de la remise en suspension de particules générée par le pas humain au sein d’une ambiance du bâtiment". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS034/document.
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Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans la thématique de la pollution particulaire de l'air intérieur et concerne plus particulièrement les phénomènes de remise en suspension liés à l'impact, au niveau du sol, des pas d'une personne qui marche sur un plancher chargé en particules. La première partie présente un état de l'art des connaissances de la pollution particulaire. Les différents paramètres expérimentaux qui influencent la remise en suspension des particules ainsi que les coefficients utilisés pour la quantification du phénomène sont recensés. Les différentes perturbations mécaniques et aérodynamiques générées lors de l'impact d'un pied avec le sol pendant la marche d'une personne sont présentées et comparées. Nous terminons la première partie par une présentation des différents modèles de remise en suspension des particules émanant d'une surface. La seconde partie est consacrée à la présentation de la maquette qui a été mise au point au laboratoire LaSIE à La Rochelle afin d'étudier le dépôt et la remise en suspension des particules par un simulateur mécanique du pas humain depuis un sol chargé en particules. Cette étude a permis de classer les différents types de surfaces utilisées dans le bâtiment en fonction de leurs émissions en particules après l'impact mécanique d'un solide. La troisième partie du travail consiste à mesurer les vitesses de l'écoulement de l'air généré par un simulateur mécanique automatisé du pas humain en différents emplacements. Les mesures de la vitesse ont été effectuées par trois types de méthodes largement utilisées dans le domaine de la mécanique des fluides : deux méthodes de Vélocimétrie Laser (Vélocimétrie par Image des particules et Vélocimétrie Laser Doppler), mais également une méthode d’Anémométrie à Fil Chaud. Ces mesures nous ont permis de trouver la zone de forte vitesse qui correspond à la zone où nous avons une remise en suspension importante. Nous avons également étudié l'influence de l'état de la surface sur les vitesses de l'écoulement générées à proximité du sol suite au mouvement du simulateur mécanique. Ces mesures ont mis en évidence que l'influence de la rugosité de la surface sur la vitesse de l'écoulement généré par le pas est marginale. Finalement, nous avons étudié analytiquement le détachement des particules en utilisant un modèle basé sur le bilan des moments de forces. Des perspectives à la fois sur l'amélioration des deux maquettes mises en place au LaSIE et à l'ERM, ainsi que le développement d'un code numérique pour simuler le pas humain sont présentées et argumentées en conclusionThis thesis work is part of indoor air particle pollution theme and more particularly the phenomenon of walking-induced particle resuspension. The first part presents a state of the art knowledge of particulate pollution. The different experimental parameters that influence the particles resuspension, as well as the coefficients used for the phenomenon quantification, are identified. The various mechanical and aerodynamic disturbances generated during person walking are presented and compared. We end the first part with a presentation of the different particles resuspension models. The second part is dedicated to present the experiment made on a small scale model developed at the LaSIE laboratory in La Rochelle to study particles deposition and resuspension by amechanical simulator of the human step from a particle-laden soil. This study classified the different types of surfaces used in the building according to their particulate emissions after the mechanical simulator impact. The third part of the work consists of measuring the airflow velocities generated by an automated mechanical simulator of the human footstep at different locations. The velocity measurements have been done in the Royal Military Academy at Brussels (RMA) by three types of methods widely used in the field of fluid mechanics : two methods of Laser Velocimetry (Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Doppler Velocimetry), but also a method of Wire Anemometry. These measurements allowed us to find the high-speed zone that corresponds to the area where we have a significant resuspension. We also studied the influence the surface roughness on the flow velocities generated near the ground following the movement of the mechanical simulator. We have shown that the influence of the surface roughness on the speed of the flow generated by the pitch is marginal. Finally, we analytically studied the detachment of particles using a model based on the momentum balance. Perspectives on both the improvement of the two models set up in LaSIE and the RMA, as well as the development of a numerical code to simulate the human step, are presented and argued in conclusion
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Landernäs, Krister. "Implementation of digital-serial LDI/LDD allpass filters". Doctoral thesis, Mälardalen University, Department of Computer Science and Electronics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-155.
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In this thesis, digit-serial implementation of recursive digital filters is considered. The theories presented can be applied to any recursive digital filter, and in this thesis we study the lossless discrete integrator (LDI) allpass filter. A brief introduction regarding suppression of limit cycles at finite wordlength conditions is given, and an extended stability region, where the second-order LDI allpass filter is free from quantization limit cycles, is presented.
The realization of digit-serial processing elements, i.e., digit-serial adders and multipliers, is studied. A new digit-serial hybrid adder (DSHA) is presented. The adder can be pipelined to the bit level with a short arithmetic critical path, which makes it well suited when implementing high-throughput recursive digital filters.
Two digit-serial multipliers which can be pipelined to the bit level are considered. It is concluded that a digit-serial/parallelmultiplier based on shift-accumulation(DSAAM) is a good candidate when implementing recursive digital systems, mainly due to low latency. Furthermore, our study shows that low latency will lead to higher throughput and lower power consumption.
Scheduling of recursive digit-serial algorithms is studied. It is concluded that implementation issues such as latency and arithmetic critical path are usually required before scheduling considerations can be made. Cyclic scheduling using digit-serial arithmetics is also considered. It is shown that digit-serial cyclic scheduling is very attractive for high-throughput implementations.
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Tian, Qing. "Some Features of Tip Gap Flow Fields of a Linear Compressor Cascade". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9673.
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This thesis presents some results from an experimental study of three-dimensional turbulent tip gap flows in the linear cascade wind tunnel, for two different tip gap clearances (t/c=1.65% and 3.3%). The experiments focus on near-wall flow field measurements for the stationary wall and moving wall, and static pressure measurement on the low end-wall for the stationary wall case. The representative flows were pressure driven, three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers in the linear cascade tunnel for the stationary wall case, and the combination of the pressure driven and shear driven flow for the moving wall case.
Several experimental techniques are used in the studies: a three-orthogonal-velocity-component fiber-optic laser Doppler anemometer (3D-LDA) system, surface oil flow visualization, and a scanivalve system for static pressure measurement through pressure ports on the end-wall. From the details of the oil flow visualization pattern on the end-wall, some features of the passage flow, cross flow, and the tip leakage vortex in this cascade flow were captured. Oil flow visualization on the blade surface reveals the reattachment of the tip leakage vortex on the blade surface. The static pressure results on the lower end-wall and mid-span of the blade show huge pressure drop on the lower end-wall from the pressure side to the suction side of the blade and from mid-span to the lower end wall. The end-wall skin friction velocity is calculated from near-wall LDA data and pressure gradient data using the near-wall momentum equation.
The statistics of Reynolds stresses and triple products in two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer and three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer was examined using a velocity fluctuation octant analysis in three different coordinates (the wall collateral coordinates, the mid tip gap coordinates, and the local mean flow angle coordinates). The velocity fluctuation octant analysis for the two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer reveals that ejections of the low speed streaks outward from the wall and the sweeps of high speed streaks inward toward the wall are the dominant coherent motions. The octant analysis for the three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in the tip gap shows that the dominant octant events are partially different from those in the two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer, but ejection and sweep motions are still the dominant coherent motions. For the three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in the moving wall flow, the near-wall shear flow reinforces the sweep motion to the moving wall and weakens the out-ward ejection motion in the shear flow dominant region. Between the passage flow and the shear flow, is the interaction region of the high speed streaks and the low speed streaks. This is the first time that the coherent structure of the three-dimensional turbulent boundary in the linear cascade tip gap has been studied.Master of Science