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Chapman, Renee D. "Laws, etc." Serials Review 15, nr 1 (marzec 1989): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00987913.1989.10763873.
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Smith, Deborah C. "Properties, laws, and worlds". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 45, nr 4 (sierpień 2015): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2015.1094715.
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AbstractJonathan Schaffer argues against a necessary connection between properties and laws. He takes this to be a question of what possible worlds we ought to countenance in our best theories of modality, counterfactuals, etc. In doing so, he unfairly rigs the game in favor of contingentism. I argue that the necessitarian can resist Schaffer’s conclusion while accepting his key premise that our best theories of modality, counterfactuals, etc. require a very wide range of things called ‘possible worlds’. However, the necessitarian can and should insist that, in many cases, these worlds are not metaphysically possible. I will further argue that, having taken such a stance, the necessitarian has additional resources to respond to Schaffer’s other arguments against the view.
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Carey, Christopher. "The shape of Athenian laws". Classical Quarterly 48, nr 1 (maj 1998): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/48.1.93.
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The title is unashamedly plagiarized from Stephen Todd's excellent book, The Shape of Athenian Law. The plagiarism is slightly misleading, however, since my interest is in law as enactment (Gesetz) while Todd's title expresses his interest in law as system (Recht). The issue I wish to address is the formulation of written laws in Athens during the late archaic and classical period, specifically the balance between procedural and substantive law. Substantive law deals with rights, obligations, offences, etc. Its role is to define behaviour which is required, allowed, or prohibited. These are what Hart terms ‘primary rules’. Procedural law, on the other hand, deals, as the name suggests, with the administration of justice, that is with jurisdiction, process, etc. Hart's term for these is ‘secondary rules’. The two cannot be separated quite as neatly as I have suggested, of course. A procedural law can scarcely avoid mentioning the offences or rights whose punishment or protection it regulates, while a substantive law may need to address issues such as jurisdiction. This is therefore an issue of orientation, not a simple binary division. However, as a broad basis for classification it is of value.
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Sinclair, Gwen. "Public Lessons from Private Laws". DttP: Documents to the People 45, nr 3 (8.11.2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v45i3.6488.
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A casual glance at a volume of Statutes at Large reveals that the laws are presented in two sections: public laws and private laws. While most documents librarians are familiar with public laws, so named because they have general applicability, private laws may be less familiar. A private bill, according to Hinds’ Precedents, is “a bill for the relief of one or several specified persons, corporations, institutions, etc., and is distinguished from a public bill, which relates to public matters and deals with individuals only by classes.”1
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Batyushkina, M. V. "Synonyms in the texts of laws (based on Russian laws)". Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, nr 2 (2021): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/75/14.
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The paper considers the issues of the use of synonyms in the texts of Russian laws. The re-search materials are the texts of federal and regional laws, expert practice. It is noted that syn-onymy, despite the requirement for the unification of legal terminology, is also characteristic of legislative texts. At the same time, synonyms are used not to exclude repetitions of the same words but for the sake of completeness, accuracy, clarity of the transfer of legal mean-ing. Legal synonyms are an integral genre and stylistic feature of the legislative text. Synonyms perform informative, pragmatic, text-forming, and other functions. There are some trends in the use of synonyms in the laws. Preference is given to one or another word from the synonymous series. The choice depends on the subject of the law, aspects of legal regulation, with the chosen synonym not always being stylistically neutral, devoid of evaluative seman-tics. Some terms are used not as synonyms but exclusively in terms of generic relationship. Paronyms may be used as synonyms. Frequent joint (contact) use of synonyms occurs when an additional (qualifying) term is given in brackets after the main term. Such synonyms are characterized by semantic and stylistic differences, the ratio of meanings, and integrated con-tent. A special clause on the equivalence of terms may be made in the law. However, the context always reveals the semantic difference of “equivalent” terms, their semantic shades. The methods and principles of analysis are traditional for Russian studies and legal linguis-tics: discursive, genre-stylistic, lexical-semantic, comparative, statistical, etc.
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Tuzov, V. V. "The Process of Globalization from the Point of View of Synergetic Patterns". Discourse 8, nr 6 (19.12.2022): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2022-8-6-5-16.
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Introduction. The article examines the process of globalization through the prism of synergetics. The urgency of the problem of globalization is beyond doubt, it is enough just to turn to the news channels. The purpose of the work is to show the inconsistency of globalization promoted by Western countries, because it contradicts the laws that determine the process of self-organization of open nonequilibrium systems.Methodology and sources. The article applies the laws of dialectics and the theory of selforganization. The research sources used works on the problems of globalism (I. Wallerstein, S.P. Lapaev, I.F. Kefeli, etc.), the laws of the development of the historical process (S.D. Bodrunov, V.V. Tuzov), the laws of the processes of self-organization of open nonequilibrium systems (I. Prigozhin, G. Haken, E.N. Knyazeva and S.P. Kurdyumov and etc.).Results and discussion. The author comes to the conclusion that it is impossible to realize the process of globalization in the form that the United States and its allies are trying to implement, because this contradicts both the laws of the historical process and the laws of self-organization that the modern stage of development of society obeys. It is impossible to unite countries with different cultures, religions, different economic levels of development, etc. on equal terms, because from the point of view of synergetics it is impossible for systems that exist in a different “tempworld”. There may be possible subordination and exploitation, but not partnership. The unification of all countries around one center also contradicts economic laws, because competition and the development of a market economy will disappear. Moreover, it contradicts the laws of self-organization. A system striving for expansion contains within itself its opposite, which is the desire for dissipation (dispersion).Conclusion. The author of the article concludes that globalization in the form in which it is carried out by Western countries, since it contradicts the laws of the market economy and the laws of self-organization, is possible only under pressure. The end of forceful coercion triggers the dissipation mechanism, which leads to the degradation of the system and its simplification.
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Batyushkina, Marina Vladimirovna. "Laws on Approval of Program-goal Documents: Genre Approach". International Journal “Speech Genres” 28, nr 4 (2020): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2020-4-28-263-277.
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The article presents the results of a study of the functional, formal and substantive features of the texts of Russian laws, which approve program-goal docments (development strategies, concepts, programs, forecast plans, etc.). The article is based on discourse and genre approaches to the study of legislative texts, the legislative text space as a whole. It is noted that, on the one hand, this type of laws reflects the general features of modeling and transроforming of modern legal discourse; reproduces the institutional aspects of the legislative process; broadcasts legislative intentions, strategies and tactics. On the other hand, laws that approve documents of a program-goal nature have distinctive characteristics that allow defining these laws as a separate subgenre type. The subgenre of law is defined by the author on the basis of the following parameters: (1) intention of the uthor; (2) the purpose and functions of the law; (3) the factor of the subject of legal discourse (author/addressee of the law); (4) spatio-temporal and other circumstantially determining characteristics reflected in the text of the law explicitly or implicitly (who adopted and signed the law, during which period and in which territory it is applied, etc.); (5) type of institutional action; (6) the institutional status of the law within the system of laws; (7) subject-thematic “radius” of the text; (8) formal segmentation of text; (9) features of the correlation of functional semantic types of speech; (10) degree of uniformity, subgenre markers and clichés. The formal and informative structures of program-approving laws are analyzed on the basis of the fol-lowing segments: pretext and post-text details, intra-text components, post-text application (approved document). These segments are analyzed from various points of view: obligation, localization, combinatorics, unification, etc. When conducting research, special attention is paid to structural, typological, comparative and other types of analyzes.
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Papageorgiou, Spyros. "Physical Laws Shape Up HOX Gene Collinearity". Journal of Developmental Biology 9, nr 2 (6.05.2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb9020017.
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Hox gene collinearity (HGC) is a multi-scalar property of many animal phyla particularly important in embryogenesis. It relates entities and events occurring in Hox clusters inside the chromosome DNA and in embryonic tissues. These two entities differ in linear size by more than four orders of magnitude. HGC is observed as spatial collinearity (SC), where the Hox genes are located in the order (Hox1, Hox2, Hox3 …) along the 3′ to 5′ direction of DNA in the genome and a corresponding sequence of ontogenetic units (E1, E2, E3, …) located along the Anterior—Posterior axis of the embryo. Expression of Hox1 occurs in E1, Hox2 in E2, Hox3 in E3, etc. Besides SC, a temporal collinearity (TC) has been also observed in many vertebrates. According to TC, first Hox1 is expressed in E1; later, Hox2 is expressed in E2, followed by Hox3 in E3, etc. Lately, doubt has been raised about whether TC really exists. A biophysical model (BM) was formulated and tested during the last 20 years. According to BM, physical forces are created which pull the Hox genes one after the other, driving them to a transcription factory domain where they are transcribed. The existing experimental data support this BM description. Symmetry is a physical–mathematical property of matter that was explored in depth by Noether who formulated a ground-breaking theory (NT) that applies to all sizes of matter. NT may be applied to biology in order to explain the origin of HGC in animals developing not only along the A/P axis, but also to animals with circular symmetry.
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Krzyk, Mario, i Darko Drev. "Incompatibility of Slovenian Regulations in the Field of Water Management with European Regulations and Resulting Damage". Lexonomica 13, nr 2 (2021): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.13.2.167-186.2021.
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The issue of water management in Slovenia is regulated by several laws and by-laws. The right to drinking water is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia. Individual by-laws in the field of water management are not coordinated with higher-level laws, the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, nor with EU regulations (directives, regulations). There are no relevant provisions in laws and by-laws that would enforce the right to drinking water enshrined in the Constitution. A major problem exists in the field of wastewater disposal and treatment, water protection, flood safety, etc. An even bigger problem, such as inconsistencies in regulations, is their poor implementation. This leads to excessive pollution and great material damage as well.
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Ishaq, Muhammad, Muhammad Adil i Owais Anwer. "U-19 Review of Specific Laws for Women in Sharia Criminal Law and their Adherence to Statutory Laws". Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 4, nr 2 (20.12.2020): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/u19.v4.02(20).299-314.
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The slogan of gender equality and gender equality is constantly being used today and unfortunately it raises more objections to Islamic injunctions than to women's rights. Although Islam is a compete code of conduct for human life and its rules have taken care of human nature, so in the rules that apply to both men and women, the natural characteristics of both have been taken into consideration. Because of the development of various forms of media today, objections to Islamic injunctions in the name of gender equality are gaining strength. This article seeks to ascertain the validity of these objections and compares the specific provisions of Islamic criminal law regarding women with the existing laws of Pakistan. As a result of this comparison, it has come to light that on the one hand, in some cases, women have been given less rights than men, such as not accepting their testimony in the cases clearly defined by ALLAH (in Qur’an called as حدود الله) and the Diyat (دیت)of a woman is equal to half of the Diyat (دیت) of a man etc. On the other hand, in most of the rulings, women are given precedence over men, such as in case of fighting in a war along with men, the renouncement of Qisas or any other charges from women, respite in stoning due to pregnancy, the renouncement of Qisas or any other charges in case of forced compulsion by someone else, renouncement of Diyat (دیت) in Qisamat and the condition of being with a Mehram (محرم) in exile etc., and even where their rights are apparently less evident, there is a clear consideration of their nature in implementing of those laws..
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Verbeke, Christian F. "Belgian Law: Bibliographic Guide to Reference Materials, 1830–1990". International Journal of Legal Information 20, nr 2 (1992): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500007514.
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No unified or codified Belgian system of law existed before the French Revolution, as each county, principality or region had in effect its own set of laws, and one does therefore before 1795 refer to Flemish, Brabant, Liège, Namur, Waesland, etc. laws, or to specific customary laws of cities, e.g. Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp, or of smaller towns, e.g. the customs of Alost, Eekloo, or the Judgements of Damme (for maritime law), to name but a few; these so-called coutumiers were published in both the French and Flemish (Dutch) languages.
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Shi, Yun Li. "Water Resources Adaptive Management to Cope with Uncertainty". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (czerwiec 2014): 3166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3166.
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Water resources managers shall fully consider about the complexity of managed system, especially the uncertainty, which requires adaptive management. This paper describes the connotation, principles, composition and conditions for implementation etc of adaptive management, which emphasizes concepts of uncertainty, surprises and resilence, and is a cycle process of formulating, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, feedback and adjusting policies. Water resources adaptive management requires guarantee of policies, laws, finance and information etc, and has a broad prospect of coping with climate changes and restoring river ecology etc.
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Kujović, Velida, Emina Džaferović-Mašić i Merjem Ustamujić Popara. "Teaching physics for high-school students through real-life questions and situations". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2415, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2415/1/012011.
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Abstract We present different approach in teaching physics for high-school students for various branches of physics, such as thermodynamics, electromagnetism, etc. When we use term “different”, we want to offer complementary approach to the traditional one. This approach involves bringing everyday situations [1], such as drinking tea in a desert, making coffee, etc., to the physics classroom context without theoretical teaching with formulae, laws, and definitions in the beginning or opening of the class. The idea is to develop logical concepts to prepare students for theoretical teaching and introduce formulae to them in order to have a complete frame of specific physical phenomena. Some classes include practical demonstrations [2] where students immerse in discussion and spontaneously involve in growing logical concepts needed for better adoption of definitions, laws, and formulae [3].
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Robinson, Luke. "Obligating Reasons, Moral Laws, and Moral Dispositions". Journal of Moral Philosophy 11, nr 1 (2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-4681025.
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Moral obligations rest on circumstances (events, states of affairs, etc.). But what are these obligating reasons and in virtue of what are they such reasons? Nomological conceptions define such reasons in terms of moral laws. I argue that one such conception cannot be correct and that others do not support the familiar and plausible view that obligating reasons are pro tanto (or contributory) reasons, either because they entail that this view is false or else because they cannot explain – or even help to explain – how it could be true. I also argue that a particular dispositional conception of obligating reasons does support this view of obligating reasons by enabling an explanation of how it could be true. Moreover, my arguments show that the dispositional moral metaphysic on which this conception is predicated can do something that nomological alternatives cannot: explain why obligating reasons and moral obligations are pro tanto reasons and obligations.
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Batyushkina, M. V. "Semantic Production as a Way of Forming Legal Concepts (Based on Russian Laws)". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, nr 2 (8.07.2020): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-2-489-498.
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The research featured legal terms formed according to the semantic method, e.g. semantic generalization, expansion / narrowing of meaning, institutional specification, metonymic or metaphorical transfer, their correlation, etc. The author highlighted the interconnection of semantic term formation and polysemy. The article contains a list of factors that cause ambiguity of legal concepts: (a) the author of the legislative text and the recipient; (b) the open nature of the legal terminological system, as well as the reproduction of multivalued lexemes in the laws and their reinterpretation; (c) the development of various variants of legislative definitions, etc. The paper focuses on semantic generalization and institutional specification of legal concepts. The author describes the interconnection of denotative-predicative and logical-conceptual approaches, as well as the mechanism of generalization and abstraction of lexical meaning. The differences of metonymic and metaphorical transfers were interpreted in terms of contrasting functions, models of education, and connotation potential. The research revealed a high productivity of metonymic transfer and legal concepts based on a combination of different types of semantic terminology. The study featured the texts of Russian Federal and regional laws. The author applied various approaches, e.g. discursive, contextual, intertextual, component, denotative-predicative, logical-conceptual, interpretative, comparative, etc. The results, conclusions, and illustrative material presented in this work may be of some interest to scientists and practitioners who study legal terminology, legal texts, and issues of the Russian language as a state language.
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Edgington, Dorothy. "Explanation, Causation and Laws". Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 22, nr 66 (13.12.1990): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.1990.776.
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En tanto que el profesor Salmon argumenta en favor de la paridad entre causación y reyes (Véase su ensayo “Scientific Explanation: Causation and Implication”, en pp. 3-21 de este número de Crítica), yo argumento en favor de la prioridad: afirmo que la causación es esencial a la explicación de por qué suceden las cosas o por qué ciertas cosas son verdad; las leyes son un lujo, un elemento adicional optativo.
1. Explicar algo es hacerlo inteligible o susceptible de ser entendido. En este artículo sostengo que hay una estrecha conexión entre la explicación y la causación. Primeramente examino la explicación de ciertos fenómenos humanos —el lenguaje, las convenciones, la conducta humana en general y la vida mental. La aplicación de la noción de explicación a estas cuestiones es poco problemática, pues ellas no existirían si no fuese posible entenderlas.
2. Paso a considerar la pregunta “¿por qué tal y cual cosa es el caso?” para el caso del mundo no humano. ¿Hay algo que tenga que ser entendido? ¿En qué consiste este entendimiento? Argumento que la respuesta más obvia a estas preguntas recurre a la noción de causación.
3. ¿Por que esta noción es materia de controversia? Porque, desde Burne, la causalidad, en tanto que manera como se relacionan los sucesos en el mundo, ha sido metafísicamente sospechosa debido a los problemas epistemológicos que supone. Hume argumentó que no podemos conocer esa relación (a) a priori ni (b) mediante la observación.
4. Argumento que tanto (a) como (b) son problemáticas, En último término, cualquier descripción de “los hechos” tiene implicaciones causales.
5. Lo anterior explica el fracaso de los intentos de “analizar” la causalidad en términos que no la presupongan.
6. Examino la propuesta de Hempel y pongo de relieve que el fracaso de su intento de proporcionar una condición necesaria mediante la noción de “inferencias a partir de leyes”, refleja el fracaso del análisis de la causación en términos de regularidades o leyes.
7. Pregunto si acaso Hempel proporciona condiciones necesarias para la explicación; esto es, si (a) tenemos que conocer leyes para poder dar una explicación y (b) si tiene que haber leyes (deterministas o probabilistas) que gobiernen el comportamiento de lo que se pretende explicar. Contesto que “no” a ambas preguntas.
8. Finalmente, encuentro varias dificultades en la idea de que las llamadas “leyes de alto nivel” que no son causales (tales como las leyes de la conservación, los principios de equivalencia, etc.) explican por qué sucede algo.
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Yi, Ting. "A Medium Model Leading to Analogy of Major Physics Laws". Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences 02, nr 04 (grudzień 2018): 1850008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424942418500081.
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The attempt of this paper is to suggest a new theoretical medium to support the efforts of building particle models as mechanical field structures. The medium model is based on two simple fundamental assumptions. All the properties of the medium, as counterparts in this medium of the well-known physics laws, including energy and momentum conservations, Lorentz transformation and special relativity, electromagnetic interaction, etc., are derived from these two assumptions. The governing equations are established based on the derived properties. Some steady solutions as well as the feasibility of interpreting these solutions as particles are also briefly discussed.
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Смирнов i E. Smirnov. "News in Financial Market". Auditor 2, nr 4 (20.04.2016): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18991.
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In 2016 in Russia several important federal laws came into force, which have notably activated the fi nancial
market, especially farm-mortgage lending by means of housing bond issue, custody business with its compulsory licensing
by the Bank of Russia, etc.
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Paul, Jomon A., Huan Ni i Aniruddha Bagchi. "Does certificate of need law enhance competition in inpatient care market? An empirical analysis". Health Economics, Policy and Law 14, nr 03 (29.06.2017): 400–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133117000184.
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AbstractThis article investigates the impact of Certificate of Need (CON) laws on competition in the inpatient care market. One of the major criticisms of these laws is that it may hinder competition in the health care market, which can lead to higher prices. However, from a theoretical standpoint, CON laws could also promote competition by limiting excessive expansion from incumbents. Our main conclusion is that CON laws by and large enhanced competition in the inpatient market during the period of our study. This indicates that the effects of CON laws to hinder predatory behavior could dominate its effects of preventing new entrants into the inpatient care market. We do not find statistically significant evidence to reject the exogeneity assumption of either CON laws or their stringency in our study. We also find factors such as proportion of population aged 18–44, proportion of Asian American population, obesity rate, political environment, etc., in a state significantly impact competition. Our findings could shed some light to public policy makers when deciding the appropriate health programs or legislative framework to promote health care market competition and thereby facilitate quality health care.
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Mima, K., H. Takabe i S. Nakai. "Pusherless implosion, pulse tailoring and ignition scaling law for laser fusion". Laser and Particle Beams 7, nr 2 (maj 1989): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600006017.
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The conventional implosion scheme for high gain and high density compression depends upon the piston action of an accelerated heavy pusher. However, the contact surface between the pusher and the fuel layer is very unstable in the stagnation phase. In this paper, the laser pulse tailoring and the scaling laws for pellet gain, fuel ρR, etc. are discussed under the condition of very weak piston action of the pusher. The scaling laws indicate that the fuel will be ignited by 100 kJ, 0·35 μm wavelength laser irradiation.
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Marras, Ausonio. "Nonreductive Materialism and Mental Causation". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 24, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 465–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1994.10717380.
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I take nonreductive materialism to be the conjunction of two theses, the first ontological, the second epistemological. The ontological thesis - token physicalism- is that mental events (processes, states, etc.) are tokenidentical to physical events; the epistemological thesis is that psychology is not reducible to physical theory in the classic sense of 'reduction,' according to which we reduce a theory to a another theory by deriving the laws of the former from the laws of the latter via 'bridge principles' linking the predicates of the reducing theory with the predicates of the reduced theory.
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Lipen, S. V. "Trends in the Development of the Doctrinal and Constitutional Foundations of the Russian Legal System". Lex Russica 73, nr 10 (23.10.2020): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.167.10.106-113.
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The construction of the Russian legislation system is determined by the fundamental provisions on the types of normative legal acts, their relationship to each other, and the general issues of their creation, operation, accounting and systematization. These provisions are developed by the doctrine, they are constitutionally and legally fixed. New trends in the development of the foundations of the Russian legislation are announced by the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation made in 2020. There were no significant changes in the system, structure, creation and operation of regulatory legal acts. At the same time, new terminology is being introduced, and new institutions that legal science should address are emerging. The concept of "public authority" is being introduced, and it is likely that the development of legal aspects of its activities should be taken into account in the concept of Russian legislation. Preliminary constitutional control of laws is another new institution. The Russian model is specific to the subject of the relevant request (the President of the Russian Federation) and the objects of preliminary constitutional control (draft laws, Federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation). The paper discusses other new constitutional provisions related to the foundations of Russian legislation.The author summarizes that in connection with the amendments-2020, the development of the constitutional and doctrinal foundations of the system of Russian legislation should also be noted. These grounds, without undergoing dramatic changes, become somewhat more complex, new institutions appear (preliminary constitutional control of laws adopted by Federal and regional parliaments, etc.) and new terminology (public power, etc.). The development of the doctrine is guided by political will and constitutional changes, which can be considered as legal means of consolidating public administration. Further doctrinal development of the adopted constitutional innovations and improvement of the concept of Russian legislation are also necessary.
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Chetverikov, A. O. "Scientific Facilities as a Subject Matter of “Infrastructure Law”: Une Approche Québéсoise". Kutafin Law Review 8, nr 3 (5.10.2021): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395.2021.3.17.485-494.
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The article deals with the original approach of Canadian French-speaking province (federal entity) to legal regulation of scientific facilities as a type of infrastructural objects governed by “infrastructure law.” The author firstly proves that the expression “scientific facility” and “Megascience” represent no more than the specific types of social infrastructure and, thus, generally denoted in legal instruments as “research infrastructure” which may be qualified as “large” (Megascience), “medium”, “small” etc. Further the article explores the modern legislation of Quebec which, unlike other countries, has decided to create a full-fledged “infrastructure law” governing, amongst other types of infrastructure, the research infrastructure. The article points out and analyses the particularities and principle findings of Quebec infrastructure laws and by-laws: the “supraministerial” governance of all infrastructure projects, the general public infrastructure company (Quebec Society of Infrastructures) etc. The latest developments in the Quebec “infrastructure law” relating to information infrastructures are also taken into account.
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Hayat, Muhammad Khalid. "AN OVERVIEW OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT LAWS ENFORCED IN PAKISTAN". Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 55, nr 2 (31.12.2016): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v55i2.74.
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This research paper examines the foreign investment laws and procedure of Pakistan and their role in protection of foreign investment in Pakistan. These laws are untapped area of research and one cannot find any specific research tracing the legal development in this highly specialized field. So far Pakistan has 48 BITs enforced with different countries and has also signed ICSID Convention, which is promulgated locally through Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act, 2011 incorporating the Convention in the schedule to ease the difficulty of foreign investors to enforce the awards rendered under auspices of ICSID in the territory of Pakistan. Under this research, an attempt has been made to study prevalent foreign investment laws and its trends in Pakistan. Though Pakistan has significantly improved its foreign investment regime by introducing new investor’s friendly laws like, Special Economic Zones Act, 2011 and Investment Policy, 2013 etc., apart from its previous legislation on the subject, yet this regime needs more improvement and updating. Extensive overview of all existing foreign investment laws were carried out in this research. Fair and Equitable Treatment, Expropriation and other factors affecting foreign investment laws are the areas, which need to be taken care of by policy maker in the existing foreign investment laws of Pakistan. With these aims, it is hoped that this research paper would be a humble contribution in the literature on the subject.
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Pietroni, Massimo. "Electrodynamic metaphors: communicating particle physics with Feynman diagrams". Journal of Science Communication 01, nr 01 (21.03.2002): A05. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.01010205.
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The aim of this project is to communicate the basic laws of particle physics with Feynman diagrams - visual tools which represent elementary particle processes. They were originally developed as a code to be used by physicists and are still used today for calculations and elaborations of theoretical nature. The technical and mathematical rules of Feynman diagrams are obviously the exclusive concern of physicists, but on a pictorial level they can help to popularize many concepts, ranging from matter and the antimatter; the creation, destruction and transformation of particles; the role of "virtual" particles in interactions; the conservation laws, symmetries, etc.
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Wanlu, Somchai, Adisak Singseewo i Paitool Suksringarm. "Types, Problems and Their Causes, and Solutions to the Offences against the Environmental Laws by Probationers in Maha Sarakham Province". International Education Studies 8, nr 12 (25.11.2015): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n12p79.
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<p class="apa">This study aimed to explore types, problems and their causes, and solutions to the offences against the environmental laws of probationers in Maha Sarakham Province. The study comprised 2 phases: Phase 1 was a study of types of the offences against the environmental laws: and phase 2 was an interview with 25 people directly dealing with the probationers including judges, public prosecutors, probation officers, lawyers and 20 probationers. The findings revealed that the offence types against the environmental laws were both criminal cases and civil suit cases which caused impacts on the environment and natural resources. Most problems were caused from offenders’s lack of knowledge, understanding, and awareness of the environmental laws, no participation in the environmental conservation, unemployment, drug addiction, moral decline, incorrect values, broken families, economy recession, poverty, social inequality, and communication technology problems etc. Hence, the solutions to solve these problems are educating the people about the related laws starting from a family, a school, a training institution both in government and private agencies: building a good sense toward the society and environment: and building the habit of participation in maintaining the social regulations.</p>
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Luzhina, Alexandra Nikolaevna. "DEFINITION OF TERM REAL PROPERTY: CONFLICT OF LAWS". Vestnik MGSU, nr 7 (lipiec 2017): 804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2017.7.804-808.
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Real property is one of the fundamental objects of civil law rights, and one of the most widely spread tool of investment policy, as well as a compound complex object of urban development, an object of legacy and cultural heritage of Russia. In this regard complex study of legislative control and law enforcement practice, including court practice, real property regulation is of prime importance for optimization of decisions in separate issues of state policy in various fields of social life. Thus, legal nature of real property is determined not only by civil legislation, but also by land, urban planning and housing legislation. The issues of integrative approach to legislative control of real property have always been a matter of long-term argument not only in juridical literature but have also become a matter of dispute on numerous cases. Thus Russia’s Constitutional Court and Supreme Court of the Russian Federation passed their opinions regarding necessity of harmonious regulation of the issues surrounding real property. The present article sets out both the definition of real property as a complex legal category and its discrete subcategories, for instance, car parking spaces, assets under construction, etc.
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Yakovlev, A. Y. "LEGAL SUPPORT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES WITH STATE PARTICIPATION". Issues of Law 20, nr 2 (2020): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/pro-prava200210.
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In this work the author explores the system of legal acts regulating corporate governance issues in joint-stock companies with the participation of the Russian Federation and subjects of the federation. The author builds the structure of external (codes, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of Russia, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders of state executive bodies, etc.) and internal acts (organization charter, regulations, etc.). Differences in legal support of corporate governance in state jointstock companies in comparison with private ones are highlighted in the paper
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Ryu, Hyeonsook, i Primož Južnič. "Comparison of Slovenian and Korean library laws". Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 51, nr 4 (15.12.2017): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000617743543.
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This paper aims to provide a comprehensive report of the results of a comparative study of Slovenian and Korean library law. Although the countries of Slovenia and Korea have entirely different historical backgrounds, the library laws of both countries are of a comprehensive nature. Despite this, there are many differences between them. This study aims to clarify the differences between the library legislation of Slovenia and Korea and indicates the origins of these differences. The library laws of Slovenia and Korea share a common comprehensive nature and in both countries, library policy is administered by the Ministry charged with culture. Nonetheless, significant differences may be observed in their chapter structures, description methods, composition, as well as the characteristics of the shared national bibliographic system, etc. Additional findings indicate that as a small country surrounded by larger states, Slovenia has historically been more prone to accepting different cultures and can interact with them easily. On the other hand, by not embracing multiple cultures within its system of library law, Korea still fails to provide social and cultural security to ethnic minorities and migrants. This paper represents not only a juxtaposed comparison of Slovenian and Korean library laws, but also provides a detailed cross comparison, considering all of the similarities and differences that may be understood through this process. This study clarifies how each country’s social systems and the environment surrounding library affected the enactments of currently applicable library legislation.
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Hussain, Amjad, Muhammad Arif Saeed i Shahzada Aamir Mushtaq. "Application of Human Rights Laws in Pakistan: A Study with Reference to International Bill of Human Rights". Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 7, nr 4 (31.12.2021): 963–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v7i4.2061.
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Purpose: The present paper explores the efforts of Pakistan regarding application of Human Rights Laws. At first, the research explains the main Human Rights declarations and covenants and then their incorporation into Pakistani laws has been described.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The global perspective of Human Rights and developments at regional level has been studied by using the domestic statutes, international covenants, conventional, etc. The doctrinal method of research has been adopted to achieve the objectives of the current study.
Implication: The study has disclosed that being signatory of UNO Conventions and Declarations, the Pakistan has been under obligation to incorporate International Human Rights into its legal system.
Findings: The study finds that Pakistan has taken into consideration the international developments on Human Rights and has enacted various laws accordingly to promote the fundamental liberties.
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Poltavskyi, А. "TO THE ISSUE OF DOCUMENTATION INSTITUTIONS’ QUALITY OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PROVIDING EXPERT SUPPORT FOR JUSTICE". Criminalistics and Forensics, nr 65 (18.05.2020): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.13.
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The article deals with the results of the research work “The development of methodological instruction “Documentation quality management systems of state specialized institutions providing forensic expert support for justice”. It analysis the international standards of quality management systems; international standards that provide supporting information to institutions, enterprises, and organizations implementing quality management systems; international standards and other documents regulating requirements in certain areas of professional activity. According to the results of the analysis, for the first time were classified the documents of the quality management systems of state specialized institutions providing expert support for justice and they are listed below. Documents by its types: – defined by international, regional, national regulatory documents (in particular, standards, codes of practice, technical specifications, policies and guidelines for quality, procedures, methods, standard operating procedures, operating instructions, etc.); – developed in Ukraine by authorized bodies of public authorities and administration (in particular, laws, by-laws and regulations (in particular, decrees, regulations, instructions, provisions, instructions, etc.); – developed by international organizations involved in standardization processes (ILAC, ENFSI, ASTM, etc.): guidelines, best practices manuals, etc.; – developed by institutions within the framework of their accreditation: policies and guidelines for quality, procedures, methodologies, standard operating procedures, instructions, etc. Documents according to its use from the point of view of regulatory or regulatory and methodological framework of certain segments of quality management systems, which regulate requirements to: – administrative activities of quality management systems (for example, procedures); – conducting expert research – the technical activities of quality management systems (for example, examination procedures, standard operating procedures). Documents according to its impact on quality management systems: – external documents – laws, standards, codes of practice, technical specifications, regulations, instructions, etc., developed outside the institutions with an implemented quality management system; – internal documents – policies and goals in the field of quality management; quality guidelines; documented procedures and methodologies; standard operating procedures; manuals, operating procedures; quality programs; technical specifications; lists of control questions, determination of competence, reports (including inspection or inspection certificate, sampling, etc.), statement of conformity to specification or standard, certificate of calibration, logs, protocols (including tests), forms, etc. Documents according to its hierarchy, starting from international and regional standards, codes of established practice, technical specifications, including harmonized in Ukraine, proper national standards, codes of established practice, technical specifications, other regulatory legal acts of the state, guidelines of the quality system, passports of the conformity assessment body, areas of accreditation, management system procedures, research methodologies (examinations), operating procedures for staff involved in the accreditation areas of institutions, completing the forms documentation, etc. The results of the research work will be implemented when establishing the documentation systems within the framework of accreditation of institutions providing expert support for justice, in compliance with the requirements of international standards of quality management systems, as well as in updating the documentation systems of already accredited institutions.Key words: classification of documents, documentation, quality management systems, expert support for justice.
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Nwogugu, Michael. "Un-constitutionality of asset securitization". Corporate Ownership and Control 5, nr 3 (2008): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i3c3p7.
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Under US laws, all forms of asset securitization are unconstitutional. Securitization of many types of assets (loans, credit cards, auto receivables, insurance, intellectual property, etc.) has become more prevalent, particularly for financially distressed companies and companies with low or mid-tier credit ratings. This article analyzes critical legal and corporate governance issues
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Zemskov, Andrey. "The London Book Fair in 2017: «Our precious printed books are afloat again!»". Scientific and Technical Libraries, nr 8 (1.08.2017): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2017-8-90-110.
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The author visited the annual London Book Fair (March 14-16, 2017) and now reviews its major events: Round tables, Charles Clark’s memorial lecture, etc. Main topics of the Fair are highlighted, in particular copyright laws, open access to information, prospects for scientific and education book publishing, publications accessibility for physically handicapped persons.
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Huy, Dinh Tran Ngoc, Le Huong Hoa, Nguyen Trong Die i Dinh Tran Ngoc Hien. "Further Discussion on Case Teaching Method Via A Case of Spreading False Information Online of Some Bad Vietnam Websites and Criminal Laws of Indonesian and China". Randwick International of Social Science Journal 3, nr 2 (30.04.2022): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v3i2.437.
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There will be suitable criminal laws for the case of spreading false information online of some bad Vietnam websites such as: Thanh nien newspaper, Tuoi tre newspaper, giaoduc.edu.vn, vietnamnet.vn, facebook.com> Liemchinhkhoahoc, nguyenduyxuan.net, etc. In specific, Thanh nien newspaper (Thanhnien.vn) and Tuoi tre newspaper (Tuoitre.vn) and recently, Vietnamnet.vn (online) violated during 2015-2022 period in Vietnam. By using synthesis and inductive methods, observations and experiences from other countries, authors will address this case that can be considered as internet crime (a kind of). Not only violating privacy law but also violating fake news publishing laws and slander laws. Allcott and Gentzkow (2017) worked toward a definition of “false news”. Their study defines this news genre as “A news story that has no factual basis, but it presented as news” . Hence, authors will both present a case teaching method for social sciences and law students (with English using) and address how Indonesia and China deal with this case. Then we also refer to Ho Chi Minh ideas on journalism to teach students in social sciences, and laws majors.
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Salpekar, Rashmi. "Data Privacy and Cyber Security in the Age of IoT and Data Analytics: Response of Law". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.12 (20.07.2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.16021.
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IoT and Data Analytics are developing and adopted very fast. Utilities are deploying smart meters, smart lighting, etc. Even the water supply distribution agencies are deploying smart water schemes to reduce non-revenue water. Further, data analytics is done by loT of companies to provide targeted advertising and knowing user preferences. All this requires collecting user data to be effective.There is an urgent need to define unambiguous laws, well defined dispute resolution that defines the consumer liability and service provider liability in light of court judgments to that effect. Further, a cyber security framework also needs to be defined and also a cyber security maturity model needs to be in place to rate the cyber security of a given agency and the steps needed to make cyber security better.The paper intends to study national and international laws on cyber security including framework and maturity model and data privacy laws. It will then come up with concrete enforceable suggestions to make cyber security better. The suggestions will include laws, liability, framework and guidelines.
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Gul, Rehna, i Abdallah Mohamed Othman El Nofely. "THE FUTURE OF LAW FROM THE JURISPRUDENCE PERSPECTIVE FOR EXAMPLE :THE INFLUENCE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TO LAW, AI LAW". Journal Equity of Law and Governance 1, nr 1 (23.04.2021): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/elg.1.1.3249.77-83.
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The field of law is as old as the human civilization. In the ancient Holy Scriptures, the laws of humans, God made Laws, laws of nature, cultural laws, trade laws etc. have been discussed around the world. Even in the stone ages humans were following certain principles and laws which were the basis of law. This article touches the historical perspective, present scenario and future of law. Especially the use of technology in law has brought a revolutionary change in recent decades. The computers, cell phones, social media, internet as a whole, Google play store applications, laptops, i pods and various other devices have made significant changes in old practices and present-day practices in the field of law. Hence, the research aim is a consideration material in making future laws about AI in order to protect Artificial Intelligence users around the world. The research methods and techniques have been made simple. This is a fast world in which we are living. No one has time for anything in this era. With the use of technology many time-consuming activities can be performed in minutes and seconds in this era. We are heading in a direction of more human friendly and time saving environment. Although humans in different parts of the world have different cultures, norms, ethics, eating habits, religions, physical appearances and opinions but there are certain norms and international practices which are widely accepted around the world.
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Kulenbekov, Zh E., S. Zh Orunbaev, B. D. Asanov i E. P. Sakhvaeva. "Review and Analysis of the Effectiveness of International Regulations and laws in the Field of Integrated Water Resources Management in Central Asia". Post-Soviet Issues 9, nr 1 (2.06.2022): 20–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2022-9-1-20-43.
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An analysis of the effectiveness of the work of regulatory legal acts and laws of the Kyrgyz Republic on integrated water resources management was carried out in order to identify causal relationships of work / not work, as well as recommendations on the necessary measures for the effective work of regulatory legal acts (NLA) in this area were developed. Also, as part of the preparation of this work, successful cases were prepared on the work of the NLA and the laws of the Kyrgyz Republic and Central Asia, transboundary and basin water resources management. The work was structured as follows: collecting the necessary materials, studying, analyzing, making recommendations. To date, Kyrgyzstan has not implemented the provisions of the Water Code. The State Water Administration and its Basin Structures, Irrigation and Drainage Commissions, Dam Safety, etc. have not been created. Water resources management is still carried out on an administrative basis, not on a basin basis. The work used various literary sources, archival data, Internet resources, etc., links to which are given in the article.
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Mixon, Franklin G., Kamal P. Upadhyaya i M. Troy Gibson. "Regulation, Labor Costs and Employment in the U.S. Congress". Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 18, nr 1 (1.04.2000): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569200x15665365495050.
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Abstract The present paper examines the impact of passage of The Congressional Accountability Act of1995 (CAA9T), which imposed 11 major federal labor laws on die U.S. Congress for the first time, on employment in Congress. By modeling Congress as a firm which purchases inputs (e.g., capital, labor, etc.) to produce output (e.g., legislation), die impact of federal laws regarding minimum wages, occupational safety and health, family and medical leave, and others is amenable to econometric testing. After subjecting the data series to various unit root and cointegration tests, an error-correction model suggests that passage of CAA95 did indeed lead to a significant reduction in congressional employment levels, ceteris paribus.
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Zheng, Qin, Chuan Qing Cheng i Xiang Zhu. "A Novel Apparel Designing Method Based on Graphic Image". Applied Mechanics and Materials 88-89 (sierpień 2011): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.88-89.180.
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This article aimed to find a new way to transform the graphic image (drawing, photos, etc) to the pattern parameters of female apparel with raglan sleeve. The correlation and regressive analysis were used to the data in order to find the existing laws between them. The practical examinations demonstrated the good predictability of equations established.
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Kwok, David Y. K. "An overview of the anti‐money laundering laws of Hong Kong". Journal of Money Laundering Control 11, nr 4 (17.10.2008): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13685200810910411.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the anti‐money laundering laws of Hong Kong, in particular the Organised and Serious Crimes Ordinance.Design/methodology/approachAn analysis of the legislation with respect to anti‐money laundering as well as relevant case law.FindingsHong Kong authorities are serious about fighting money laundering crimes. The statutory scheme in Hong Kong is comprehensive and in line with international standards.Originality/valueBy discussing the key statutory provisions and the important cases, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the anti‐money laundering laws of Hong Kong. This paper is of value to lawyers, prosecutors, academics, law students, etc. in not only Hong Kong, but in the region including mainland China.
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Harekrushna Mishra. "Social Concerns of Kautilya and Laws on Wage and Consumer Rights". SIASAT 7, nr 3 (13.07.2022): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v7i3.126.
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Arthasastra is a Sanskrit text that deals with the Indian Polity and Hindu Social Laws. There are hundreds of laws made by this tradition which are also relevant even to these days. The Kautilya Arthasastra – written at the turn of the 5th to the 3rd century BC – is a classical work of political theory and International relations theory as well. The Arthasastra is a theoretical and normative work that features six pivotal idea clusters 1) State power, 2) Raison defeat, 3) Correlation of forces, 4) The Saptanga theory, 5) The Sadgunya theory, 6) The Matsya-nyaya theory, etc. The Kautilya Arthasastra also acts as the key to understanding the politicostrategic culture of modern India. Here this research shall focus on the ideas of Arthasastra on the social concern of Kautilian Laws with special reference to wage and consumer’s rights and mostly on the punishments for breach of contract and fraud.
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Zuhriddinovich, Ernazarov Dilmurod. "Development of the Ideas of the Universe and Man in the Philosophical Views of Al Farabi". World Journal of Social Science Research 9, nr 1 (20.02.2022): p56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v9n1p56.
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Farabi’s social utopia is a search for harmony between an intelligent universe, divine intelligence in the universe and a civil structure—a perfect human community. In other words, the thinker sought to project the harmony and harmony inherent in the cosmos onto earthly life, to deduce the laws of the functioning of human society from the eternal laws of being. This requires knowledge of the order and. harmony of things in the universe as the laws of all things. The concept of the ideal Farabi society is based on this conviction. On the basis of his research, al-Farabi created a new way of understanding the world and perceiving all that exists, which became the basis of the philosophy of the East during the Middle Ages. The article analyzes the philosophical outlook of Farabi about the essence of the Primordial One, matter, man, society etc.
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Kuchai, Tetiana. "Legislative basis of pedagogical education in Japan". Comparative Professional Pedagogy 4, nr 1 (1.03.2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2014-0005.
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ABSTRACT Legal framework policy of Japan in the field of education has been analyzed. The problem of influence of legislative materials on the development of education in Japan, its legislative support has been considered. It has been defined that directive materials affect the development of education system in Japan. Legislation policy of the country is represented by the following documents on education: laws, decrees, regulations etc., which are developed in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and the Basic Law on Education of Japan, and contribute to the high level of school education and training of highly qualified teachers. The Constitution of Japan in 1946 laid the foundation for progressive changes in society and consolidated a new approach to education. This document provides a framework for creating laws, decrees, regulations, reform education. Achievements of Japanese civilization began to express themselves in the form of military advantage and economic prosperity, which was the impetus for their further development. Important role in solving this problem belongs to education, development of which is held by the legislative materials. In particular, there was established a number of laws, decrees, regulations, etc., the implementation of which contributed to higher levels of school and higher education. It has been defined that the concept of national identity within the structure of the student’s moral consciousness should take priority position alongside with such concepts as conscience, justice, decency, kindness.
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Braun, Tomasz. "THE QUASI-LEGISLATIVE MEASURES OF INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONS". International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 6, nr 2 (31.12.2019): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7412.
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The contemporary impact of international corporates on individuals and societies is obvious and multifaced. It manifests in various ways. The multinationals determine individual and collective tastes, needs and customs. Firstly, they do it through the supply of goods and services. But there is also a second – quasi-legislative layer of this. They shape their environment through the soft norms they issue. The researches prove that socio-cultural changes are both: created and addressed by international corporates that actively participate informing them by regulating lives of individuals and the entire societies. At the bottom of this phenomenon is the question if the measures introduced by them can be seen as the (soft) type of laws or not. The findings are undoubted: they are the norms of a trans-border impact, they cross the jurisdictional boundaries. A matter of scientific reflection is our ability to fully understand and assess this impact? It appears clear is that this impact changes the economic behaviors and the social expectations. It also has a strong cultural dimension. Moreover, it may influence the politics – we witness the situation where the way the international corporations act (or just tolerate some actions) has an impact on shifting political powers. Of course, there are also plenty of good examples of the corporates engagements like public pledges that raise quality of peoples’ lives or limit the nature imprint, CSR activities, codes of ethics that promote desired behaviors across the cultures etc. The lawyers’ question is whether the norms (global standards, published principles, policies, codes of conduct, instructions, recommendations, guidelines, terms of reference, manuals etc.) introduced by mighty international corporates are laws or non-laws. If indeed they are informal laws, the corporates’ law-making is hardly controlled given the limited reach of states versus the international coverage of the corporates.
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Batyushkina, Marina V. "Legal and linguistic uncertainty of terms and norms of Russian laws". Russian Language Studies 19, nr 2 (15.12.2021): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2021-19-2-138-154.
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The article presents the results of a study of de jure (modeled) and de facto (real) interpretation of the concept legal and linguistic uncertainty, which is relevant for modern Russian legal discourse, lawmaking, judicial, and expert practice. These features are typical for Russian legal discourse, lawmaking, judicial, expert practice, as well as the scientific sphere of communication. The article is aimed at studying the objective and subjective reasons for legal and linguistic uncertainty of legislative terms and legislative norms; analysing the conditions under which uncertainty is considered as an attribute of law language and a means of legal regulation or a defective formulating legal rules, falsa leclio. Legal and linguistic uncertainty is considered from different points of view: (a) the dichotomy clarity/ uncertainty; (b) the legislative definition; (c) attitude to the system of Russian legislation terms; (d) variability, disambiguate, double-meaning; (e) the basis for procedural decisions (expert assessment, adjustment of the norm of the draft law or the current law, rejection of the draft law). The subjective factors of legal and linguistic uncertainty are analyzed, on the one hand, from the position of professional competencies of law developers and specialists examining laws in different aspects - linguistic, legal, anti-corruption, legal and technical, pedagogical, etc. On the other hand, they are analysed from the point of view of legal and other knowledge of the addressees, those, who interpret the law. The research methodology is traditional for modern Russian studies and legal linguistics: analysis, comparison, deduction, induction, analogy, modeling, as well as contextual, interpretive, systemic, discursive, interdisciplinary, practice-oriented and other approaches. Due to interdisciplinary nature of the research, works on linguistics, jurisprudence, legal linguistics, documents of legislative, judicial, expert practice, texts of Russian (federal) laws, materials from the Dictionary of Terms of Russian Legislation were used. The prospects for the study are outlined: considering legal and linguistic uncertainty in the aspect of creating laws in two or more state languages, orthology, etc.
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Wang, Xiu-Bin, Shou-Fu Tian, Chun-Yan Qin i Tian-Tian Zhang. "Lie Symmetry Analysis, Analytical Solutions, and Conservation Laws of the Generalised Whitham–Broer–Kaup–Like Equations". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 72, nr 3 (1.03.2017): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2016-0389.
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AbstractIn this article, a generalised Whitham–Broer–Kaup–Like (WBKL) equations is investigated, which can describe the bidirectional propagation of long waves in shallow water. The equations can be reduced to the dispersive long wave equations, variant Boussinesq equations, Whitham–Broer–Kaup–Like equations, etc. The Lie symmetry analysis method is used to consider the vector fields and optimal system of the equations. The similarity reductions are given on the basic of the optimal system. Furthermore, the power series solutions are derived by using the power series theory. Finally, based on a new theorem of conservation laws, the conservation laws associated with symmetries of this equations are constructed with a detailed derivation.
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Su, Li Qin, Hong Yao Hao i Lin Feng Hu. "Study on the Network Reverse Logistics under E-Commerce". Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (grudzień 2014): 1332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.1332.
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E-commerce is hasting the birth of “network reverse logistics”, and the service advantages of network reverse logistics have become increasingly prominent. The paper points out that the reverse logistics under E-commerce is increasingly important. Than it analyzes many factors of enhancing the reverse logistics under E-commerce, such as the restraint of laws and regulations, asymmetric information, subjective factors of consumers, businessmen return promise, etc. The paper further analyzes the problems of reverse logistics services in China, and puts forward the improvement strategies of network reverse logistics service: ①starting from the website design to prevent reverse logistics,including the site as much as possible to provide detailed goods information to overcome the information asymmetry defects, etc; ②smoothly realize return Online by hiring third party returns management center, etc.
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Gning, Gorgui, Aladji Babacar Niang, Modou Ngom i Gane Lo. "Moments estimators and omnibus chi-square tests for some usual probability laws". Afrika Statistika 16, nr 4 (1.10.2021): 3061–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/as/2021.3061.195.
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For many probability laws, in parametric models, the estimation of the parameters can be done in the frame of the maximum likelihood method, or in the frame of moment estimation methods, or by using the plug-in method, etc. Usually, for estimating more than one parameter, the same frame is used. We focus on the moment estimation method in this paper. We use the instrumental tool of the functional empirical process (fep) in Lo (2016) to show how it is practical to derive, almost algebraically, the joint distribution Gaussian law and to derive omnibus chi-square asymptotic laws from it. We choose four distributions to illustrate the method (Gamma law, beta law, Uniform law and Fisher law) and completely describe the asymptotic laws of the moment estimators whenever possible. Simulations studies are performed to investigate for each case the smallest sizes for which the obtained statistical tests are recommendable. Generally, the omnibus chi-square test proposed here work fine with sample sizes around fifty.
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Giri, Saroj Kumar. "Arbitration Laws and Judicial Response to Settling the Disputes Through Arbitration in Nepal". Journal of Management 5, nr 1 (25.08.2022): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jom.v5i1.47765.
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The article aims to analyze the arbitration-related laws in Nepal, the domestication of international arbitration treaties and conventions, settlement procedures of arbitration disputes and the role of the Nepalese judiciary to settle the disputes through arbitration. To settle disputes outside the court through a mutual agreement in a peaceful situation, ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) is the best method practiced worldwide since time immemorial; Nepal has also proclaimed various provisions in different statutes and rules. Arbitration Act, 2055 is the current statute that governs arbitration matters and Arbitration (Court procedures) Rule, 2059 governs the court proceedings. The various provisions of Arbitration Laws and Rules have been proclaimed to mitigate the international arbitration laws and rules. Nepalese judiciary especially the supreme court and high court has played a pivotal role to settle the dispute that arose during arbitration, arbitral award, its implementation, the appointment of arbitrator etc. The finding of the study is there have been significant changes in the decision-making process by the court and new trends mitigating the international proceedings have been followed. The analysis is significant as it helps to understand the arbitration laws and procedures and new trends adopted by the courts to settle disputes.
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Jiabin, Wu. "Prevention of Oil Pollution from Ships in Shanghai Harbor". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, nr 1 (1.03.1999): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-267.
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ABSTRACT Recently Shanghai's economics have been rapidly developed, and the oil shipping is daily on the increase, In order to prevent oil pollution, Shanghai has made great efforts, such as having made several pollution prevention laws and regulations, improving the construction of ships, map out oil spill contingency plan, produce the equipment and materials to handle an accident in case it occurs, etc.