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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Law reform – france"
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Stetson, Dorothy M. "Abortion Law Reform in France". Journal of Comparative Family Studies 17, nr 3 (1.10.1986): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.17.3.277.
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Omar, Paul J. "Company Law Reform in France". European Business Law Review 12, Issue 3/4 (1.03.2001): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/358915.
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Menjucq, Michel. "The Company Law Reform in France". Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 69, nr 4 (2005): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/003372505774580978.
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Casassus, B. "FRANCE: Reform Law Fails to Impress Researchers". Science 310, nr 5745 (7.10.2005): 33a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.310.5745.33a.
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Taylor, Simon. "Clinical Negligence Reform: Lessons from France?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, nr 3 (lipiec 2003): 737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.3.737.
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On 4 March 2002, the French legislature enacted the ‘Patients’ Rights & Quality of the Health System Act’ which introduces reforms in the relationship between the medical profession and the patient.1 As part of this wider reform, Part IV of the Act establishes a new system for the compensation of victims of medical accidents. The new legislation retains the traditional liability rules but puts in place a parallel system which aims to guarantee compensation for serious accidents, whether or not the accident is caused by negligence, without the need to resort to litigation in these cases. The new French rules are of considerable interest in view of the current debate in the United Kingdom on clinical negligence reform.
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Hansen, Jesper Lau. "The Danish company law reform". Corporate Ownership and Control 7, nr 2 (2009): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv7i2p12.
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Company law in the European Union is rapidly changing. Recent years have seen company law reform in large Member States such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. In the Nordic region, the Companies Acts of Finland and Sweden were extensively reformed in 2006 and now it is the turn of Denmark. This paper will present the background to the proposed reform of Danish company law and provide an overview.
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Semeko, Galina. "Emmanuel Macron's neoliberal revenge". Urgent Problems of Europe, nr 3 (2021): 54–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.03.03.
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France is currently going through a rather difficult period of reforms carried out by President Emmanuel Macron in order to bring the economy out of prolonged stagnation and restore the country's «greatness» in the world. Macron's reform initiatives, based on monetarist recipes and the concept of supply-side economics, are considered in the context of the global trend towards economic liberalization that began in the 1970 s and included most developed and developing countries. Until now, changes in France have been slow, with a great lag from other European countries and accompanied by mass protests of the population, because they run counter to the principles of the post-war dirigiste socio-economic model. France went through a long period of liberalization and retreat of the state, and the French model of the market economy has acquired a kind of hybrid character: it is no longer a dirigiste, but also neither a liberal model of the classical (Anglo-Saxon) type. The President set a task to bring the neoliberal transformation of the French socio-economic model to its logical end by reforming institutions that do not meet modern challenges. The article analyzes the most important reforms that were carried out by French presidents before E. Macron, in order to reduce the public sector, change labor law and collective bargaining procedures, reduce social expenditures of the state, etc. The role of E. Macron in neoliberal reforms during the presidency of F. Hollandeis shown. Particular attention is paid to the tasks and content of E. Macron's landmark reforms, including the reform of labor legislation, tax reform, the reform of the state monopoly in the field of railway transport, and the incomplete pension reform. The President has surpassed his predecessors in terms of the scale and significance of neoliberal reforms. This is unquestionably major breakthrough in neoliberal transformation, which will have an impact on the further development of the country's economy.
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SMITH, TIMOTHY B. "THE SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF HOSPITALS AND THE RISE OF MEDICAL INSURANCE IN FRANCE, 1914–1943". Historical Journal 41, nr 4 (grudzień 1998): 1055–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x98008164.
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This article explores the impact of the First World War on the social reform movement in France, emphasizing hospital policy and medical insurance. I argue that the war gave birth to a concerted reform movement which succeeded in bringing about fundamental changes to health care policy. During the inter-war years, the French embarked on a mission to replace the traditional hospital, the maison des pauvres, with modern facilities designed to cater to the middle class as well as to the poor. In 1928, a landmark law was passed which extended medical insurance to workers and the lower middle class. By 1940, over one half of the population was covered by medical insurance, and dozens of modern hospitals had been constructed. The impetuses to this national reform legislation were the numerous local experiments, whose stories I examine in some detail. Despite the image of Third Republic ‘decadence’, the success of health policy reform during the 1920s and 1930s shows that France was indeed capable of important domestic reforms. Under Vichy, these reforms were consolidated and after the Liberation, Vichy's efforts were saluted and affirmed by French politicians.
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STONE, ALEC. "Judging Socialist Reform". Comparative Political Studies 26, nr 4 (styczeń 1994): 443–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414094026004003.
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Case studies of judicial-political interaction during two periods, 1969-1976 in Germany and 1981-1985 in France, illustrate two general points about constitutional politics in both countries. First, constitutional courts are powerful policy makers whose impact on legislative processes and outcomes is multidimensional. These courts are more than simply negative legislators, empowered to veto legislative provisions. They also exercise creative legislative powers: to recast policy-making environments, to encourage certain legislative solutions while undermining others, and to have the precise terms of their decisions written directly into legislative provisions. Second, governments and parliamentarians are often led to behave judicially, to debate and make meaningful decisions about the constitutionality of legislation. In France and Germany, both the making of public policy and the construction of constitutional law are products of sustained and intimate judicial-political interaction.
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Donovan, James. "Combatting Bias in the Criminal Courts of France, 1870s-1913". American Journal of Legal History 60, nr 2 (23.05.2020): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njaa008.
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Abstract In nineteenth-century France, liberals assumed that a conservative judiciary was frequently biased in favour of the prosecution, and socialists assumed that juries were dominated by the upper classes and too unrepresentative of the population to render justice equitably. Agitation by the left to combat these perceived biases led to the adoption of two key reforms of the fin de siècle. One was the abolition in 1881 of the résumé, or summing-up of the case by the chief justice of the cour d’assises (felony court). Liberals thought this reform was necessary because judges allegedly often used the résumé to persuade jurors in favour of conviction, a charge repeated by modern historians. The other reform, beginning at about the same time, was to make jury composition more democratic. By 1880, newly empowered liberals (at least in Paris) had begun to reduce the proportion of wealthy men on jury lists. This was followed in 1908 by the implementation of a circular issued by the Minister of Justice ordering the jury commissions to inscribe working-class men on the annual jury lists. However, a quantitative analysis of jury verdicts suggests that the reforms of the early 1880s and 1908 had only modest impacts on jury verdicts. Ideas and attitudes seem to have been more important. This has implications regarding two key controversies among modern jurists: the extent to which judges influence jurors and the extent to which the characteristics of jurors influence their verdicts.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Law reform – france"
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Cabrillac, Rémy. "The new french law on contract". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123873.
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The French Civil Code on contract law was not renewed since 1804, so law enforcement was questioned due to it was not adapted to the requirements in a globalized world, and the constant economic and socia lchanges. In this article, the author analyzes the implications of the reform of contract law in France, which was influenced by two drafts. This reform has two characteristic features, which are the economic and social needs. About the first point –the economic needs–, these are evident in the contractual organization and flexibility. On the second point –the social needs–, these are evident in the protection of the weaker party, and the application of the theory of improvidence. In this way, contract law adapts to the demands of the twenty-first century.El derecho de los contratos del Código Civil francés no fue renovado desde 1804, por lo que su aplicación fue cuestionada al no poder adaptarse a las exigencias características de un mundo globalizado y acediado por constantes cambios económicos y sociales.En el presente artículo, el autor analiza las implicancias de la reforma del derecho de los contratos en Francia, el cual fue influenciado por dos anteproyectos. Dicha reforma contiene dos rasgos característicos que se manifiestan en las necesidades económicas y sociales de los contratos. Respecto al primer rasgo, este se evidencia en la organización y flexibilidad contractual; mientras que el segundo, en la protección a la parte más debil y la aplicación de la teoría de la imprevisión. De esta forma, el derecho de los contratos se adapta a las exigencias del siglo XXI.
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Assous, Lionel. "La définition des incorporels en droit fiscal". Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020041.
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Définir une immobilisation en droit fiscal implique de se référer à des critères permettant préalablement d’identifier l'existence d'un actif mobilisable et d'en mesurer le coût d'inscription à l’actif. La difficulté réside dans le fait que le Code général des impôts contient une seule disposition, l'article 38 quinquies de l’Annexe III qui prévoit que : « les immobilisations sont inscrites au bilan pour leur valeur d'origine.... ». Si le code traite de la mesurabilité il reste muet sur l'identification. En l’absence d’une définition purement fiscale, il convient de se retourner vers le droit comptable. En effet, il ressort de l’article 38 quater de l’Annexe III du Code général des impôts que "les entreprises doivent respecter les définitions édictées par le Plan comptable général, sous réserve que celles-ci ne soient pas incompatibles avec les règles applicables pour la détermination de l'assiette de l'impôt". A cet égard, le plan comptable général définit un actif comme « un élément identifiable du patrimoine ayant une valeur économique positive pour l’entité, c'est-à-dire un élément générant une ressource que l’entité contrôle du fait d’événements passés et dont elle attend des avantages économiques futurs ». Cette définition est la conséquence d’une réforme profonde de notre comptabilité. En effet, la comptabilité a connu un bouleversement, depuis le 1er janvier 2005, toutes les entreprises cotées de l’Union européenne devant présenter leurs comptes consolidés selon des normes comptables internationales. Par ailleurs et toujours sous l’influence des normes comptables internationales, la comptabilité interne a désormais tendance à privilégier une approche économique au détriment d’une conception traditionnellement patrimoniale. La définition des immobilisations incorporelles confirme parfaitement cette évolution et pour certains reflète même, à terme, la disparition d’un droit comptable et fiscal spécifiquement françaisFor a definition of a fixed asset in Taxation Law we must be guided by those criteria that in the first instance enable the identification of an underlying asset and the calculation of the acquisition cost for that asset. The difficulty resides in the fact that the General Taxation Code contains only one provision, article 38 quinquies (fifth section) of Appendix III which stipulates that: “Fixed assets shall be recorded on the balance sheet at their original value”. Although the Code deals with measurability it falls silent on identification. In the absence of a purely fiscal definition, we need to turn to accountancy law. In this regard, it emerges from article 38 quater (fourth section) of Appendix III of the General Taxation Code that "businesses shall comply with the definitions set out by the General Accountancy Plan subject to these not being incompatible with the applicable regulations for the calculation of tax brackets". In this regard, the General Accountancy Plan defines an asset as “an identifiable component of property having a positive value for the entity, i.e. a component generating a resource that the entity controls owing to previous events and from which it anticipates future financial advantage”. This definition is the result of a profound reform of our accountancy practices. In fact, accountancy has been in a state of upheaval since 1st January 2005, when all listed companies within the European Union were required to publish their consolidated accounts in accordance with international accountancy regulations. What is more, and also under the influence of international accountancy regulations, internal accountancy now tends to favour a financial approach to the detriment of a traditionally asset-based approach. The definition of intangible fixed assets fully confirms this trend and for some it heralds the ultimate disappearance of any specifically French accounting and taxation law
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Keita, Kalil Aissata. "L'influence du droit administratif français sur le droit administratif guinéen". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR036.
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L'influence du droit administratif français sur le droit ,administratif guinéen résulte du lien historique marqué par la colonisation entre les deux États. C'est ainsi qu'a l'indépendance, la construction du droit administratif guinéen se fera à partir du schéma juridique antérieur même si ce dernier avait été jugé inadapté au contexte guinéen. C'est le cas des concepts du service public, de la police administrative, des actes administratifs unilatéraux, des contrats administratifs. C'est le cas aussi des variétés de contrôle auxquelles est soumise l'action administrative, comme le contrôle contentieux à travers les divers recours contentieux et la responsabilité administrative ou le contrôle non juridictionnel à travers le contrôle hiérarchique, le contrôle administratif et financier, le contrôle politique et institutionnel. Il s'agit de revenir sur les contradictions primitives relatives au processus de construction du droit administratif guinéen à partir de l'expérience juridique française. Ce droit administratif guinéen fondamentalement dérivé du droit administratif français est confronté à des difficultés d'application dans la société guinéenne. Ce qui pose la question de son effectivité dans une réalité bien différente. Il n'a visiblement pas été repensé pour être mis au service du développement de la société destinataire. Il est contourné parfois détourné voire rejeté en raison de son décalage avec la culture juridique locale. Il est mal compris. Il peine encore a s'acclimater et prendre corps dans la société guinéenne. Les citoyens ne se sont pas encore appropriés car ils l'ignorent. Il s'agit de revenir sur les contradictions consécutives à l'application du droit administratif guinéen dans une perspective de critiques du droit. Face a ces difficultés d'application, il semble nécessaire de redéfinir le droit administratif guinéen en tenant compte de la culture juridique localeThe influence of French administrative law on Guinean administrative law results from the historic link marked by colonization between the two states. Thus at independence, the construction of Guinean administrative law will be based on the previous legal scheme even if the latter had been deemed unsuitable for the Guinean context. This is the case with the concepts of public service, administrative police, unilateral administrative acts, administrative contracts. This is also the case for the varieties of control to which administrative action is subject, such as litigation control through the various contentious appeals and administrative responsibility or non-judicial control through hierarchical control, administrative and financial control, political and institutional control. It is a question of returning to the primitive contradictions relating to the process of construction of Guinean administrative law based on the French legal experience. This Guinean administrative law, which is basically derived from French administrative law, faces difficulties in application in Guinean society. This raises the question of its effectiveness. It has obviously not been redesigned to be used for the development of the recipient company. It is bypassed sometimes diverted or even rejected due to its discrepancy with the local legal culture. It is misunderstood. He still struggles to acclimatize and take shape in Guinean society. Citizens have not yet appropriated because they ignore it. It is a question of returning to the contradictions resulting from the application of Guinean administrative law from the perspective of critiques of the law. Faced with these difficulties of application, it seems necessary to redefine Guinean administrative law taking into account the local legal culture
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Dauchez, Corine. "Le principe de spécialité en droit des sûretés réelles". Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020059/document.
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Le principe de spécialité de l’hypothèque s’est imposé dans le Code civil en 1804 en vue d’assurer le développement de l’économie moderne, puis il s’est répandu sur l’ensemble des sûretés réelles pour devenir un principe fondamental du droit des sûretés. Pourtant, à la fin du vingtième siècle, le principe a essuyé de violentes critiques : il rigidifiait le droit des sûretés réelles et était un frein au développement du crédit. Outre la nocivité du principe, sa remise en cause théorique annonçait son déclin en droit français d’autant qu’à l’étranger le security interest de droit américain, qui ne le connaît pas, ne cessait de faire des émules. Pourtant, lors de la réforme, le législateur l’a conservé tout en l’assouplissant. L’assouplissement du principe est la marque d’une réforme éclairée qui est intuitivement revenue aux origines du principe pour lui conférer la flexibilité dont le législateur originel voulait le pourvoir, mais qui a toujours été étouffée par une conception théorique inadaptée que la doctrine contemporaine doit, aujourd’hui, renouveler. Seul un retour aux sources originelles du principe de spécialité de l’hypothèque, « mère » des sûretés réelles, permet de faire surgir, à nouveau, sa réalité pratique pour poser les premiers fondements d’une conception théorique ajustée qui pousse à remettre en cause le rattachement du droit des sûretés aux droits patrimoniaux. Le principe de spécialité n’est pas un stigmate de l’archaïsme du droit des sûretés réelles français ; il est, au contraire, le ferment de son évolutionThe specificity principle was introduced in the Civil code in 1804 to ensure the development of the modern economy. Then, it gained ground and became a fundamental principle of security law. However, at the end of the 20th century, it was violently criticized : it was accused to diffuse rigidity in security law and put a brake on credit. In addition to the principle noxiousness, its theoretical criticism was all the more announcing its decline in French law, because in foreign states the influence of the American security interest, which does not know the principle, was widening. However, the reform preserved, while softened, the principle in French law. The softening of the principle is the mark of a enlightened reform which is intuitively return to the principle origins to confer it the flexibility that the original legislator wanted, but which had been choked by an inadequate theoretical conception. This conception has to be renewed now. Only a return to original sources of hypothec specificity principle is able to capture its practical realty in order to lay the foundation stone of an adapted theoretical conception, which push to removing security law from patrimony rights. The specificity principle is not a sign of the archaism of real and personal security French law, it is, on the contrary, the ferment of his evolution
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Mailly, Myriam. "L'application du règlement 1346/2000 relatif aux procédures d'insolvabilité aux groupes de sociétés : approches francaise et anglaise". Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20026/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif de convaincre de la nécessité d’introduire des règles applicables aux groupes de sociétés au sein du règlement, et d’analyser, au moyen du droit comparé, les résistances que cette position impliquent et d’en tirer les conséquences qui lui sont attachées au regard de la sécurité juridique au sein de l’Union européenne.Alors que le texte prohibe - implicitement - l’application du règlement au groupe de sociétés, le juge anglais, inspiré par un certain pragmatisme, a très vite considéré que le renversement de la présomption en faveur du siège social statutaire des filiales permettrait la centralisation des procédures principales au sein d’un seul État membre pour le traitement unitaire des difficultés des groupes de sociétés (« la jurisprudence Daisytek »). La Cour de justice de l’Union européenne a dans son célèbre arrêt Eurofood tenté de limiter les interprétations extensives des critères de compétence dont les juridictions nationales s’étaient vite accommodées. Les jurisprudences nationales se sont ensuite diversifiées. Si certains juges ont accordé un poids déterminant à la présence d’une activité dans l’État membre sur le territoire duquel est situé le siège social statutaire des sociétés membres d’un groupe, d’autres juges ont tout simplement résisté à l’arrêt Eurofood. Examinant ensuite les propositions des institutions européennes visant à modifier le règlement 1346/2000, cette thèse souligne la volonté des autorités européennes d’insérer des règles applicables aux groupes de sociétés pour la mise en oeuvre du règlement. Au terme de cette étude de droit comparé, des solutions sont proposées pour favoriser un traitement transfrontière efficace des difficultés au sein d’un groupe de société tout en garantissant la sécurité juridique des tiers au sein de l’Union européenneOn 12 December 2012, the European Commission published its proposals for the revision of the Insolvency Regulation which were followed by a draft Legislative Resolution from the European Parliament (20th December 2013). While these proposals’ main objective is to create a specific legal framework for corporate group insolvencies, this thesis aims to demonstrate that they are unlikely to achieve their goal because of the requirement of legal certainty requirement within the EU.Adopted on 29 May 2000, the Council Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 on insolvency proceedings (the « Insolvency Regulation ») aims at establishing a uniform set of private international law rules on insolvency proceedings having cross-border effects within the EU. Since its entry into force (31 May 2002), its application by national courts has created debate, in particular with regard to its application to corporate groups. In order to maximise the value of groups’ assets or to achieve a global restructuration of groups, the national courts broadened the scope of the Insolvency Regulation by an extensive interpretation of the centre of main interest (« COMI ») criterion. In such a context, the Court of Justice of the European Union (« CJEU ») reinforced the rule that each legal entity should be treated separately (in its 2006 Eurofood case).However, the CJEU’s ruling did not solve the legal issues that national courts were facing when applying the Insolvency Regulation in respect of corporate groups insolvencies.In spite of the fact that the creation of rules for groups of companies has always raised complex legal (and political) issues, the European’s proposals constitute surely a solid basis for discussion and a great opportunity for European academics and practitioners to make their voices heard as well as to propose further amendments to the current Insolvency Regulation. This thesis aims to demonstrate that several issues are unresolved with regard to the whole structure of the revised Insolvency Regulation (e.g. no specific definition of COMI with regard to corporate groups) as well as with regard to the special regime introduced for corporate groups (e.g. no clear choice on the coordination system to be favoured for insolvent groups of companies)
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Bouskia, Samia. "L’exception d’inexécution". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0411.
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L’étude renouvelée de l’exception d’inexécution présente un intérêt certain après sa consécration générale dans le Code civil. L’Ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations a introduit deux applications de l’exception d’inexécution en droit commun des contrats. La première présente une teneur « classique ». Elle permet à une partie de refuser d’exécuter son obligation tant que l’autre partie n’exécute pas la sienne (nouvel article 1219 du Code civil). La seconde est plus innovante en ce qu’elle confère une fonction anticipative à l’exception d’inexécution (nouvel article 1220 du Code civil). Le droit légal des contrats se dote ainsi d’un moyen de sanction au service de l’efficacité économique du droit. L’approche comparative de l’exception d’inexécution révèle que le droit français s’aligne avec la plupart des pays européens. L’analyse critique des nouveaux articles 1219 et 1220 du Code civil met en évidence que ces textes sont relativement incomplets et imprécis. L’étude présente vise à démontrer que la consécration de l’exception d’inexécution dans le Code civil ne permet pas de dissiper les incertitudes et les lacunes du droit jurisprudentiel antérieur. L’approche pratique renouvelée du mécanisme révèle que les juges disposent d’une importante marge de manoeuvre, donc ils pourraient décider de reprendre les solutions prétoriennes antérieures. Après la réforme du droit des contrats, les praticiens devront se référer àl’interprétation qui sera faite par les juges. L’étude propose une grille de lecture de ces nouvelles dispositionsA renewed study of the exception of non-fulfilment is of definite interest after its general recognition in the Civil Code. The Ordonnance No. 2016-131 of February 10th, 2016 reforming the contract law, the general regime and the proof of obligations introduced two applications of the exception of non-fulfilment in the common law of contracts. The first one is “classic”. It allows a party to refuse to perform its obligation as long as the other party does not perform its obligation (article 1219 Civil Code). The second is more innovative in that it confers an anticipatory function with the exception of non-fulfilment (article 1220 Civil Code). The legal law of contracts thus provides a means of penalty for the economic efficiency of the law. The comparative approach of the exception of non-fulfilment reveals that French law is in line with most European countries.The critical analysis shows that the new Articles 1219 and 1220 of the Civil Code are relatively incomplete and unclear. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that recognition of the exception of non-fulfilment in the Civil Code does not dispel uncertainties and shortcomings of previous case law. The renewed practical approach of the mechanism reveals that judges have considerable flexibility, so they could decide to take up the previous case law. The study proposes a reading grid of these new texts. After the contract law reform of 2016, practitioners will have to refer to the interpretation of the new texts that will be made by judges
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Alshatti, Norah. "La motivation des décisions judiciaires civiles et la Cour de cassation : étude de droit comparé franco-koweïtien". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAA005/document.
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Cette étude comparative entre les systèmes français et koweïtien, est d’une potentielle grande richesse, tant du point de vue de la recherche juridique, que de celui de la pratique professionnelle. D’autant plus qu’en France, la motivation des décisions judiciaires et en particulier, des arrêts de la Cour de cassation est une obligation essentielle et le contrôle de la motivation, une mission première pour garantir le droit à un procès équitable. Actuellement la motivation des arrêts de la Cour de cassation est l’objet d’un projet de réforme dans le cadre plus général de celui de la Cour de cassation. Ce projet est suivi avec intérêt au Koweït, pays très influencé par la procédure civile française sous le contrôle d’une juridiction supranationale. Il n’y a de douter que le Koweït inclura dans sa trajectoire juridictionnelle tout progrès issu de la réforme en coursThis study that compares the French legal system and the Kuwaiti legal system is a valuable study with multiple aspects to its legal research and professional applications. For France, the rulings of its "Court" and overseers is necessary for a just trial. Now, they both are a study subject for a project to alter the role of the “Court” in a general way. This project is of utmost importance to the Kuwaiti judicial system as it affected by its history with the French civil law. In addition, it is important as well for the respected and known place as the highest court in the judicial system. (Compared with the European court for human rights). It is without a doubt that Kuwait will take it into consideration these positive changes for the role of the "Court"
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Juppet, Rodríguez Pablo Guillermo. "Traducción : anteproyecto de reforma del derecho de las obligaciones y del derecho de la prescripción". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/107136.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)El trabajo llevado a cabo pretende adaptar el derecho a una realidad más contemporánea y alentar las demás tradiciones civilistas a progresar en un sentido similar. La presente memoria traduce una parte de este trabajo, el cual versa sobre nuevos aportes en el derecho de los contratos y de las obligaciones. Este se construye en torno al aporte de varios y connotados profesores franceses, quienes dividieron las materias del código y las volvieron a coordinar, para resultar en un proyecto ofrecido por la cancillería del mismo país a su parlamento. El anteproyecto de reforma del derecho de las obligaciones y del derecho de la prescripción, objeto concreto de la presente traducción, se denomina también de manera más informal como “Anteproyecto Catala”. Dicho nombre, naturalmente, honra al profesor Pierre Catala, acaso quién dirigiera de manera más general esta parte del proyecto de reforma, quien a su vez menciona como sus antecesores en el espìritu modernizador a Portalis y Carbonnier.
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Khoriaty, Rita. "Les principes directeurs du droit des contrats : regards croisés sur les droits français, libanais, européen et international". Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020042.
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La comparaison des principes directeurs du droit des contrats dans les ordres internes (français et libanais), européen et international permet de déceler, d’une part, une convergence sur le plan de l’identification des principes directeurs du droit des contrats et, d’autre part, une divergence sur le plan de la mise en oeuvre de ces principes. La convergence se manifeste par le fait que les mêmes principes - à savoir les principes de liberté contractuelle, de loyauté contractuelle et de sécurité contractuelle - sous-tendent la théorie générale des contrats dans les trois ordres. Cette convergence s’explique par deux principaux facteurs : d’une part, un facteur logique à savoir le raisonnement par induction qui permet de dégager les principes directeurs du droit des contrats, et, d’autre part, un facteur politique en l’occurrence la concordance des objectifs généraux du droit des contrats dans les trois ordres. Quant à la divergence sur le plan de la mise en oeuvre des principes directeurs,elle se manifeste pratiquement par le renforcement, en droits européen et international,des principes directeurs de la liberté contractuelle et de la loyauté contractuelle ainsi que par l’aménagement du principe directeur de la sécurité contractuelle. Cette divergence a pu être expliquée par l’existence de besoins propres du commerce international. Toutefois, elle devrait plutôt être rattachée à l’influence de droits nationaux étrangers aux droits français et libanaisThe comparison of the guiding principles of contract law in French, Lebanese, European and international laws reveals on one hand a convergence in terms of identifying the guiding principles of contract law and on the other hand a divergence interms of implementing these principles.The convergence arises from the same principles - namely the principles of contractual freedom, contractual security and contractual “loyalty”2 - underlying the general theory of contracts in all three laws. This convergence is due to two mainfactors: firstly, a logical factor that is the inductive reasoning that allows extracting the guiding principles of contract law, and, secondly, a political factor based on the similarity of the general objectives of contract law in the three laws. As for the divergence in terms of guiding principles implementation, it is revealed through reinforcing in European and international laws, the guiding principles of contractual freedom and contractual “loyalty” as well as the adjustment of the guiding principle of contractual security. This divergence could be explained by the existence of specific needs of international trade. However, it should rather be related to the influence of foreign national laws different from French and Lebanese laws
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Barry, Sarah. "Les pourparlers précontractuels en droit québécois : de l’opportunité d’une modification du Code civil du Québec à la lumière des récentes réformes française et allemande". Thèse, Montpellier, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21173.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Law reform – france"
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Terré, François, i Lionel Andreu. Pour une réforme du régime général des obligations: Les autres sources des obligations, le régime général des obligations, la preuve des obligations. Paris: Dalloz, 2013.
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Dolez, Bernard, Bernard Grofman i Annie Laurent. In situ and laboratory experiments on electoral law reform: French presidential elections. New York: Springer, 2011.
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Weissbach, Lee Shai. Child labor reform in nineteenth-century France: Assuring the future harvest. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
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Mazur, Amy. Gender bias and the state: Symbolic reform at work in Fifth Republic France. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995.
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Larcan, Alain, i Philippe Oulmont. Charles de Gaulle et la justice: Actes du colloque Palais du Luxembourg, Paris, 29-30 novembre 2001. Paris: Éditions Cujas, 2003.
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Bentham, Jeremy. Rights, representation, and reform: Nonsense upon stilts and other writings on the French Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002.
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Kriegel, Blandine. La République incertaine. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1988.
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Grand, Vincent Le. Léon Blum (1872-1950): Gouverner la République. Paris: L.G.D.J., 2008.
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Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Progress in implementing supply chain management initiatives : report to the chairman and ranking member, Special Panel on Postal Reform & Oversight, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2004.
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Shaw, Robert L. J. The Celestine Monks of France, c. 1350-1450. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986787.
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The Celestine monks of France represent one of the least studied monastic reform movements of the late Middle Ages, and yet also one of the most culturally impactful. Their order - an austere Italian Benedictine reform of the late thirteenth century, which came be known after the papal name of their founder, Celestine V (St Peter of Murrone) - arrived in France in 1300. After a period of marginal growth, they flourished in the region from the mid-fourteenth century, founding thirteen new houses over the next hundred years, taking their total to seventeen by 1450. Not only did the French Celestines expand, they gained a distinctive character that separated them from their Italian brothers. More urban, better connected with both aristocratic and bourgeois society, and yet still rigorous and reformist, they characterised themselves as the 'Observant' wing of their order, having gained self-government for their provincial congregation in 1380 following the arrival of the Great Western Schism (1378-1417). But, as Robert L.J. Shaw argues, their importance runs beyond monastic reform: the late medieval French Celestines are a mirror of the political, intellectual, and Christian reform culture of their age. Within a France torn by war and a Church divided by schism, the French Celestines represented hope for renewal, influencing royal presentation, lay religion, and some of the leading French intellectuals of the period, including Jean Gerson.
Części książek na temat "Law reform – france"
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Herzog-Evans, Martine. "France: Executive Managerialism, Frantic Law Reform, but Desistance Culture". W The Palgrave Handbook of Global Rehabilitation in Criminal Justice, 181–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14375-5_11.
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Latham, Melanie. "Reform and Revolution: the Campaigns for Abortion in Britain and France". W Abortion Law and Politics Today, 130–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26876-4_11.
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Wily, Liz Alden. "Transforming legal status of customary land rights: what this means for women and men in rural Africa." W Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy, 169–81. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0014.
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Abstract This chapter provides an overview of land tenure reform, which should, in theory, prove a potent trigger towards equitable land relations between men and women in the customary land sector. This has been progressively underway in Africa since the 1990s. Broadly, a common objective is to release customary rights from their historical subordination as occupancy and use rights on presumed unowned lands, and much of which land remains vests in governments as ownercustodians. Or, where national laws have treated customary rights more equitably, a principal aim of reforms is to increase their security by these rights to be registrable without their extinction and conversion into statutory private rights. In short, this new phase of African land reform could signal the end of 70 years of intended disappearance of customary tenure as formally advised by the East African Royal Commission in 1955 and core elements of which were also adopted by France in respect of its own African possessions.
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"6: Towards Reform in France". W Law and Practice in the Age of Reform, 123–98. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.mcs-eb.4.000064.
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Anderson, Elisabeth. "A Tale of Two Reformers". W Agents of Reform, 78–116. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691220895.003.0004.
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This chapter recounts how child labor burst onto the national policy agenda in Belgium and France in the 1840s. In France, calls for regulation began in 1828, when a group of industrialists in the textile town of Mulhouse began petitioning the state for regulations on the employment of children in factories. The chapter mentions Leopold I, the king of neighboring Belgium, who called for a similar law and a major investigation was undertaken but did not enact a child labor law until 1889. Comparing the French and Belgian cases, the chapter explains why, despite social and political conditions favorable to reform in both countries, France succeeded in regulating child labor early in its industrial development while Belgium did not. Some have argued that Belgium failed because it embraced economic liberalism with extreme fervor and granted capitalists great influence over policy.
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Gerber, Matthew. "Jurisprudential Reform of Illegitimacy in Seventeenth-Century France". W BastardsPolitics, Family, and Law in Early Modern France, 49–71. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755370.003.0002.
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"Chapter 6. Nationality Law Reform in Comparative Perspective". W Immigration, Islam, and the Politics of Belonging in France, 131–58. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812204117.131.
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Cuniberti, Gilles, i Isabelle Rueda. "National Report for France". W Treatment of Contracts in Insolvency. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668366.003.0008.
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France’s first specific provisions on the treatment of executory contracts in insolvency proceedings were adopted in 1967. Thereafter, French insolvency law was modified in 1985, 1994, 2005, and 2008, with all but the 2005 reform modifying the executory contracts provisions. The goal of such modifications was often to clarify the law, incorporating judicial interpretations into the statutory provisions.
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"Chapter 4. Nationality Law Reform: Launching a New Debate". W Immigration, Islam, and the Politics of Belonging in France, 77–89. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812204117.77.
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Hazel, Fox, i Webb Philippa. "Part V Conclusions, 20 Taking Stock". W The Law of State Immunity. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198744412.003.0021.
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This concluding chapter explores the possibilities of reform in light of a potential ‘universal approach’ to State immunity. Firstly, it is suggested that there should be some adjustment to the absolute nature of immunity of State property which continues to be categorized as in use for sovereign purposes when invested in commercial markets for the purpose of economic gain. Secondly, English lawyers should consider more closely the French approach to enforcement of arbitration awards. Thirdly, if this ‘universal approach’ connection underpins the UK's commitment that commercial law should be applicable to all-comers regardless of political colour or bias, a step to advance it would be for the UK to proceed alongside France, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, among other States, to ratify the UN Convention.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Law reform – france"
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Kurilov, Yu Yu. "LOCAL AND REGIONAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN UKRAINE AND FRANCE: TERRITORY, AUTHORITY OF REGIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EVOLUTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL MODEL OF UKRAINE". W WAYS TO REFORM PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT UNDER MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE. Izdevnieciba “Baltija Publishing”, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-419-1-12.
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Zaporojan, Veaceslav, i Corina Zaporojan. "The impact of constitutionalism on direct and representative democracy in the rule of law". W International Scientific Conference “30 Years of Economic Reforms in the Republic of Moldova: Economic Progress via Innovation and Competitiveness”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975155649.34.
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The development of direct and representative democracy, as the essence of the rule of law, imposes the need to exercise political activities based on the Constitution, but also a control of political activities exercised by the rulers - constitutionalism. Constitutionalism, through the control of constitutionality, allows society to exercise verification of governance measures. Constitutionalism exercises differently the assessment of the sovereignty of the people in the direct and representative execution of the rulers of democracy. The research evaluates through the historical prism of applying the constitutional law and controlling the constitutionality of the processes of exercising direct and representative democracy in developing democracies, such as the Republic of Moldova, in relation to developed democracies. The study found the application of direct democracy to the adoption of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic in France unacceptable. In comparison, the study considered inadmissible the adoption of a law to revise the Constitution through the direct exercise of sovereignty, as attempted in Moldova in the absence of a procedure directly regulated by the Constitution, supported by the indirect agreement of the Constitutional Court. The positive and intense political application, including publicity, of this procedure, guided the people of the Republic of Moldova, through their great thought, to ignore this initiative without even 1/3 of the voters running in the referendum.
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Vierling, Matthieu, Frederic Geiger, Jean-Francois Brilhac, Sophie Dorge, David Habermacher, Habiba Nouali, Jean-Louis Guichard i in. "Novel Desulfurization Concept Using a Regenerable Adsorbent". W ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16222.
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Abstract Sulfur oxides, abbreviated to SOx, refer to both sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) that are gaseous pollutants emitted by the combustion of low-grade fuels, including heavy oils, sour gases and coal. Current Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) technologies mainly use limestone or CaO (quicklime) as sulfur scavenger. They consume water and produce significant stocks of calcium sulfate, a non-regenerable solid that has limited market outlets and is sometimes considered as waste. To tackle this problem, a multi-partner team has launched a two-phase program in order to develop a new, regenerative FGD concept. This partnership includes a GE Power team (Belfort, France), three research laboratories (IS2M-MPC, LGRE from University of Haute Alsace, Mulhouse and ICB-UTBM-LERMPS, Belfort), a ceramic material testing center (ICAR, Moncel les Luneville, France) and a consultancy organization skilled in materials (Zephir Alsace, Mulhouse). The main objective was to design a regenerable adsorbent that would not release any solid waste but would allow instead the recovery of sulfur in the form of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) which is a valuable chemical commodity. A first subprogram, executed from September 2012 through March 2015 and called “DeSOx New Gen”, enabled the different partners to identify and test at lab scale a regenerable and durable adsorbent. This adsorbent, used initially in powder form, involved an organized mesoporous silica (SiO2), which was used as a support and was impregnated with copper oxide (CuO) likely to undergo reversible sulfation. Such binary system proved capable of achieving large numbers of successive adsorption/regeneration cycles (more than fifteen attained in the lab) without undergoing substantial activity loss. A second subprogram, initiated in September 2017 and called “AdSOx”, aimed to obtain and test a bead-shaped form of the previously developed adsorbent in view of industrial applications. This product in bead-shaped adsorbent was then evaluated in 2019 in a pilot combustion rig, the flue gases of which were representative of a real industrial combustion installation in terms of SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, H2O and PM (particulate matter). In these rig tests, the performances of the adsorbent for the capture of SOx, including its capability to be regenerated for multi-cyclic use, have been assessed in fluidized bed and most recently in fixed bed conditions. This paper outlines the most significant steps and outcomes of this collaborative two-phase development program. It also illustrates the interesting capabilities of mesoporous materials for the design of highly active sorption and catalytic systems.
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Baró Zarzo, José Luis, i Francisco Javier Gómez Patrocinio. "IGLESIA DE LA INMACULADA EN SANTA EULALIA DEL CAMPO (TERUEL). APUNTES SOBRE EL PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO". W II Simposio de Patrimonio Cultural ICOMOS España. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/icomos2022.2022.15395.
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Las modernas técnicas de levantamiento fotogramétrico aplicadas a la estratigrafía muraria pueden aportar una sólida base para plantear hipótesis constructivas, ya no solo en la detección de intervenciones practicadas con posterioridad a la génesis del monumento (reformas, reparaciones, ampliaciones …), sino también para desentrañar el proceso mismo constructivo experimentado por el edificio en origen. Para indagar en el objetivo señalado se propone aplicar este doble acercamiento al caso concreto de la iglesia de la Inmaculada en Santa Eulalia del Campo (Teruel, España), construida por el prestigioso arquitecto de origen francés Pierres Vedel (¿−1567) entre 1556 y 1566, único templo que diseña y construye en su integridad. La iglesia responde al modelo de templo gótico-renacentista de una sola nave, con capillas entre contrafuertes y cabecera poligonal. Destaca por sus bóvedas tabicadas estrelladas de rampante recto – esférico en el sotacoro –, con nervaduras de yeso y medallones prefabricados del mismo material.
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Mazur-Kumrić, Nives. "POST-COVID-19 RECOVERY AND RESILIENCEBUILDING IN THE OUTERMOST REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN STRATEGY". W The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22443.
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The socio-economic environment of the outermost regions of the European Union was severely affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Due to their geographical and historical specificities, the outermost regions were significantly lagging behind the rest of the European Union in terms of economic indicators even in the pre-pandemic period. Expectedly, COVID-19-induced shocks additionally potentiated their development gap. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the multiple impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Réunion, Martinique, Mayotte, and Saint Martin (France), the Azores and Madeira (Portugal), and the Canary Islands (Spain), and the related legislative responses of the European Union aiming at eliminating adverse effects of the crisis and building more resilient societies. The factual assessment is carried out primarily through the prism of the European Commission’s 2021 Study on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outermost Regions, which underlines the health, economic and social repercussions of the crisis as well as a recommended set of recovery and resilience-building measures in the outermost regions. The legal analysis focuses on the ongoing codification of the rules and measures regulating the governance of the outermost regions as integral parts of the European Union. Pursuant to Article 349 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the European Union shall adopt specific measures for laying down the conditions for the development of the outermost regions, such as those in the area of fiscal policy, European Structural and Investment Funds, State-aid, agriculture and fisheries policies, and others. In that regard, the paper looks into the recently adopted regulations facilitating the use of EU funds and particular benefits (e.g. tax exemptions) in the outermost regions. Special emphasis is put on the currently tabled initiatives for an updated regulatory framework enabling the outermost regions to improve and strengthen their overall socio-economic position. That mainly refers to the forthcoming European strategy for the outermost regions, to be adopted in 2022. The respective strategy shall lay the foundations for a new strategic approach of the European Union to shaping a sustainable and resilient future for the outermost regions apt to face the challenges of the 21st century, notably those related to green, digital, and demographic transition.
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Urbane, Marta. "The Future of the Employee’s Right to Disconnect in the European Union and Latvia". W 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002285.
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The right to disconnect refers to a worker's right to be able to disconnect from work and refrain from engaging in work-related electronic communication, like emails and other messages, during non-work hours and holidays. The Latvian Labor Law does not directly determine the right to disconnect from digital devices, however, such rights arise from certain legal norms. Examples of the provisions of the Labor Law relate to the general rules on rest periods and breaks in work. The recent research results of remote work during Covid-19 pandemic conducted by the author show that for 69.3% of respondents working remotely possibility to disconnect from digital devices outside working hours (when the assigned work tasks have been completed) is extremely crucial. If the rights to disconnect are not explicitly regulated, the risk of disbalance between work and private life is at stake. The increase in workload during the emergency caused by COVID-19 was indicated by 42.7% of respondents in Latvia. That shows that another problem of lack of regulation of rights to disconnect could be unpaid overtime. The research shows that 14.7% of respondents were not paid for overtime work when working from home. The practice shows a critical need for sustainable and predictable changes in the legal system to protect employees’ rights and thus ensure stable employment in general in Latvia. It was also recently decided by Employment Committee MEPs that EU countries must ensure that workers are able to exercise the right to disconnect effectively. Some of the member states in the European Union have recently implemented the right into their legal system (Portugal, Spain, France), but each member state takes a different approach. That means that discussion is no longer if there is a need to implement the “right to disconnect” in national legal acts, but how to implement the right efficiently not only at a national level but at the EU level as well.The goal of the research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the legal status of the “right to disconnect” in the legal system of the European Union and Latvia. In order to reach the goal, the author is using various scientific research methods. The paper is based on a quantitative research method and analytical, comparative, case law analysis method to provide valid conclusions on the current role of the “right to disconnect” in Latvia and the European Union. The author also offers recommendations on how to implement the “right to disconnect” efficiently to avoid violation of employees’ rights and ensure a sustainable work environment.In the result, the author has concluded that the biggest impediment of the employee's right to disconnect is the lack of clear legislative preconditions that would encourage businesses to preserve employees' freedom to disconnect, resulting in a more sustainable working environment - both in the office and remotely.Finally, the author concludes that there is a need to adjust regulation in Latvia to meet the needs of widespread use of remote work. The author also concludes that a significant role to protect employees’ right to disconnect is for governmental authorities to explain the right to disconnect to employees and employers.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Law reform – france"
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Granados, Jaime. Zonas Francas y otros regímenes especiales en un contexto de negociaciones comerciales multilaterales y regionales. Inter-American Development Bank, styczeń 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009725.
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Las zonas francas de exportación y otros regímenes especiales estarán siendo objeto de sustanciales reformas regulatorias como resultado de la progresiva inserción de los países en la economía internacional. Por un lado, los compromisos ante la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC) imponen la eliminación de los subsidios a la exportación. Por otro lado, los esquemas de integración regional normalmente imponen presiones para la eliminación de mecanismos de exoneración o reducción de aranceles y otros impuestos a la importación de insumos o equipos que se incorporan o utilizan en mercancías para la exportación hacia el socio comercial bajo esos esquemas. El efecto combinado de estas dos fuerzas es lo que ha generado o generará un cambio sustancial en la forma de operar de esos regímenes especiales. Este documento busca explicar estos factores así como algunos escenarios muy generales sobre los mecanismos de zonas francas de exportación de mercancías y otros regímenes especiales.
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Ducci, Jorge, Alvaro Fisher i Mauricio Arredondo. Regional Review of Economic Instruments for Solid Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Regional Situation and Case Studies about the Private Participation in Santiago and Recycling. Inter-American Development Bank, luty 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012206.
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The purpose of this document is to present a brief summary of the economic instruments in use for solid waste management in the region and to present two case studies of such use in Chile. These case studies refer to the industrial organization for the collection and disposal of residential solid waste in the city of Santiago and the development of a collection and recycling scheme in the Municipality of La Reina, in Santiago. This document presents, as a frame of reference based on the available bibliography, the main aspects related to the reality of solid waste management in Latin America. On this basis, we comment on the economic instruments that could theoretically be used to improve the usual problems of low coverage, poor service quality, pollution, etc., currently being observed in the region.
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Khan, Mahreen. Public Financial Management and Transitioning out of Aid. Institute of Development Studies, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.145.
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This rapid review found an absence of literature focused specifically on measuring the impact of PFM and governance systems in countries that have transitioned from aid, by moving up the income ladder. However, there are a few academic publications and a limited number of studies by multilateral, such as the World Bank, that examine the role of PFM and governance systems in countries that are transitioning or have moved away from aid. However, the importance of public financial management (PFM) and governance systems in development is well established and seen as a pre-requisite for economic growth. To effectively transition from aid, most low-income countries (LICs) need to upgrade their PFM and governance systems to meet the different scale, resources, accountability mechanisms, and capacity-building requirements of a middle-income country (MIC). The absence of the above empirical evidence may be due to the complexity of measuring the impact of PFM reforms as the results are non-linear, difficult to isolate from other policies to establish causality, and manifest in a longer time frame. However, through comparative country studies, the consequences of deficient PFM and governance have been well documented. So impaired budgetary planning, implementation, and reporting, limited fiscal transparency, weak accountability mechanisms, resource leakage, and inefficient service delivery are well recognised as detrimental to economic growth and development. The literature on transitioning countries focuses predominantly on the impact of aid withdrawal on the social sector, where comparative qualitative data is easier to obtain and the effects are usually more immediate, visible, and may even extend to global health outcomes, such as in AIDS prevention programmes. Thus, tracking the progress of donor-assisted social sector programmes is relatively easier than for PFM and governance reforms. The literature is more abundant on the overall lessons of transitions from aid both for country governments and donors. The key lessons underscore the importance of PFM and governance systems and mechanisms to a successful transition up the income ladder: Planning for transition should be strategic, detailed and specifically geared to mitigate against risks, explicitly assessing the best mix of finance options to mitigate the impact of aid reduction/withdrawal on national budgets. The plan must be led by a working group or ministry and have timelines and milestones; Where PFM and governance is weak transition preparation should include strengthening PFM especially economic and fiscal legislation, administration, and implementation; Stakeholders such as donor partners (DPs) and NGOs should participate in the planning process with clear, open, and ongoing communication channels; Political and economic assessments in the planning and mid-term phases as well as long-term monitoring and evaluation should be instituted; Build financial, technical, and management capacity throughout the plan implementation This helpdesk report draws on academic, policy, and grey sources from the previous seven years rather than the usual K4D five-year window, to account for the two-year disruption of COVID-19. As cross-country studies on PFM and governance are scarce, a few older studies are also referenced to ensure a comprehensive response to the query. The report focuses on low-income countries transitioning from aid due to a change in status to lower-middle-income countries.
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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.
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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias