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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 27 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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1

Гайнетдинова, Александра Борисовна, Татьяна Константиновна Демидова i Елена Олеговна Тулупова. "THE HISTORY OF MUSLIM MIGRATION TO EUROPE". Bulletin of the Institute of Law of the Bashkir State University 4, nr 3 (1.11.2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/vest-law-bsu-2021.11.9.

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At present, the issue of migration to the European Union is very acute, despite many attempts of the under question countries’ leaders to stabilize the situation. On the one hand, European Union authorities are unable to cope with a massive human flow, and on the other hand, local population’ discontent with Europe’s Islamization is mounting. It is obvious that the migrants who have arrived in European countries are reluctant to learn the native language, do not accept the culture, do not accept the rules of conduct in European society, and sometimes dictate their own conditions. It undoubtedly disturbs European society.

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2

Hellwege, Phillip. "A Comparative History of Insurance Law in Europe". American Journal of Legal History 56, nr 1 (marzec 2016): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njv010.

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Harvey, Katherine. "Law and the Illicit in Medieval Europe". European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 18, nr 3 (czerwiec 2011): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2011.574831.

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Kroeze, Maarten J., i Hélène M. Vletter–van Dort. "History and Future of Uniform Company Law in Europe". European Company Law 5, Issue 3 (1.06.2008): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2008023.

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The central question of this contribution is whether the object to achieve uniform EU company law is a thing of the past or will, to some extent, remain part of future policy. A comparison is made between the European situation and that of the United States as regards regulatory competition in this field.

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5

Flume, Johannes W. "Law and Commerce: The Evolution of Codified Business Law in Europe". Comparative Legal History 2, nr 1 (10.06.2014): 45–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/2049677x.2.1.45.

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Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization". International Community Law Review 9, nr 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.

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7

Schmidt, Josef, Victoria Kahn i Lorna Hutson. "Rhetoric & Law in Early Modern Europe". Sixteenth Century Journal 33, nr 4 (2002): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144233.

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Barry, Donald. "Russia, Europe, and the Rule of Law". Review of Central and East European Law 33, nr 2 (2008): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598808x262632.

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Ranieri, Filippo. "Watson, Alan, Legal History and a Common Law for Europe". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 120, nr 1 (1.08.2003): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgga.2003.120.1.377.

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Zanin, Sergey. "Making of the Science of Public Law in Europe". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, nr 5 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640025460-4.

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In contrast to the approaches widely accepted in historiography, in this article the author analyses the content of the concepts of “natural law”, “contract” and “sovereignty” developed by representatives of the “school of natural law” (Grotius, Pufendorf, Burlamaqui, Barbeyrac), as well as their followers (Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau). After Grotius, the individualistic concept of “natural law” emerges in the writings of Pufendorf, which led the representatives of the “school” to look for the form of the social contract in the private legal agreements of the people with the bearer of sovereign power. The author demonstrates that Rousseau, developing his criticism of these ideas, created a new concept of a public law contract in which the “sovereign” is not a party to the agreement, and the people do not alienate supreme power in his favour, remaining its bearer and its only source. At the same time, he did not raise the question of the real “origins of sovereignty”, which the representatives of the “school’ and their followers focused a lot of attention on, since Rousseau's social contract is not a historical fact. Thus, the formation of the science of public law in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reflects the transition from the concepts of “natural law”, “contract” and “sovereignty” based on fact to the concepts based on law.

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11

Hanschmann, Felix. "“A Community of History”: A Problematic Concept and its Usage in Constitutional Law and Community Law". German Law Journal 6, nr 8 (1.08.2005): 1129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220001419x.

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A prevalent assumption in German Constitutional Law and Community Law reads as follows: »If Europe wants to have a future it needs to become a community of history«. But there is a snag in it: Just as it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify national communities of history, it is unlikely that one European community of history will emerge.

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12

Schmidt, Albert J., James A. Brundage, Martin Ingram i Roderick Phillips. "Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe". American Journal of Legal History 34, nr 1 (styczeń 1990): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845358.

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Tabuteau, Emily Zack, i James A. Brundage. "Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe". American Journal of Legal History 34, nr 4 (październik 1990): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845831.

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Saller, Richard. "European family history and Roman law". Continuity and Change 6, nr 3 (grudzień 1991): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000004082.

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Quelques récentes synthèses importantes concernant l'histoire de la vie familiale en Europe ont fait appel au droit romain pour expliquer des évolutions centrales, telles que l'exogamie, l'apparition de cellules famiales ‘commensurables’, et la naissance de l'autoritarisme paternel. De telles explications doivent présumer que les règles légales exercent une forte influence déterminante pour le comportment des membres de la famille. Cette hypothèse n'est pas justifiée quant au droit romain: la loi ne délimitait ni ne déterminait pas exhaustivement le comportement familial; au contraire, elle offrait un ensemble impresionnant d'instruments et d'institutions légaux, que l'on pouvait manipuler pour garanti une grande variété de relations et systèmes familiaux. Par conséquent, les modifications et la réintroduction du droit romain au bas Moyen-Age n'ont qu'un faible pouvoir explicatif pour la compréhension des différences entre la vie familiale dans le nord et dans le sud de l'Europe.

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15

Pendas, Devin O. "Seeking Justice, Finding Law: Nazi Trials in Postwar Europe". Journal of Modern History 81, nr 2 (czerwiec 2009): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598922.

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16

Bonfield, Lloyd. "Canon law and family law in medieval Western Christendom". Continuity and Change 6, nr 3 (grudzień 1991): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000004100.

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Cet article examine la corrélation entre le droit canon tel qu'il a été observé par le Prof. Jack Goody dans son livre, The development of the family and marriage in Europe. Goody y argumente avec vigueur que l'église catholique essayait de maintenir sa richesse et son autorité par le contrêle du domaine familial. A son avis, l'église le réalisait en contrôlant la loi sur le mariage, et de ce fait, les systèmes d'héritage. L'église catholique s'opposait particulièrement, d'après Goody, contre une des stratégies de l'héritage, è savoir l'adoption. L'adoption avait été fort utile pour les romains mais elle disparut en Europe Occidentale après l'abandon du droit romain. Cet article tente d'établir une distinction entre la loi du mariage et celle de l'héritage et avance que, si l'adoption officielle et légate n'a peut-être pas existé dans la chrétienté médiévale, d'autres stratégies d'héritage, appliquées en raison de la liberté de disposition permettaient aux families sans enfants de choisir des héritiers.

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Herlihy, David, i James A. Brundage. "Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 94, nr 4 (październik 1989): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906629.

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18

Ibbetson, D. J. "Natural Law and Common Law". Edinburgh Law Review 5, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2001.5.1.4.

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If you scan through the law reports ofthe last century or so, you will come across a sprinkling of references to Natural Law, commonly in conjunction with some such phrase as “manifest nonsense”.1 Introductory books dealing with the sources of law hardly place it in the forefront of their treatment, to say the least; and anyone writing a practitioners' manual on some practically useful area of law who began with a chapter on Natural Law would be thought to have taken leave of his senses. Go back two or three hundred years or so and the picture looks very different. References to the law of nature abound in the reports of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; institutional writers dealing with the Common Law will regularly list Natural Law as one of its principal sources, and when Stewart Kyd wrote the first English book on what we would now call company law2 the obvious starting pointfor his first chapter was the work of the Natural Lawyers of the previous century. England, like everywhere else in Europe, had been caught up in a fervour of Natural Law thinking. Legal historians, of course, are well aware of this, but commonly portray it in their books as part of the background against which the Common Law was worked out, rather than as an integral part ofthe story of English law's development.3 This downplaying of the practical significance of Natural Law represents something of a lost opportunity, not merely because it can give a frame of reference within which some sense can be made ofthe reorientation of English law in the eighteenth century, but also because it provides an important point ofcontact between the all-too-insular history ofEnglish law and the apparently more homogeneous legal history of the rest of Europe.

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Frankot, Edda. "Maritime Law and Practice in Late Medieval Aberdeen". Scottish Historical Review 89, nr 2 (październik 2010): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2010.0202.

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This article examines maritime law and its use in legal practice in late medieval Aberdeen. It is argued that, although several copies of a Scottish translation of the ‘Rôles d'Oléron’, a French sea law, were available in Scotland, written law collections were rarely used in court proceedings. Rather, judgments were ‘concluded’ or ‘found’ based on common sense. Some of these judgments did, nonetheless, correspond to regulations laid down in the ‘Rôles d'Oléron’, or to verdicts from legal practice recorded elsewhere in northern Europe. Although no common tradition of maritime law and practice existed in northern Europe, Aberdeen practice appears to have been significantly different from that of other northern European towns, suggesting that Aberdeen may have been part of a separate north-western European tradition instead.

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20

Collin, Peter, Wim Decock, Nadine Grotkamp, David von Mayenburg i Anna Seelentag. "History of Conflict Resolution in Europe – A Project Report". Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 2022, nr 30 (2022): 065–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg30/065-080.

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MacQueen, Hector L., Ludo Milis, Daniel Lambrecht, Hilde de Ridder-Symoens i Monique Vleeschouwers-van Melkbeek. "R. C. Van Caenegem: Law, History the Low Countries and Europe". American Journal of Legal History 39, nr 2 (kwiecień 1995): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845931.

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Heirbaut, Dirk. "A source of inspiration for legal historians: Raoul van Caenegem’s views on legal history". Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 88, nr 1-2 (25.06.2020): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00880a09.

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Summary Although Raoul van Caenegem claimed otherwise, he had very strong views on what legal history should be. In his opinion, legal history belonged to the disciplinary field of history, not to law. The legal historian should not only chronicle past evolutions of the law, but also explain them. To this purpose, van Caenegem himself turned to sociology, trying to work with types and models in order to generalise. Van Caenegem rejected the idea of a Volksgeist and advocated to look at the European context in a comparative legal history. Nevertheless, his ‘Europe’ was limited to the founding members of the European Union, joined by England. He constructed legal history as a history of power and preferred to study groups of law makers instead of individuals. In his legal history, the European ‘Second Middle Ages’, from 1100 until 1750, stand out as the cradle of the modern rule of law, with a special role for the cities of medieval Flanders. Although well-known for a leading handbook promoting the idea of the ius commune, the common law of Europe, van Caenegem actually deemed custom to have been the primary source of law in medieval Europe, whereas the role of the ius commune had been, in his opinion, overestimated. As he showed many times during his distinguished career, van Caenegem wanted legal historians to take part in current debates. In the end, his main lesson from legal history was a plea for moderation, as taking a sound idea to its extreme leads to absurd or unintended consequences.

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Jendrośka, Jerzy. "Roots of Modern Environmental Law in Europe". Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 18, nr 3 (26.07.2021): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-18030004.

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Abstract The article provides a concise overview of the origins of modern environmental law in Europe based on general historical studies or the legal studies dealing with the history of environmental law in particular European regions or countries. It presents historical development of the two fundamental branches of environmental law, namely nature conservation and pollution control, first at the medieval times and then as a consequence of Industrial Revolution. The article presents the legal instruments and concepts invented in the past in the light of the instruments and concepts used in the current European legislation. In this context it attempts to show that some of the contemporary concepts and many of currently used legal instruments of environmental policy are not the modern invention and have the roots in some older concepts and instruments invented already long time ago in some national legislations in Europe. In conclusion the article claims that while the global challenges brought about by the climate change require politicians to seek a new, more comprehensive, approach to environmental policy and law – some lessons learned from the past experience may be useful.

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Grossi, Paolo. "Europes Message about Law and Its Vitality: Past, Current and Future Perspectives". European Business Law Review 25, Issue 3 (1.06.2014): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2014014.

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1. The Legal dimension in Europe's history - 2. The 'European' message of the medieval ius commune - 3. Halfway between modern and post-modern: the start of a new 'European' message - 4. Europe of law: diversities in unity - 5. The role played by the European Court of Justice in the creation of 'European' law: the problem of identifying fundamental rights - 6. European law and its need for principles: the role played by legal science - 7. Europe of law and the current globalization of law

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Ezhov, Ilya M. "Political Asylum as a Source of Problems and Paradoxes in the EU". RUDN Journal of World History 11, nr 4 (15.12.2019): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-4-361-369.

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The prolonged migration crisis in Europe has led not only to social upheaval on the continent, but also to reforms in the migration law. The author analyzes the origins and foundations of political asylum as a major aspect of international law and its impact on the development of the migration crisis in Europe. The author uses a combination of a systemic, comparative and historical (historicalgenetic) methods. The aim of the study is to identify characteristic features and analyze the history of the development of the procedure for granting political asylum by European countries and the impact of the right to asylum on the entire migration policy of Europe. The study is interdisciplinary in nature at the intersection of the theory and history of international relations, law, sociology and political science.

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Kahn, Sylvain. "Should Europe disturb historians? On the importance of methodology and interdisciplinarity". European Law Journal 28, nr 4-6 (lipiec 2022): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12470.

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AbstractDoes the emergence of the European Union (EU) disrupt the frames of reference of the contemporary history of Europe to such an extent that historians distrust it? It would seem that methodological Euroscepticism exists. European integration arouses scepticism among some in the community of historians of contemporary Europe, since the conceptual underpinnings of that history cannot in themselves account for European integration. This billet expresses, more than a word of caution, a call for enhanced dialogue on the EU as an object of study among the different strands of historical studies and different disciplines. On the one hand, some of the analyses provided by historical studies on contemporary Europe constitute a fertile source for the study and understanding of European integration, notably in the field of history. Using them can stimulate the development in the European studies field of new concepts, new representations and new hypotheses for grasping the EU as a reality and a comparatively new object of academic interest. On the other hand, the critical study of the EU conducted in the specific field of the history of the EU questions and sheds a new light on the analytical categories of contemporary European history. In this regard, the fruitful interaction between history, political geography, law and political science can enrich contemporary European history. Interdisciplinary studies on European integration notably enable us to decentre notions of sovereignty, territory and democracy, which have classically taken the nation state as their reference in broad explanatory narratives of contemporary European history. Research mutualisation would offer all the potential interpretative and analytical benefits of the conceptual and methodological rethink of our various disciplines and of European integration as an object of study.

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van Rhee, C. H. "Civil litigation in twentieth century Europe". Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 75, nr 3 (2007): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181907783054978.

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AbstractThe present article adresses one of the many topics on which Raoul van Caenegem has focused during his long career: the history of civil procedure. It concentrates on the twentieth century and offers a comparative perspective. The year 1898, in which the influential Austrian Zivilprozessordnung (öZPO) of the 1st of August 1895 took effect, forms the starting point of the article. This Code inaugurated a new era in civil procedure since it introduced a judge with extensive case management powers. The final part of the article discusses the English Civil Procedure Rules, which came into force in 1999. In 1999, even the English judge, who until that time had acted as a mere 'umpire', acquired extensive case management powers. Case management by the judge is now a common European phenomenon.

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Whatmore, Richard. "Vattel, Britain and Peace in Europe". Grotiana 31, nr 1 (2010): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187607510x540231.

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AbstractThis paper underlines Vattel's commitment to maintaining the sovereignty of Europe's small states by enunciating the duties he deemed incumbent upon all political communities. Vattel took seriously the threat to Europe from a renascent France, willing to foster an equally aggressive Catholic imperialism justified by the need for religious unity. Preventing a French version of universal monarchy, Vattel recognised, entailed more than speculating about a Europe imagined as a single republic. Rather, Vattel believed that Britain had to be relied upon to prevent excessive French ambition, and to underwrite the independence of the continent's smaller sovereignties. Against those who saw Britain as another candidate for the domination of Europe, Vattel argued that Britain's commercial interests explained why it was a different kind of state to the great empires of the past. The paper goes on to consider the reception of Vattel's ideas after the Seven Years War. Although further research is required into readings of Vattel, especially in the smaller states of Europe in the later eighteenth century, the paper concludes that by the 1790s Vattel was being used to justify war to defeat the gargantuan imperialist projects of newly republican France, in order to maintain Europe itself, and the smaller states within it.

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Mather, Elwood E., i Michael M. Sheehan. "Marriage, Family, and Law in Medieval Europe: Collected Studies." Sixteenth Century Journal 28, nr 3 (1997): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2543116.

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Bentley, Jerry H., i James Muldoon. "Canon Law, the Expansion of Europe, and World Order". Sixteenth Century Journal 31, nr 3 (2000): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671092.

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Mańko, Rafał. "Delimiting Central Europe as a Juridical Space: A Preliminary Exercise in Critical Legal Geography". Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 89 (31.12.2019): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.89.05.

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The aim of the present paper is to contribute to the on-going discussion, both in legal theory and in comparative law, concerning the status of Central Europe and its delimitation from other legal regions in Europe, notably Romano-Germanic Western Europe but also Eastern Europe and Eurasia. The paper adopts the methodological perspective of critical legal geography, understood as a strand of critical jurisprudence laying at the interstices of spatial justice studies, critical geography, comparative law, sociology of law and legal history. The paper proceeds by identifying the notion of Central Europe with reference to a specific list of countries, then proposes a number of objective criteria for delimitng Central Europe and applies them in order to highlight the difference between Central Europe and other adjacent legal regions. Following that, the paper enquires as to whether Central Europe should be deemed to be a ‘legal family’, a ‘legal union’ or simply a ‘legal space’ or ‘space of legal culture’.

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Reynolds, Susan. "Early Medieval Law in India and Europe: A Plea for Comparisons". Medieval History Journal 16, nr 1 (kwiecień 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097194581301600101.

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Roobol, W. H. "Federalism, Sovereignty, etc." European Constitutional Law Review 1, nr 1 (12.10.2004): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605000878.

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For the first time in history, the aspiration to ‘an ever closer union’ between European peoples (not states) was laid down in the Treaty of Rome of 1957. The same idea has now found expression in the preamble to the Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe: ‘Convinced that, while remaining proud of their own national identities and history, the peoples of Europe are determined to transcend their ancient divisions and, united ever more closely, to forge a common destiny’. However, as is usual in politics, the precise meaning of this formula is left unclear. Can pride of national identity and history go together with the forging of a common destiny? Without trying to answer this question, this short article looks at whether (a) European history, (b) the wording of the proposed treaty itself and (c) the international context can give some clues as to where forging a common destiny between the peoples of Europe might lead in a constitutional sense. Will the Union develop into a more or less centralised entity that resembles a state or will it remain the rather loose and open conglomeration of states it presently is?

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Watson, Alan, Franz Wieacker i Reinhard Zimmermann. "A History of Private Law in Europe, with Particular Reference to Germany." American Historical Review 102, nr 4 (październik 1997): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170669.

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Corredera, Edward Jones. "The History of Fair Trade: Hugo Grotius, Corporations, and the Spanish Enlightenment". Grotiana 42, nr 1 (1.07.2021): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760759-42010008.

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Abstract The early Spanish Enlightenment was shaped by debates over corporations, sovereignty, and the balance of power in Europe. Spanish officials, in this context, turned to the ideas of Hugo Grotius to establish joint-stock companies that could allow the Crown to regain control over its imperial domains and establish perpetual peace in Europe. This article recovers the writings of Félix Fernando de Sotomayor, Duke of Sotomayor (1684–1767), who drew on the works of Grotius, Samuel Pufendorf, and Charles Dutot in order to show that the history of these corporations chronicled the contestation and erosion of Spanish power and the diversion of European states from their true interests. Sovereigns, not merchants, argued Sotomayor, could guarantee fair trade and the equitable distribution of wealth. The study of Sotomayor’s views on trade, natural law, and alienation challenges traditional interpretations about the Iberian engagement with Grotius, the rise of capitalist hopes in Southern and Northern Europe, and Spain’s investment in the Enlightenment.

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Khabrieva, Talia, i Zalina Khamchieva. "The Venice Commission: the 30 Years of History". Contemporary Europe 103, nr 3 (30.06.2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope320210516.

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The article is dedicated to the results of thirty years activity of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission of the Council of Europe), which is a recognized expert center in the field of constitutional law. Russia has been participating in its work since 2002. The purpose of the article is to show the evolution of the VC expert opinions’ problematics from the general problems of constitutional reforms to the specification of individual institutions, the assessment of electoral systems, the effectiveness of justice, guarantees of civil and political rights of citizens. This comparative analysis contributes to a better understanding of the Commission's current activities. The main stages of the Commissions’ formation are considered. The authors explore the expansion of the geographical sphere of Venice Commission’s influence and the strengthening of its role in the political-legal and scientific-legal fields. The conducted research makes it possible to fill an obvious gap in the domestic science of comparative and constitutional law, since there are only a few special works dedicated to the Venice Commission. The article sets out tasks that can contribute to the shaping of new directions for the development of legal science, taking into account the experience of the Commission and its contribution to the improvement of democratic institutions. The work is intended for scientists specializing in comparative and constitutional law, teachers and students studying the law of the Council of Europe. An optional seminar on the legal positions of the Venice Commission was organized at the Master's program of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation.

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Gridin, S. I. "The History of the Administrative Process in Ancient Rome". Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, nr 11 (22.01.2023): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.99.11.168-174.

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This study is devoted to the history of the emergence of the administrative process in Ancient Rome, since Roman law is the beginning and classic for the subsequent development of law. It appeared about 2 x and a half thousand years ago. It is no coincidence that in the Middle Ages it was received by Europe and became the basis for the development of various branches of law. Some concepts of Roman law were transferred to Russian law, as can be seen from this study. The study shows how the administrative process developed, although at that time there were no administrative courts. There was no concept of an administrative offense. Roman law was divided into public and private, so we tried to highlight the elements of the administrative process in private law. How successful this is for the reader to judge. Let them express their opinion.

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Korolev, S. V., i I. S. Lyalina. "Internet law and cybersecurity of the PRC". Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), nr 2 (29.04.2023): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2023.102.2.162-167.

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The history of the emergence and subsequent cross-border evolution of Internet law around the world is, in a sense, paradoxical. The creators of the first version of the Internet as a national security information system hardly imagined that the legal regulation of the Internet, primarily in Western Europe, would fall under the influence of the Romano-Germanic legal system. We are talking about the basic division of the national legal order for continental Europe into public law (jus publicum) and private law (jus privatum). Accordingly, cybersecurity and other public needs of the Internet in continental Europe have become the subject of public Internet law. On the contrary, the specifics and protection of the individual rights of users and entrepreneurs in the Internet space have become the subject of regulation of private Internet law. In the context of such differentiation of the Internet space, the experience of the PRC is of particular interest, where the ratio of public need and private interest, due to the specifics of Chinese civilization, cannot be interpreted in the spirit of Western European dualism.

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Mawani, Renisa, i Iza Hussin. "The Travels of Law: Indian Ocean Itineraries". Law and History Review 32, nr 4 (9.09.2014): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248014000467.

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I believe that no country ever stood so much in need of a code of laws as India; and I believe also that there never was a country in which the want might so easily be supplied. I said that there were many points of analogy between the state of that country after the fall of the Mogul power, and the state of Europe after the fall of the Roman empire. In one respect the analogy is very striking.As there were in Europe then, so there are in India now, several systems of law widely differing from each other, but coexisting and coequal. The indigenous population has its own laws. Each of the successive races of conquerors has brought with it its own peculiar jurisprudence: the Mussulman his Koran and the innumerable commentators on the Koran; the Englishman his Statute Book and his Term Reports. As there were established in Italy, at one and the same time, the Roman Law, the Lombard law, the Ripuarian law, the Bavarian law, and the Salic law, so we have now in our Eastern empire Hindoo law, Mahometan law, Parsee law, English law, perpetually mingling with each other and disturbing each other, varying with the person, varying with the place.–Thomas Babington MacaulayOn July 10 1833, in his lengthy and famous speech on the “Government of India” delivered to the House of Commons, Thomas Babington Macaulay offered a brief but fascinating spatial-temporal assessment of the exigencies confronting British legal reform in India. As his above-cited remarks suggest, Macaulay was well acquainted with the subcontinent's rich landscape of multiple legalities and was particularly attuned to the challenges this legal plurality posed to British rule. At the same time, his observations serve as an astute testament to law's travels. Macaulay's speech addressed a range of politically charged issues, including allegations of scandal and corruption surrounding the East India Company's administration. By the end, however, he turned from justifying and defending Company pursuits to persuading an attentive Parliament about the necessity and merits of legal codification. Given Macaulay's unwavering belief in the superiority of Britain (and Europe)—most clearly articulated in his developmentalist analogy between “Europe then” and “India now”—the most plausible itinerary of law's movements was a unidirectional one: law originated in metropolitan London and moved outward to India and elsewhere. However, in advancing his case for codification, Macaulay inadvertently exposed many other laws and their respective circuits of travel. India was difficult to govern precisely because it was a terrain of legal mobility; the residues of other people, places, and times produced a polyglot existence of “Hindoo law, Mahometan law, Parsee law, English law, perpetually mingling with each other and disturbing each other.” What India needed most, Macaulay urged, was a systematized, standardized, and codified rule of law that was to be introduced and imposed by the British: “A code is almost the only blessing, perhaps it is the only blessing, which absolute governments are better fitted to confer on a nation than popular governments.”

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Donges, Alexander, i Felix Selgert. "Patent Law and Innovation in Europe during the Industrial Revolution". Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, nr 1 (27.05.2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0001.

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Abstract Human capital, access to markets, and innovation-friendly institutions were important preconditions for the acceleration of technological change during the industrial revolution. In this context, the recent literature discusses the role of patents. Given their dual nature, patents may have either stimulated innovation through the creation of financial incentives for inventors or they may have hampered innovation, because they created monopolies that restricted the free flow of knowledge. For this reason, the overall effects of patents on innovation and, eventually, long-run economic growth are not clear. In order to develop a better understanding of the determinants of innovation, this special issue of the Economic History Yearbook therefore focuses on the causes and consequences of patent laws and patent law reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth century in different European countries.

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Radding, Charles M. "Legal Theory and Practice in Eleventh-Century Italy". Law and History Review 21, nr 2 (2003): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595097.

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As I understand it, Susan Reynolds's article is meant to address the longstanding habit among legal historians of equating professional approaches to the law with the emergence of a school-based study of Roman law. In the course of the twelfth century, she argues, legal practitioners developed their own kinds of expertise that, though less bookish, might have had a practical significance equal to, if not greater than, the learning produced in the schools. Although these observations seem on the mark for Europe north of the Alps, Reynolds errs, I think, in assimilating Italy to this chronological and conceptual schema. Already by the ninth and tenth centuries, there existed in northern Italy a corps of royal notaries and judges who possessed both literacy and legal expertise unparalleled elsewhere in Europe. Distinguished from other laymen by their titles, learning, and even their handwriting, the legal experts already appear to have met the criteria of professionalism generally proposed for the late twelfth century in the rest of Europe.

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Kuehn, Thomas. "A Late Medieval Conflict of Laws: Inheritance by Illegitimates in Ius Commune and Ius Proprium". Law and History Review 15, nr 2 (1997): 243–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/827652.

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In the wake of the demolition of the Berlin Wall and the erection of the Maastricht Treaty, intense debate rages over all factors contributing to both unity and diversity in Europe. While issues circulating around markets, currency, and national sovereignty receive greater play in the media, the discussion of parallel issues of European legal unity has been more longstanding. The case can be made that Europe (with the exception of England) has long had a great degree of legal unity. The Roman civil law and the canon law of the church, with some texts of feudal law, became a common learned law, the ius commune, developed and disseminated in the universities in the Middle Ages. This written legal heritage spread from Italian schools, beginning with Bologna, and was “received” in Germany, France, Spain, and even Scotland in the course of the sixteenth century. It was displaced finally with nineteenth-century codifications of national law, which strove to enshrine the legislatively enunciated genius and uniqueness of the nation.

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Gál, István. "The protection of the State secret in the legal history of Europe". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 56, nr 2 (2022): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns56-38185.

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The legal regulation of the protection of the state secret have appeared relatively late in European legal history over the last two centuries. The secrecy provisions have always been in accordance with the standards of the given age, in most cases relatively neutral regulations, and a certain development arc can be observed. It can be seen in the gradual modernization of the rules and, on the other hand, in the increase in the number of guarantee elements from the end of the socialist era. With regard to criminal law, there is a tendency for criminal offenses regarding to state to gradually less and less severe. The various rules of state secrecy and related crimes has eased in most European countries' criminal law regulation since 1989.

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Gilissen, John. "Révolutions Et Droit Au XIXe Siècle En Europe". Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 54, nr 2 (1986): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181986x00077.

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Gilissen, John. "Révolutions Et Droit Au XIXe Siècle En Europe". Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 54, nr 4 (1986): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181986x00194.

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Dixon, Rosalind. "Responsive Judicial Review in Central & Eastern Europe". Review of Central and East European Law 48, nr 3-4 (21.12.2023): 375–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-bja10093.

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Weindl, Andrea. "Grotius's Mare Liberum in the Political Practice of Early-Modern Europe". Grotiana 30, nr 1 (2009): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016738309x12537002674402.

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AbstractIn this article Mare liberum is placed within the context of seventeenth-century European politics. It focuses on the development of conventional relations between European States regarding their interests outside of Europe and their importance concerning the status of Asian and African 'actors'. It turns out that in spite of Mare liberum's high-sounding proclamation of equality of non-European sovereigns with European States, Grotius's position as well as Dutch policy was inspired by self-interest and was essentially opportunistic. The Dutch Republic – as well as other European States – used the 'liberal' principles of Freedom of trade and the Universality of the Law of Nations to attack the Portuguese/Spanish claims of monopoly. However, as the Dutch Republic, Great Britain and France developed their own 'Spheres of Interest' in Asia, Africa and the Americas, they effectively excluded would-be competitors. Indeed, in the eighteenth century the 'pacte colonial' constituted a distinctive characteristic of the conventional and customary 'European Law of Nations'. As non-European political actors in the eighteenth century relatively lost military and political power, the European States finally relegated them to an inferior position, beyond the charmed circle of full 'subjects of Public International Law'. The article also is a contribution to the ongoing discussion about the relation between European imperialism and the development of the doctrine of European International Law.

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Hillis, Peter, i Bob Munro. "ICT in History Education— Scotland and Europe". Social Science Computer Review 23, nr 2 (maj 2005): 190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439304273268.

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Ax, Wolfram. "The History of Linguistics in Europe: From Plato to 1600. By Vivien Law". Historiographia Linguistica 30, nr 3 (31.12.2003): 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.3.12ax.

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Dutu, Richard. "Moneychangers, Private Information and Gresham's Law in Late Medieval Europe". Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 22, nr 3 (grudzień 2004): 555–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900011654.

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RESUMENEn este artículo retomamos una vieja explicación de la Ley de Gresham, que descansa en el tráfico de monedas protagonizado por los cambistas. Centrándonos en la Edad Media, presentamos materiales que sugieren que los cambistas hacían uso de la información privilegiada de que disponían en relación con el dinero, para hacer beneficios a través de operaciones de arbitraje y de retirada de la circulación de las mejores monedas. En ambos casos, su actividad daba como resultado la desaparición parcial –y a veces total– de las monedas infravaloradas.

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