Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Larval growth and pupation”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Larval growth and pupation.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych artykułów w czasopismach naukowych na temat „Larval growth and pupation”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj artykuły w czasopismach z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Warnock, Daniel F., David W. Davis i William D. Hutchison. "Developing Methodology for Evaluating Sweet Corn Tissues for Allelochemicals Restricting European Corn Borer Larval Development". HortScience 32, nr 3 (czerwiec 1997): 543E—544. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.543e.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, can severely affect sweet corn quality. Selection techniques in field experiments have improved ear feeding resistance associated with morphological features and/or allelochemicals. The isolation and identification of allelochemicals that detrimentally affect O. nubilalismay improve breeder selection for host plant resistance, thus reducing the need for insecticide application. A laboratory bioassay was used to detect chemical resistance factors in silk and kernel tissues of 10 variously resistant sweet corn genotypes. Ground lyophilized tissue from field-grown plants was added to a nutritionally complete larval diet before infestation with O. nubilalis neonates. Larval weights on a 10-day basis and time to pupation were recorded to estimate larval development. Tissue and genotype main effects affected (P ≤ 0.05) 10-day larval weight and time to pupation. Silk tissue (P ≤ 0.05) reduced 10-day larval weight and increased the time to pupation compared with kernel tissue and the cellulose control, which did not differ. Silk tissue reduced larval weight by 65% and increased time to pupation by 4.0 days compared with the cellulose control. Genotypes variously affected (P ≤ 0.05) larval growth and development, reducing 10-day larval weight up to 51% and increasing the time to pupation up to 4.2 days when comparing the best genotype for each developmental stage with the cellulose control. Silk tissue of some genotypes may contain allelochemicals that decrease the rate of larval growth and development. The status of allelochemical detection in silk tissue will be discussed.
2
Li, Jingjing, Letong Yin, Jingxiu Bi, David Stanley, Qili Feng i Qisheng Song. "The TGF-β Receptor Gene Saxophone Influences Larval-Pupal-Adult Development in Tribolium Castaneum". Molecules 27, nr 18 (15.09.2022): 6017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186017.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily encodes a large group of proteins, including TGF-β isoforms, bone morphogenetic proteins and activins that act through conserved cell-surface receptors and signaling co-receptors. TGF-β signaling in insects controls physiological events, including growth, development, diapause, caste determination and metamorphosis. In this study, we used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model species to investigate the role of the type I TGF-β receptor, saxophone (Sax), in mediating development. Developmental and tissue-specific expression profiles indicated Sax is constitutively expressed during development with lower expression in 19- and 20-day (6th instar) larvae. RNAi knockdown of Sax in 19-day larvae prolonged developmental duration from larvae to pupae and significantly decreased pupation and adult eclosion in a dose-dependent manner. At 50 ng dsSax/larva, Sax knockdown led to an 84.4% pupation rate and 46.3% adult emergence rate. At 100 ng and 200 ng dsSax/larva, pupation was down to 75.6% and 50%, respectively, with 0% adult emergence following treatments with both doses. These phenotypes were similar to those following knockdowns of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) receptor genes, ecdysone receptor (EcR) or ultraspiracle protein (USP). Expression of 20E biosynthesis genes disembodied and spookier, 20E receptor genes EcR and USP, and 20E downstream genes BrC and E75, were suppressed after the Sax knockdown. Topical application of 20E on larvae treated with dsSax partially rescued the dsSax-driven defects. We can infer that the TGF-β receptor gene Sax influences larval-pupal-adult development via 20E signaling in T. castaneum.
3
Bargar, Timothy A., Michelle L. Hladik i Jaret C. Daniels. "Uptake and toxicity of clothianidin to monarch butterflies from milkweed consumption". PeerJ 8 (10.03.2020): e8669. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8669.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Recent concern for the adverse effects from neonicotinoid insecticides has centered on risk for insect pollinators in general and bees specifically. However, natural resource managers are also concerned about the risk of neonicotinoids to conservation efforts for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and need additional data to help estimate risk for wild monarch butterflies exposed to those insecticides. In the present study, monarch butterfly larvae were exposed in the laboratory to clothianidin via contaminated milkweed plants from hatch until pupation, and the effects upon larval survival, larval growth, pupation success, and adult size were measured. Soils dosed with a granular insecticide product led to mean clothianidin concentrations of 10.8–2,193 ng/g in milkweed leaves and 5.8–58.0 ng/g in larvae. Treatment of soils also led to clothianidin concentrations of 2.6–5.1 ng/g in adult butterflies indicating potential for transfer of systemic insecticides from the soil through plants and larvae to adult butterflies. Estimated LC50s for total mortality (combined mortality of larvae and pupae) and EC50 for larval growth were variable but higher than the majority of concentrations reported in the literature for clothianidin contamination of leaves.
4
Nair, S., S. K. Braman i P. Raymer. "Susceptibility of Zoysiagrasses to the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Journal of Entomological Science 56, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-56.1.24.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Growth and developmental parameters of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were evaluated on 41 new zoysiagrass taxa (Zoysia spp. Willd.), which belong to an increasingly popular group of warm-season turfgrasses, in comparison with 5 commercially available zoysiagrass taxa and 1 known susceptible Paspalum L. taxon. Results from two no-choice growth chamber trials indicated that the new Zoysia japonica Steud. taxa were unfavorable for the development of fall armyworm larvae in general compared with the susceptible Paspalum taxon. This was evidenced by significantly lower larval and pupal weights and survival and longer time to pupation and adult emergence, pointing to antibiosis in these zoysiagrass taxa. The new Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr., Zoysia macrostachya Franch. & Sav., and Zoysia sinica Hance taxa seemed more favorable than Z. japonica taxa, as evidenced by numerically higher larval and pupal weights and survival and shorter duration to pupation and adult emergence. Taxa that consistently showed low larval survival were identified for further testing.
5
Walker, Edward D., Richard W. Merritt, Michael G. Kaufman, Matthew P. Ayres i Mark H. Riedel. "Effects of variation in quality of leaf detritus on growth of the eastern tree-hole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, nr 5 (1.05.1997): 706–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-091.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Growth of larvae of the eastern tree-hole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus (Say), measured as survival to adulthood, development time, and body mass at adult emergence, was significantly better when larvae were provided with fresh rather than senescent beech leaves as food substrate. Leaf type affected larval growth performance independently of ration of leaf available per larva when the ration level was high and larvae were not densely crowded, but leaf type and ration level had interactive effects on larval growth performance when ration was more limiting and larvae denser. Fresh leaves contained about twice as much nitrogen, had a lower carbon:nitrogen ratio, leached more mass into water, and contained significantly more soluble protein and carbohydrate than did senescent leaves. Thus, the observed growth responses could be explained on the basis of variation in nutrient content of, and greater leaching from, the fresh leaves. Larval growth was also significantly better on intact senescent beech leaves than on leaves that had been leached to remove soluble protein and carbohydrate; it was also significantly better on leaves whose surfaces had flourishing bacterial growth than on leaves with disinfected surfaces. Growth of female larvae fit well a pupation window model where larvae attained a minimum mass to emergence past a minimum development time across a range of leaf substrates varying in quality and quantity.
6
Gilbert, N., i D. A. Raworth. "INSECTS AND TEMPERATURE—DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT". Canadian Entomologist 132, nr 4 (sierpień 2000): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132539-4.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractCohorts of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were reared at different temperatures on three substrates: plants in growth chambers, plants in field cages, and artificial medium. Pupal weight and larval development times were measured. The data were analyzed to determine the effect of temporal changes in substrate on pupal weight. When cohorts were reared on whole plants, average pupal weight declined with increasing time to pupation. For cohorts on potted plants in growth chambers, the rate of decline decreased as temperature increased from 15 to 27 °C. But, for cohorts on plants in field cages, the rate of decline increased as temperature increased from 16 to 25 °C. We speculate that the former trend resulted from plant deterioration, especially at low temperatures, and the latter from larval competition at high temperatures. When larvae were reared on potted plants to the late II or early III instar and then transferred to artificial medium, deterioration of the medium at temperatures below 20 and above 27 °C caused pupal weight to decline significantly with increasing time to pupation, whereas between 20 and 27 °C, pupal weight was constant or increased with increasing time to pupation. Development times of larvae from cohorts reared on plants in growth chambers showed no consistent differences from those of larvae from cohorts reared on artificial medium, at any temperature (overall averages: 187 and 184 day-degrees above 10 °C, on plants versus medium). Pupal weights are determined by the ratio of growth rate to development rate (Appendix). Therefore, the observed differences in pupal weight reflect differences in growth rates rather than differences in development rates. The results show that, depending on temperature, substrate deterioration may seriously affect laboratory studies of herbivore growth and that there are important interactions between temperature and host-plant growth conditions that may make extrapolation of laboratory estimates of herbivore growth to field conditions tenuous.
7
Vijayasamundeeswari, Ayyathurai, Duraisamy Ladhalakshmi, Ambalavanan Sankaralingam i Ramasamy Samiyappan. "Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria of Cotton Affecting the Developmental Stages of Helicoverpa Armigera". Journal of Plant Protection Research 49, nr 3 (1.09.2009): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-009-0036-y.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria of Cotton Affecting the Developmental Stages ofHelicoverpa ArmigeraRhizobacteria isolated from cotton roots exhibiting antagonism towards seedling blight and leaf blight of cotton were tested for their efficiency against the insect pest American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). The bioformulation developed usingBacillus subtilis(isolate DGL9) + chitin was found to be detrimental to the developmental stages ofH. armigera(larva, pupa and adult) by causing larval mortality, pupal and adult malformation with reduced adult emergence. Generally, the larvae exhibited antifeeding behaviour when fed on bolls collected from rhizobacterial treatments. Hence, the developmental stages were altered leading to early pupation. Further, the efficacy of the isolate DGL9 was confirmed by culturing the bacteria in a suitable medium and incorporating the cell suspension and supernatant obtained form the broth culture in larval diet. The larvae fed to the diet exhibited defective developmental stages which was more significant in case of diet incorporated with supernatant. The percentage of pupal malformation, adult emergence and adult malformation was high at 96 h of incubation with the supernatant.
8
Lemoine, Nathan P., Jillian N. Capdevielle i John D. Parker. "Effects ofin situclimate warming on monarch caterpillar (Danaus plexippus) development". PeerJ 3 (27.10.2015): e1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1293.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Climate warming will fundamentally alter basic life history strategies of many ectothermic insects. In the lab, rising temperatures increase growth rates of lepidopteran larvae but also reduce final pupal mass and increase mortality. Usingin situfield warming experiments on their natural host plants, we assessed the impact of climate warming on development of monarch (Danaus plexippus) larvae. Monarchs were reared onAsclepias tuberosagrown under ‘Ambient’ and ‘Warmed’ conditions. We quantified time to pupation, final pupal mass, and survivorship. Warming significantly decreased time to pupation, such that an increase of 1 °C corresponded to a 0.5 day decrease in pupation time. In contrast, survivorship and pupal mass were not affected by warming. Our results indicate that climate warming will speed the developmental rate of monarchs, influencing their ecological and evolutionary dynamics. However, the effects of climate warming on larval development in other monarch populations and at different times of year should be investigated.
9
Carlos, A. Hincapié L., Monsalve F. Zulma, Katherine Parada, Claudio Lamilla, Julio Alarcón, L. Céspedes A. Carlos i David Seigler. "Insect Growth Regulatory Activity of Blechnum chilense". Natural Product Communications 6, nr 8 (sierpień 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600808.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The genus Blechnum has 13 species that are common plants, well-distributed in Chile. Here, we report a phytochemical analysis of B. chilense (Kaulf.) Mett., as well as the insecticidal effects of extracts of this plant. From the n-hexane fraction four phytoecdysones were isolated: ecdysone, ponasterone, shidasterone and 2-deoxycrustecdysone. A bioassay with Drosophila melanogaster larvae was used to evaluate insecticidal activity. The EtOAc and n-hexane fractions at 800 ppm caused 66.7 and 50.0% larval mortality, respectively. Treatments with both extracts at 800 ppm caused the greatest larval mortality, whereas treatments with 500 and 200 ppm induced premature pupation compared with the control and the highest adult mortality, probably due to interference with ecdysteroid metabolism and inhibition of ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH). The dead adult flies exhibited malformations.
10
Zhang, H. H., M. J. Luo, Q. W. Zhang, P. M. Cai, A. Idrees, Q. E. Ji, J. Q. Yang i J. H. Chen. "Molecular characterization of prophenoloxidase-1 (PPO1) and the inhibitory effect of kojic acid on phenoloxidase (PO) activity and on the development ofZeugodacus tau(Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, nr 2 (22.06.2018): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000470.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractPhenoloxidase (PO) plays a key role in melanin biosynthesis during insect development. Here, we isolated the 2310-bp full-length cDNA of PPO1 fromZeugodacus tau, a destructive horticultural pest. qRT-polymerase chain reaction showed that theZtPPO1transcripts were highly expressed during larval–prepupal transition and in the haemolymph. When the larvae were fed a 1.66% kojic acid (KA)-containing diet, the levels of theZtPPO1transcripts significantly increased by 2.79- and 3.39-fold in the whole larvae and cuticles, respectively, while the corresponding PO activity was significantly reduced; in addition, the larval and pupal durations were significantly prolonged; pupal weights were lowered; and abnormal phenotypes were observed. Anin vitroinhibition experiment indicated that KA was an effective competitive inhibitor of PO inZ. tau. Additionally, the functional analysis showed that 20E could significantly up-regulate the expression ofZtPPO1, induce lower pupal weight, and advance pupation. Knockdown of theZtPPO1gene by RNAi significantly decreased mRNA levels after 24 h and led to low pupation rates and incomplete pupae with abnormal phenotypes during the larval-pupal interim period. These results proved that PO is important for the normal growth ofZ. tauand that KA can disrupt the development of this pest insect.
11
RIVERO, A., P. AGNEW, S. BEDHOMME, C. SIDOBRE i Y. MICHALAKIS. "Resource depletion in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected by the microsporidia Vavraia culicis". Parasitology 134, nr 10 (18.07.2007): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007002703.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
SUMMARYParasitic infection is often associated with changes in host life-history traits, such as host development. Many of these life-history changes are ultimately thought to be the result of a depletion or reallocation of the host's resources driven either by the host (to minimize the effects of infection) or by the parasite (to maximize its growth rate). In this paper we investigate the energetic budget of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae infected by Vavraia culicis, a microsporidian parasite that transmits horizontally between larvae, and which has been previously shown to reduce the probability of pupation of its host. Our results show that infected larvae have significantly less lipids, sugars and glycogen than uninfected larvae. These differences in resources were not due to differences in larval energy intake (feeding rate) or expenditure (metabolic rate). We conclude that the lower energetic resources of infected mosquitoes are the result of the high metabolic demands that microsporidian parasites impose on their hosts. Given the fitness advantages for the parasite of maintaining the host in a larval stage, we discuss whether resource depletion may also be a parasite mechanism to prevent the pupation of the larvae and thus maximize its own transmission.
12
Jones, B. C., i E. Despland. "Effects of synchronization with host plant phenology occur early in the larval development of a spring folivore". Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, nr 4 (kwiecień 2006): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-025.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Early spring feeding Lepidoptera depend on synchronization of larval emergence with host plant phenology for optimal growth and development. Physical and chemical characteristics of foliage change over the course of the growing season, and a delay in larval emergence therefore results in larvae foraging on lower quality food. We examine the effect of synchronization of larval emergence with leaf phenology on the entire larval stage of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner, 1820 (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Caterpillars were reared from egg hatch to pupation on trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx; 10 days separated egg hatch in the early and late treatments. Late-hatching caterpillars experienced reduced growth in the early instars, but growth in the later instars did not differ between treatments. Reduced growth early in development resulted in both prolongation of the larval stage through the occurrence of additional instars, and lower pupal mass. Aspen foliage quality changes rapidly during leaf expansion, and the late-hatching caterpillars likely missed the narrow window of opportunity for young larvae to feed on high-quality developing foliage. This study demonstrates the importance of early-instar ecology in Lepidoptera.
13
Gunathilaka, P. A. D. H. N., U. M. H. U. Uduwawala, N. W. B. A. L. Udayanga, R. M. T. B. Ranathunge, L. D. Amarasinghe i W. Abeyewickreme. "Determination of the efficiency of diets for larval development in mass rearing Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, nr 5 (23.11.2017): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317001092.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractLarval diet quality and rearing conditions have a direct and irreversible effect on adult traits. Therefore, the current study was carried out to optimize the larval diet for mass rearing of Aedes aegypti, for Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)-based applications in Sri Lanka. Five batches of 750 first instar larvae (L1) of Ae. aegypti were exposed to five different concentrations (2–10%) of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommended the larval diet. Morphological development parameters of larva, pupa, and adult were detected at 24 h intervals along with selected growth parameters. Each experiment was replicated five times. General Linear Modeling along with Pearson's correlation analysis were used for statistical treatments. Significant differences (P < 0.05) among the larvae treated with different concentrations were found using General Linear Modeling in all the stages namely: total body length and the thoracic length of larvae; cephalothoracic length and width of pupae; thoracic length, thoracic width, abdominal length and the wing length of adults; along with pupation rate and success, sex ratio, adult success, fecundity and hatching rate of Ae. aegypti. The best quality adults can be produced at larval diet concentration of 10%. However, the 8% larval diet concentration was most suitable for adult male survival.
14
Tzanakakis, Μ. Ε., i Μ. Μ. Barnes. "Larval development and timeliness of pupation in the laboratory of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), on certain diets, under various Ρhοtoperiοd, temperature, aeration and humidity conditions". ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 6 (31.05.2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.13956.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Development of larvae of the navel orangeworm, Arn.ielois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), was studied under various photoperiods, temperatures and larval diets, in an effort to induce dormancy. Ready – to – batch eggs or neonate larvae were placed in transparent vials half – full of diet. Fully grown larvae not pupating within 14 days at 26.7oC and L:D 16:8 were considered as being in dormancy. With artificial larval diets containing bran, yeast, vitamins, and fortified or not with a high protein cereal and egg yolk, none of the treatments induced dormancy to a substantial percentage of laboratory stock or wild larvae. With dry walnut meats, larval growth was slower and survival much lower than with the artificial diets. With walnut meats, when eggs were incubated at 32.2oC and L:D 0:24, a certain percentage of grown larvae of the laboratory stock underwent dormancy when grown as larvae under the conditions that follow: 40% at 21oC and L:D 12:12, 17% at 21oC and L:D 0:24, 19% at 26.7oC and L:D 16:8, and 22% at 26.7oC and L:D 0:24 for the first 14 days than at 21oC and L:D 8:16 for the rest of larval life. When both embrya and larvae developed at 21oC and L:D 0:24, 17% of the larvae underwent dormancy. Yet, the relatively small number of grown larvae in the groups fed walnut meats suggests further work for the occurrence of dormancy in this insect to be proven. No larvae developed on straight brewers’ yeast powder. Straight soybean flour or 9:1 and 7:3 mixtures of it with yeast powder allowed the production of grown larvae, pupae and adults of normal appearance. The rate of larval growth on the soy:yeast diets was significantly slower than on a reference diet. At 26.7oC, a L:D 16:8 photoperiod was as good as a 14:10 one. Continuous darkness resulted in significantly reduced yield in adults and rate of larval growth. High relative humidity on the surface of the diet allowed excessive growth of fungi on and in the soy:yeast diets and resulted in a much faster larval growth. Larvae developed well on dry walnut meats and in cracked dry and water-soaked walnuts. Inside the walnuts the rate of larval growth was uneven, some larvae being still fairly small on the 53rd day at 26.7oC, while the majority was fully grown or had already pupated.
15
Sharma, Khushboo, Nalini Mishra i Mallikarjun N. Shakarad. "Evolution of reduced minimum critical size as a response to selection for rapid pre-adult development in Drosophila melanogaster". Royal Society Open Science 7, nr 6 (czerwiec 2020): 191910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191910.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Adult body size in holometabolus insects is directly proportional to the time spent during the larval period. The larval duration can be divided into two parts: (i) pre-critical duration—time required to attain a critical size/critical weight that would result in successful completion of development and metamorphosis even under non-availability of nutrition beyond the time of attainment of critical size, and (ii) post-critical duration—the time duration from the attainment of critical size till pupation. It is of interest to decipher the relative contribution of the two larval growth phases (from the hatching of the egg to the attainment of critical size, and from the attainment of critical size to pupation) to the final adult size. Many studies using Drosophila melanogaster have shown that selecting populations for faster development results in the emergence of small adults. Some of these studies have indirectly reported the evolution of smaller critical size. Using two kinds of D. melanogaster populations, one of which is selected for faster/accelerated pre-adult development and the other their ancestral control, we demonstrate that the final adult size is determined by the time spent as larvae post the attainment of critical size despite having increased growth rate during the second larval instar. Our populations under selection for faster pre-adult development are exhibiting adaptive bailout due to intrinsic food limitation as against extrinsic food limitation in the yellow dung fly.
16
Wolfgang, W. J., i L. M. Riddiford. "Cuticular mechanics during larval development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta". Journal of Experimental Biology 128, nr 1 (1.03.1987): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.128.1.19.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Tensile properties of the larval cuticle of Manduca sexta were measured during the fifth instar. It was found that as the larvae grew and the cuticle thickened, the tangent modulus (intrinsic stiffness) for the cuticle declined rapidly. The extensibility of the cuticle during the growth period remained relatively high and fairly constant, while the flexural stiffness remained low. Subsequently, during the wandering and burrowing stage the extensibility decreased dramatically. Finally, in the prepupal stage extensibility remained low while flexural stiffness was highest. Using the cuticle deposition inhibitor diflubenzuron we demonstrated that the increase in larval cuticular flexural stiffness was required for normal pupation to proceed. Thus, during larval growth the cuticle remains flexible and extensible. Once growth is completed, the cuticle becomes much less extensible and more rigid, converting the previously hydrostatic skeleton into a self-supporting skeleton. This conversion was associated with changes in cuticular structure, hydration and protein composition.
17
Bennett, P., i J. Vanstaden. "Gall Formation in Crofton Weed, Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng (syn Ageratina adenophora), by the Eupatorium Gall Fly Procecidochares utilis Stone (Diptera, Trypetidae)". Australian Journal of Botany 34, nr 4 (1986): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860473.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Procecidochares utilis lays eggs on the stem apex of Eupatoriurn adenophorurn and on hatching the larvae tunnel into the stem. In response to the presence of the larvae a gall forms in the stem which may contain from 1 to 23 larvae. Callus tissue differentiates and divides to block the entry passages and seal the larvae in the stem. The normal development of the stem is halted and it swells as the pith cells continue to divide and become gall parenchyma. A layer of highly meristematic nutritive tissue develops around the larval cavity on which the growing larvae feed. New vascular tissue differentiates in the pith region of the gall around the larval cavity. Growth of the gall ceases when the larvae pupate, by which time most of the nutritive tissue has been consumed and the cells in the pith region have enlarged. Just prior to pupation the mature larva cuts a cylindrical tunnel to the edge of the gall, leaving only the epidermis intact; it then returns to the central cavity to pupate. The adult fly escapes by breaking through the epidermal 'window' at the end of the cylindrical tunnel.
18
Poulton, J., N. P. Markwick, V. K. Ward i V. Young. "Host range testing of a nucleopolyhedrovirus of the lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana". New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (1.08.2007): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4629.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoNPV) has considerable potential as a biocontrol agent or biopesticide for control of lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana a pest of horticultural crops in New Zealand and a market access problem in export fruit To obtain regulatory approval for EppoNPV in either role EppoNPV must not negatively impact on nontarget organisms In this study eight nontarget insect species from one hymenopteran and five lepidopteran families were inoculated with EppoNPV at high titre (109 PIB/ml) Larval survival growth rates pupation and pupal weights were measured and larvae examined for EppoNPV Minor differences in one parameter were found in Helicoverpa armigera and Cydia pomonella but no viral infection Growth and survival were compromised in virusfed individuals in only one species Tyria jacobaeae The majority of T jacobaeae larvae had high microsporidal infections and EppoNPV polyhedra were found in only one larva suggesting a very low likelihood of field infectivity
19
Masler, E. P., i E. S. Kovaleva. "Inhibition of Larval Growth in the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) by Venom from the Parasitic Wasp Microbracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)". Journal of Entomological Science 34, nr 4 (1.10.1999): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-34.4.435.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Extract of the venom glands of the adult female ectoparasitic wasp Microbracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) inhibited larval growth in the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). The inhibition was dose dependent and at 5 d after injection larval growth was reduced 50% by 2 × 10−3 μg venom gland protein per mg larval weight. Doses greater than 2.5 × 10−2 μg per mg larval weight prevented growth completely and accelerated larval death. Size-exclusion fractions of gland extract, which eluted between 35 kD and 66 kD molecular weight markers, inhibited growth and caused delayed pupation. At 5 d after injection of active chromatographic fractions, larval growth was reduced 50% by 2 × 10−4 μg fraction protein per mg larval weight. Doses greater than 1 × 10−3 μg fraction protein per mg larval weight stopped growth completely. Both crude extract and active column fractions caused their effects without evidence of extended paralysis.
20
Tripathi, Priyanka, i S. K. Tiwari. "Potential of an Insect Growth Regulator in the Management of the Rice Moth Corcyra Cephalonica Stainton, 1866 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)". Polish Journal of Entomology / Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 83, nr 1 (1.03.2014): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjen-2014-0006.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract The present investigation reveals the influence of methoprene, an IGR, on the ontogeny, growth duration and adult longevity of the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica. Twenty-five larvae of different instars (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of C. cephalonica were exposed to the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene in order to evaluate its potential effect on larval mortality, pupation, pupal mortality, adult emergence, growth duration and adult longevity. These different instars larvae were treated with 2, 4, 8 and 12 ppm of methoprene in an artificial diet (coarsely ground jowar mixed with 5% yeast powder) where the control received acetone alone. The results reveal significant differences in all the parameters mentioned above as compared to the control.
21
Zitzman, Albert, i Michael L. May. "GROWTH, FOOD CONSUMPTION, AND NITROGEN AND LIPID COMPOSITIONS OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA, (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), AS A FUNCTION OF THE NITROGEN SUPPLY OF ITS HOST PLANT". Journal of Entomological Science 24, nr 1 (1.01.1989): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.1.62.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Experiments were designed to investigate effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer supplied to potato plants on growth and food utilization of larval Colorado potato beetles (CPB). Dry mass gain, dry mass consumption, and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI = dry mass gain/dry mass consumption) were determined for the entire larval stage and nitrogen and lipid compositions for larvae just prior to pupation. Dry mass gain and N composition were measured in both laboratory and greenhouse reared larvae, dry mass consumption and ECI in laboratory reared larvae, and lipid composition in greenhouse reared larvae. Significant linear increases with N supply were found for dry mass gain of greenhouse reared larvae, but not laboratory reared larvae, and for N composition of laboratory reared larvae, but not greenhouse reared larvae. No significant effects were demonstrable for consumption and ECI of laboratory reared larvae, or lipid composition of greenhouse reared larvae. These results suggest that N supply can affect performance of CPB larvae but that the effects vary with small differences in rearing conditions.
22
Singh, Anshika, Deepak Marathe, Karthik Raghunathan i Kanchan Kumari. "Effect of Different Organic Substrates on Selected Life History Traits and Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)". Environmental Entomology 51, nr 1 (3.12.2021): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab135.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. [Diptera: Stratiomyidae]) has gained huge popularity in different industrial and commercial sectors because of its excellent potential to treat organic waste and high biomass production. As the industrial application of BSF is expanding at accelerated rates, there is a need to optimize its mass scale production where the organic substrates play a very crucial role in optimal growth and development. The present study deals with the investigation of different life history attributes of BSF such as larval and adult weights, survival, pupation rate, and the development time as the function of different organic substrates [fruits and vegetable mix (T1); wheat bran, soy, and corn meal mix (T2); and the dairy manure (T3)]. The larval, pupal, and adult weights differed across all three treatments (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the survival rate of larvae among T1 and T2 however, T3 differed significantly from T1 and T2. Likewise, the pupation rate and the development time differed significantly between the three treatments. Results indicated that the BSF development was least in dairy manure treatment and therefore, higher percent mortality and higher development time were observed. However, to deal with the problems of waste management and treatment, BSF larvae can be successfully employed for the treatment of any type of waste since it showed significant treatment efficiencies.
23
Tchuinkam, T., M. Mpoame, B. Make-Mveinhya, F. Simard, E. Lélé-Defo, S. Zébazé-Togouet, A. Tateng-Ngouateu i in. "Optimization of breeding output for larval stage of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): prospects for the creation and maintenance of laboratory colony from wild isolates". Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, nr 3 (6.01.2011): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000349.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractDomesticating anopheline species from wild isolates provides an important laboratory tool but requires detailed knowledge of their natural biology and ecology, especially the natural breeding habitats of immature stages. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal values of some parameters of Anopheles gambiae larval development, so as to design a standard rearing protocol of highland isolates, which would ensure: the biggest fourth instars, the highest pupae productivity, the shortest duration of the larval stage and the best synchronization of pupation. The density of larvae, the size of breeding water and the quantity of food supplied were tested for their effect on larval growth. Moreover, three cheap foodstuffs were selected and tested for their capability to improve the breeding yield versus TetraMin® as the standard control. The larval density was a very sensitive parameter. Its optimal value, which was found to be ≈1 cm−2 surface area, yielded a daily pupation peak of 38.7% on day 8 post-oviposition, and a global pupae productivity of 78.7% over a duration range of three days. Anopheles gambiae's larval growth, survival and developmental synchronization were density-dependent, and this species responded to overcrowding by producing smaller fourth instars and fewer pupae, over elongated immature lifetime and duration range of pupae occurrence, as a consequence of intraspecific competition. While shallow breeding waters (<3 cm) produced a higher number of pupae than deeper ones, no effect of the breeding habitat's absolute surface area on larval development was observed. Increasing the daily food supply improved the pupae productivity but also boosted the water pollution level (which was assessed by the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD)) up to a limit depending on the food quality, above which a rapid increase in larval mortality was recorded. The food quality that could substitute the manufactured baby fish food was obtained with weighed mixture of 1 wheat+1 shrimp+2 fish. On establishing an anopheline mosquito colony in the laboratory, special care should be taken to design and maintain the appropriate optimal values of larval density, water depth, daily diet quantity and nutritional quality.
24
Rumbos, Christos I., Dimitrios Bliamplias, Marina Gourgouta, Vasilios Michail i Christos G. Athanassiou. "Rearing Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus Larvae on Seed Cleaning Process Byproducts". Insects 12, nr 4 (27.03.2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040293.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The exploitation of agricultural byproducts and organic side-streams as insect feeding substrates is advantageous for insect farming both from an economic and a sustainability perspective. In this context, in the present study we evaluated the suitability of ten byproducts of the cereal and legume seed cleaning process for the rearing of larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, and the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus. Byproducts were offered singly to 20 T. molitor and 50 A. diaperinus larvae with provision of carrots as moisture source. After four weeks of undisturbed development, larval weight and survival was evaluated biweekly until pupation. Feed utilization and economic feasibility parameters were determined for each byproduct at the end of the bioassays. Our results show the suitability of several of the byproducts tested for the rearing of T. molitor and A. diaperinus larvae. The best results though among the byproducts tested in terms of larval growth and survival, development time and feed utilization were obtained with larvae fed with lupin and triticale byproducts, which efficiently supported complete larval development. The results of our study aim to boost the integration of circular economy strategies with insect farming practices.
25
Morita, Akari, Ko Sakauchi, Wataru Taira i Joji M. Otaki. "Ingestional Toxicity of Radiation-Dependent Metabolites of the Host Plant for the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly: A Mechanism of Field Effects of Radioactive Pollution in Fukushima". Life 12, nr 5 (20.04.2022): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050615.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Biological effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident have been reported in various organisms, including the pale grass blue butterfly Zizeeria maha and its host plant Oxalis corniculata. This plant upregulates various secondary metabolites in response to low-dose radiation exposure, which may contribute to the high mortality and abnormality rates of the butterfly in Fukushima. However, this field effect hypothesis has not been experimentally tested. Here, using an artificial diet for larvae, we examined the ingestional toxicity of three radiation-dependent plant metabolites annotated in a previous metabolomic study: lauric acid (a saturated fatty acid), alfuzosin (an adrenergic receptor antagonist), and ikarugamycin (an antibiotic likely from endophytic bacteria). Ingestion of lauric acid or alfuzosin caused a significant decrease in the pupation, eclosion (survival), and normality rates, indicating toxicity of these compounds. Lauric acid made the egg-larval days significantly longer, indicating larval growth retardation. In contrast, ikarugamycin caused a significant increase in the pupation and eclosion rates, probably due to the protection of the diet from fungi and bacteria. These results suggest that at least some of the radiation-dependent plant metabolites, such as lauric acid, contribute to the deleterious effects of radioactive pollution on the butterfly in Fukushima, providing experimental evidence for the field effect hypothesis.
26
Hong, Seung Cheon, R. Chris Williamson i David W. Held. "Preference and Performance of Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Poa Species". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, nr 4 (1.12.2011): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.4.207.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel) is a destructive pest of golf course turf. Previous work suggests that Poa pratensis ‘Midnight’ is resistant to black cutworm, but it is not known if resistance also exists among other Poa species and cultivars. This study compared preference and performance of black cutworm on Poa species and cultivars to a susceptible host plant, creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. ‘Penncross’) in laboratory choice feeding assays and rearing experiments. Seven-and 14-day-old larvae were used in performance feeding tests. Larvae reared on all Poa spp. exhibited significantly lower developmental and survival rates than larvae fed creeping bentgrass. Young (7 days old) larvae did not survive to pupation. Although older (14 days old) larvae pupated and eclosed on Poa, larval weight gain was significantly lower than those reared on creeping bentgrass. In choice feeding bioassays, regardless of larval stage, black cutworm preferred creeping bentgrass over all Poa species and cultivars. The results of this research suggest that although Poa species are generally resistant to black cutworm, the resistance varies among cultivars and insect growth stage.
27
Zeng, Jie, Wei-Nan Kang, Lin Jin, Ahmad Ali Anjum i Guo-Qing Li. "Knockdown of Vacuolar ATPase Subunit G Gene Affects Larval Survival and Impaired Pupation and Adult Emergence in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata". Insects 12, nr 10 (14.10.2021): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100935.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The vATPase holoenzyme consists of two functional subcomplexes, the cytoplasmic (peripheral) V1 and the membrane-embedded V0. Both V1 and V0 sectors contain eight subunits, with stoichiometry of A3B3CDE3FG3H in V1 and ac8c’c”def(Voa1p) in V0 respectively. However, the function of G subunit has not been characterized in any non-Drosophilid insect species. In the present paper, we uncovered that HvvATPaseG was actively transcribed from embryo to adult in a Coleopteran pest Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. Its mRNA levels peaked in larval hindgut and Malpighian tubules. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of HvvATPaseG significantly reduced larval feeding, affected chitin biosynthesis, destroyed midgut integrity, damaged midgut peritrophic membrane, and retarded larval growth. The function of Malpighian tubules was damaged, the contents of glucose, trehalose, lipid, total soluble amino acids and protein were lowered and the fat bodies were lessened in the HvvATPaseG RNAi larvae, compared with those in the PBS- and dsegfp-fed beetles. In contrast, the amount of glycogen was dramatically increased in the HvvATPaseG depletion ladybirds. As a result, the development was arrested, pupation was inhibited and adult emergence was impaired in the HvvATPaseG hypomorphs. Our results demonstrated that G subunit plays a critical role during larval development in H. vigintioctopunctata.
28
Davidson, Melanie M., Jeanne M. E. Jacobs, Jill K. Reader, Ruth C. Butler, Christina M. Frater, Ngaire P. Markwick, Steve D. Wratten i Anthony J. Conner. "Development and Evaluation of Potatoes Transgenic for a cry1Ac9 Gene Conferring Resistance to Potato Tuber Moth". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, nr 4 (lipiec 2002): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.4.590.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) lines of two cultivars, Ilam Hardy and Iwa, were developed using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to transfer a cry1Ac9 gene under the transcriptional control of the CaMV 35S promoter. PCR confirmed the presence of the nptII selectable marker gene in all recovered lines. All ten lines of Ilam Hardy and 14 of 15 Iwa lines were PCR-positive for the cry gene. In greenhouse trials, all Ilam Hardy transgenic lines produced phenotypically normal plants and significantly inhibited larval growth of potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller). In contrast, only 60% of the Iwa transgenic lines produced phenotypically normal plants, but all lines positive for the cry gene significantly inhibited larval growth. All transgenic lines with a greenhouse appearance equivalent to the nontransgenic controls and improved resistance to potato tuber moth larvae were planted in the field. Three of the ten Ilam Hardy lines and two of the eight Iwa lines retained phenotypically normal appearance in the field and produced tuber yields equivalent to the nontransgenic controls. All five of these transgenic lines significantly inhibited larval growth of potato tuber moth on excised field-grown leaves. A high correlation was established between larval growth indices from the greenhouse and the field. A transgenic line from each cultivar inhibited larval growth by over 40%, and the line derived from Ilam Hardy prevented pupation of all larvae. Southern analysis on these five elite lines revealed that they contained either one or two copies of the cry1Ac9 gene. The amount of Cry protein in all transgenic lines tested was less than 60 ng·g-1 of fresh leaf tissue. A transgenic line from each cultivar was identified with comparable phenotypic appearance and yield to their parent cultivars coupled with high resistance to PTM.
29
Gough, N., i J. D. Brown. "Development of larvae of the whitefringed weevil,Graphognathus leucoloma(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in northern Queensland". Bulletin of Entomological Research 81, nr 4 (grudzień 1991): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300031941.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractGrowth of larvae of the whitefringed weevil,Graphognathus leucoloma(Boheman), was studied in the laboratory and on various crops in pots in a shadehouse at Kairi, on the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland. In the laboratory at 25.5 ± 1°C there were 11 instars for which head capsule widths and weights were recorded. The first instar weighed 0.14 mg. This was a non-feeding stage capable of prolonged survival, and after 10 weeks in soil without food 60% survived. When provided with carrot (Daucus carota) larvae grew to 2 or 3 mg after 6 to 7 weeks, then increased rapidly in weight reaching 140 mg after 120 days. At 25.5°C the average time from first instar to adult was 311 days, due in part to a long prepupal period. Larval growth was measured on the roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) plants in pots in summer and winter. Under summer conditions (mean soil temperature 23.3°C) larvae reached 140 mg in about 120 days, similar to that in the laboratory on carrot. These fully grown larvae remained in the pots over the mild winter without pupating. Larvae developing in autumn/winter grew more slowly, but the fully grown larvae were then exposed to high spring (early summer) temperatures and soon pupated, the average time from first instar to adult being 273 days. The indications are that temperatures above 25°C quickly precondition mature larvae from Tolga for pupation, thus explaining the broad timing of adult emergence in the field in north Queensland. On different plants common near Tolga, larvae grew most quickly on peanuts and on the pasture legumes dolichos (Lablab purpureus) and stylosanthes (Stylosanthes guianensis). Survival on maize equalled that on peanuts (46.5% in sterilized soil) but growth was less. Larval survival and growth on the grass crowsfoot (Eleusine indica), and (surprisingly) on the pasture legume glycine (Neonotonia wightii) was very poor.
30
Chandrakanth, N., S. M. Moorthy, M. Rekha i V. Sivaprasad. "Stability and path analysis for yield and related traits in silkworm, (Bombyx mori L.) reared under stress conditions". Genetika 48, nr 1 (2016): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601271c.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is a poikilothermic organism whose growth and development is adversely affected by high temperatures. Rearing of silkworm at high temperature conditions of tropical countries like India causes extensive crop loss by reducing cocoon yield. Breeding new silkworm breeds tolerant to high temperatures is the most effective and economical method to increase cocoon yield. Introduction of stable genotypes in such breeding programs and knowledge on the relationships between cocoon yield and other traits would be more advantageous in increasing cocoon yield at high temperatures. Therefore, in this study twenty silkworm genotypes were reared in five artificially simulated environments with different temperatures ranging from 25?C to 38?C. Based on coefficient of variation (%) values, the traits cocoon yield / 10,000 larvae by weight (CY) and cocoon weight showed maximum and minimal variation among the traits in all the five environments. Analysis of variance revealed a substantial genetic variability among the genotypes for most of the traits studied. The results of combined analysis of variance showed significant differences over traits indicating that the traits are influenced by genotype ? environment interactions. Stability analysis with respect to CY showed higher mean value compared to grand mean, regression coefficient equal to unity and less deviation from regression in ATR16, CSR17, BHR2, S-5 and D13 genotypes, suggesting that they are consistent with the CY over the different environments. Clustering based on the stability parameters resulted in separation of twenty silkworm genotypes into 5 clusters based on their ability to tolerate high temperatures. Correlation studies demonstrated positive and significant (P < 0.05) correlations between CY and other traits. Pupation rate was most positively associated with CY followed by larval weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell percent. Path coefficient analysis also revealed that the pupation rate had the maximum direct effect on CY followed by cocoon shell weight and larval weight. Cocoon shell percent and cocoon weight exhibited negative direct path effect on cocoon yield / 10,000 larvae by weight. Therefore, the selection based on pupation rate, larval weight and cocoon shell weight can be effective in improving cocoon yield in silkworm at different environments with varying temperature.
31
Yang, Guang, B. R. Wiseman i Karl E. Espelie. "Effect of Cuticular Lipids From Silks of Selected Corn Genotypes on the Development of Corn Earworm Larvae". Journal of Entomological Science 29, nr 2 (1.04.1994): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.2.239.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Eleven genotypes of corn, Zea mays L., known to vary in their resistance to silk-feeding by larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), were used to study the effect of corn silk cuticular lipids on larval growth and development. Growth of the corn earworm was significantly enhanced when larvae were reared on meridic diet containing corn silks from which the cuticular lipids had been removed. Growth of larvae reared on a diet containing unextracted silks from genotypes ‘Stowell's’ ‘Evergreen’, ‘Pioneer 3369A’, and ‘PI340856’ was not affected. When the cuticular lipid extracts of corn silks were added to a meridic diet, no significant differences were found in the weight of 8-day larvae, time to pupation, or days to adult emergence for larvae reared on silks of several corn genotypes. However, the weight of pupae was significantly less when larvae were fed a diet containing cuticular lipids extracted from silks of three corn genotypes ‘Stowell's Evergreen’, ‘GE37’, and ‘Zapalote Chico 2451#(P)C3’ than the weight of pupae from larvae that fed on the control diet.
32
Ayre, G. L. "THE RESPONSE OF FLAX TO DIFFERENT POPULATION DENSITIES OF THE RED-BACKED CUTWORM, EUXOA OCHROGASTER (GN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 122, nr 1 (luty 1990): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12221-1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractControlled field studies carried out in plots within a field of NorMan flax, Linum usitatissum L., showed that the loss of flax plants caused by the red-backed cutworm was proportional to the number of cutworm larvae present. A density of 16 larvae per 0.5 m2 destroyed most plants by severing the plant stems at the soil surface. The loss of only some plants at larval densities lower than 16 larvae per 0.5 m2 resulted in a small but significant increase in per plant yield but the increase did not completely compensate for the yield reductions caused by plant loss. The larvae removed plants in blocks with the result that the density of the remaining plants was unchanged and the opportunity for compensating plant growth was limited. An equation defining this relationship between larval densities and yield is presented. Ancillary experiments in which the population of cutworm larvae was sequentially sampled showed that, after an initial loss of about 20% when the plots were established in the field, the larval population remained constant. The proportion of the larvae found around damaged plants also remained constant until the larvae became immobile through preparation for pupation. Because of this stable relationship, reliable estimates of potential crop loss from cutworm larvae in flax should be possible by sampling for cutworms only around damaged plants within a specified row length.
33
Rieske, L. K. "Age-Specific Host Utilization in the Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)". Journal of Entomological Science 39, nr 1 (1.01.2004): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.1.94.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Larval growth and survival of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana F., was assessed on its preferred host, black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrhart), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and on the herbaceous biennial poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Larvae grew largest and had the greatest pupation and survival rates when fed black cherry and white oak. They did not grow well on black locust or white pine, but survival rates were relatively high, suggesting that both plant species could potentially serve to sustain tent caterpillar populations. Growth and survival was so low on hackberry and poison hemlock that they pose little chance of sustaining outbreaking caterpillar populations.
34
Lyu, Zihao, Zhixing Li, Jie Cheng, Chunyan Wang, Jingxiang Chen i Tong Lin. "Suppression of Gene Juvenile Hormone Diol Kinase Delays Pupation in Heortia vitessoides Moore". Insects 10, nr 9 (2.09.2019): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10090278.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) is a critical enzyme involved in juvenile hormone degradation in insects. In this study, HvJHDK in the Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) transcriptional library was cloned. Stage-specific expression patterns of HvJHDK, HvJHEH, and HvJHE as well as juvenile hormone titers were determined. The three tested enzymes participated in juvenile hormone degradation. Moreover, juvenile hormone titers peaked after larval–larval molts, consistent with a role for juvenile hormone in inhibition of metamorphosis. HvJHDK was subsequently suppressed using RNA interference (RNAi) to reveal its functions. Different concentrations of dsJHDK elicited the optimal interference efficiency at different life stages of H. vitessoides. Suppression of HvJHDK decreased HvJHDK content and increased the juvenile hormone titer, thereby resulting in reduced triglyceride content, sharply declined survival rate, clearly lethal phenotypes, and extended larval growth. Moreover, suppression of HvJHDK upregulated HvJHEH and HvJHE expression levels, suggesting that there is feedback regulation in the juvenile hormone metabolic pathway. Taken together, our findings provide molecular references for the selection of novel insecticidal targets.
35
Follett, P. A. "Effects of Variable Doses of Permethrin on Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Growth and Development". Journal of Entomological Science 25, nr 3 (1.07.1990): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.3.357.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae reared on artificial diet were treated with permethrin using a topical or dip bioassay at 3, 5, and 7 days post-hatch. Forty-eight-hour survival and weight gain in survivors, percent pupation, and percent adult eclosion were measured in one experiment. Generally, larval weight gain after 48 hours among survivors decreased with increasing dose. A high proportion of individuals surviving after 48 hours went on to pupate and emerge as adults regardless of dose, age, and reduction in growth at 48 hours post-treatment. In a second experiment, pupal and adult weights and development times of larve and pupae were measured after topical treatment of larvae with permethrin. Pupal weights of survivors decreased with increasing dose in all age classes. Adult weights decreased with increasing dose only in the 7-day-old treatment. Development times were protracted with increasing dose in the 5-day-old and 7-day-old treatments, but not the 3-day-old treatment. In both experiments, smaller larvae were more tolerant of permethrin than larger larvae per unit body weight.
36
Akpesse, Akpa Alexandre Moïse, Celine Nobah Epse Kacou Wodjé, Otchoumou Atcho Roxane Danielle, Tenon COULIBALY, Dohouonan Diabaté, Thérèse Appoh Perrine KISSI, Kouakou Hervé Koua i Kouassi Philippe Kouassi. "Optimization of the production of black soldier flies Hermetia Illucens by controlling biological parameters in Côte d'Ivoire". JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY 15 (7.09.2022): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jab.v15i.9274.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study was conducted at the ENS vivarium located at the UFHB of Cocody in the city of Abidjan in the south of Ivory Coast, with a temperature of about 28° C and a humidity of about 70%. It aimed to study some biological parameters of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens. For achieve this goal, it was a question of studying the different stages of development of the black soldier fly and also studying the evolution of its growth parameters. The flies were captured, kept in an aviary and observed from the fly stage to the end of the pupal stage (emergence of the first flies). Data on the duration of the different stages of development and the evolution of larval growth parameters (average weight, length, width, Fulton index, length/width ratio, survival and mortality rate of larvae) have been taken. This study revealed that the life cycle of Hermetia illucens is between 31 and 43 days, with an incubation time of eggs that lasts 2 days, a larval phase of 14 days, a pupation of 10 days and a duration of adult life of 8 days on average. In addition, this study reports a low mortality rate of larvae (3.45%), larvae much longer (19.46 mm), wider (6 mm) and plumper.
37
Khedr, Mohamad Ahmad, Hatem Mohamed AL-Shannaf, Hala Mohamed Mead i Shaker Abd El-Aziz Shaker. "Comparative study to determine food consumption of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, on some cotton genotypes". Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, nr 3 (1.07.2015): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0043.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractA study was done on the feeding behaviour, development indices, and biochemical response of 4th instar larvae ofSpodoptera littoralisin which seven cotton genotypes were used: Giza86, Giza88, Giza92, 10229 × Giza 86, H10, Suvin, and Karshenseki. Castor bean leaves were used as the control. All the tested cotton genotypes decreased the feeding behavior ofS. littoralislarvae in terms of consumption percentages, consumption rate (CR), growth rates (GR), efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food (ECI and ECD), approximate digestibility (AD), and feeding deterrence (FDI) compared to the control. Additionally, all the tested cotton varieties prolonged the time taken for larval and pupal duration and reduced both the pupation percentages and the weight of the resulting pupae, as compared to the control. Giza86 recorded the lowest values of both larval growth index and fitness (7.31 and 1.05, respectively) while the genotype Suvin recorded the lowest standardised growth index (0.020) more than other genotypes and the control that gave 10.16, 1.53, and 0.032, respectively. There was a significant inhibition in the level of both total soluble protein and total lipids, and activities of amylase and the trehalase enzymes in all the tested varieties, compared to that found in the control.
38
Kaur, A. P., i S. K. Sohal. "Purified winged bean protease inhibitor affects the growth of Bactrocera cucurbitae". Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, nr 4 (20.12.2018): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000913.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThe melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), is a serious agricultural pest which has defied the various control measures employed against it. Protease inhibitors present in plants which have the potential to inhibit the growth and development of associated insect pests can be a possible alternative which can be manipulated for developing resistance in plants to the pest. In the present study, winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) protease inhibitor isolated through affinity chromatography was explored for its potential to disrupt the development of melon fruit fly, B. cucurbitae. Different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg ml−1) of the winged bean protease inhibitor (WBPI) were incorporated into the artificial diet of the second instar (64–72 h old) larvae of B. cucurbitae. The WBPI significantly delayed the larval, pupal, and total development period. The percentage pupation and adult emergence of the treated larvae was reduced as compared with control. The activities of major digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, and elastase) decreased significantly in the larvae treated with different concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 400 µg ml−1) of WBPI. The findings reveal that the inhibitor holds considerable promise for the management of the melon fruit fly.
39
Fu, Xinhua, Ohba Nobuyoshi, Ying Zhang i Chaoliang Lei. "A rearing apparatus and diet for the aquatic firefly Luciola leii (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Canadian Entomologist 138, nr 3 (czerwiec 2006): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-029.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractAn artificial rearing apparatus for the aquatic firefly Luciola leii Fu and Ballantyne is described, consisting of two small rearing boxes placed inside a larger outer box, a choice of diet, and a suitable substrate for oviposition. Larvae feeding on crushed prey snails (Gyraulus convexiusculus Huton and Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)) showed moderate growth, while those feeding exclusively on muscle of the snail Bellamya purificata Heude grew the best, with a pupation rate of 71%, adult emergence rate of 88.7%, larval duration of 203 days, and pupal duration of 5.1 days. Larvae feeding on fish meat (Carassius auratus L.) and pork meat did not rear well, having lower pupation rates (11% and 5.5%, respectively) and lower emergence rates (54.5% and 54.5%, respectively). Analysis of the three species of aquatic snails, isolated fish meat, and isolated pork meat revealed that the concentrations of amino acids in a protein sample of B. purificata were higher than those in samples of the other two snails, G. convexiusculus and L. stagnalis, but less than those in samples of the fish and pork meat. It is concluded that the rearing apparatus and the diet, which affects water quality, are important factors in the successful rearing of the aquatic firefly L. leii.
40
Senevirathna, Umesha, Lahiru Udayanga, G. A. S. M. Ganehiarachchi, Menaka Hapugoda, Tharaka Ranathunge i Nilmini Silva Gunawardene. "Development of an Alternative Low-Cost Larval Diet for Mass Rearing of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes". BioMed Research International 2020 (24.11.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1053818.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background. Aedes aegypti is a major vector of arboviruses that may be controlled on an area-wide basis, using novel approaches such as Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT). Larval diet is a critical factor to be considered in mass rearing of Aedes mosquitoes for SIT and IIT programs. Therefore, the current study is aimed at evaluating the effects of two novel diets developed from dry fish powder on the growth and development of immature stages and adult fitness-related characteristics of Ae. aegypti in Sri Lanka. Method. Three batches of the first instar Ae. aegypti larva, each containing 250 larvae, were exposed to three different larval diets as standard dry fish powder (D1), dry fish powder meal and brewer’s yeast (D2), and International Atomic Energy Agency- (IAEA-) recommended diet (D3), separately. Morphometric and developmental parameters of the 4th instar larvae, pupae, and adult mosquitoes reared under different dietary treatments were measured. The entire experimental setup was replicated thrice. A General Linear Model (GLM) in the form of two-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis. Results. Significant diet-based variations were observed in the head length, head width, thoracic length, thoracic width, abdominal length, abdominal width, and total length ( F 2 , 87 > 4.811 ; P < 0.05 ) of Ae. aegypti larvae. The highest pupation success and the larval size were observed from the larvae fed the D2 diet, while the lowest was reported from D1. All adult morphometric parameters of adult male and female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes also denoted significant dietary variations, reporting the best-sized adults from the D2 diet ( F 2 , 87 > 3.54 ; P < 0.05 ). Further, significantly higher fecundity and male longevity were also shown by the adult Ae. aegypti ( F 2 , 6 > 7.897 ; P < 0.01 ) mosquitoes reared under diet D2. Conclusion. Based on all the growth and developmental parameters, the D2 diet tends to perform similar to the IAEA-recommended diet in mass rearing of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, while being more inexpensive. Therefore, larval diet D2 could be suggested as the ideal diet for mass rearing of Ae. aegypti for IIT and SIT-based vector control in Sri Lanka.
41
Gao, Zupeng, Yu Chen, Kanglai He, Jingfei Guo i Zhenying Wang. "Sublethal Effects of the Microbial-Derived Insecticide Spinetoram on the Growth and Fecundity of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology 114, nr 4 (24.06.2021): 1582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab123.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is one of the most important pests in tropical and subtropical regions of American. S. frugiperda was first detected in Southern China in January 2019, and then subsequently invaded in 26 provinces. Spinetoram widely used for pest management is recommended for S. frugiperda control. The sublethal effects of spinetoram on S. frugiperda were investigated in the present study. The toxicity of spinetoram against S. frugiperda larvae was determined after one oral dose of spinetoram at sublethal concentration. The results showed that spinetoram LC10 and LC30 were 0.011 and 0.044 mg/liter for the larvae, respectively. Spinetoram at sublethal concentration significantly increased developmental time but reduced larval body weight. In addition, spinetoram had a post-exposure effect on pupal weight, but not on pupal duration, pupation rate, emergence rate, eggs number, or adults longevity. In conclusion, the sublethal effects of spinetoram could negatively affect the growth and development of S. frugiperda that have important implications for pest management.
42
Geng, Kexin, Ying Zhang, Xi Zhao, Wanlin Zhang, Xinhan Guo, Lu He, Kaiyu Liu i in. "Fluorescent Nanoparticle-RNAi-Mediated Silencing of Sterol Carrier Protein-2 Gene Expression Suppresses the Growth, Development, and Reproduction of Helicoverpa armigera". Nanomaterials 13, nr 2 (6.01.2023): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13020245.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Helicoverpa armigera is a polyphagous destructive lepidopteran pest with strong Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance. Cholesterol, a vital component for insect growth, can only be obtained from food, and its transfer and metabolism are regulated by sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2). This study examined whether H. armigera SCP-2 (HaSCP-2) gene expression, involved in cholesterol absorption, can be silenced by nanocarrier fluorescent nanoparticle-RNA interference (FNP-RNAi) by larval feeding and whether the silencing affected H. armigera development. Fluorescence microscopy showed that nanoparticle-siRNA was distributed in Ha cells and the larval midgut. FNP-HaSCP-2 siRNA suppressed HaSCP-2 expression by 52.5% in H.armigera Ha cells. FNP can effectively help deliver siRNA into cells, protect siRNA, and is not affected by serum. FNP-siRNA in vivo biological assays showed that HaSCP-2 transcript levels were inhibited by 70.19%, 68.16%, and 67.66% in 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae, leading to a decrease in the cholesterol level in the larval and prepupal fatbodies. The pupation rate and adult emergence were reduced to 26.0% and 56.52%, respectively. This study demonstrated that FNP could deliver siRNA to cells and improve siRNA knockdown efficiency. HaSCP-2 knockdown by FNP-siRNA in vivo hindered H. armigera growth and development. FNP could enhance RNAi efficiency to achieve pest control by SCP-2-targeted FNP-RNAi.
43
Singh Chauhan, Nalini, i Satwinder Kaur Sohal. "DISRUPTIVE EFFECT OF PYROGALLOL ON DEVELOPMENT OF SPODOPTERA LITURA (FAB.) LARVAE". Journal of Biopesticides 11, nr 1 (1.06.2018): 07–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.11.1.07-13.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In an endeavour to explore secondary metabolites as an important and safe means of pest management, we investigated the effects of pyrogallol, a phenolic compound, on the growth and development of Spodoptera litura (Fab.). It is a serious pest of a large number of economically important crops. Different concentrations viz., 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125 ppm of pyrogallol were incorporated in artificial diet of larvae and the antibiosis influence was ascertained by feeding second instar larvae on this diet. The larval and total development period increased significantly with increase in concentration of the pyrogallol. Inhibitory effects of the compound were observed on per cent pupation, per cent emergence and adult longevity. All nutritional indices were also significantly affected. Thus it can be considered as a promising substance to be used as a biopesticide against the insect pest.
44
Angell, Christopher S., i Olivia Cook. "Natural variation in the growth and development of Protopiophila litigata (Diptera: Piophilidae) developing in three moose (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) antlers". Canadian Entomologist 151, nr 04 (10.06.2019): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.32.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractIn animals, the early-life environment influences growth and development, which can have lasting effects on life history and fitness into adulthood. We investigated the patterns of growth, pupal development time, and their covariation inProtopiophila litigataBonduriansky (Diptera: Piophilidae) larvae of both sexes collected from three discarded moose (Alces alces(Linnaeus) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)) antlers of varying size, chewing damage (used to infer relative age), andP. litigatadensity. Males tended to be smaller and their pupation lasted longer than females. One of the antlers was highly attractive to adultP. litigata, whereas the other two attracted few or none. Individuals from one antler of low attractiveness were smaller and took longer to eclose than individuals from either other antler, perhaps due to its high larval density. The relationship between body size and pupal development time also differed among antlers, being positively correlated in the most attractive antler and negatively correlated in the two other antlers.
45
Bramke, Müller, McMahon i Rolff. "Exposure of Larvae of the Solitary Bee Osmia bicornis to the Honey Bee Pathogen Nosema ceranae Affects Life History". Insects 10, nr 11 (31.10.2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110380.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Wild bees are important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops and they are threatened by several environmental stressors including emerging pathogens. Honey bees have been suggested as a potential source of pathogen spillover. One prevalent pathogen that has recently emerged as a honey bee disease is the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. While the impacts of N. ceranae in honey bees are well documented, virtually nothing is known about its effects in solitary wild bees. The solitary mason bee Osmia bicornis is a common pollinator in orchards and amenable to commercial management. Here, we experimentally exposed larvae of O. bicornis to food contaminated with N. ceranae and document spore presence during larval development. We measured mortality, growth parameters, and timing of pupation in a semi-field experiment. Hatched individuals were assessed for physiological state including fat body mass, wing muscle mass, and body size. We recorded higher mortality in the viable-spore-exposed group but could only detect a low number of spores among the individuals of this treatment. Viable-spore-treated individuals with higher head capsule width had a delayed pupation start. No impact on the physiological status could be detected in hatched imagines. Although we did not find overt evidence of O. bicornis infection, our findings indicate that exposure of larvae to viable N. ceranae spores could affect bee development.
46
Céspedes, Carlos L., Julio Alarcón, Eduardo Aranda, José Becerra i Mario Silva. "Insect Growth Regulator and Insecticidal Activity of β-Dihydroagarofurans from Maytenus spp. (Celastraceae)". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, nr 7-8 (1.08.2001): 603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-7-821.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
From the aerial parts of Maytenus disticha, we have isolated 9β-benzoyloxy-1α,2α,6β,8α,15- penta-acetoxy-dihydro-β-agarofuran (1) and from seeds of Maytenus boaria 9β-furoyloxy-1α, 6β, 8α-triacetoxy-dihydro-β-agarofuran (2). These compounds and their MeOH and hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v) extracts were evaluated for their effects on the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Toosendanin, a commercial insecticide derived from Melia azedarach was used as a positive control. When tested for activity using neonate larvae in a nochoice artificial diet bioassays, the agarofurans 1, 2 and toosendanin as well as the MeOH and hexane/EtOAc extracts caused significant growth inhibitory effects with GC50 of 7.55; 3.84; 1.75; 14.0 and 7.3 ppm at 7 days, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 caused 100% larval mortality at 25 and 15 ppm, respectively. MeOH and hexane/EtOAc extracts caused 100% larval mortality at 25.0 ppm, respectively, they also increased the development time of surviving larvae and a significant delay for the time of pupation and adult emergence. These compounds showed comparable potency of activity with toosendanin. Acute toxicity against adults of S. frugiperda was also found, for hexane/EtOAc extract and 2 had the most potent activity with LD50 value of 4.7 and 1.9 ppm, respectively. MeOH extract, hexane/EtOAc extract, 1 and 2 caused acetylcholinesterase inhibition with 78.0, 89.2, 79.3 and 100% inhibition at 15.0 ppm, respectively. Therefore, the furoyloxy agarofuran may be responsible for the insecticidal activity of these plants
47
Shi, Caihua, Seng Zhang, Jingrong Hu i Youjun Zhang. "Effects of Non-Lethal High-Temperature Stress on Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) Larval Development and Offspring". Insects 11, nr 3 (1.03.2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11030159.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Throughout China, the dipteran pest Bradysia odoriphaga significantly reduces Chinese chive production; therefore, identifying conditions that influence its growth and development is crucial for developing ecological regulation strategies. In this study, different non-lethal high temperatures and treatment durations were used to stress the third-instar larvae of B. odoriphaga, and the effects of this treatment on their growth and offspring were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that the average larval mortality increased with increased temperature and prolonged exposure times. After stress treatment at 40 °C for 2 h, 100% of larvae died within 5 days, which was not significantly different from the 5-day average larval mortality (90.66%) after stress at 37 °C for 4 h, but significantly higher than the 5-day average larval mortality (72.00%) after stress at 40 °C for 1 h. After 5 days, all still-living larvae could pupate, and there was no significant difference in average pupal period after pupation. However, the eclosion rate of subsequent pupae decreased with increased temperature and prolonged exposure times, and were only 43.00% and 42.73% after larvae were stressed at 37 °C for 4 h and 40 °C for 1 h, respectively. After eclosion into adults, there was no significant difference in the lifespan of unmated female adults, while the lifespan of unmated male adults was significantly reduced to 1.67 d and 2 d after larvae were stressed at 37 °C for 4 h and 40 °C for 1 h, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in male and female adult longevity after mating. There was no significant difference in oviposition or egg hatchability. This indicates that non-lethal high temperature at 37 °C for 4 h can hinder development and allow control of B. odoriphaga. There is great potential for non-lethal high temperature to be applied in the field to control agricultural pests.
48
Msangi, Shandala, Ester Lyatuu i Eliningaya J. Kweka. "Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Bioefficacy of an Insect Growth Regulator (Dimilin) as a Larvicide against Mosquito and Housefly Larvae". Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/394541.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The inhibitory function of Dimilin (Diflubenzuron), mostly a chitin synthesis regulator, on the ecdysis of mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiaes.l.,Culex quinquefasciatus) and housefly was evaluated in the field and in laboratory. Three formulations of Diflubenzuron were evaluated in this study: Dimilin, Wettable powder (25%), Dimilin granules (2%), and Dimilin tablets (2%). The laboratory and field evaluation used different rates of concentrations of these formulations. Generally, at higher dosages larvae developments, eggs hatchability and pupation were impossible. The development of mosquitoes was significantly higher in control while highly depressed in different dosages of treatment in both laboratory and field experiments. In houseflies, the adult population decreased sharply after treatment of their breeding sites while pupae mortality was noticed to be high in laboratory-treated samples. Dimilin could be opted as one of the choice of the larval control chemicals to be incorporated in the integrated vector control programmes in urban and rural areas.
49
Hoffmann-Campo, Clara Beatriz, José Augusto Ramos Neto, Maria Cristina Neves de Oliveira i Lenita Jacob Oliveira. "Detrimental effect of rutin on Anticarsia gemmatalis". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 41, nr 10 (październik 2006): 1453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2006001000001.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Behavioral and nutritional effect of rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinosídeo) on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lep.: Noctuidae), a major soybean defoliator in Brazil, was evaluated from the third instar to pupation. Rutin is one of the flavonol glycosides identified in the leaves of the wild soybean PI 227687. Larval weight and amount of ingested food decreased as rutin concentration in the diet increase. An interactive effect between feeding time and diet (treatment) was observed on insect growth; when larvae fed on pure-diet, feeding time elongation resulted in heavier pupae. Differently, the weight of larvae fed on rutin-diet remained almost stable, in spite of eating for longer. A. gemmatalis growth was negatively influenced by rutin-diet not only by feeding deterrence but also by post-ingestive effect on insect growth, since after adjustment of pupal weight by the amount of ingested food (covariate), the effect of diet remained significant. Rutin negatively influenced A. gemmatalis growth as result of pre-ingestive effect, indicated by reduction in food consumption, and post-ingestive effect, indicated by lower conversion of ingested food into body mass and food assimilation.
50
Begum, Murshida, Mahmudul Hasan, ASM Saifullah i MA Howlader. "Effects of sodium chloride on oviposition and development of blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, (Wiedmann) (Diptera : Calliphoridae)". Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 23, nr 1 (3.08.2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v23i1.19825.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Effects of five different concentrations of sodium chloride (5 to 25%) treated fish flesh was tested on oviposition, growth and developmental parameters of blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann). The salt worked as an oviposition deterrent in the female flies. The highest amount of eggs (0.247 ± 0.0464 g) was oviposited on lowest salt concentration (5%) and the minimum amount (0.0003 ± 0.0004 g) of eggs was laid on the highest salt concentration (25%). The eggs laid on 20 and 25% salt treated fishes were not hatched. The larval periods were significantly affected by 10 and 15% salt treated fish while the pupal periods were prolonged at 15% of salt treated fish (p < 0.05). Average larval and pupal durations in control were 4.543 ± 0.18 and 4.833 ± 0.753 days, respectively, whereas at 15% salt average larval and pupal durations were 5.937 ± 0.133 and 5.5 ± 0.548 days, respectively. The average weight of the larvae and pupae were also reduced with the high concentrations of salt. Pupation rate also significantly reduced at higher concentrations of salt. These results suggest that application of 15% salt in raw fish can effectively protect sun?drying fish from blowfly infestation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v23i1.19825 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 23(1): 47-51, 2014