Rozprawy doktorskie: „Larval growth and pupation”

1

Eastwood, Rodney Gordon, i N/A. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071130.134932.

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The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.

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2

Eastwood, Rodney Gordon. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365668.

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The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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3

Baker, John Mark Roswell. "Growth of larval and juvenile newts". Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292163.

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4

D'Alessandro, Evan K. "Early Life Dynamics in Tropical Western Atlantic and Caribbean Snappers (Lutjanidae) and Barracudas (Sphyraenidae)". Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/491.

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Processes occurring during the early life of marine fishes encompassing the larval, settlement, and juvenile stages can have important impacts on recruitment and subsequent population dynamics. Yet these life stages remain poorly understood, especially in coral reef-associated species of commercial and recreational fisheries interest. Two years (2003-2004) of monthly sampling of 17 stations along a transect spanning the east-west axis of the Straits of Florida revealed consistent spatiotemporal patterns in larval abundance, growth, and mortality of several snapper and barracuda species. Much of the species-specific variability in these patterns tracked adult life history, and spatial (several snapper species) and temporal (Sphyraena barracuda) patterns in larval growth were related to larval food availability. While no patterns were identified in larval mortality rates, tethering experiments examining relative rates of predation on late-stage Lutjanus griseus larvae in surface waters of the lower Florida Keys revealed that relative predation rate and probability of predation in oceanic areas seaward of the reef was significantly greater than over reef or nearshore seagrass/hardbottom habitats. The combined effects of mortality during these early stages in concert with variability in early life traits caused selective mortality to be pervasive throughout the early life stages of snappers and barracudas. Patterns in selective mortality were investigated by tracking and repeatedly sampling several cohorts of larvae in 2007 and 2008, and for the first time in tropical reef fishes, linking young pelagic larvae with settlement-stage fish and juveniles. In agreement with the growth-mortality hypothesis, large size-at-hatch and fast larval growth conveyed a survival advantage in most species examined, but several switches in the direction of selection with ontogeny and over time occurred, and were contrary to this hypothesis. Consistent patterns of trait-mediated selective mortality lower trait variability in the surviving population, while inconsistencies in these patterns may contribute to the high degree of variability that characterizes these early life stages. Results presented in this dissertation help fill knowledge gaps critical to the understanding and modeling of dispersal and connectivity in several economically valuable snapper and barracuda species. In addition, the identification of life history traits important to the survival of individuals through the larval and into the juvenile stage, has implications for future management of these ecologically and economically valuable species.

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5

Brumbaugh, Erica Nicole. "Using fish culture ponds to examine factors affecting larval hybrid striped bass growth and survival". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1268241546.

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Ballard, Shannon L. "Regulation of Drosophila larval growth and metabolism by BMP signaling". View abstract/electronic edition; access limited to Brown University users, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3318289.

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Lin, Li. "Clonal analysis of growth behaviors during "Drosophila" larval tracheal development /". Basel : [s.n.], 2009. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_8728.

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Syahailatua, Augy BEES UNSW. "Biological oceanography of larval fish diversity and growth off eastern Australia". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. BEES, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22791.

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Fish larvae in Australian waters have been studied progressively in the last 2-3 decades including the distribution and abundance of taxa, growth and age, their prey and predators. However, the effect of nutrient limitation on ichthyoplankton is unstudied, particularly in the oligotrophic Australian waters. My study was aimed to examine the effect of natural or anthropogenic nutrients on the abundance, distribution, growth and condition of fish larvae along-shore of the NSW coast (latitude 30-34S), where the East Australian Current departs the NSW coast and generates local upwelling of cool nutrient-rich water. This study shows no significant difference in the total abundance or diversity of either larval fishes amongst the 112 taxa (111 families and 1 order), among regions within or upstream of the upwelling. However in both months, there were distinctive ichthyoplankton assemblages at the family level. The Carangidae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Microcanthidae, Myctophidae and Scombridae were more abundant in the EAC or oceanic water masses, while the Callionymidae, Clupeidae, Platycephalidae, Sillaginidae and Terapontidae were mostly found in the surface or deep upwelled/uplifted water masses. This pattern is observed in other ichthyoplankton studies and may be a general and useful method to determine mixing of water masses. Larvae of silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) and yellowtail scad (Trachurus novaezelandiae) were generally larger and less abundant in the topographically induced upwelling region, than north of the region in pre-upwelled conditions of the East Australian Current. Both species were mostly at the preflexion stage (less than 4.3 mm in body length and less than 10 days old) in the pre-upwelled conditions, particularly during November, and proportionally more larger and older larvae in the upwelled waters (mostly post-flexion, greater than 4.3 mm in body length and greater than 10 days old). Ages from sagittal otoliths ranged from 2-25 increments (~days) and exhibited linear growth for both species and months over the size range (3-15 mm standard length). The otolith radius-length relationship and the growth rates were similar between species and months, despite the 3-4C difference between months. Overall growth rates of the younger larvae were uniform throughout the entire sampling area (0.5-0.6 mm.d-1), while older larvae grew significantly faster in the upwelled water (0.41 mm.d-1) compared to the non-upwelled conditions (0.34 mm.d-1). Both species tended to be depleted in 13C in the upwelling region (from ???18.5 to ???19.0), consistent with expected ratios from deeper water, whereas the 15N composition tended to increase in Pseudocaranx, but decrease in Trachurus indicating different diets and possibly trophic level. The early life history of both species indicates spawning in pre-upwelled waters, but larval transport into upwelled waters is necessary for faster growth in the post-flexion stage. The assemblage of larval fishes did differ between the upwelled region and a region south of Sydney???s deepwater outfalls, but the difference was ascribed to a latitudinal effect and the EAC. Both larval carangids were enriched in 15N, possibly due to the enriched dissolved organic matter of primary treated sewage. In summary, this study found that the larval fish community can provide a biological means to trace water masses, and estimate their degree of mixing. Remarkably there was no significant effect of upwelling or sewage addition to the abundance or diversity of larval fish, in the nutrient poor waters of the East Australian Current. Larval carangids and pilchards were abundant in late spring off northern NSW, and their early life histories were inferred. Both larval carangid species seem to be spawned in the EAC waters, but as post-flexion larvae grew faster in the upwelled zone. Pre-flexion (less than 10 day old) larval carangids of both genera indicated spawning in the EAC, and the rarer post-flexion (greater than 10 days old) carangids grew faster in the upwelled waters. Here, both genera had stable isotope signatures characteristic of upwelled waters for carbon, but had different nitrogen signatures, indicative of different diets and trophic level status. Larval pilchards actually grew more slowly in the upwelling region, as observed in coastal waters off Japan, and their nursery grounds may be further offshore in the Tasman Front, analogous to their early life history in the Kuroshio Extension.

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Geubtner, Jessica A. "Specific Dynamic Action, Growth and Development in Larval Atlantic Cod, Gadus Morhua". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GeubtnerJA2003.pdf.

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Hernández, Christina M. Ph D. (Christina Maria)Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Distribution, growth, and transport of larval fishes and implications for population dynamics". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130901.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Biological Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), February, 2021
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-135).
The early life stages of marine fishes play a critical role in population dynamics, largely due to their high abundance, high mortality, and ease of transport in ocean currents. This dissertation demonstrates the value of combining larval data, collected in the field and the laboratory, with model simulations. In Chapter 2, analyses of field observations of ontogenetic vertical distributions of coral reef fish revealed a diversity of behaviors both between and within families. In Caribbean-wide particle-tracking simulations of representative behaviors, surface-dwelling larvae were generally transported longer distances with greater population connectivity amongst habitat patches, while the evenly-distributed vertical behavior and downward ontogenetic vertical migration were similar to one another and led to greater retention near natal sites. However, hydrodynamics and habitat availability created some local patterns that contradicted the overall expectation.
Chapter 3 presents evidence of tuna spawning inside a large no-take marine protected area, the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA). Despite variation in temperature and chlorophyll, the larval tuna distributions were similar amongst years, with skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and Thunnus spp. tunas observed in all three years. Backtracking simulations indicated that spawning occurred inside PIPA in all 3 study years, demonstrating that PIPA is protecting viable tuna spawning habitat. In Chapter 4, several lines of larval evidence support the classification of the Slope Sea as a major spawning ground for Atlantic bluefin tuna with conditions suitable for larval growth. The abundance of bluefin tuna larvae observed in the Slope Sea aligns with typical observations on the other two spawning grounds.
Age and growth analyses of bluefin tuna larvae collected in the Slope Sea and the Gulf of Mexico in 2016 did not show a growth rate difference between regions, but did suggest that Slope Sea larvae are larger at the onset of exogenous feeding. Collected larvae were backtracked to locations north of Cape Hatteras and forward tracked to show that they would have been retained within the Slope Sea until the onset of swimming. As a whole, this thesis presents valuable contributions to the study of larval fishes and the attendant implications for marine resource management.
by Christina M. Hernández.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Joint Program in Biological Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

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11

Perricone, Valentina. "Temperature effects on larval growth and survival in five species of Caribbean Echinoids". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10049/.

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Under the global change scenario, the possible effects of ocean warming were investigated on the larvae of five species of Caribbean Echinoids: Echinometra lucunter, Echinometra viridis, Clypeaster rosaceus, Tripneustes ventricosus and Lytechinus williamsi. Their thermal tolerance was evaluated rearing them for six days under different temperature regimes (26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36°C). The larval sensitivity to the treatments was evaluated on the base of survival and growth. The rearing at higher temperatures has revealed a great suffering state of the larvae by inducing both reduction of live larvae and abnormality in their development. The extent of impact of the treatments varied from species to species, evidencing different levels of thermal tolerance. Anyway, higher temperature treatments have shown a general lethal threshold at about 34°C for most of the species. As an exception, the lethal threshold of Echinometra species was 36°C, few larvae of which being still capable of survive at the temperature of 34°C. The studies have also analyzed the effect of water warming on the larvae growth in terms of size and symmetry. The results put in evidence the presence of a critical upper temperature (about 32°C) at which the larvae of all species reveal a great suffering state that translates in the reduction of size (i.e., of body, stomach and postero-dorsal arm) and abnormalities (i.e., strong difference in the lengths of the two postero-dorsal arms). As sea surface temperatures are predicted to increase of 4-5°C by 2100, the high percentage of abnormal larvae and their scarce survival observed at 32- 34°C treatments indicate that the early stages of these species could be affected by future global warming.

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Cabernard, Clemens. "Studying fibroblast growth factor (FGF) mediated cell migration in "Drosophila" larval air sacs /". Basel : [s.n.], 2005. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_7137.

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13

Lambert, Claire Louise. "The influence of larval density on larval growth, and the consequences for adult survival and reproductive success in the damselfly Calopteryx virgo (Odonata)". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2279.

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This study of a population of C.virgo at Burrator, Dartmoor looks for signs of a population regulation mechanism acting through the effects of larval density on larval growth. The consequences of adult body size and emergence time for survival and reproductive success are also examined to look for further regulation mechanisms, and opportunities for natural and sexual selection; in particular the importance of body size to territorial males. Although there were significant differences in patterns of growth and body size within and between year classes of larvae, the differences were were not related to density. Smaller, later developing larvae were present, and the possibility that this was related to late hatching is discussed. Smaller, later developing larvae emerged later as smaller sized adults. Survival to maturity was not influenced by body size. Density-triggered bird predation was a regular feature of the population, and could result in early emergers experiencing higher survival to maturity. The advantage of early emergence could, however, easily be countered by adverse weather patterns. A field experiment showed that ovipositing females were highly aggregated, and that mature males were able to predict and profit from the aggregated distribution of females. Consequently male daily reproductive success was very variable, and was by far the most important component of their lifetime reproductive success. A large body size was an advantage to mature males when levels of competition were high, but not when competition was reduced as a result of bird predation and poor weather. Mature females produced between 85 and 1,615 eggs in their lifetime. The number of sunny days females survived to see was the most important component of their lifetime reproductive success, and was influenced by random predation and weather patterns. Body size was not related to either survival or clutch size. Early emerging females had higher lifetime reproductive success, but only as a result of the timing of the density-triggered bird predation, and this advantage could easily be lost through random weather patterns. The lack of evidence for density dependent feeding competition in larvae, and for a relationship between female body size and fecundity in adults, suggests that feeding competition is not a regulatory mechanism in this population. The difficulties of detecting density dependence in short term studies is discussed. The strong influence of environmental variables on the importance of adult body size and emergence time indicates that the opportunity for selection of these characteristics would be variable and hence weak in the short term. Over the long term, however, there would be a persistent selective pressure, and the possible consequences for larval growth are discussed.

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Marques, Daniele Ferreira. "Growth, survival and larval development of sea cucumber Holothuria grisea: feed with different microalgae". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16501.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the supply of microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri and Thalassiosira fluviatilis on growth, survival and larval development time of the sea cucumber Holothuria grisea. Holothuria grisea larvae were obtained from a spawning induced by heat shock and were cultured in incubators conical cylinder with volume of 15 L, kept in a density of 0,5 larvae/ml and constant aeration. The temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and water salinity were measured daily and total ammonia analysis (NH3 / NH4+) and nitrite (NO2-) were done on days 05, 09 and 14 after fertilization. Four treatments were tested with five replicates each: a diet with 100% Chaetoceros muelleri; a diet with 100% Thalassiosira fluviatilis; a combined diet containing 50% Chaetoceros muelleri and 50% Thalassiosira fluviatilis (mixed diet); and control (unfed). The feed rate ranged from 20.000 the 40.000 cells/ml for different stages of development. The length of the larvae (μm) was observed on days 2, 8 and 14 after fertilization and survival (%) on days 4, 10 and 14 after fertilization. The larval development time was followed for all treatments. There was no significant difference in temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and salinity, to the different treatments tested. The best treatments in terms of water quality were Chaetoceros muelleri and Control, with the lowest concentrations of total ammonia and nitrite. The highest concentrations of ammonia and nitrite were found in treatments where the microalgae Thalassiosira fluviatilis was present. The survival rate for all treatments decreased over larval development being quite sharp. The best treatment, when considering the larval development time and total length (μm), was Chaetoceros muelleri. Holothuria grisea completed it larval development time in 17 days after fertilization when fed Chaetoceros muelleri, having indirect development with larval stages of auricularia, doliolaria and pentacula until the arrival of the juvenile stage.
A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito da oferta das microalgas Chaetoceros muelleri e Thalassiosira fluviatilis sobre o crescimento, a sobrevivÃncia e o tempo de desenvolvimento larval do pepino do mar Holothuria grisea. As larvas de Holothuria grisea foram obtidas a partir de uma desova induzida por choque tÃrmico e foram cultivadas em incubadoras cilindro cÃnicas, com volume Ãtil de 15 L, mantidas sob uma densidade de 0,5 larvas/mL e aeraÃÃo constante. A temperatura, o pH, o oxigÃnio dissolvido e a salinidade da Ãgua foram mensurados diariamente e anÃlises de amÃnia total (NH3/NH4+) e nitrito (NO2-) foram feitas nos dias 05, 09 e 14 apÃs a fertilizaÃÃo. Foram testados quatro tratamentos com cinco repetiÃÃes cada: uma dieta com 100% de Chaetoceros muelleri; uma dieta com 100% de Thalassiosira fluviatilis; uma dieta combinada contendo 50% de Chaetoceros muelleri e 50% de Thalassiosira fluviatilis (dieta mista); e o controle (sem alimentaÃÃo). A taxa de alimentaÃÃo variou de 20.000 a 40.000 cÃlulas/mL para os diferentes estÃgios de desenvolvimento. O comprimento das larvas (μm) foi verificado nos dias 2, 8 e 14 apÃs a fertilizaÃÃo e a sobrevivÃncia (%) nos dias 4, 10 e 14 apÃs a fertilizaÃÃo. O tempo de desenvolvimento larval foi acompanhado para todos os tratamentos testados. NÃo houve diferenÃa significativa nos valores de temperatura, pH, oxigÃnio dissolvido e salinidade, para os diferentes tratamentos testados. Os melhores tratamentos em termos de qualidade da Ãgua foram Chaetoceros muelleri e Controle, apresentando as menores concentraÃÃes de amÃnia total e nitrito. Maiores concentraÃÃes de amÃnia e nitrito foram verificadas nos tratamentos em que a microlaga Thalassiosira fluviatilis estava presente. A taxa de sobrevivÃncia para todos os tratamentos testados diminuiu ao longo do desenvolvimento das larvas sendo bastante acentuada. O melhor tratamento, quando considerado o tempo de desenvolvimento larval e o comprimento total (μm), foi Chaetoceros muelleri. Holothuria grisea completou o seu tempo de desenvolvimento larval em 17 dias apÃs a fertilizaÃÃo quando alimentadas com Chaetoceros muelleri, tendo desenvolvimento indireto com fases larvais de auriculÃria, doliolÃria e pentÃcula atÃ a chegada da fase juvenil.

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Wheeler, Sarah Grace. "Biological and oceanographic drivers of larval growth, settlement, and recruitment of rockfishes (Sebastes spp.)". Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3723751.

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Recruitment of marine fishes is largely determined by biological and oceanographic factors acting on early life stages. Coastal upwelling has long been recognized as a critical factor influencing the survival of larvae and recruitment to adult populations. Dynamics in regional upwelling influence the magnitude and timing of primary productivity, affecting the availability of critical food sources for larval fish. In addition, upwelling-relaxation cycles affect the dispersal of marine larvae and their onshore delivery prior to settlement. Challenges with tracking larvae, however, have limited our understanding of how oceanography influences the early life stages of fishes. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the biological and oceanographic drivers of larval growth, settlement, and recruitment, using rockfishes ( Sebastes spp.) as model organisms.

Overlap of larval production and favorable feeding conditions may drive recruitment for many temperate marine fishes, as small changes in larval growth can result in order-of-magnitude differences in year-class-strength. In Chapter 1, I assess the influence of regional productivity, temperature, and larval condition in explaining growth in rockfishes. I employ a combination of otolith microstructure and satellite imagery to measure initial larval growth and estimate the productivity and temperature experienced by individuals to determine their relative importance in subsequent growth at metamorphosis. I compare model performance using indexed environmental conditions scaled over three different regions. In both years of study, net primary productivity explained the most variation in pre-metamorphic growth relative to temperature and initial growth. This relationship was consistent across spatial regions. Recent settlement, juvenile recruitment, and individual growth were significantly higher in a year when productivity bloomed earlier and individual larvae experienced higher levels of productivity. These results support the hypothesis that large-scale oceanographic processes that stimulate upwelling and secondary production are primary drivers of larval growth and subsequent year-class strength in rockfishes.

Characterizing the behavior of larvae prior to settlement is integral to understanding population dynamics because coastal oceanography may facilitate or limit settlement. Otolith microchemistry can be used to determine patterns of fish movement, although there is a limited understanding of how this tool can be applied in coastal marine systems. My goal in Chapter 2 is to evaluate the application of otolith microchemistry to characterize water mass associations of settlement-stage marine fish in a coastal upwelling region using a three-step approach. First, I characterize seawater chemistry of coastal water masses across multiple years, finding significant differences in the chemical signatures of strong upwelling, weak upwelling, and relaxation. Second, I experimentally determine the effect of temperature on the partitioning of trace elements in otoliths for two rockfishes to find that the effect of temperature on otolith partition coefficients was element- and species-specific. Finally, I compare the synchrony in seawater and otolith chemistry of settlement-stage rockfishes that were exposed to naturally variable conditions over an upwelling-relaxation cycle. I subsequently evaluate whether laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry effectively measures otolith chemistry over ecologically relevant time scales. I discovered that elemental concentrations in otoliths respond rapidly to changes in seawater chemistry and reflect equivalent proportional changes. This study provides evidence that elemental signatures are valuable tools for reconstructing larval histories of marine fish.

In Chapter 3, I use otolith chemistry to examine water mass associations of two juvenile rockfishes during onshore transport and settlement in an upwelling region. I develop a chemical proxy for upwelling and relaxation by characterizing Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca signatures of otoliths collected during these oceanographic conditions. Otolith chemistry differed between rockfishes collected during upwelling and relaxation, with signatures unique to each year. I subsequently compare otolith signatures of rockfishes collected during high and low settlement periods to determine whether specific water masses affect settlement. I provide evidence that copper rockfish associate with upwelling currents during periods of high settlement, suggesting that upwelling may facilitate settlement for these species. Conversely, I found evidence that the closely related gopher rockfish associate with relaxation events during peak settlement periods. This research takes an important first step at in evaluating the utility of trace element signatures to characterize larval fish movement during onshore delivery and settlement in marine systems. Together, these studies improve our understanding of how coastal upwelling impacts larval growth, settlement, and recruitment, which provides important information for understanding population dynamics in marine ecosystems.

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DeKluyver, Tertius Vitus. "Development of larval barramundi under conditions of intense culture". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.

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Rifici, Louis Mark. "Investigation into three potential modifying factors in larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) growth and survival". Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063401/.

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Panchumarthi, Sarvari. "The Drosophila Serrate is Required for Synaptic Structure and Function at Larval Neuromuscular Junctions". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194269.

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Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system to identify genes involved in synaptic growth and function. In Drosophila, the Serrate (Ser) gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is a ligand for Notch receptor. Several previous studies implicated a role for Serrate in normal wing development and patterning. In this study, I demonstrate that Serrate is required for normal synaptic growth and function. I characterized the phenotype of a Serrate mutation (serB936) that was identified by an EMS-induced genetic screen aimed at identifying novel genes that play a role in synaptic growth and function. Co-localization studies show that Serrate protein is expressed at both the pre- and postsynaptic side of larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Mutations in ser impair synaptic transmission at larval NMJs. This defect is entirely presynaptic, as nerve-evoked excitatory junction potentials (EJP) and quantal content (QC) of neurotransmitter release are significantly reduced when compared to wild-type control. Further, mutations in ser also alter the growth of the NMJ and the underlying muscle. Mutations in ser significantly reduce the size of larval body wall muscles (length and surface area) as well as the number and size of synaptic boutons, and the number of secondary axonal branches. Ubiquitous or muscle-specific expression of normal Serrate in serB936 mutants restores a normal muscle size but not a normal size and structure of the innervating NMJ. However, expression of normal Serrate in the motor axon restores a normal number of synaptic boutons and secondary branches at serB936 mutant NMJs. In addition, it restores normal neurotransmitter release. These data suggest that Serrate protein is required presynaptically for normal synaptic growth and function. Interestingly, overexpression of Serrate in a wild type background resulted in similar phenotypes than to those of loss-of-function mutants. In conclusion, these data suggest a new functional role for Serrate in synaptic growth and function.

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Pescinelli, Régis Augusto. "Diversidade e história de vida dos camarões Alpheidae de regiões intermareais no limite sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil". Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181214.

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Orientador: Rogerio Caetano da Costa
Resumo: Estudos sobre a biodiversidade são fundamentais para o conhecimento biológico. Assim sendo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a assembleia e a microdistribuição dos camarões Alpheidae presentes na região intermareal estuarina de Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil. Além de caracterizar a história de vida de Alpheus brasileiro, espécie mais abundante nas áreas estudadas, a estrutura populacional, os parâmetros de crescimento, a longevidade e o desenvolvimento dos primeiros estágios larvais da espécie. As hipóteses de que as espécies apresentam microdistribuição diferenciada na região intermareal e de que a monogamia social influencia na estrutura populacional e nos parâmetros de crescimento de A. brasileiro foram testadas. A região estuarina de Cananéia é considerada uma das mais conservadas da costa brasileira, portanto, todo o conhecimento sobre esse importante ecossistema é fundamental, principalmente para comparações com áreas diferentes graus de conservação. A assembleia de Alpheidae se caracterizou por sete espécies: A. brasileiro, Alpheus buckupi, Alpheus carlae, Alpheus estuariensis, Alpheus petronioi, Athanas nitescens e Salmoneus carvachoi. A microdistribuição evidenciou a influência de A. brasileiro sobre as demais espécies, principalmente devido à maior abundância e constância que a espécie apresentou. Os resultados sobre a estrutura populacional da espécie estão diretamente relacionados ao seu comportamento monogâmico social, no qual se caracteriza pela formaç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Studies about biodiversity are fundamental for biological knowledge. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to know the assemblage and the microdistribution of the Alpheidae shrimps present in the intertidal estuarine region of Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil. In addition to characterizing the life history of Alpheus brasileiro, the most abundant species in the studied areas. Population structure, growth parameters, longevity and development of the first larval stages of the species was also investigated. The hypotheses that the species show differentiated microdistribution in the intertidal region and that social monogamy influences the population structure and growth patterns of A. brasileiro were tested. The estuarine region of Cananéia is considered one of the most conserved of the Brazilian coast, therefore, all the knowledge about this important ecosystem is fundamental mainly for comparisons with areas in different degrees of conservation. The Alpheidae assemblage was characterized by seven species: A. brasileiro, Alpheus buckupi, Alpheus carlae, Alpheus estuariensis, Alpheus petronioi, Athanas nitescens e Salmoneus carvachoi. The microdistribution evidenced the influence of A. brasileiro on the other species, mainly due to the abundance and constancy that this species presented. The results on the population structure of the species are directly related to its monogamous social behavior, in which it is characterized by the formation of heterosexual pairs that s... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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20

Fox, Jeri Lynn. "The use of hormones and diet to enhance growth and survival of larval rabbitfish, Siganus randalli /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5374.

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Britton, Jessica S. "Genetic and environmental control of growth and the cell cycle during larval development of Drosophila melanogaster /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5039.

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Lafuente, Isabel. "Reproduction, larval growth and metamorphosis of the nudibranch molluscs, Onchidoris bilamellata (L.) and Goniodoris nodosa (Montagu)". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14641.

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This study investigated the reproduction, larval growth and metamorphosis of the nudibranchs Onchidoris bilamellata (L.) and Goniodoris nodosa (Montagu) under controlled laboratory conditions. In addition, the rare occurrence of spawning events of O. bilamellata taking place in the field outwith the winter and spring reproductive period was studied. Onchidoris bilamellata and Goniodoris nodosa differ in the size and number of eggs produced per spawning event. In the present study O. bilamellata does not exhibit a clear spawning pattern, whereas G. nodosa lays increasingly smaller eggs and larvae as the season progresses. The diameter of the eggs of O. bilamellata is not correlated with the organic content per egg. The data available for G. nodosa were insufficient to analyse this relationship. The rates of larval growth and development are reported for Onchidoris bilamellata and Goniodoris nodosa. These variables do not differ significantly for O. bilamellata between cultures maintained under various light regimes, ranging from continuous darkness to continuous illumination, and are comparable to those of G. nodosa. The shell growth pattern exhibited by larvae of G. nodosa is sigmoid, similar to that of other opisthobranchs. Spawn masses laid during the winter and spring months were collected fresh from the field and compared to spawn masses collected from the field in July and September, outwith the typical spawning period of Onchidoris bilamellata in the British Isles. The shell size of the July and September hatchlings was significantly smaller than that of the winter and spring hatchlings. Furthermore, the larvae hatched from spawn masses laid in September cultured in the laboratory exhibited high mortality rates and the overwhelming majority did not survive through metamorphosis. The significance of the spawning activity of O. bilamellata past the typical spawning period of this species is discussed. The induction of metamorphosis of Onchidoris bilamellata was investigated using seawater containing elevated concentrations of potassium ion, and the results indicate that the optimal concentration inductive of metamorphosis is 19 mM K+ ASW, Metamorphosis experiments were also performed with the natural prey of O. bilamellata, the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.). The results suggest that pediveligers can be induced to metamorphose at a distance from the inductive substrata. Attempts were made to identify the natural inductive cue of Goniodoris nodosa, but this was not successful.

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23

Barrett, Andrea Lynn. "A FGF-Hh feedback loop controls stem cell proliferation in the developing larval brain of drosophila melanogaster". [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2017.

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Wacker, Alexander, i Eric von Elert. "Strong influences of larval diet history on subsequent post-settlement growth in the freshwater mollusc Dreissena polymorpha". Universität Potsdam, 2002. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1762/.

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Significant seasonal variation in size at settlement has been observed in newly settled larvae of Dreissena polymorpha in Lake Constance. Diet quality, which varies temporally and spatially in freshwater habitats, has been suggested as a significant factor influencing life history and development of freshwater invertebrates. Accordingly, experiments were conducted with field-collected larvae to test the hypothesis that diet quality can determine planktonic larval growth rates, size at settlement and subsequent post-metamorphic growth rates. Larvae were fed one of two diets or starved. One diet was composed of cyanobacterial cells which are deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and the other was a mixed diet rich in PUFAs. Freshly metamorphosed animals from the starvation treatment had a carbon content per individual 70% lower than that of larvae fed the mixed diet. This apparent exhaustion of larval internal reserves resulted in a 50% reduction of the postmetamorphic growth rates. Growth was also reduced in animals previously fed the cyanobacterial diet. Hence, low food quantity or low food quality during the larval stage of D. polymorpha lead to irreversible effects for postmetamorphic animals, and is related to inferior competitive abilities.

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McCollum, Arthur B. "Specific Dynamic Action and Growth in Larval Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, in Relation to Feeding and Temperature". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/McCollumAB2007.pdf.

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Azad, Md Abul Kalam. "Factors influencing adult gonad production and larval growth and survival of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36903.

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The continued demand for sea-urchin gonads and overexploitation of natural stocks in many countries have stimulated interest in the aquaculture of various sea-urchin species. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop rearing protocols for larval and adult purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). The specific objectives of this thesis were to determine: (1) the effect of temperature and diet on adult gonad production and (2) the effect of temperature, microalgal diet, ration, and stocking density on embryonic/larval growth and survival. To test these objectives I measured ingestion rate, gravimetric absorption, assimilation efficiency, and various gonad attributes (i.e. wet weight, water content, gonad index, texture, firmness, colour, flavour, and maturity stage) in the experiments using adult sea urchins and developmental progression from egg to prism stage, embryo length, larval length, larval mid-line body length, larval body width, larval post-oral arm length, time to reach metamorphic competency, and survival rate in the embryo/larval experiments. Adult purple sea urchins produced the highest quality gonads at 12°C when fed a prepared diet developed specifically for urchin gonad production by the Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Embryos and larvae showed more normal development and had significantly higher percent survival when reared at 11 and 14°C than at 8 and 17°C with best growth and survival occurring at stocking densities ≤100 ind ml⁻¹ of eggs/embryos and ≤1.0 ind ml⁻¹ of larvae. The single-species algal diet of Dunaliella tertiolecta and the bi-species diet of D. tertiolecta and Isochrysis sp. supported the highest larval growth and percent survival of all phytoplankton diets evaluated. Larvae fed an increasing diet ration (i.e. 2,500–10,000 cells ml⁻¹, according to developmental stage) of a mixed-species algal diet (D. tertiolecta and Isochrysis sp.) generally had significantly better growth and survival than any fixed rations (i.e. same ration throughout development) evaluated. Overall, the results from this study suggest that S. purpuratus could be an excellent potential candidate species for aquaculture development.

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White, Meredith Megan. "Growth and development of larval bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) in response to early exposure to high CO₂". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79190.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Coastal and estuarine environments experience large variability and rapid shifts in pCO₂ levels. Elevated pCO², or ocean acidification, often negatively affects early life stages of calcifying marine invertebrates, including bivalves, but it is unclear which developmental stage is most sensitive. I hypothesized that initial calcification is a critical stage during which high pCO₂ exposure has severe effects on larval growth and development of bay scallop (Argopecten irradians). Using five experiments varying the timing of exposure of embryonic and larval bay scallops to high CO₂, this thesis identifies two distinct stages of development during which exposure to high CO₂/low pH causes different effects on bay scallop larvae. I show that any exposure to high CO₂ consistently reduces survival of bay scallop larvae. I also show that high CO₂ exposure during initial calcification (12-24 h post-fertilization) results in significantly smaller shells, relative to ambient conditions, and this size decrease persists through the first week of development. High CO₂ exposure at 2-12 h post-fertilization (pre-calcification), does not impact shell size, suggesting that the CO₂ impact on size is a consequence of water chemistry during calcification. However, high CO₂ exposure prior to shell formation (2-12 h post-fertilization) causes a high incidence of larval shell deformity, regardless of CO₂ conditions during initial calcification. This impact does not occur in response to high CO₂ exposure after the 2-12 h period. The observations of two critical stages in early development has implications for both field and hatchery populations. If field populations were able to time their spawning to occur during the night, larvae would undergo initial calcification during the daytime, when CO₂ conditions are more favorable, resulting in larger veliger larvae. Hatcheries could invest minimal resources to monitor and modify water chemistry only during the first day of development to ensure larva are exposed to favorable conditions during that critical period.
by Meredith Megan White.
Ph.D.

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Treibergs, Kira, i Kira Treibergs. "Settlement and Growth of the Marine Bryozoan Schizoporella japonica, and Epifaunal Development in the South Slough Estuary". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12405.

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The pre-metamorphic behaviors and settlement preferences of larvae can have significant effects on the success of adult invertebrates. This study describes various aspects of pre-metamorphic and post-metamorphic life stages of the bryozoan

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Friesen, Trevor. "Effects of food abundance and temperature on growth, survival, development and abundance of larval and juvenile smallmouth bass". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ33299.pdf.

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Briland, Ruth. "Optimizing Larval Fish Survival and Growth through an Analysis of Consumer and Resource Interactions in Percid Culture Ponds". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1268153735.

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Jia, Kailiang. "Daf-9, a cytochrome P450 regulating C. elegans larval development and adult longevity /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9998488.

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Charbonnier, Julie. "Persistence of the Larval Environment on Post-Metamorphic Performance and Population Dynamics in Amphibians". VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5019.

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Organisms with complex life cycles may experience diverse stressors during their development. Stressors experienced in early life stages may influence the quantity and quality of individuals in later life stages. However, it is unclear if these effects persist later in life and how they may influence population dynamics. This dissertation uses two amphibian species, the Western spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes) and the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) to explore how biotic and abiotic factors experienced in aquatic and terrestrial environments influence phenotype and survival. We use a combination of field mesoscosm studies, laboratory studies and modeling to explore how early life history stressors persist in diverse environmental contexts. In Chapter 1, pond drying and larval density negatively influence multiple aspects of phenotype in the Western spadefoot toad. In Chapter 2, reduced body size due to larval stressors persisted in the first year of life in spotted salamanders in both high and low terrestrial resource environments. Additionally, there was no relationship between size at metamorphosis and post-metamorphic terrestrial survival. In Chapter 3, low terrestrial moisture levels reduced post-metamorphic growth rates by reducing food intake in juvenile spotted salamanders from both high and low larval density treatments. In Chapter 4, we scale up the effects of reduced body size in the Western spadefoot toad to explore how reduced body size due to pond drying may influence population densities using a stage specific matrix model. Reduced body size, by delaying maturity, may reduce adult densities in the Western spadefoot toad. This dissertation suggests that life stages are highly interconnected, as stressors experienced early in life stage may persist through their effects on phenotype in the absence of compensatory mechanisms. Variation in later life stages may also influence phenotype, but may not completely erase effects of early environments. Stressors experienced early in life may also translate to population level consequences, especially when organisms experience multiple stressors across life stages.

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33

Lustenhouwer, Monique. "Local adaptation of larval life history in the moor frog Rana arvalis across a landscape mosaic". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-181724.

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Growth rate is an important life history trait, which impacts fitness indirectly through its effect on the age and size at maturity, as well as directly through costs associated with accelerated growth such as increased predation risk. Genetic variation and plasticity in growth are widespread in nature, and local adaptation of growth rate may evolve due to divergent selection in different environments, for example related to predation risk, temperature or time constraints. I studied local adaptation of larval life history in the moor frog Rana arvalis, in a local network of ponds close to Uppsala. Local adaptation of growth rate and survival was studied in a reciprocal transplant experiment between ponds with different habitat characteristics. Meanwhile, differences among the populations in intrinsic growth, activity and response to predation were studied in a common garden experiment in the laboratory, where tadpoles were raised in the presence or absence of a predator and tested in direct predation trials. In the field, differences in growth among populations were found, independent of which pond the tadpoles were raised in, indicating that the ponds were similar growth environments. Survival differences among the populations depended on the pond, but local populations did not do better than foreign ones. In the laboratory, similar patterns in growth rate were found. All populations were highly plastic in their response to predation, having lower growth and activity in the predator-induced treatment and decreased mortality in the predation trials. Tadpole size was an important factor in escaping predation. One population clearly grew faster than the others in the field and in the lab, which could be explained in terms of its habitat of origin but was most likely related to the relatively late hatching of this population. Future studies are necessary concerning the possible costs of this accelerated growth and the importance of breeding phenology. Apart from the one differential population, I did not find evidence of local adaptation in the field or in the laboratory. The influence of habitat characteristics on tadpole life history was difficult to study, due to the limited number of ponds and many environmental differences among them. However, this thesis was a valuable pilot study concerning the design of experiments to study factors promoting and constraining local adaptation in landscape mosaics. An understanding of local adaptation at the scale at which gene flow occurs is important for the conservation of populations in fragmented landscapes as well as for the study of ecological speciation.

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Datar, Sanjeev Ashok. "Developmental regulation of growth and cell cycle progression in Drosophila melanogaster : a larval growth arrest screen, and molecular and genetic analysis of the cyclin D/Cdk4 complex /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5008.

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Paula, Salete de. "Caracterização do desenvolvimento larval do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887): morfometria e crescimento isométrico". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/733.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salete de Paula.pdf: 1167747 bytes, checksum: 9705df79d28b7d3992e3d6910e9ce124 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-24
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This study describes the development and allometric growth patterns of larval Piaractus mesopotamicus from induced reproduction. From hatching until the 19th day, twenty individuals were selected for eight stage of development (yolk sac larval, preflexion, initial of flexion, flexion, end of flexion and post flexion). Later, morphometric measurements were taken of each individual: total length, head length, trunk length, tail (post anal) length, head height, body height, muscle height at anus leveleye diameter, mouth length, caudal peduncle height and caudal peduncle length. Allometric growth coefficients were calculated by linear regression; the changes in the coefficients of growth relate to ontogenetic changes in the priorities of the larvae. During the developmental stages of larval yolk and pre-flexion (mean CT = 3.363 and 5.89 mm), the larvae showed an evident priority for feeding and swimming capabilities. From the flexion stage (mean CT = 9.33 mm) was observed a change in growth priorities, especially those relating to body height, important characteristic for this species. From the post-flexing stage (mean CT = 16.25 mm) a greater propensity to isometry was evident for all coefficients growths. These results confirm the informations that there are different growth patterns for priority functions during ontogeny initial larvae. This study of morphometric and allometric growth of larvae Piaractus mesopotamicus, may assist the fisheries biology, supporting management strategies and conservation of natural populations
Este estudo descreveu o desenvolvimento e os padrões de crescimento alométrico de larvas de Piaractus mesopotamicus provenientes de reprodução induzida. Desde a eclosão até o 19° dia, vinte indivíduos foram selecionados para oito estágios de desenvolvimento (larval vitelino, pré-flexão, início de flexão, flexão, final de flexão, início de pós-flexão, pós flexão e final de pós-flexão). Posteriormente, foram tomadas medidas morfométricas: comprimento da cabeça, comprimento do tronco, comprimento da cauda anal posterior, altura da cabeça, altura do corpo, altura do músculo em nível do ânus, diâmetro do olho, comprimento da boca, altura do pedúnculo caudal e comprimento do pedúnculo caudal. Os coeficientes de crescimento alométrico foram calculados por meio de regressões lineares; as alterações ocorridas nos coeficientes de crescimento referem-se as mudanças nas prioridades ontogenéticas das larvas. Durante os estágios de desenvolvimento de larval vitelino e pré-flexão (média CT= 3,36 e 5,89 mm) as larvas apresentaram uma evidente prioridade para as capacidades de alimentação e natação. A partir do estágio de flexão (média CT= 9,33 mm) foi observada uma mudança nas prioridades de crescimento, principalmente as relacionadas com a altura do corpo, característica importante para essa espécie. No estágio de pós-flexão (média CT=16,25 mm) uma propensão maior a isometria ficou evidente, para todos os coeficientes de crescimentos. Esses resultados confirmam as informações de que existem padrões diferenciados de crescimento para funções prioritárias durante a ontogenia inicial de larvas. Este estudo sobre morfometria e crescimento alométrico das larvas de Piaractus mesopotamicus, poderá auxiliar a biologia pesqueira, subsidiando as estratégias de manejo e conservação das populações naturais

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Almli, Martin. "Effects of different live feed on larval growth and development in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta Ascanius, 1767) : - A metabolomics study". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19284.

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The use of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) for the treatment of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus samonis) in salmon farming is rapidly growing due to resistance to chemical treatments. The demand for high quality and large amounts of ballan wrasse has thus led to the development of ballan wrasse farming. Due to the small size of the newly hatched larvae, the first-feeding of the larvae has become a bottleneck area. The size and nutritional properties of the live feed chosen can greatly affect both growth and development. Using copepods as live feed in the first part of the feeding regime should give a positive effect on the larval growth and development as they are the natural prey of marine fish larvae and are nutritional superior to rotifers.The aim of this study was to use 1H-NMR to examine the differences in larval metabolic composition as a function of the different types of live feed, as well as to find the most suited method for preparation of ballan wrasse samples for metabolic analysis. To examine this, ballan wrasse larvae was fed using four different feeding regimes. The live feed used was different between the four groups for the first 30 days post hatch. After this all groups were fed the same diet. Larvae in the Copepod group were fed only the copepod Acartia tonsa. The Cop7 was fed copepods the first 7 days, then enriched rotifers. The RotMG group was fed enriched rotifers, and the RotChl group was fed unenriched rotifers. After 30 days post hatch, all treatments was fed enriched Artemia before weaning to formulated feed. Results from the present study indicate that the use of copepods in first-feeding of ballan wrasse resulted in an increase in growth compared to larvae fed rotifer diets. Metabolic analysis of the larvae show that changes in the levels of certain metabolites can be used as biomarkers for growth and development. Differences seem to be correlated to feed composition, with TMAO and taurine standing out as reliable biomarkers for growth differences

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Mangino, Adam. "Effects of turbulence on growth, survival and whole-body osmolality of larval southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma reared at different salinities /". Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/manginoa/adammangino.html.

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Paulet, Timothy Guy. "The effect of diet type and feeding rate on growth, morphological development and behaviour of larval and juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus (L.)". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005115.

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Intensive grow-out of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), larvae and juveniles in closed recirculating systems requires the control of environmental conditions and feeding. This study investigated the effect of different diets, environmental condition and feeding level on growth, development and survival of goldfish larvae and juveniles. Prey preference for Artemia nauplii or decapsulated Artemia cysts as well as agonistic behaviour was recorded. The micrometer device used to measure mouth-gape was shown to produce accurate measurements which could be used to estimate the maximal particle size that can be ingested by goldfish larvae of a particular age. Goldfish completed metamorphosis earlier with an increased feeding level of Artemia cysts and by making the cysts more accessible to the fish using up-welling water movement. Morphometric plasticity in goldfish larvae was exhibited within two weeks of growth and it may be possible to induce changes in morphology by manipulating diet and rearing environment. Fish that fed on moving prey items had a significantly larger mouth-gape than those that browsed cysts from the tank bottom or dry food items. The development of mouth-gape was not affected by the feeding level of cysts. Condition factor increased with an increase in the number of cysts fed per fish per day. Goldfish larvae and juveniles grew faster and had a higher survival when fed on decapsulated Artemia cysts than on instar I Artemia nauplii or a mixed live/dry diet of Artemia nauplii and dry food. Feeding at least 155 cysts per fish per day, in tanks with upwelling water movement, gave the best growth and survival and the smallest size variation. In addition, cysts remained available to the fish for longer periods, and were easier to prepare and feed. Goldfish larvae preferred decapsulated Artemia cysts to nauplii and rejected fewer prey items as they grew older. The frequency of agonistic behaviour increased as fish grew but no cannibalism was recorded for cyst-fed fish. This study showed that decapsulated Artemia cysts are a good alternative to Artemia nauplii as a diet for larval goldfish. Good growth and high survival was achieved for cyst-fed goldfish larvae and juveniles at 23 ± 1.5°C and at an initial stocking density of 12 fish per litre. This research also contributes to an understanding of feeding behaviour and attempts to minimise under- or over-feeding of Artemia cysts in order to reduce grow-out costs due to the high value of the feed type.

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Illing, Björn [Verfasser]. "Bottom-up effects on growth and survival of larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) from the North- and Baltic Seas / Björn Illing". München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1097818497/34.

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Daniels, Carly. "Optimisation of the rearing diets for early life stages of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus, to enhance growth, survival and health using biotic dietary supplements". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/551.

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The series of experiments that comprises this thesis consider the use of prebiotics and probiotics to improve success in European lobster Homarus gammarus culture. Research was conducted at the National Lobster Hatchery and The University of Plymouth, UK between April 2007 and March 2010. Great potential was revealed for the application of biotics as dietary supplements in the culture of larval and juvenile H. gammarus. Specific biotics, namely; prebiotic mannon oligosaccharide (MOS) and probiotic Sanolife® (Bacillus spp.) were revealed to increase growth and survival during the culture of early lobster life stages. Lobsters that showed enhanced development and/or survival were found to possess improved feed conversion, immune status and/or stress tolerance. Furthermore it was found that biotic fed lobsters displayed shifts in gastrointestinal (GI) microbiology and enhanced physical GI structures, which may account for improved feed conversion and consequently growth. The work presented thus demonstrates that by making positive changes in GI structure and bacterial community composition combined with influencing immune status culture success can be positively enhanced through the biotic supplementation of diets. However, it must be considered that the outcome of dietary biotic supplementation is heavily influenced by the situation in question.

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Leonardos, Nikos. "Environmental effects on the growth and biochemical composition of four micoalgae, in relation to their use as food for Mytilus edulis larval rearing". Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/environmental-effects-on-the-growth-and-biochemical-composition-of-four-micoalgae-in-relation-to-their-use-as-food-for-mytilus-edulis-larval-rearing(d99e2c7e-29c7-4076-b9ec-f80f5d9485f6).html.

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Environmental conditions in form of light intensity, phosphorus and nitrogen limitation were used to manipulate the biochemical composition of continuous cultures of Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros muelleri, Rhinomonas reticulata and Pavlova lutheri. Crude protein, carbohydrate and chlorophyll content as well as the fatty acid profile was determined in the combinations of two light intensities (high and low light, HL and LL) and three nutrient conditions (no nutrient limitation, f/2, phosphorus limitation, P, and nitrogen limitation, N). They were fed to Mytilus edulis larvae over a two week period and the larval size and mortality were assessed; the larval fatty acid profile of various batches of eggs as well as after the end of the feeding trial was also determined. A novel computer aided image analysis technique was used for measuring the length ofthe larvae. All monospecific diets supported good growth, sometimes equal or better to a control diet which was a mixture of species (R. reticulata and P. lutheri). In general survival was not affected by the diets and was found to be related more with the specific batch of larvae used. On the contrary growth was correlated with the diet. Ranking of the S. costatum diets was: LL N =LL f/2 =LL P =HL N >Control >HL f/2 =HL P. The C. muelleri diets were ranked as: LL N =LL f/2 >Control >HL f/2 =HL P =HL N >LL P. The R. reticulata diets are ranked, again in decreasing quality order as: HL N =LL f/2 =Control >LL N >HL f/2 =HL P =LL P. The P. lutheri ranking order was: HL N =HL f/2 =HL P =LL P >LL N =LL f/2 >Control. The larvae were analyzed for their fatty acid profile and relative content and some fatty acids were significantly correlated with growth thus enabling the usage of certain fatty acids as an index of growth for M. edulis larvae. Larval 20:5(0:3 and Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were a positive index of growth while 15:0 and Saturated Fatty acids (SaFA) were a negative index. A multidimensional model was used in an effort to correlate algal biochemical components with larval growth. Some fatty acids were found to be the main factors in determining the algal biochemical composition with protein and carbohydrate playing a secondary "modifying" role. In the case of P. lutheri the 16:0 and SaFA were positively correlated with larval growth in an almost linear fashion while omega: 3 fatty acids were negatively correlated with larval growth. A positive correlation concerning the 16:0 and a negative one for the PUFA was also established in S. costatum and R. rcticulata.

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Lenz, Brittney L. "Effects of Ocean Warming and Acidification on Fertilization Success and Early Larval Development in the Green Sea Urchin, Lytechinus variegatus". NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/457.

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Climate change is predicted to affect the larval stages of many marine organisms. Ocean warming can reduce larval survival and hasten larval development, whereas ocean acidification can delay larval development. Ocean acidification is especially concerning for marine organisms that develop and grow calcified shells or skeletons in an environment undersaturated with calcium carbonate minerals. This study assessed the effects of ocean warming and acidification on the fertilization and larval development of the green sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, a tropical species common in Florida and the Caribbean. After spawning, gametes were fertilized and embryos/larvae were reared at: 1) 28°C and pH 8.1 (control), 2) 28°C and pH 7.8 (ocean acidification scenario), 3) 31°C and pH 8.1 (ocean warming scenario), and 4) 31°C and pH 7.8 (ocean warming and acidification scenario). Exposure to acidified conditions had no effect on fertilization, but delayed larval development, stunted growth and increased asymmetry. Exposure to warm conditions decreased fertilization success at a high sperm to egg ratio (1,847:1), accelerated larval development, but had no significant effect on growth. Under exposure to both stressors (ocean warming and acidification), larval development was accelerated, but larvae were smaller and more asymmetric. These results indicate that climate change will have a serious impact on the larval development and growth of the green sea urchin, L. variegatus, and may negatively affect its persistence.

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Nguyen, Van Tuan. "An evaluation of the feeding regime for larval mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus 1758) and cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus 1766)". Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/264.

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A series of five trials were conducted with an aim to evaluate the effects of different feeding regimes on the growth performance and survival of mahimahi and cobia larvae. The five feeding regimes were (1) delayed first feeding to mahimahi larvae, (2) rotifer and probiotic inclusions in live feeding regimes as practiced by industry on mahimahi larvae, (3) delayed first feeding to cobia larvae (4) copepods, Artemia and probiotic inclusions in live feeding regimes on cobia larvae, and (5) early weaning of cobia larvae to microdiets.Delayed first feeding for 0, 1, 2, 3 days and totally starved mahimahi larvae as well as delayed first feeding for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 days and totally starved cobia larvae significantly influenced (P<0.05) the first feeding response, growth performance and survival of mahimahi and cobia larvae. Mahimahi and cobia larvae withstood starvation and maintained their high first feeding response for 2 and 3 days, respectively, after the day the yolk-sac was exhausted (2 day post hatch (DPH)), but the first feeding response significantly decreased (P<0.05) at the later stages. Delayed first feeding negatively affected the larval survival of both mahimahi and cobia larvae after 7 and 6 DPH, respectively. Negative influences in both larval species were also found in the growth performances in terms of length, wet weight, specific growth rate length and weight (SGRL and SGRW), head height, width, eye diameter, mouth depth and mouth width after 7 DPH. However, no influence on mahimahi and cobia larvae was observed when these larvae were fed 0 and 1 day delayed first feeding, except in cobia larval survival after 9 DPH (P>0.05).Provision of rotifers, enriched Artemia, and the combination of rotifers and enriched Artemia as the first feeding and Sanolife Mic probiotics added to water did not influence (P>0.05) the growth performance (length, wet weight, SGRL and SGRW), body indices (Head weight index and dry matter content) and survival of mahimahi larvae during the first 28 DPH. At 28 DPH, the survival of mahimahi larvae was 4.3- 6.0%. Meanwhile, the length, wet weight, SGRL and SGRW were 25.2-26.7 mm, 170- 190 mg, 6.1-6.3% and 21.7-22.0%, respectively.Dietary copepods and copepods plus Maz-zal added to water resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) survival of cobia larvae (4.7 and 4.3%, respectively) than dietary enriched and un-enriched Artemia supplementation (3.0 and 1.4%, respectively) at 37 DPH (P<0.05). The effect of copepods, enriched and un-enriched Artemia inclusions in live feeding regimes on the growth performance (length, wet weight, SGRL and SGRW) of cobia larvae were significantly different (P<0.05) based on the larval stages. For example, at 16 DPH the growth performance of cobia larvae fed copepods was higher than larvae fed enriched and un-enriched Artemia, but lower values were observed at 23 DPH. At the end of the trial (37 DPH), the lowest wet weight and SGRW were observed in cobia larvae fed un-enriched Artemia (1717 mg and 22.7%). There was no influence of probiotic inclusion on the survival of cobia larvae though the total Vibrio count in water was significantly reduced during the rearing period. Similarity, the length, wet weight, SGRL and SGRW of cobia larvae fed copepods and copepods plus probiotics added to water were similar at 35 DPH (87-90 mm, 2016-2204 mg, 8.4- 8.5% and 23.2-23.4%, respectively).Early weaning of cobia larvae to microdiets resulted in lower survival due to cannibalistic mortality, but higher growth performance was achieved. The survival of 30 DPH cobia larvae fed first microdiets at 16 DPH was 3.5% and significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of larvae fed first microdiets at 19 and 22 DPH (5.6 and 5.9%, respectively). In contrast, the growth performances (length, weight, SGRL and SGRW) of 30 DPH larvae given first microdiets at 16 DPH were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of larvae given first microdiets at 19 and 22 DPH. Early weaning to microdiets at 16 DPH increased the cannibalistic mortality of cobia larvae in third and fourth weeks by around 200% than larvae fed first microdiets at 19 and 22 DPH. No significant difference (P>0.05) in the growth performance and survival were observed when cobia larvae were first provided microdiets at 19 and 22 DPH. In summary, later weaning of cobia larvae to microdiets (19 and 22 DPH) did not influence the growth and survival, and early provision of microdiets to cobia larvae (16 DPH) increased the growth performance but decreased the survival due to cannibalistic mortality.

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Carrier, Joseph K. "Growth survival and resistance to hypersaline stress in larval black sea bass (Centropristis striata) fed varying levels of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) /". Electronic version, 2006. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/carrierj/josephcarrier.html.

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Illing, Björn [Verfasser], i Myron [Akademischer Betreuer] Peck. "Bottom-up effects on growth and survival of larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) from the North- and Baltic Seas / Björn Illing. Betreuer: Myron Peck". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/108421315X/34.

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46

Paulsen, Matthias [Verfasser], i Myron Arms [Akademischer Betreuer] Peck. "Prey quantity and quality effects on larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) growth in the western Baltic Sea / Matthias Paulsen ; Betreuer: Myron Arms Peck". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1133262139/34.

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Illing, Björn [Verfasser], i Myron A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Peck. "Bottom-up effects on growth and survival of larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) from the North- and Baltic Seas / Björn Illing. Betreuer: Myron Peck". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/108421315X/34.

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Limbeck, Susan J. "The Role of Larval Thermal Tolerance in the Distribution of Blue Mussel Species within the Gulf of Maine". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LimbeckSJ2003.pdf.

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Anholt, Bradley Ralph. "Sources of variation in larval survival, growth and development rates and their consequences for adult survival and reproductive success in Enallagma boreale Selys (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29003.

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The sources of variation in larval survival, growth, and development rates and their consequences for adult survival and reproductive success of the coenagrionid damselfly Enallagma boreale Selys were examined in two years with contrasting weather. The effect of larval density, food availability, and interference competition was studied in field enclosures. Habitat complexity was manipulated using artificial macrophytes to decouple exploitative and interference competition. At high larval densities or low habitat complexity, larvae were more evenly spaced among the artificial macrophytes than expected if they were distributed independently of each other. Lower survival, growth and development rates were exhibited by larvae that experienced high density and low food availability. There was no effect of the habitat complexity manipulation on these rates. Interference competition therefore has a low cost. Adults that had been experimentally manipulated as larvae were individually marked to assess whether larval conditions affected adult survival and reproductive success. Females had lower survival to sexual maturity than males. Females increased their mass by nearly 30 percent independent of their mass at emergence. Small males increased their mass more than large males but the mean mass gain was less than five percent of mass at emergence. Female survival to reproductive maturity was independent of size at emergence in both years. Large males had better survival in 1985, a warm dry year, but there was no relationship in 1986, a cool wet year. Male survival was independent of date of emergence in 1985, but late emerging males had better survival in 1986 (after the weather had improved). Early emerging females survived better in 1985, but late emerging females did better in 1986. Lower survival of females and small males suggests that mortality is correlated with mass gain in the pre-reproductive period, possibly due to increased risk of predation while foraging. The target of selection may not be body size but behaviour which is correlated with body size. Increased mass due to foraging almost certainly contributes to reproductive success of females by providing resources for eggs. Ignoring the mortality associated with this increase in mass underestimates the variance in reproductive success of females. While large males may have had better survival, of those males that did survive, small males had higher reproductive success. Reproductive success was independent of size at or date of emergence for females in both 1985 and 1986.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

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Meyer, Stefan [Verfasser], i Myron A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Peck. "Larval growth and condition of eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the laboratory : Effects of key environmental factors / Stefan Meyer. Betreuer: Myron A. Peck". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102757419X/34.

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