Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Large ecosystem models

Spis treści

Artykuły w czasopismach
Rozprawy doktorskie
Książki
Części książek
Streszczenia konferencji
Raporty organizacyjne

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Large ecosystem models”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 12 lutego 2022

Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych

Wybierz rodzaj źródła:

Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „Large ecosystem models”.

Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.

Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.

Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Large ecosystem models"

LAWRIE, JOCK. "A METHOD FOR SIMPLIFYING LARGE ECOSYSTEM MODELS". Natural Resource Modeling 21, nr 2 (7.03.2008): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.2008.00011.x.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Rietkerk, M., V. Brovkin, P. M. van Bodegom, M. Claussen, S. C. Dekker, H. A. Dijkstra, S. V. Goryachkin i in. "Local ecosystem feedbacks and critical transitions in the climate". Biogeosciences Discussions 6, nr 5 (28.10.2009): 10121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-10121-2009.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Abstract. Global and regional climate models, such as those used in IPCC assessments, are the best tools available for climate predictions. Such models typically account for large-scale land-atmosphere feedbacks. However, these models omit local vegetation-environment feedbacks that are crucial for critical transitions in ecosystems. Here, we reveal the hypothesis that, if the balance of feedbacks is positive at all scales, local vegetation-environment feedbacks may trigger a cascade of amplifying effects, propagating from local to large scale, possibly leading to critical transitions in the large-scale climate. We call for linking local ecosystem feedbacks with large-scale land-atmosphere feedbacks in global and regional climate models in order to yield climate predictions that we are more confident about.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Meyn, Andrea, Peter S. White, Constanze Buhk i Anke Jentsch. "Environmental drivers of large, infrequent wildfires: the emerging conceptual model". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 31, nr 3 (czerwiec 2007): 287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133307079365.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Large, infrequent fires (LIFs) can have substantial impacts on both ecosystems and the economy. To better understand LIFs and to better predict the effects of human management and climate change on their occurrence, we must first determine the factors that produce them. Here, we review local and regional literature investigating the drivers of LIFs. The emerging conceptual model proposes that ecosystems can be typified based on climatic conditions that determine both fuel moisture and fuel amount. The concept distinguishes three ecosystem types: (1) biomass-rich, rarely dry ecosystems where fuel moisture rather than fuel amount limits LIFs; (2) biomass-poor, at least seasonally dry ecosystems where fuel amount rather than fuel moisture limits LIFs; and (3) biomass-poor, rarely dry ecosystems where both fuel amount and fuel moisture limit the occurrence of LIFs. Our main goal in this paper is to discuss the drivers of LIFs and the three mentioned ecosystem types in a global context. Further, we will discuss the drivers that are not included within the `fuels' versus `climate' discussion. Finally, we will address the question: what kinds of additional information are needed if models predicting LIFs are to be coupled with global climate models? As with all generalizations, there are local deviations and modifications due to processes such as disturbance interaction or human impact. These processes tend to obscure the general patterns of the occurrence of LIFs and are likely to cause much of the observed controversy and confusion in the literature.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Lawrie, Jock, i John Hearne. "A method for aggregating state variables in large ecosystem models". Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 79, nr 3 (grudzień 2008): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2008.01.001.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Eastaugh, Chris S., i Hubert Hasenauer. "A statistical thinning model for initialising large-scale ecosystem models". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 27, nr 6 (wrzesień 2012): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2012.679679.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

PIETSCH, STEPHAN A., i HUBERT HASENAUER. "Evaluating the self-initialization procedure for large-scale ecosystem models". Global Change Biology 12, nr 9 (17.07.2006): 1658–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01211.x.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Thurnher, Christopher, Chris S. Eastaugh i Hubert Hasenauer. "A thinning routine for large-scale biogeochemical mechanistic ecosystem models". Forest Ecology and Management 320 (maj 2014): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.02.028.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Belo, Ítalo, i Carina Alves. "How to Create a Software Ecosystem? A Partnership Meta-Model and Strategic Patterns". Information 12, nr 6 (3.06.2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12060240.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Large keystone organizations use partnership models to manage their software ecosystem partners. Although several partnership models have been developed by platform owners, smaller companies willing to create a new ecosystem may experience difficulties to define the appropriate features of partnership models when switching from an independent software product to an ecosystem. This study proposes a partnership meta-model and four strategic patterns to operationalize it. We adopted the Design Science Research (DSR) method. The partnership meta-model was built in the first cycle of DSR, using a Systematic Mapping Study, and validated through case studies of SAP, Eclipse, and Microsoft Azure ecosystems. In the second cycle of DSR, the strategic patterns were defined through a Multivocal Literature Review and validated by using interviews with professionals. The meta-model presents the key characteristics to define partnership models for emerging software ecosystems. The strategic patterns aim to operationalize the meta-model and, consequently, assist the keystone in defining the features that the partnership model will have and select suitable strategies. The meta-model and the strategic patterns help managers creating and evolving software ecosystems from a software product considering the impact of that transition on the partnership model.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Lippert, Kari J., i Robert Cloutier. "Cyberspace: A Digital Ecosystem". Systems 9, nr 3 (26.06.2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems9030048.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Cyberspace is a new frontier, not just for hackers, but for engineers. It is a digital ecosystem, the next generation of Internet and network applications, promising a whole new world of distributed and open systems that can interact, self-organize, evolve, and adapt. These ecosystems transcend traditional collaborative environments, such as client-server, peer-to-peer, or hybrid models (e.g., web services), to become a self-organized, evolving, interactive environment. Understanding cyberspace as a system is critical if we are to properly design systems to exist within it. Considering it to be a digital ecosystem, where systems can adapt and evolve, will enable systems engineering to become more effective in the future of networks and the Internet. While most systems engineers have only anecdotal experience with large segments of this ecosystem, in today’s world all of them must come to understand it. Engineering any system, or portion of a system, begins with an understanding of the system. This paper presents two interrelated yet distinct foundational models of the ecosystem of cyberspace: a Systemigram to narrate the cyclical nature of cyber warfare, and a modified predator–prey model, as a mathematical model. Systems engineers can utilize these models to design digital “species” that function and adapt within this ecosystem.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Angelini, Ronaldo, Angelo Antonio Agostinho i Luiz Carlos Gomes. "Modeling energy flow in a large Neotropical reservoir: a tool do evaluate fishing and stability". Neotropical Ichthyology 4, nr 2 (czerwiec 2006): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252006000200011.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Recently, there is an increasing perception that the ecosystem approach gives important insights to support fisheries stock assessment and management. This paper aims to quantify energy flows in the Itaipu Reservoir (Brazil) and to simulate increase of the fishing effort of some species, using Ecopath with Ecosim software, which could allow inferences on stability. Therefore, two steady-state Itaipu models were built (1983-87 and 1988-92). Results showed that: a) there are no differences between models, and results on aging trends do not vary over time indicating that fishery does not alter the ecosystem as a whole; b) results of fisheries simulations are approximate to mono-specific stock assessment for the same species and periods; c) many authors believe that tropical ecosystems are environments where biotic and abiotic oscillations are annual and sometimes unexpected, but the results found for the Itaipu Reservoir indicate that stability was met after 16 years.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Więcej źródeł

Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Large ecosystem models"

Lawrie, Jock Sebastian, i jock lawrie@forethought com au. "Reducing the Complexity of Large Ecosystem Models". RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070116.122707.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

During the 1990s a large-scale study of Port Phillip Bay, Australia, was undertaken by the CSIRO (the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia's national research body). A major outcome of the study was a complex ecosystem model intended to provide scientific input into management decisions concerning the nutrient load to the bay. However, its development was costly and time-consuming. Given this effort, it is natural to seek smaller models (reduced models) that reproduce the performance measures of the large model (the full model) that are of interest to decision makers. This thesis is concerned with identifying such models. More generally, this thesis is concerned with developing methods for identifying these smaller models. Several methods are developed for this purpose, each simplifying the full model in different ways. In particular, methods are proposed for aggregating state variables, setting state variables to constants, simplifying links in the ecological network, and eliminating rates from the full model. Moreover, the methods can be implemented automatically, so that they are transferable to other ecological modelling situations, and so that the reduced models are obtained objectively. In the case of the Port Phillip Bay model, significant reduction in model complexity is possible even when estimates of all the performance measures are of interest. Thus, this model is unnecessarily complex. Furthermore, the most significant reductions in complexity occur when the methods are combined. With this in mind, a procedure for combining the methods is proposed that can be implemented for any ecological model with a large number of components. Aside from generating reduced models, the process of applying the methods reveals insights into the mechanisms built into the system. Such insights highlight the extent to which the model simplification process can be applied. Given the effectiveness of the model simplification process developed here, it is concluded that this process should be more routinely applied to large ecosystem models. In some cases, the full sequence of methods might prove too computationally expensive to justify its purpose. However, it is shown that even the application of a subset of the methods can yield both simpler models and insight into the structure and behaviour of the system being modelled.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Joetzjer, E., M. Pillet, P. Ciais, N. Barbier, J. Chave, M. Schlund, F. Maignan i in. "Assimilating satellite-based canopy height within an ecosystem model to estimate aboveground forest biomass". AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625358.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Despite advances in Earth observation and modeling, estimating tropical biomass remains a challenge. Recent work suggests that integrating satellite measurements of canopy height within ecosystem models is a promising approach to infer biomass. We tested the feasibility of this approach to retrieve aboveground biomass (AGB) at three tropical forest sites by assimilating remotely sensed canopy height derived from a texture analysis algorithm applied to the high-resolution Pleiades imager in the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems Canopy (ORCHIDEE-CAN) ecosystem model. While mean AGB could be estimated within 10% of AGB derived from census data in average across sites, canopy height derived from Pleiades product was spatially too smooth, thus unable to accurately resolve large height (and biomass) variations within the site considered. The error budget was evaluated in details, and systematic errors related to the ORCHIDEE-CAN structure contribute as a secondary source of error and could be overcome by using improved allometric equations.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Kuschner, Michael A. "A Model of Carrying Capacity and Ecosystem Impacts in a Large-Scale, Bivalve-Dominated Agro-Ecosystem: Hard Clam Aquaculture in Cherrystone Inlet, VA". W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617960.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

With the recent growth of the hard clam aquaculture industry, sites of intensive aquaculture have emerged as large-scale agro-ecosystems where the success of aquaculture production is dynamically linked to ecosystem function. Large scale clam aquaculture operations are associated with a range of potential positive and negative feedbacks related to nutrient dynamics, water and sediment quality, proliferation of macroalgae, and carrying capacity. Quantitative modeling tools are needed to support system-level planning related to site selection, scale of operations, production capacity and ecosystem function. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for Cherrystone Inlet, VA, where one-third (1.9 km2) of the sub-tidal bottom area is held as 37 separate, private shellfish leases with an estimated 100-150 million cultured clams. A reduced complexity estuarine ecosystem model was coupled with a hard clam energetics and growth model and a watershed loading model. The linked models facilitate ecosystem-based management and enable regional spatial planning in a full ecosystem context, through coupled simulations of aquaculture activities, land use changes, nutrient loading, climate change, and estuarine response. Modeled output for hard clam growth and water column chlorophyll-o, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous reproduced in situ data. Simulations with increasing clam numbers up to 500 million resulted in diminishing returns in terms of reduced growth rates, increased time to harvestable size, and reduced harvestable biomass, confirming observations by Cherrystone farmers of reduced clam growth rates above 200 million cultured clams. Modeled hard clam production capacity decreased in the absence of benthic microalgal resuspension (6%) and without the input of external production from the Chesapeake Bay (41%), and increased in simulations with increased water column chlorophyll-o (11%) and the removal of predator exclusion nets (13%). Simulations to optimize siting indicated that the highest hard clam growth rates occurred up-estuary. Model simulations with changes in land use and climate indicated that clam growth is most sensitive to increasing temperature, with rates decreasing by 37% when temperatures were increased by 5°C, while changes in land use, sea level rise and salinity did not result in large changes in hard clam production. At the system scale hard clam aquaculture was predicted to account for 14% of total nitrogen inputs to the water column between sediment recycling of clam feces (13%) and direct clam excretion (1%). The Cherrystone ecosystem model fills a critical gap on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and in similar coastal systems, providing resource managers with the most current available science in a decision-support framework to promote effective regional spatial planning and sustainability of hard clam operations and the surrounding coastal ecosystems.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Vidal, Hernandez Laura. "Exploring the Gulf of Mexico as a large marine ecosystem through a stratified spatial model". Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10513.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The major fishing areas in the world consist of large shelf and adjacent areas, which maybe called Large Marine Ecosystems (LME). LME usually consist of a maze of subsystems, and studies on their various features and resources are usually compartmentalised by institutional and political entities. As a consequence, we know little about the integrated behaviour of these systems and the large-scale impact of economic activities. This research about the Gulf of Mexico LME integrates information from a variety of subsystems to construct an overall, spatially stratified mass-balance model using the Ecopath approach. Temporally and spatially explicit models were run using Ecosim and Ecospace to simulate diverse scenarios representing current and hypothetical changes in fishing effort. Maturity criteria suggest that the Gulf of Mexico was, in the 1980s and 1990s, a highly mature and relatively stable system, relatively resilient to impacts by the fisheries. However, the biomass of some groups were severely affected directly or indirectly (i.e., by-catch) and the landings of some groups are decreasing. Resources highly affected by the fisheries showed a potential for recovery, but tended towards new levels of abundance. Overall, the catches will not increase as greater fishing effort is applied. Spatial modelling highlighted the strong coupling nature between pelagic and demersal components of the ecosystem, and between the inshore and offshore subsystems. Estuaries are important to the integrity of the system. The design of Marine Protected Areas should be assessed on a per-species basis taking into account ecosystem information, because reduction of fishing mortality on some predators will affect the biomass of their prey species. Stratified spatial modeling was a useful tool to explore the dynamics of the Gulf of Mexico Large Marine Ecosystem.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Maas, Bea. "Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield". Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E77-5.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Książki na temat "Large ecosystem models"

1932-, Sherman Kenneth, Alexander Lewis M. 1921-, Gold Barry D i American Association for the Advancement of Science. National Meeting, red. Food chains, yields, models, and management of large marine ecosystems. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Sherman, Kenneth. Food Chains, Yields, Models, and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems. Redaktorzy Kenneth Sherman, Lewis M. Alexander i Barry D. Gold. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042423.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Marshall, Kristin N., i Phillip S. Levin. When “sustainable” fishing isn’t. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0017.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This chapter highlights conflicts created by fishing at levels generally thought to be sustainable. Sustainable seafood has been defined as providing food today without affecting the ability of future generations to obtain food. But this straightforward definition belies the complexity of sustainability. Models suggest that even under low levels of fishing there can be large impacts on ecosystem attributes, and thus the small reductions from sustainable harvest levels that have been advocated as a win-win solution do not necessarily lead to ecosystem benefits. Second, a case study of herring fisheries and harvest by indigenous peoples in Haida Gwaii reveals that what is regarded to be a sustainable commercial herring harvest can degrade human wellbeing. A potential solution may be spatial management that creates trade-offs on finer spatial scales, and satisfies more ecological and cultural needs.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Claussen, Martin, Anne Dallmeyer i Jürgen Bader. Theory and Modeling of the African Humid Period and the Green Sahara. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.532.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

There is ample evidence from palaeobotanic and palaeoclimatic reconstructions that during early and mid-Holocene between some 11,700 years (in some regions, a few thousand years earlier) and some 4200 years ago, subtropical North Africa was much more humid and greener than today. This African Humid Period (AHP) was triggered by changes in the orbital forcing, with the climatic precession as the dominant pacemaker. Climate system modeling in the 1990s revealed that orbital forcing alone cannot explain the large changes in the North African summer monsoon and subsequent ecosystem changes in the Sahara. Feedbacks between atmosphere, land surface, and ocean were shown to strongly amplify monsoon and vegetation changes. Forcing and feedbacks have caused changes far larger in amplitude and extent than experienced today in the Sahara and Sahel. Most, if not all, climate system models, however, tend to underestimate the amplitude of past African monsoon changes and the extent of the land-surface changes in the Sahara. Hence, it seems plausible that some feedback processes are not properly described, or are even missing, in the climate system models.Perhaps even more challenging than explaining the existence of the AHP and the Green Sahara is the interpretation of data that reveal an abrupt termination of the last AHP. Based on climate system modeling and theoretical considerations in the late 1990s, it was proposed that the AHP could have ended, and the Sahara could have expanded, within just a few centuries—that is, much faster than orbital forcing. In 2000, paleo records of terrestrial dust deposition off Mauritania seemingly corroborated the prediction of an abrupt termination. However, with the uncovering of more paleo data, considerable controversy has arisen over the geological evidence of abrupt climate and ecosystem changes. Some records clearly show abrupt changes in some climate and terrestrial parameters, while others do not. Also, climate system modeling provides an ambiguous picture.The prediction of abrupt climate and ecosystem changes at the end of the AHP is hampered by limitations implicit in the climate system. Because of the ubiquitous climate variability, it is extremely unlikely that individual paleo records and model simulations completely match. They could do so in a statistical sense, that is, if the statistics of a large ensemble of paleo data and of model simulations converge. Likewise, the interpretation regarding the strength of terrestrial feedback from individual records is elusive. Plant diversity, rarely captured in climate system models, can obliterate any abrupt shift between green and desert state. Hence, the strength of climate—vegetation feedback is probably not a universal property of a certain region but depends on the vegetation composition, which can change with time. Because of spatial heterogeneity of the African landscape and the African monsoon circulation, abrupt changes can occur in several, but not all, regions at different times during the transition from the humid mid-Holocene climate to the present-day more arid climate. Abrupt changes in one region can be induced by abrupt changes in other regions, a process sometimes referred to as “induced tipping.” The African monsoon system seems to be prone to fast and potentially abrupt changes, which to understand and to predict remains one of the grand challenges in African climate science.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Jacobsen, Dean, i Olivier Dangles. Ecology of High Altitude Waters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.001.0001.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This book brings together current knowledge on patterns and processes in the ecology of streams, lakes, and wetlands situated at more than 3000 m above sea level. The alpine headwaters of the large Asian rivers and Lake Titicaca are both well-known and iconic examples. High altitude waters include more than these systems—they are both numerous and cover many habitat types, organisms, and specializations. The book provides an overview of the variety of aquatic ecosystems and habitats, their environmental features, prominent species, and their functional adaptations to the harsh aquatic environmental conditions through to global diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients, community dynamics, species interactions and dispersal, trophic relations, and energy flows. High altitude waters are ideal systems to address a broad range of topical themes in ecology because patterns and processes are both diverse and singular. The book highlights how key concepts in ecology (e.g. the stress gradient hypothesis, the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship) could find relevant study models in high altitude waters. The usual perception of pristine mountain waters is far from true, particularly in the case of high altitude waters at low latitudes where human population density is often high, and local communities live in intimate contact with, utilize, influence, and exploit these aquatic systems. Climate change effects, extinction risks of mountain populations due to vanishing glaciers, multiple human impacts, management, and conservation are also treated thoroughly. The book is richly illustrated with diagrams and numerous pictures of these poorly known systems and species.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Christensen, Ole Bøssing, i Erik Kjellström. Projections for Temperature, Precipitation, Wind, and Snow in the Baltic Sea Region until 2100. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.695.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The ecosystems and the societies of the Baltic Sea region are quite sensitive to fluctuations in climate, and therefore it is expected that anthropogenic climate change will affect the region considerably. With numerical climate models, a large amount of projections of meteorological variables affected by anthropogenic climate change have been performed in the Baltic Sea region for periods reaching the end of this century.Existing global and regional climate model studies suggest that:• The future Baltic climate will get warmer, mostly so in winter. Changes increase with time or increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a large spread between different models, but they all project warming. In the northern part of the region, temperature change will be higher than the global average warming.• Daily minimum temperatures will increase more than average temperature, particularly in winter.• Future average precipitation amounts will be larger than today. The relative increase is largest in winter. In summer, increases in the far north and decreases in the south are seen in most simulations. In the intermediate region, the sign of change is uncertain.• Precipitation extremes are expected to increase, though with a higher degree of uncertainty in magnitude compared to projected changes in temperature extremes.• Future changes in wind speed are highly dependent on changes in the large-scale circulation simulated by global climate models (GCMs). The results do not all agree, and it is not possible to assess whether there will be a general increase or decrease in wind speed in the future.• Only very small high-altitude mountain areas in a few simulations are projected to experience a reduction in winter snow amount of less than 50%. The southern half of the Baltic Sea region is projected to experience significant reductions in snow amount, with median reductions of around 75%.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

A comparison of the Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and Aleutian Islands large marine ecosystems through food web modeling. Seattle: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 2007.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Bazen, Jacques. University spin-offs and economic impact on semi-peripheral regions in the Netherlands. Hogeschool Saxion, lectoraat Regio Ontwikkeling, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14261/f58678f3-daa8-4422-aab7c7fcafa8966d.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In this study, several aspects of Saxion spin-offs have been analysed, the numbers, workplaces, location, migration, gender issues, different economic sectors and survival rates. The main question underlying all these analyses was what the impact of Saxion as university of applied sciences is on the regional economy of the two regions in which it is located. From the literature, the concept of an entrepreneurial ecosystem, as explanatory factor for the observations that in certain regions more graduates or staff members start their own business and that such an ecosystem helps small fledgling businesses to survive and grow is an interesting concept. Unfortunately, the theoretical foundations are still not fully crystallized, therefore measuring the actual influence of such entrepreneurial ecosystems is still a difficult exercise. In this study, Saxion spin-offs from two regions, Twente and the Cleantech Region, have been analysed, and several differences in terms of number of spin-offs, employment, migration patterns and survival rates have been identified. Since the spin-offs are from the same university of applied sciences, with the same policy regarding support of entrepreneurship and both regions are located outside of the economic core regions of the country, it appears as if the strength of the regional context, the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem and the business opportunities it provides is a factor in explaining why there are more spin-offs in Twente (even when controlling for the larger size of the Saxion campus in this region). If one assumes that the strength of the entrepreneurial ecosystem is stronger in Twente (among others because of existing business networks, the availability of a world class research university, the University of Twente and a business support organization like Novel-T), it would explain why spin-offs located in this region on average offer more workplaces, and have a higher survival rate than in the Cleantech Region. Gender differences related to entrepreneurship are present in Saxion spin-offs, female graduates and staff members are much less likely to start a spin-off company than their male counterparts. When females do start, their spin-offs are on average much smaller in terms of workplaces offered. Their businesses have on average an equal survival rate than those started by a male entrepreneur. Findings from the literature on the subject and the numbers found in this study suggest that there is a need for specific programs in Saxion targeting females, to at least think about starting their own business. Also, specific mentoring programs for spin-offs with female entrepreneurs may help to let these businesses grow and increase their regional economic impact. Saxion spin-offs can be found in many different sectors, something understandable given the broad spectrum of study programs in Saxion. Even though most spin-offs remain micro sized businesses, certain economic sectors seem to offer better scalable business models, especially in sectors such as industry, information and communication technology businesses and business support services. The number as well as employment in the more innovative and internationally competitive topsectors is much higher in the region Twente than in the Cleantech Region, possibly another consequence of the – apparently – stronger regional entrepreneurial ecosystem in Twente. An often-stated argument for regional economic development is that investing in spin-off companies will help to create workplaces in the region, since companies are not very likely to move. In this study, the data on migration of spin-offs have been compared with the migration of graduates, based on the HBO-monitor survey. It is not possible to one-on-one compare the two datasets, as the migration of spin-offs is calculated for the first five years of their existence and the HBO-monitor is held around one and a half year after graduation. Still, w

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Woldoff, Rachael A., i Robert C. Litchfield. Digital Nomads. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931780.001.0001.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Digital nomads are knowledge workers who actively seek a lifestyle of freedom, using technology to perform their work remotely, traveling far and wide, and moving as often as they like. They have left their local coffee shops behind and now proudly post their “office of the day” photos from exotic locales, but what do their lives really look like? This book takes readers into an expatriate digital nomad community in Bali, Indonesia, and presents new manifestations of classic questions about community, creativity, and the role of place in the modern human ecosystem. It explains why digital nomads leave their creative class cities behind, arguing that creative class workers, though successful, often feel that their “world class cities” and desirable jobs are anything but paradise. This book follows nomads’ work transitions into freelancing, entrepreneurship, and remote jobs. Then, it explains how digital nomads create a fluid but intimate place-based community abroad in the company of like-minded others. It shows why and how individuals blend in-person and online activity in their pursuit of community and freedom. This book provides insights into individuals’ efforts to live lives and create work identities that balance freedom, community, and creative fulfillment in the digital age, and it provides insights into a larger cultural discourse about the future of cities, work, and community.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Brunner, Ronald D., i Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Części książek na temat "Large ecosystem models"

Pietsch, Stephan A., i Hubert Hasenauer. "Photosynthesis Within Large-Scale Ecosystem Models". W Photosynthesis in silico, 441–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9237-4_19.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Gray, Randall, Elizabeth A. Fulton i Richard Little. "Human-Ecosystem Interaction in Large Ensemble-Models". W Empirical Agent-Based Modelling - Challenges and Solutions, 53–83. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6134-0_4.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Dematteis, Giuseppe. "I servizi ecosistemici nella riproduzione dei sistemi territoriali. Osservazioni da una ricerca sugli scambi montagna-città". W I servizi ecosistemici nella pianificazione bioregionale, 47–57. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-050-4.07.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

From a research for the Metropolitan City of Turin on the flows of matter, energy, services, people and information between the metro-mountain and metro-urban subsystems, it has emerged that the ecosystem flows always have a degree of openness to the outside, which requires an assessment of the positive or negative effects on ecosystems on a larger scale, up to the global one. In perspective, less sectoral and more multifunctional visions of the interventions seem to be required, which also recognize the mountain as a new central location as a privileged place to experiment with alternative life models.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Goodale, Christine L., Kate Lajtha, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Elizabeth W. Boyer i Norbert A. Jaworski. "Forest nitrogen sinks in large eastern U.S. watersheds: estimates from forest inventory and an ecosystem model". W The Nitrogen Cycle at Regional to Global Scales, 239–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3405-9_7.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Yoder, James A. "Warm-Temperate Food Chains of the Southeast Shelf Ecosystem". W Food Chains, Yields, Models, and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems, 49–66. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042423-3.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Sissenwine, M. P., i E. B. Cohen. "Resource Productivity and Fisheries Management of the Northeast Shelf Ecosystem". W Food Chains, Yields, Models, and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems, 107–23. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042423-5.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Grigalunas, Thomas A., James J. Opaluch, Jerry Diamantides i Dong-Sik Woo. "Eutrophication in the Northeast Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem: Linking Hydrodynamic and Economic Models for Benefit Estimation". W Sustaining Large Marine Ecosystems - The Human Dimension, 229–47. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-0461(05)80035-7.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Mullin, Michael M. "Spatial-Temporal Scales and Secondary Production Estimates in the California Current Ecosystem". W Food Chains, Yields, Models, and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems, 165–91. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042423-7.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Brown, Bradford E., Joan A. Browder, Joseph Powers i Carole D. Goodyear. "Biomass, Yield Models, and Management Strategies for the Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem 1". W Food Chains, Yields, Models, and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems, 125–63. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042423-6.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Jain, R., i J. V. DePinto. "Considerations in the development and application of ecosystem models in large lakes". W The Great Lakes of the World (GLOW), 393–412. Michigan State University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/j.ctt1bqzmb5.25.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Large ecosystem models"

Feather, Celeste, Sara Rouhi, Anneliese Taylor i Kim Armstrong. "The Time Has Come…For Next-Generation Open Access Models". W Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317200.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Libraries, consortia, and publishers are exploring new models to support Open Access (OA) content. Native OA journal publishers are facing a different set of challenges as there is no existing library subscription base to transform into support for OA. Author-pays OA models are challenging to the ecosystem for a variety of reasons. Large institutions with heavy scholarly output may pay more, small institutions that use the content but publish less are wondering what role they will play, and authors from the global south may not have funding to pay Article Processing Charges (APCs). What new models are under exploration to address the complexity of funder mandates, reduce administrative burden of complex APC models, and the need to be more inclusive of a diverse community?

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Panyam, Varuneswara, i Astrid Layton. "Bio-Inspired Modeling Approaches for Human Networks With Link Dissipation". W ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98171.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Abstract Structural similarities between human networks and biological ecosystems have inspired biomimetic design of human networks. The approach requires the networks to be represented as graphs, where the actors are nodes and the connections between actors are links. A major oversight in the application of ecosystem-based modeling to human networks thus far has been in the selection of actors and links. Transfers between species in a biological ecosystem are direct, happening when the species are co-located. Human networks often require a physical aid to complete the transaction, such as power transmission lines, pipelines, or vehicles. These exchange methods experience dissipation, which is not captured in current applications of ecosystem-based human network modeling. Human networks modeled as ecosystems thus far simply categorize exchanges as links in the graph, effectively forcing dissipation during material/energy transport to be neglected. This dissipation can sometimes be high relative to the total energy/material exchanged and thus is a potentially large oversight. Three hypothetical power grids and three Italian urban water distribution networks are used to quantify the impact of modeling interaction aids — power lines and water pipelines — as actors (and thus including any dissipation) in an ecosystem model. Ecological structural and flow metrics previously applied to human networks are evaluated between the two modeling methods. The comparison shows that the impact of this overlooked aspect is potentially significant and warrants consideration.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Wagner, Cesar. "Techno-material and socio-environmental model for assessing urban sustainability". W Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/selq3804.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The term “sustainable development” first appeared as part of discussions regarding the capacity of natural ecosystems to support the current model of economic growth, assuming a strong concern with the preservation of the planet's environmental structures. Initially, these concerns were conceived on a global scale, but soon the need to bring the discussions to the urban locus - the impact of large human agglomerations on the territory and its natural resources - was realized. Thus, the local scale gained importance, since most of the environmental problems originate in the local urban structures and through the lifestyle that they advocate. Cities are serious consumers and degraders of the natural ecosystem, waterproofing soils, polluting the atmosphere, altering the landscape and consuming resources. Based on studies produced by French geographer Cyria Emelianoff and Brazilian economist Henri Acselrad, on the systematization of different representations and practices in urban sustainability, this research paper aims to introduce the design and development of an evaluation model able to assess the degree of sustainability using a techno-material and socio-environmental set of criteria. This model is intended to serve as a benchmark for both the formulation and evaluation of plans, projects and public policies focused on genuine sustainable development.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Podhoranyi, Michal. "MODELLING LARGE - SCALE HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL USING HEC-RAS". W 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b31/s12.062.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Sato, Toru, Kentaro Mizumukai, Chun-ju Lin, Shigeru Tabeta i Daisuke Kitazawa. "Predictions of Ecological Effects of Artificial Upwelling in Semi-Enclosed Bay and Enclosed Lake". W ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79687.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

An apparatus, which mixes waters in upper and lower layers in density stratification and discharges the mixture at the middle depth, has made a remarkable success in enhancing water quality for ecosystems in a small semi-enclosed bay and an enclose lake in Japan. In this study, we conducted numerical simulations by using a three-dimensional tidal current model and an ecosystem model to predict the effects of the apparatus in two different waters: a larger semi-enclosed bay and an enclosed lake. Isahaya Bay in Ariake Sea was chosen as the former case to see how effectively the apparatus can reduce oxygen-deficient water, and Feng-Shan dam-lake located in South Taiwan represents the latter case, where we are interested in the effect of the apparatus on reduction of Microcystis aeruginosa, which is harmful blue-green alga and causes environmental problems in the neighbouring area. As a result, it is suggested that the apparatus averages temperature of water vertically in its vicinity and this increases phytoplankton in the lower layers resulting in reducing oxygen-deficient water in Isahaya Bay. However, it is not very effective in reducing the blue-green alga in the Taiwanese lake because the temperature in the lower layer is still preferable for the alga even after the mixing.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Sancho, Lourdes, María José Rodríguez-Conde i Susana Olmos-Migueláñez. "The perspective of inclusive education within large scale evaluation models in Secondary Education". W TEEM'20: Eighth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3434780.3436660.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hakuta, Keiichiro, i Shigeru Tabeta. "Development of a Fish Behaviour Model in Coastal Sea". W ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79334.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The evaluation of the behaviours of fish which stand on higher levels of food-web is important from the viewpoint of the resource management or other environmental impacts. Especially for the adult fish which can swim against the currents of circumference, considering the migration effects in the model is quite significant. In the present study, a fish model is developed which considers the migration effect by modeling the preference for the environmental factors. As the target fish of modeling, Pagrus major is chosen because it is one of the representative species due to its high resource value. In the model, the direction of the fish movement is determined by the preference strength for the environmental factors such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, prey density, and so on. The model is coupled with a hydrodynamic model and a lower-trophic ecosystem model which predict physical environment and water quality of the target area. Numerical simulations are carried out to reproduce the spatial distribution and seasonal variations of ecosystem in east Seto Inland Sea. As a result of the simulations, it is clarified that the both water temperature and prey density have large influence on migration and distribution of Pagrus major.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Ajlouni, Abdul-Wali M. S. "Deep Atomic Binding (DAB) Approach in Interpretation of Fission Products Behavior in Terrestrial and Water Ecosystems". W 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89055.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

A large number of studies and models were established to explain the fission products (FP) behavior within terrestrial and water ecosystems, but a number of behaviors were non understandable, which always attributed to unknown reasons. According to DAB hypothesis, almost all fission products behaviors in terrestrial and water ecosystems could be interpreted in a wide coincidence. The gab between former models predictions, and field behavior of fission products after accidents like Chernobyl have been explained. DAB represents a tool to reduce radiophobia as well as radiation protection expenses.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Yamakami, Toshihiko. "A three-dimensional view model of open source-aware software development for large-scale mobile software platforms". W 2010 4th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dest.2010.5610659.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Yamazaki, Tetsuo, Daisuke Monoe, Tomoaki Oomi, Kisaburo Nakata i Tomohiko Fukushima. "Application of Methane Supply Process Unit in Mass Balance Ecosystem Model Around Cold Seepage". W ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57498.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Natural cold seepages are characterized as rapid upward transports of methane from deeper parts of geological structures to the seafloor. The original methane supply source is expected to locate below BSR (Bottom Simulating Reflector). The methane moved up to seafloor is mainly consumed by microorganisms living in anoxic marine sediments. When the methane supply is very large or rapid, remaining unconsumed methane escapes into the water column and is consumed by oxidizing bacteria. The supply mechanism of methane from the supply source to the cold seepages has not yet being clarified. In order to integrate the methane consumption processes in sediments and water column, a simple methane supply mechanism is developed.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Large ecosystem models"

Verburg, Peter H., Žiga Malek, Sean P. Goodwin i Cecilia Zagaria. The Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform: IEEM Platform Technical Guides: User Guide for the IEEM-enhanced Land Use Land Cover Change Model Dyna-CLUE. Inter-American Development Bank, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003625.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The Conversion of Land Use and its Effects modeling framework (CLUE) was developed to simulate land use change using empirically quantified relations between land use and its driving factors in combination with dynamic modeling of competition between land use types. Being one of the most widely used spatial land use models, CLUE has been applied all over the world on different scales. In this document, we demonstrate how the model can be used to develop a multi-regional application. This means, that instead of developing numerous individual models, the user only prepares one CLUE model application, which then allocates land use change across different regions. This facilitates integration with the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform for subnational assessments and increases the efficiency of the IEEM and Ecosystem Services Modeling (IEEMESM) workflow. Multi-regional modelling is particularly useful in larger and diverse countries, where we can expect different spatial distributions in land use changes in different regions: regions of different levels of achieved socio-economic development, regions with different topographies (flat vs. mountainous), or different climatic regions (dry vs humid) within a same country. Accounting for such regional differences also facilitates developing ecosystem services models that consider region specific biophysical characteristics. This manual, and the data that is provided with it, demonstrates multi-regional land use change modeling using the country of Colombia as an example. The user will learn how to prepare the data for the model application, and how the multi-regional run differs from a single-region simulation.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Aalto, Juha, i Ari Venäläinen, red. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Oferujemy zniżki na wszystkie plany premium dla autorów, których prace zostały uwzględnione w tematycznych zestawieniach literatury. Skontaktuj się z nami, aby uzyskać unikalny kod promocyjny!