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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Pybus, Oliver G., Eleanor Barnes, Rachel Taggart, Philippe Lemey, Peter V. Markov, Bouachan Rasachak, Bounkong Syhavong i in. "Genetic History of Hepatitis C Virus in East Asia". Journal of Virology 83, nr 2 (29.10.2008): 1071–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01501-08.

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ABSTRACT The hepatitis C virus (HCV), which currently infects an estimated 3% of people worldwide, has been present in some human populations for several centuries, notably HCV genotypes 1 and 2 in West Africa and genotype 6 in Southeast Asia. Here we use newly developed methods of sequence analysis to conduct the first comprehensive investigation of the epidemic and evolutionary history of HCV in Asia. Our analysis includes new HCV core (n = 16) and NS5B (n = 14) gene sequences, obtained from serum samples of jaundiced patients from Laos. These exceptionally diverse isolates were analyzed in conjunction with all available reference strains using phylogenetic and Bayesian coalescent methods. We performed statistical tests of phylogeographic structure and applied a recently developed “relaxed molecular clock” approach to HCV for the first time, which indicated an unexpectedly high degree of rate variation. Our results reveal a >1,000-year-long development of genotype 6 in Asia, characterized by substantial phylogeographic structure and two distinct phases of epidemic history, before and during the 20th century. We conclude that HCV lineages representing preexisting and spatially restricted strains were involved in multiple, independent local epidemics during the 20th century. Our analysis explains the generation and maintenance of HCV diversity in Asia and could provide a template for further investigations of HCV spread in other regions.

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Földi, Zsombor. "Bemerkungen und Kollationen zu den altbabylonischen Alltagstexten in Leipzig (LAOS 1, Nr. 39–50)". Altorientalische Forschungen 45, nr 1 (1.06.2018): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0009.

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AbstractIn the following communication, the results of collations conducted on the Old Babylonian archival documents of the Altorientalisches Institut of the Universität Leipzig in 2014 are presented. These results allow for a more precise determination of the tablets’ dates, places of origin, as well as their connections to already-known individuals’ activities and dossiers (‚archives‘). The importance of this data is crucial, because all of the material was acquired on the antiquities market early on in the 20th century, and therefore nothing is known about the archaeological context of these tablets. The paper closes with remarks on three Ur III documents of the same collection.

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Bigon, Liora. "Between Local and Colonial Perceptions: The History of Slum Clearances in Lagos (Nigeria), 1924-1960". African and Asian Studies 7, nr 1 (2008): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921008x273088.

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AbstractFollowing the establishment of the British rule in Lagos in the mid-19th century, the pre-colonial settlement became most central in West Africa, economically and administratively. Yet, scarce resources at the disposal of the colonial government and its exploitive nature prevented any serious remedy for the increasingly pressing residential needs. This article examines slum clearances in Lagos from the early 20th century until the de-colonization era in Nigeria (the 1950s), from a perspective of cultural history. This perspective reveals the width of the conceptual gaps between the colonizers and the colonized, and the chronic mutual misunderstanding regarding the nature of slums and the appropriate ways to eliminate them. Tracing the indigenous perceptions and reactions concerning slum clearance shows that the colonial situation was far from being an overwhelmingly hegemonic one.

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Adeyemi, Akande. "Introduction of Glass as Fenestration in 19th Century Lagos, Nigeria: A Brief History". African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research 4, nr 3 (12.06.2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajsshr-p8hrbcij.

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While glass as a material has been known to the people of western Nigerian for hundreds of years, it was only in the late 19th century that it became integrated into building and construction practice in Lagos. For the most part, early local architecture made little effort, if any at all, at covering window spaces with any material of permanence as the primary purpose of these orifices was more to let air in rather than light. Early European missionaries and colonial agents saw the situation differently. Their horrid fear for tropical bugs and matters of security and privacy necessitated a response and modification to the philosophy of tropical architecture. Using qualitative methods and visual analysis of archival images, this study takes a historical look at the beginnings of the integration and use of glass as fenestration and argues that so significant was the introduction in the late 19th and early 20th century in Lagos, that the innovation re-engineered the culture of architecture and living as we know it. The study identified the first building in Lagos to use glass as fenestration and discusses the role of missionaries in the development of innovation. It argues that missionary activity in the coastal city of Lagos, created a broad new industry and trade opportunities and concludes that the introduction of glass as a building material in 19th century Lagos, was not a mere development, but a significant innovation, both in construction and creativity.

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Kravchenko, Mariia. "Integration associations for Sub-Saharan Africa: history and prospects for development". Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, nr 28-29 (2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-52-62.

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The article deals with the main integration associations of such a promising but controversial region, as Sub-Saharan Africa. The author emphasizes the continuity of regional integration associations’ formation that goes back to the colonial times, to the first half of the 20th century. Periodization of ongoing integration processes in Sub-Saharan Africa is proposed in the research. Key milestones for the further regional integration were: - 1963, the foundation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU); and the beginning of Independence for many postcolonial countries of Sub-Saharan Africa; - 1980, the Lagos Plan of Action adoption that led to the establishment in future of the following integration associations for Sub-Saharan Africa: ECOWAS, Economic Community of West African States; COMESA, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa; ECCAS, Economic Community of Central African States; - 1991, the signing of the Abuja Treaty, which called for the African Economic Community creation as the new stage for economic cooperation and integration of the continent, including Sub-Saharan Africa; - 1999-2002, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) transition into the African Union (AU), launching of new partnerships and integration associations for Sub-Saharan Africa, increased integration. At the beginning of the 21st century, there are serious economic and political factors for disintegration in the region. Nevertheless, the following integration associations, as stated in the article, proved to be effective: SADC, Southern African Development Community; EAC, East African Community; COMESA, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author argues that the existence since 2015 the Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA) between EAC, COMESA and SADC marks a significant step forward for strengthening of integration associations for Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as for the achievement of African Union’s purpose to provide the African Continental Free Trade Area.

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Yáñez Aguilar, Cristian Andrés. "De remeros a pasajeros: Memorias de viajes y cambios sociales en una isla de Chiloé, Chile". HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 3, nr 6 (1.07.2011): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v3n6.23912.

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El artículo aborda los viajes marítimos que hombres y mujeres de isla Quehui (Archipiélago de Chiloé, Región de los Lagos, Chile) realizaban para llegar a Castro (capital provincial), en la primera mitad del siglo XX. El autor se apoya en relatos ofrecidos por pobladores locales y rinde cuenta del entorno social de la comunidad en torno a tales rutinas. El texto describe la aparición de la lancha a motor, que reemplaza las prácticas anteriores de navegación, y su impacto social en los isleños. La construcción del texto se apoya en un trabajo de campo realizado en la zona de estudio, la utilización de la técnica de entrevistas y una revisión bibliográfica.Palabras claves: Historia local, memoria oral, cambios sociales, oralitura, ChiloéFrom rowers to passengers: Travel memories and social changes in a Chiloé island, Chile Abstract The article is about the sea voyages that men and women from the Quehui island (Chiloé archipelago, Los Lagos region, Chile) had to do during the first half of the 20th century for reaching Castro (provincial capital). The author is based on stories from the local settlers, and the text describes the community social environment around such routines. The article describes the motorboat arrival which replaces the previous navigation practices, and its social impact on islanders. The article is based on a fieldwork carried out in the study area, the use of interviews as a technique and a bibliographic study.Keywords: Local History, Oral Memory, Social Changes, Oraliture, Chiloé.

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Esteves, Gabriel. "Antônio José, uma tragédia fora de hora? / Antônio José, a tragedy out of time?" O Eixo e a Roda: Revista de Literatura Brasileira 30, nr 3 (8.10.2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2358-9787.30.3.246-268.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é, primeiro, mostrar que a tradicional avaliação da tragédia Antônio José (i. e., que ela peca pelo gênero conservador e pela forma versificada), exaustivamente repetida por inúmeros críticos e historiadores da literatura brasileira ao longo do século XX, não se confirma na prática, pois tragédias continuam existindo ao lado de dramas e melodramas até a segunda metade do século XIX nos dois lados do Atlântico, assim como composições em verso ao lado de outras em prosa. Em seguida, argumenta-se que Antônio José possui, apesar de se proclamar tragédia, inúmeras características ligadas à cena moderna e se insere perfeitamente no projeto romântico-eclético difundido por Gonçalves de Magalhães e outros entusiastas do nosso primeiro romantismo.Palavras-chave: romantismo; ecletismo; drama romântico; história literária.Abstract: The aim of this article is, firstly, to show that the traditional evaluation of the tragedy Antônio José (i.e., that it sins by its conservative genre and versified form), exhaustively repeated by countless critics and historians of Brazilian literature throughout the 20th century, is not confirmed in practice, because tragedies continue to exist alongside dramas and melodramas until the second half of the 19th century on both sides of the Atlantic, as well as verse compositions alongside others in prose. Then, it is argued that Antônio José possesses, despite proclaiming itself a tragedy, numerous characteristics linked to the modern drama and fits perfectly into the romantic-eclectic project spread by Gonçalves de Magalhães and other enthusiasts of our first romanticism.Keywords: romanticism; eclectism; romantic drama; literary history.

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Pažėraitė, Aušra Kristina. "TERMINO ETHNOS REIKŠMIŲ POKYČIAI: NUO BIBLIJOS VERTIMŲ IKI NAUJŲJŲ UTOPIJŲ". Religija ir kultūra 10 (1.01.2012): 32–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2012.0.2740.

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Šiame straipsnyje keliamas etninės tapatybės genezės klausimas šiuolaikinėje lietuviškoje kultūroje. Pirmiausia aptariamas žodžių „etnosas“, „etniškumas“ apibrėžimų problemiškumas, atkreipiant dėmesį į tai, kad šie žodžiai imti intensyviai eksploatuoti tik prasidedant pokolonijiniam laikotarpiui, siekiant nurodyti tam tikras žmonių grupių tapatybes (Sovietų Sąjungoje – tautybę, JAV, Didžiojoje Britanijoje ir susijusiuose kraštuose – įvairias mažumas). Antroje straipsnio dalyje lyginamas LXX ir hebrajiškos Biblijos (MT) terminų, nurodančių įvairias žmonių grupines tapatybes, taip pat ir ethnos, vartojimas, analizuojamos įvairios Biblijos tekstų vertimų į lietuvių kalbą strategijos. Parodoma, kaip radikaliai keitėsi grupinę tapatybę žyminčių terminų samprata ir interpretacija XX a. Tyrimas leidžia daryti išvadą, kad žodis „tauta“ XX a. pradžioje Lietuvoje pakeitė neutralų anksčiau vartotą žodį „žmonės“, kuriuo būdavo perteikiami graikiški žodžiai laos, neretai ir ethnos, ar lotyniškas populus, ir taip buvo sukonstruotos „tautos“; taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad žodynai, kuriuose LXX ir NT graikiškas terminas ethnos aiškinamas kaip stereotipiškai nurodantis nežydus, nekrikščionis, pagonis, yra anachronistiškai perdedantys, nors ir būta negatyvumo, siejamo su šiuo terminu krikščioniškoje kultūroje. Šitą negatyvumą tebegalima apčiuopti ir šiuolaikinėje lietuviškoje kultūroje per susvetimėjimą su lietuviškumu. Galiausiai straipsnyje aptariama lietuviškoji savivoka, pasireiškianti per svetimumo su savimi, su šiuolaikine visuomene momentus, ir pateikiami keli pavyzdžiai pastangų įveikti minėtą susvetimėjimą naujų utopijų kūrimu, tik utopijų, nukreiptų ne į ateitį, o į praeitį, bandančių perkurti Lietuvos istoriją, kurią esą šiuolaikiniai akademiniai istorikai yra iškraipę, taip lyg tapdami atsakingi už tą susvetimėjimą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: etniškumas, ethnos, tauta, Biblija, Biblijos vertimai, biblinė tauta, susvetimėjimas, lietuviškas etnosas, pagonybė. CHANGES IN THE MEANING OF THE TERM ETHNOS: FROM THE BIBLE TRANSLATIONS TO THE NEW UTOPIASAušra Kristina Pažėraitė SummaryThis article presents an analysis of the genesis of ethnic identity in the contemporary Lithuanian culture. In particular, the definitions of such words as “ethnos”, “ethnicity” are discussed by paying more attention to the fact that these words became common words denoting particular identities of the people only at the beginning of the post-colonial era (nearly synonymous to nation in the Soviet Union and denoting different minorities in the USA, Great Britain, etc.). In the second part of the article, the Biblical (LXX and the MT) words that name different peoples, group identities are compared, their use and the strategy of translation of various texts of the Bible into Lithuanian are analyzed. The article shows how radically the conception and interpretation of the terms that denote various biblical group identities have changed. In the Bible translations into Lithuanian, the word “nation” in the beginning of the 20th century replaced the ancient and more neutral word “people”, which conveyed the Greek word laos, sometimes also ethnos, or the Latin populus. Although the negativity of the term ethnos in its Christian usages can be perceived in the post-soviet Lithuanian culture, a conclusion is made that the traditional explication of the word ethnos in various dictionaries, which stereotypically denotes in LXX pagan people, non-Judeans, non-Christian, is an anachronistic exaggeration. In the final part of the article, certain aspects of post-soviet Lithuanian self-consciousness are discussed by pointing to the self-alienation of this consciousness on the “ethnic” background (Lithuanian nationality is equated to ethnicity, and the concept of ethnicity still preserves a certain negativity of the minority, if not hated, heathen, pagan minority). Finally, certain examples of the attempt to overcome this alienation are presented as the new Utopias, although oriented not toward the future, but back to the past as the attempts to create a new History of Lithuania instead of the present official academic History, which is considered as an essentially alienating one.Keywords: ethnos, ethnicity, the Bible, nation, people, translations of the Bible, biblical nation, Lithuanian ethnicity, alienation, paganism.

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Schulze-Marmeling, Friederike. "»20th century Aisha«?" Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 32, nr 2 (6.12.2019): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kize.2019.32.2.346.

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Nakienė, Austė. "Shifts in the Traditional Culture. Folksongs in the 21st Century City". Tautosakos darbai 49 (22.05.2015): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2015.29011.

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The traditional culture existing in the city experienced considerable changes in the course of the last century. Rather than comprising continuous, gradual development, this change involved several radical cultural shifts, taking place in the 20th century (e. g. in the beginning of the century, in the 1960s, and 1990s). The article compares the urban, social and cultural changes in order to determine periods when the traditional culture experienced the most crucial transformations and when various new phenomena appeared. A clear shift in the urban culture took place in the 1960s in Lithuania, when a political “warming” of sorts could be felt and the pressure of the communist ideology was somewhat lighter. The economic growth was followed by the formation of the consumer society (although a rather different one from that emerging in the liberal countries), taking place in Vilnius, Kaunas, and other cities. The 1960s and the subsequent decades were characterized by a considerable variety of the urban culture in Lithuania, especially in its capital city. In the musical sphere, the state-supported academic music, the professionally performed folk music, and the show music were particularly thriving; but performances of jazz, rock and authentic folklore also gained momentum.The Lithuanian Folklore Theater, which started its activity in 1968 in Vilnius, can be presented as a typical example of the altered tradition. Director of this theater Povilas Mataitis and his wife, scenographer Dalia Mataitienė managed to achieve a subtle harmony between the folk tradition and their individual artistic expression, uniting in their performances elements of folklore and the modern art, and using small artistic forms, so typical to the folk art, to create complicate ambivalent compositions. Nevertheless, the stylistic shifts of the 1960s were best reflected in the rock music. The swinging two-part rhythm and open expressions of the individual feelings embodied a radical stylistic change at that time (although such means of expression are completely common and trivial today). Starting from the 1960s these innovations affected not only the urban composers, but also the folksong creators at the countryside.The significant cultural shift took place also after the Lithuanian independence was regained in 1990. The Soviet past was rejected, the Western notion of culture was willingly adopted, and the patterns of cultural life and financing were increasingly altered. The formerly state-supported cultural institutions and performers had to adapt to the free-market. At first, the cultural shift of the 1990s resembled an avalanche: the former unified whole – the coherent image of the national culture created during the Soviet times was shattered. Composers and authors plagued by various difficulties found respite, though, in the new kinds of the available information, the opened possibilities of getting to know the global culture, which had been hitherto almost impossible to gain access to. The epoch of postmodernity, characterized by free associations between various historical and cultural signs, was favorable to the continuation of traditions; therefore various transformations of folklore quickly appeared, musical styles from different periods and nations were abundant, and all sorts of their hybrids were created. A new thing establishing itself on the Vilnius pavement was hip hop – the Afro-American music and life style, born in the suburbs of New York. It was increasingly adopted and furthered by the Vilnius inhabitants, born in the concrete districts of the city, whose youth coincided with the years of the post-Soviet economic “shock-therapy”.The traditional music found its place in the city as well, growing as a moss on a stone. It is now performed both in the great ceremonious halls and in the small, stuffy premises, or simply outside during spring and summer. The city of the 21st century is characterized by such cultural phenomena as urban folklore, bard songs, live music, street music, post-folklore, indigenous culture, Baltic music, pagan art, improvisational music, underground music, etc. Urban tradition is a multifaceted and a multileveled one, its continuation constantly involves connecting different musical styles and respective communities.In the urban environment, the preservation of the folk music is no longer the concern of exclusively the representatives of the folklore movement; authors of different kinds are also involved, including the jazz and rock musicians, visual artists, IT specialists, and actors. Nowadays, the third generation is gradually involved into the urban folklore movement, as its pioneers, having already become grandparents, bring their grandchildren into the same halls and yards of the Old Town, where they used to perform in their youth. At the same time, new cultural wave created by the contemporary young people rises from the underground clubs, multimedia or electronic music labs, and artistic workshops. The young keep always creating something new, but this should not be regarded as a threat to the preservation of the urban folk tradition.

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Wilson, Robin. "The 20th Century". Mathematical Intelligencer 42, nr 2 (18.12.2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09956-x.

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Atiyah, Michael. "Mathematics in the 20th century". NTM International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine 10, nr 1-3 (wrzesień 2002): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03033096.

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Fogler, Karen, i Mala Hoffman. "Exploring 20th Century History through Photographs". Gifted Child Today 17, nr 3 (maj 1994): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621759401700313.

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Westfall, Catherine. "Reimagining 20th-Century Physics". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, nr 1-2 (kwiecień 2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.1-2.209.

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Altschuler, Glenn C. "Urban Religion’s 20th-Century Renaissance". Reviews in American History 49, nr 1 (2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2021.0007.

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Friedel, Robert. "Engineering in the 20th Century". Technology and Culture 27, nr 4 (październik 1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105321.

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Wilson, Robin. "The Early 20th Century". Mathematical Intelligencer 42, nr 1 (4.11.2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09942-3.

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O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history". International Affairs 66, nr 1 (styczeń 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.

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Mason, Herbert J., i Anna Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History". Taxon 40, nr 3 (sierpień 1991): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223244.

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Sheail, J., i A. Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Journal of Ecology 77, nr 3 (wrzesień 1989): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261002.

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Probert, R. "The History of 20th-Century Family Law". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25, nr 1 (1.03.2005): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqi009.

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Sterling, Christopher. "CBQ review essay:Cryptography in 20th‐century history". Communication Booknotes Quarterly 30, nr 3 (czerwiec 1999): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10948009909361621.

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Ikenberry, G. John, i Richard Bulliet. "The Columbia History of the 20th Century". Foreign Affairs 77, nr 6 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049140.

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Latvala, Pauliina. "Finnish 20th Century History in Oral Narratives". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 12 (1999): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf1999.12.oralnarr.

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Lian, Yang, i Ben Carrdus. "Leaving the 20th century". Index on Censorship 29, nr 3 (maj 2000): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220008536744.

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Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders". International Journal of Public Leadership 12, nr 2 (9.05.2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.

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Plantinga, Alvin. "Justification in the 20th Century". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (1990): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108032.

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Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century". English Historical Review 119, nr 480 (1.02.2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.

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Reville, David M. "BRIDGEPORT WORKING: VOICES FROM THE 20th CENTURY". Oral History Review 28, nr 2 (wrzesień 2001): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2001.28.2.140.

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Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto". Articles 18, nr 1 (7.08.2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.

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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.

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Kudiņš, Jānis. "FRAGMENTARY AND MODERATE MODERNISM IN LATVIAN MUSIC HISTORY ." Culture Crossroads 19 (11.10.2022): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol19.31.

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The question of 20th century modernism in the history of Latvian academic genres music is still topical. The prevailing opinion in musicological research (literature) is that representation of modernism in the history of Latvian music has been fragmentary. In various decades of the 20th century (the first and second half of the century), Latvian composers have rarely turned to the most radical expression of modernism, the avant-garde. Much more often possible identified stylistically moderate manifestations of modernism. However, these issues have still been little researched. This article offers a focused (panoramic) characterisation, looking at local peculiarities of adaptation and representation of modernism in Latvian music history in the 20th century.

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McDaniel, Justin. "The Curricular Canon in Northern Thailand and Laos". MANUSYA 5, nr 4 (2002): 20–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00504003.

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Nissaya texts are idiosyncratic vernacular notes composed and used by Buddhist monks in Northern Thailand and Laos between the 16th and early 20th centuries. They evince a particular relationship of the authors with the classical (i.e., originally composed in Pali) scripture of Theravada Buddhism as well as with their intended audience. They reflect certain understandings of the notions of authorship, textual authenticity, the possibility of translation, and homiletics. A comprehensive study reveals the early development of Buddhist curricula in the region and a detailed study pedagogical methods used in these texts affords us a way to describe the nature of Buddhist belief and practice with much greater precision. In this paper, I will demonstrate how the choice of source texts by nissaya translators and the commentarial services they employ reveal the contours of the pre-modern Northern Thai and Lao Buddhist curricula. By focusing on the development of curricula in the region before the middle of the 19th century, we can avoid the vagaries that come with the application of normative notions of the Theravada Buddhist canon to a region of diverse textual production and disparate intellectual expression.

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Conke, Leonardo Silveira. "Strategy in the 20th Century: Explanations from History". Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 12, nr 4 (1.12.2013): 210–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v12i4.1951.

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In this essay, we argue that an historical perspective helps to understand some of the strategic choices made by organizations. More specifically, the purpose here is to describe the great influence of historical events (related to economy, politics, technological advancement etc.) on the creation, acceptance, spreading and / or establishment of the strategic theories and tools developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Texts that usually discuss management and history outline only the Industrial Revolution or the transition from feudalism to capitalism, underestimating other historical forces that offer additional explanations to the evolution of strategic thinking. As a result of an extensive bibliographical research, we were able to identify four periods where the strategic theories developed reveal suitable responses to the challenges created by the environment: in the first one (1900-1938), strategy is concerned with organization and control of business activities, resembling the ideas developed by Scientific Administration; in the second period (1939-1964), strategic planning is formalized and the area is broadly recognized; the next decades (1965-1989) are characterized by competition and uncertainty, making strategy focus on problems emerged from the outside; finally, on the turn of the century (1990-2010), the unlimited information availability enhances the need for strategists’ conceptual and practical knowledge. Also, as a final contribution, we suggest two possible trends to the future of strategy.

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Smith, Earl, James Upton i Manning Marable. "A Social History of 20th Century Urban Riots". Phylon (1960-) 47, nr 1 (1986): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/274699.

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Corwin, Jay. "History, Mythology, and 20th Century Latin American Fiction". Theory in Action 14, nr 4 (31.10.2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2126.

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The history of the Americas from the colonial period is marked by a large influx of persons from Europe and Africa. Fiction in 20th Century Latin America is marked by ties to the Chronicles and the history of human melding in the Americas, with a natural flow of social and religious syncretism that shapes the unique literary aesthetics of its literatures as may be witnessed in representative authors of genuine merit from different regions of Latin America.

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Barucci, P. "Italian Economists of the 20th Century". History of Political Economy 32, nr 4 (1.12.2000): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-32-4-1033.

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Helle‐Valle, Jo. "Social change and sexual mores: a comparison between pre‐20th‐century Norway and 20th‐century Botswana". History and Anthropology 14, nr 4 (grudzień 2003): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0275720032000156460.

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Maritz, P. J. "History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church 'History Origen Adamantinus". Verbum et Ecclesia 18, nr 2 (4.07.1997): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v18i2.564.

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History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church History - Origen Adamantinus. In this paper a possible third century contribution to Church History reconstruction is considered. This is employed as an example for South African church historians who are dedicated to history interpretation, whether it be from the perspective of: acceptance on face value; justification; verification; criticism or renunciation of twentieth century historical events and the WG)'S in which they have influenced the prophetic task of the church in South Africa. To this end, a parallel is drawn between third century Origen and a few South African church figures from the twentieth century, which will highlight the church's continuing prophetic ministry.

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KATZ, STEVEN T. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, nr 2 (1989): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.127.

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CHALK, FRANK. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, nr 2 (1989): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.149.

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MELSON, ROBERT. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, nr 2 (1989): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.161.

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REID, JAMES J. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, nr 2 (1989): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.175.

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MARTINS-HEUB, KIRSTEN. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, nr 2 (1989): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.193.

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Haffenden, P. S. "Irresistible Empire: America's Advance through 20th-Century Europe". English Historical Review CXXI, nr 494 (1.12.2006): 1564–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cel366.

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Fish, Cheryl J. "Moving Lives: 20th Century Women's Travel Writing (review)". Biography 25, nr 4 (2002): 672–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2003.0006.

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Dollinger, Marc. "Jewish identities in 20th-century America". Contemporary Jewry 24, nr 1 (październik 2003): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02961568.

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Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. "Semiotics of the 20th century". Sign Systems Studies 36, nr 1 (31.12.2008): 185–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2008.36.1.10.

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Semiotic and linguistic studies of the 20th century have been important mostly in two senses — (1) they have opened a road for comparative research on the origin and development of language and other systems of signs adding a new dimension to the history of culture; (2) they have shown a possibility of uniting different fields of humanities around semiotics suggesting a way to trespass separation and atomisation of different trends in investigating culture. In the 21st century one may hope for closer integration of semiotics and exact and natural sciences. The points of intersection with the mathematical logic, computer science and information theory that already exist might lead to restructuring theoretical semiotics making it a coherent and methodologically rigid discipline. At the same time, the continuation of neurosemiotic studies promises a breakthrough in understanding those parts of the work of the brain that are most intimately connected to culture. From this point of view semiotics may play an outstanding role in the synthesis of biological science and humanities. In my mind that makes it a particularly important field of future research.

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Doležalová, Eva, Marie Šedivá Koldinská, Martin Sekera, Jana Mezerová i Marek Junek. "History". Muzeum: Muzejní a vlastivedná práce 55, nr 3 (1.09.2017): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmvp-2017-0033.

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Abstract The exposition named History will present the development of the Czech lands from the 9th century till the present. The exposition will be divided into two separate spaces – the Historical Building of the National Museum will house the history of the 9th–19th centuries and the New Building of the National Museum will house the history from the 20th century. Despite reflecting to a certain extent the traditional division of the Middle Ages, Early Modern Period, the “long” 19th century, and the 20th century, the narrative will be continuous without any artificial historical disruptions. We will debunk some historical myths and stereotypes. Emphasis will be laid on the presentation of items from the collections of the National Museum. A certain update will also be important, i.e. the presentation of ideas and symbols, that we refer to today. Parallel narratives will be nonetheless important, as they will show that history is not unambiguous and that certain events can be viewed from several different perspectives (e.g. the winner and the loser, nobleman and subject). Last but not least, we will address the issues of individual freedom and its limits.

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Žarić, Stefan. "THE PROBLEM OF THE HISTORIZATION OF 20TH CENTURY SERBIAN FASHION 1920-1980". Istorija 20. veka 40, nr 1/2022 (1.02.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362//ist20veka.2022.1.zar.1-16.

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The paper covers the history of 20th century Serbian fashion from the 1920s through the 1980s, focusing on the problem of its historization. Based on established readings submitting 20th century Serbian fashion to politics thus distancing it from global fashion history, I aim to structure a possible historical narrative of fashion by identifying the elements of haute couture in 20th century Serbian fashion industry. Rather than contrasting Serbian fashion figures with their Western counterparts and deepening the West / East Europe fashion divide, the paper traces similarities between them, demonstrating that 20th century Serbian fashion responded to haute couture trends simultaneously with their emergence in the West.

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Žarić, Stefan. "THE PROBLEM OF THE HISTORIZATION OF 20TH CENTURY SERBIAN FASHION 1920-1980". Istorija 20. veka 40, nr 1/2022 (1.02.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/ist20veka.2022.1.zar.1-16.

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The paper covers the history of 20th century Serbian fashion from the 1920s through the 1980s, focusing on the problem of its historization. Based on established readings submitting 20th century Serbian fashion to politics thus distancing it from global fashion history, I aim to structure a possible historical narrative of fashion by identifying the elements of haute couture in 20th century Serbian fashion industry. Rather than contrasting Serbian fashion figures with their Western counterparts and deepening the West / East Europe fashion divide, the paper traces similarities between them, demonstrating that 20th century Serbian fashion responded to haute couture trends simultaneously with their emergence in the West.

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