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1
De Kind, Jasper. "Pre-verbal focus in Kisikongo (H16a, Bantu)". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (1.01.2014): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.421.
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The present paper aims at describing different pre-verbal focus strategies in Kisikongo (H16a), spoken in the vicinity of Mbanza Kongo, northern Angola. This western Bantu language is part of the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), stretching from southern Gabon to northern Angola, including Cabinda and parts of Congo-Brazzaville and Congo-Kinshasa. Kikongo exhibits a clause-internal pre-verbal argument focus position, which has rarely been reported in Bantu languages, except in Mbuun (B87) (Bostoen and Mundeke 2012) and Nsong (B85d) (Koni Muluwa and Bostoen, this volume), both spoken in the neighboring Kwilu region of the DRC. The more extensively studied eastern and southern Bantu languages generally have a post-verbal argument focus position (cf. Watters 1979, Morimoto 2000, Creissels 2004, Güldemann 2007, Buell 2009, van der Wal 2009, among others). In addition to this mono-clausal argument focus strategy, Kisikongo also relies on different bi-clausal constructions to focus arguments, i.e. cleft-constructions.
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Mabossy-Mobouna, Germain, Louis Looli Boyombe, Justin Ombeni, Théodore Munyuli, Paul Latham i François Malaisse. "Ethnoentomology: socio-cultural aspects of the acceptability of insects as food by the urban population of Brazzaville city in Republic of the Congo". African Journal of Tropical Entomology Research 3, nr 1 (20.04.2024): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.58697/ajter030104.
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The present article addresses an aspect of entomophagy for the current urban population of Brazzaville city, capital of the Republic of the Congo. It recalls, firstly, the interest in entomophagy, which was emphasised by the FAO in 2013. Concerning the Brazzaville city, cultural and religious practices of the current inhabitants attract attention and have in particular been analysed, as well as their sociodemographic and dietary characteristics. Caterpillars, orthopterans, termites and beetle larvae were discussed in particular. In this study, the questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The results showed that the acceptability or not of insects as food by the non-native populations of Brazzaville depends on their country of origin, their ethnicity and their length of residence (p<0.001). Insect consumption is highly positively correlated with the presence of preferred insects from the country of origin on the market (r=0.837; p<0.001). There is a very significant negative correlation between the number of years of residence in Brazzaville and the consumption of insects by non-native populations (r=-0.306; p<0.001). People who consumed insects in their country of origin either maintained the habit of insects’ consumption (59.50%), or lost this habit (13.90%). The others (3.00%) who do not consume insects in their region have integrated entomophagy into their eating habits following cultural contact with entomophagous populations. Therefore, cultural contact has a negative or positive influence on entomophagy.
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NKAYA, KIMBOUALA, Didace MOUHOUELO i Merveille NGOULOU. "CONGOLESE LANGUAGES VIS-À-VIS FOREIGN LANGUAGES: STATUS, FORMS AND FUNCTIONS". International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature and Culture 01, nr 01 (2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2022.0004.
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The existence of African native languages deteriorates vis-à-vis foreign languages such as English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. The former colonies keep using the later as their official languages. The status of the African native languages is either Mother Tongue (MT) or first language (L1), facing that of foreign language (FL) and second language (L2). Unfortunately, the functions of most of these languages are limited to oral communication because their scriptural forms do not exist. This study tries to draw the connections between status and the form, using the Larry (MT or vernacular language), the Kituba and Lingala (L1 or vehicular language) as main communicative languages in Brazzaville. Results show that these Congolese languages are gradually getting menaced and losing ground. This is due to the outstanding intellectualism that takes Congolese people – who are African people as well – to use more and more French words and expressions when speaking them daily. The use of the Roman alphabet would help the Congo, as some African countries have done it, to glocalize their languages in the written form in order to link their status, form and function better. Didactically, African children should first learn their MT and L1 orally and writingly before they tackle with the learning of foreign languages.
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Storch, Anne. "Dynamics of interacting populations language contact in the Lwoo languages of Bahr el-Ghazal". Studies in African Linguistics 32, nr 1 (1.06.2003): 66–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v32i1.107347.
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Number inflection systems in Western Nilotic languages appear highly complex and diverse. Comparative work on Nilotic and other Nilo-Saharan families has shown that these languages have a morphologically tripartite system with marked plurals and a bare root singular, marked singulatives constructed from unmarked collectives, and a replacement pattern with morphologically marked singulars and plurals. Historical comparison of the formatives used to construct the different number categories has proven difficult. A number of little-explored Western Nilotic languages of Bahr el-Ghazal have been in contact with Niger-Congo (predominantly Ubangi) languages and have undergone typological as well as specific grammatical changes. An investigation into the historical and present contact situations is needed in order to shed light on how the number inflection systems of these languages were created historically. Sprachbund phenomena include the diffusion of a ka- plural prefix into the Belanda languages, while a convergence phenomenon whose origin is probably more recent is the gradual loss of suffixing singulatives in the Lwoo languages that are in contact with Niger-Congo, which itself does not use singulatives. Retentions and innovations within the system of, number inflection of certain Lwoo languages of Bahr el-Ghazal are discussed and analysed in terms of the history of these languages. This paper argues that crucial changes and differences within Western Nilotic noun morphology cannot be understood without taking into account the long and complicated contact history of these languages.
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Aborobongui, Georges Martial Embanga, Fatima Hamlaoui i Annie Rialland. "Syntactic and prosodic aspects of left and right dislocation in Embɔsi (Bantu C25)". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (1.01.2014): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.418.
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This paper deals with left and right dislocation in Embɔsi, a Bantu language (C25) spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. The prosody of dislocation has gathered considerable attention, as it is particularly informative for the theories of the syntax-prosody mapping of Intonation Phrases (a.o. Selkirk, 2009, 2011; Downing, 2011). Concentrating on selected Bantu languages, Downing (2011) identifies two main phrasing patterns. She primarily distinguishes languages in which only right dislocated phrases display a lack of prosodic integration ("asymmetric" languages), from languages in which both left and right dislocations phrase separately ("symmetric" languages). Hiatus avoidance processes, boundary tones and register expansion/reduction indicate that Embɔsi displays a somewhat more intricate phrasing pattern. In this language, both left and right dislocated items sit outside of the Intonation Phrase formed by the core-clause, but only the latter form their own Intonation Phrase. We also discuss the prosody of multiple dislocations (i.e. with two dislocated arguments), which have not so far received all the attention they deserve. What we observe in Embɔsi is that either the two dislocated items phrase together and are not integrated to the core Intonation Phrase, or only the outermost dislocated element phrases separately.
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Pacchiarotti, Sara, i Koen Bostoen. "Final Vowel Loss in Lower Kasai Bantu (drc) as a Contact-Induced Change". Journal of Language Contact 14, nr 2 (14.12.2021): 438–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-14020007.
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Abstract In this article, we present a qualitative and quantitative comparative account of Final Vowel Loss (fvl) in the Bantu languages of the Lower Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We argue that this diachronic sound shift rose relatively late in Bantu language history as a contact-induced change and affected adjacent West-Coastal and Central-Western Bantu languages belonging to different phylogenetic clusters. We account for its emergence and spread by resorting to two successive processes of language contact: (1) substrate influence from extinct hunter-gatherer languages in the center of innovation consisting of Bantu B80 languages, and (2) dialectal diffusion towards certain peripheral Bantu B70, C80, H40 and L10 languages.
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Boutin, Béatrice Akissi. "Décrire le français en relation aux langues en contact". Journal of Language Contact 7, nr 1 (31.03.2014): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00701003.
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It is not possible to explain what happens to French syntax in a situation of close contact with one or more languages, solely in terms of French. How then can we describe French in relation to the languages in contact? We first discuss the early research of Gabriel Manessy and their development by a number of linguists, and later show the importance of exploring several properties of the constructions under study in comparing languages, in order to place them within the context of general language processes. Furthermore, we will insist on the need to go beyond the forms at issue by focusing on their behavior. The examples will be taken from Ivory Coast French, which, ever since its establishment, has been in contact with the languages of the vast Niger-Congo family, in particular Jula and Baule (which have themselves been in contact for several centuries).
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ISHAMALANGENGE NYIMILONGO, Alain. "Du contact des langues aux stratégies langagières dans le discours électoral en République démocratique du Congo". Langues & Cultures 3, nr 03 (20.12.2022): 09–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62339/jlc.v3i03.153.
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Dans le Discours Electoral Congolais, les locuteurs n’emploient pas une langue, mais des langues. Les communications sont spontanées, ainsi les langues qui découlent de ces échanges sont, certes, du répertoire linguistique des locuteurs qui des fois, sont dictées par les interlocuteurs. Dans le souci de garder un contact communicationnel constant, les candidats préfèrent satisfaire dans leurs communications les locuteurs de toutes les langues nationales. C’est ainsi que ces langues nationales transcendent leurs limites et leurs aires géolinguistiques. Le discours électoral est prononcé en trois paliers linguistiques, à savoir langue officielle, langues nationales et langues ethniques. Abstract In Congolese electoral discourse, speakers do not use one language, but many. The communications are spontaneous, so the languages that result from these exchanges are, of course, from the linguistic repertoire of the speakers, but sometimes they are dictated by the interlocutors. In order to keep a constant communicational contact, the candidates prefer to satisfy in their communications the speakers of all the national languages. Thus, these national languages transcend their limits and their geolinguistic areas. The election speech is delivered in threelinguistic levels, namely official language, national languages and ethnic languages.
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Beltzung, Jean-Marc, Annie Rialland i Martial Embanga Aborobongui. "relatives possessives en mbochi (C25)". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 53 (1.01.2010): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.53.2010.390.
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This paper deals with the possessive constructions — either connective or relative — in Mbochi (C25), a Bantu language spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. In Mbochi, as in most languages of the same group (C20), the underlying /CV-/ form of nominal prefixes never surfaces as such but is targeted by two main processes: consonantal dissimilation and vowel elision. Both processes are in complementary distribution and the alternations triggered by them may explain the surface forms of both connective and relative constructions. In order to provide the necessary background for the study of Mbochi relative clauses, the three subject markers of Mbochi are introduced and the main verbal suffixes are also discussed. Thereafter, a detailed presentation and analysis of the relative constructions is given. Finally, we discuss the prosody of these constructions, showing that relative clauses in Mbochi have no particular tonal markers and we propose a model involving superimposed boundary tones to account for their intonation.
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Didace, Massamba Miabaou, Lenga Loumingou Ida, Ondima Irène i Peko Jean Félix. "Management of Tuberculous Cutaneous Fistula". Case Reports in Surgery 2020 (10.02.2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7840963.
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Tuberculosis is an endemic emergency that is prevalent in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Black Africa, including Congo-Brazzaville. In addition to the pulmonary, ganglionic, and bone forms, there are other poorly documented locations. In the Congo, among these is cutaneous tuberculosis which is exceptional. A 9-year-old boy and two adult patients had persistent lesions of the left hip and thigh wounds, chest wall, and hypogastric wound with no healing for more than four months, respectively. Among these patients, one case of tuberculous contact was noted. Histopathological examination revealed a Koester follicle, suggesting a tuberculous skin fistula. A fistulectomy was performed, coupled with a quadruple antituberculous therapy combining rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for two months, relayed by a dual therapy consisting of isoniazid and ethambutol for 6 to 8 months. The evolution was favorable in all cases with healing of the lesions after 3 to 6 weeks. The existence of inexhaustible fistulas and the absence of scarring of a wound should make one suspect, among other things, cutaneous tuberculosis. The product of fistulectomy makes it possible to establish the histological diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis.
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Keese, Alexander, i Annalisa Urbano. "Researching post-independence Africa in regional archives: possibilities and limits in Benin, Cabo Verde, Ghana and Congo-Brazzaville". Africa 93, nr 4 (11.10.2023): 542–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972023000621.
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AbstractAfrica’s regional archives offer crucial records to explore the continent’s postcolonial past. Although these archives are often difficult to locate and access and are exposed to several challenges that might even threaten their existence, this article presents a solid case for reconsidering their importance. Recent trends, aptly labelled ‘postcolonial African archival pessimism’, have mainly pointed to problems and often to the limited accessibility of state archives in some regional and local contexts. This article instead engages with their potential, discussing four case studies in Benin, Cabo Verde, Ghana and Congo-Brazzaville. Results stemming from these case studies are brought into contact with wider debates on custodial cultures and the regional archives’ role in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. The intention is to provide a more positive and empirically based overview of research possibilities at regional archives and ultimately to change the nature of our approach to these resources.
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Shay, Erin, i Zygmunt Frajzyngier. "Language-Internal versus Contact-Induced Change: The Split Coding of Person and Number: A Stefan Elders Question". Journal of Language Contact 2, nr 1 (2008): 274–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525336.
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AbstractThe aim of this study is to contribute to the methodology for determining whether a given characteristic of a language is a product of language contact or of language-internal grammaticalization. We have taken as a test problem a formal structure that is relatively rare across languages but that occurs in a few geographically proximate languages belonging to different families. The presence of a typologically rare phenomenon in neighboring but unrelated languages raises the question of whether the structure may be a product of cross-linguistic contact.The structures that we examine involve the split coding of person and number of the subject, in which a pronoun preceding the verb codes person only. Plurality of the subject is coded by a suffix to the verb, usually the same suffix for all persons. In some languages the split coding of person and number operates for all persons, while in others the split coding is limited to some persons only. This structure has been observed in several languages spoken in a small area of Northern Cameroon. Three of these languages, Gidar, Giziga, and Mofu-Gudur, belong to the Central branch of the Chadic family, while two other languages, Mundang and Tupuri, belong to the Adamawa branch of the Niger-Congo family. Outside of this geographical area, this structure has been observed in Egyptian, some Cushitic languages, and in some languages of North America.Since every linguistic phenomenon must have been grammaticalized in some language at some point, we must consider first whether there are language-internal prerequisites for such grammaticalization. For each language of the study, we show that the split coding of person and number may represent a product of language-internal development. The presence of the phenomenon in a language that does not have language-internal prerequisites can then be safely considered to be a product of language contact.
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Manfredi, Stefano. "An areal typology of kin terms in the Nuba Mountain languages". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 43, nr 2 (1.10.2022): 199–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2022-8896.
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Abstract Despite the relatively large amount of linguistic and anthropological data on kinship terminologies in the languages of the Nuba Mountains, we still lack cross-linguistic studies attempting at reconstructing the areal history of this highly variable lexical field. This paper aims at comparing the formal and semantic features of kin terms across the languages of the Nuba Mountains in order to provide historical evidence for their transmission through inheritance or their possible diffusion via language contact. The comparative study surveys the kinship terminologies of 10 languages belonging to the three phyla attested in the Nuba Mountains (i.e. Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Kadu). In the first part of the paper, I analyze the morphosyntactic properties and functions of kin terms. By adopting a componential perspective of analysis, I then focus on the semantics of kin terms in the languages of the sample. The comparison eventually illustrates a high degree of typological variation whose origins can be traced back to the different genetic affiliations of the Nuba Mountain languages. It is also argued that matter and/or pattern borrowing can possibly occur in the domain of kin terms. However, language contact is less significant than shared sociocultural factors in triggering formal and semantic similarities across different kin terminologies. Above and beyond, the study intends to contribute to the ongoing debate on whether the Nuba Mountains constitute an ‘accretion’ zone and to point out some instances of micro-scale linguistic convergence between the languages of the region.
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Wolff, H. Ekkehard. "Contact-induced disturbances in personal pronoun systems in the Chadic – Benue-Congo convergence zone in Central Nigeria". Afrika und Übersee 93 (31.12.2020): 158–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/auue.2020.93.1.205.
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The paper looks at personal pronoun systems in languages of the convergence zone on both sides of the borderline between Benue-Congo and Chadic. Focus is on inventories and systems, meaning the overall interrelationship of pronoun shapes across the categories of person, number, grammatical gender and noun class (3rd person concord). The issues to be explored are (i) whether the personal pronoun systems as such provide any further indication towards the Sprachbund idea implied in Wolff & Gerhardt (1977), and (ii) whether one can identify some unusual features of or patterns within the systems, which are shared by languages on both sides of the line separating Benue-Congo and Chadic, and which are of such nature as to strengthen the hypothesis of a cross-genetic convergence zone. The answers provided are affirmative: In addition to cross-genetic borrowing of pronoun shapes, which is generally considered rare and/or at least remarkable, pronoun systems as such and across the convergence zone show at least two rather quirky disturbances of the expected pattern that can hardly be explained but by rather surprising instances of cross-language interference. These two kinds of disturbance within systems will be discussed under the headings of “category shifting” and “circumfix conjugational pattern” emergence.Given the present state of knowledge, the paper can only point out promising lines of detailed historical research: Any attempt to provide final answers would be premature at this stage.
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Pshenichnaya, N. Yu, E. V. Naidenova, G. V. Gopatsa, D. A. Kuznetsova, L. N. Dmitrieva, A. V. Evteev, A. A. Tushinsky i in. "The Results of Work of Infectious Disease Specialists and Epidemiologists of the Rospotrebnadzor during the Outbreak of Acute Intestinal Infections in the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) in 2023". Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, nr 1 (4.04.2024): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2024-1-102-112.
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This paper provides an analysis of the results of joint work of Russian and Congolese infectious disease specialists and epidemiologists to decipher the etiology and causes of the outbreak of intestinal infections in Dolisie (Republic of the Congo) in the summer of 2023. It has been found that the increase in the incidence of intestinal infections was caused mainly by the agents of typhoid fever and dysentery; tropical malaria was a combined pathology. No cases of cholera patient detection were registered. Failure of water supply system, domestic disrepair, and low public awareness about prevention of intestinal infections contributed to the active transmission of pathogens. The combination of epidemic process manifestations testified to the aquatic nature of the outbreak. Also, cases of pathogen transmission through contact household route were recorded, food transmission was not excluded. Patients with severe and complicated forms of typhoid fever and shigellosis accounted for 50 % of those hospitalized. There was delay in seeking medical care. The available regimens of antibacterial therapy were ineffective, since there was no possibility of laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis with determination of sensitivity to drugs. Uncontrolled treatment facilitated the emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, prolonged bacterial release and subsequent spread of infection. Infectious disease specialists and epidemiologists of the Rospotrebnadzor provided consulting and practical assistance to Congolese colleagues, developed and presented recommendations for optimizing anti-epidemic and therapeutic measures, taking into account the results of assessment of the causes for onset and development of the outbreak.
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Maselli, Lorenzo. "Phonetic and Phonological Research in Mai-Ndombe: A Few Preliminary Notes on Rhotics and Double-Articulations". Languages 9, nr 3 (21.03.2024): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9030114.
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Mai-Ndombe is one of the southwestern provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ecologically, it can be characterised as a transition zone between a moist, broadleaf rainforest ecotone in the north and shrubland/savannah areas in the south. Linguistically, Mai-Ndombe, along with the rest of southwestern Congo all the way down to the border with Angola, is among the least well-surveyed areas of the planet. Within its borders, several different Bantu (Guthrie’s zones B, C, and H) varieties are spoken, near the newly identified West-Coastal Bantu homeland, itself a hot spot of phonological diversity unlike any other in the West-Coastal Bantu domain. Phonetic and phonological accounts of its languages are particularly lacking (apart from impressionistic “grey literature” reports which seldom comply with the standards of present-day phonetic and phonological inquiry). This gap is particularly concerning as Mai-Ndombe is also an area of great anthropological diversity, with numerous hunter-gatherer Twa communities living deep in its eastern and northern forests. Their lects, collectively known as Lotwa, are severely endangered, as they face the threats of social stigma and the growing use of national and regional linguae francae. As part of the author’s doctoral project (still underway), phonetic data were collected in the area between May and July 2021, specifically in Inongo (the provincial capital) and Nioki. The present contribution is intended as a brief note on the relevant results produced so far, mainly bearing on the analysis of some phenomena of interest in the languages of the region, including Sakata rhotics and labial–velars and the presence of unusual trilling/flapping realisations in Lotwa. The picture yielded by this preliminary exploration is one of striking phonetic and phonological variation, possibly pointing to earlier stages of greater linguistic diversity than previously supposed. It is also tentatively proposed that one of the specific characteristics of the phenomena attested in the present contribution is that they tend to affect more than one language at a time, working rather as areal “phonetic possibilities” than language-bound outcomes of traditional sound change rules; in this sense, it is suggested that in-depth documentation and description can help broaden our understanding of how language contact works in highly multilingual contexts.
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Tsoumou, Jean Mathieu. "Impoliteness among multilingual Facebook users in Congo Brazzaville". Journal of Politeness Research, 3.05.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pr-2021-0043.
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Abstract This paper analyses a 265,147-word corpus of multilingual Facebook comments discussing political news in Congo-Brazzaville, collected between 2015 and 2016. The commenters use French, Lingala, Kituba, as well as ethnic languages such as Laary, to provide evaluations of the news and engage in impolite exchanges with each other. It is now widely evidenced that digital discourse is increasingly attracting (im)politeness research, going from Western-centric grounds into exploring other societies and cultures such as Asia and Africa. Despite this, (im)politeness research in multilingual contexts – such as Congo-Brazzaville – remains neglected. The paper aims to redress this imbalance by analysing impoliteness in Facebook interactions among Congolese users. Thus, the paper provides insights into how the notion of impoliteness plays out in a context that is polarized politically and sociolinguistically. The findings suggest that what triggers impoliteness is not just the desire to either claim own grounds, or the fact that the target of the impolite comment is a user with an opposing view, but also the desire to control what others should and should not say (or do). Furthermore, the interpretation of impoliteness in this context lies in the users’ abilities to understand the role of language alternation as it is framed in the comments.
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Mpelle, Fils Landry, Sekangue Obili Jery, Esther Nina Ontsira Ngoyi, Etienne Nguibi, Jean Bertin Mouankié, Rachel Moyen, Simon Charles Kobawila i Gabriel Ahombo. "Serologic Monitoring of the Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women in Brazzaville, Congo". Clinical Immunology & Research 5, nr 2 (30.12.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33425/2639-8494.1039.
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Objectives: The objective of this work was to determine the immune status by researching antitoxoplasmic IgG and IgM. Methods: this is a prospective study from November 4, 2013 to April 4, 2014 carried out at the Exau Kenn medical center laboratory located opposite the Makelekele Base Hospital (I Brazzaville district). A toxoplasmic serology was taken from all pregnant women (first trimester) admitted to the Laboratory as part of a medical follow-up of their pregnancies. Serodiagnosis was performed by the agglutination technique associated with the indirect solid phase immunoenzymatic technique (EIA). Results: Of 139 pregnant women included in our study, 56.12% were immunized and 43.88% unimmunized. The seroprevalence was 69.04%. The percentage of women aged under 20 was 22.22%; and those between 20 and 39 years old was 46.77%; then 31.01% among those over 39 years of age. The risk factors incriminated in toxoplasmic infection for our study were: contact with soil, consumption of raw vegetables, level of hygiene and contact with cats. Conclusion: toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Brazzaville is a real problem that must be regularly revealed in order to put in place an action plan to identify and evade it.
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Baka, Jean. "Planning Policy on afro-european multilingualism in Sub-Saharian Africa". Afrika Focus 18, nr 1-2 (22.08.2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v18i1-2.5423.
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Generally two types of multilingualism are distinguished: individual multilingualism and social multilingualism. This paper has a double aim: 1. The analysis of the solutions designed for the management of social multilingualism in general and afro-european multilingualism in particular. 2. The proposal of a language policy approach, which takes into account ethnic differences, cultural particularities and the importance of languages of mass communication. This approach will allow democratise the education system by an augmentation of school attendance rates, the limitation of failures and school desertion and annihilation of illiteracy and niral exodus.The approach offered is exemplified by the case of Republic of Congo. Key Words: Multilinguialsm, Congo-Brazzaville, Language Policy, Language Education, Indigenous Development, Sub-Sahara Africa.
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SAH, Zéphirin. "The History of Yoro Port from 1948 to 2022". International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 6, nr 10 (7.10.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i10-11.
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Brazzaville, a former Teke village of M'foa like most African cities, is a colonial city founded in 1880 by Pierre Savorgnan De Brazza. From its creation to the independence of the Congo, the city inherited from the French colonial state ce rtain places of history and infrastructure, among which there is the river port of Yoro in Brazzaville. This place of contact and exchange I s a place of memory in the same way as the city that bears it. This study proposes to analyze the different stages of the history o f this port which is a former fishing village of Impila in the Teke country on the lands of King Makoko. It is the result of our field investigations, documentary research and in the archives.
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Elizabeth AROKOYO, Bolanle. "STUDYING THE PHONOLOGY OF THE OLŮKŮMI, IGALA, OWÉ AND YORŮBA LANGUAGES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Dialectologia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/dialectologia2020.25.3.
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This study presents a comparative analysis of the phonological systems of the Yorůbá, Owé, Igala and Olůkůmi languages of the Defoid language family of Benue Congo. Data were collected from native speakers using the Ibadan Four Hundred Word List of Basic Items. Using discovered common lexemes in the languages, the classification of the languages sound systems and syllable systems are carried out in order to determine the major patterns of differences and similarities. Some major sound changes were discovered in the lexical items of the languages. The systematic substitutions of sounds also constitute another major finding observed in the languages. It was established in this study that there exists a very strong relationship among these languages. The languages are found to be mutually unintelligible except for Owé that has a degree of mutual intelligibility with Yoruba. The paper concludes that the major reason for divergence is language contact.
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Nassenstein, Nico, i Andrea Hollington. "Global repertoires and urban fluidity: youth languages in Africa". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2016, nr 242 (1.01.2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0037.
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AbstractThe linguistic practices and creativity of youths reflect an amazing way of dealing with the dynamics of urban and global African city life. Communities of practice (CoP) emerge, in which global trends, local concepts and cutting-edge styles, identities of resistance and contested spaces all play a role and impact on the linguistic practices of youths. The implementation of linguistic manipulative patterns that are often acquired from other youth languages, as well as strategies such as translanguaging, borrowing, language crossing and bricolage, brought about through local, global and pan-African contact and trends, including music cultures such as Hip Hop and Reggae, have molded youth identities and urban practices. The focus of this article is on youth languages found in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and Kinshasa/Goma (DR Congo), where the multilayered range of social and linguistic impacts of globalization has led to new linguistic practices and identities. Both speakers’ fluid patterns of contact and manipulation across digital (Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, Twitter) and real spaces, and their manipulative strategies in the formation of new “repertoires”, are analyzed in the article. Youth languages, especially in the African context, have usually been described as modern, urban and fluid. We argue that these characteristics also hold for other linguistic practices and non-urban contexts, and that youth languages differ in terms of the speed and manner in which these processes and modifications occur or are deliberately employed.
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Cobbinah, Alexander Yao. "Suffixed plurals in Baïnonk languages: Agreement patterns and diachronic development". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 38, nr 2 (20.12.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2017-0007.
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AbstractThis paper re-evaluates hypotheses about the agreement behaviour of nouns using plural suffixes in the Baïnounk languages (Niger Congo/ Atlantic/ North Atlantic). Although these languages dispose of a large and complex prefixing noun class systems which are involved in expressing number distinctions, a subgroup of nouns uses a suffix for pluralisation. It is shown here that plural-suffixing nouns do not engage in the typologically rare process of phonological agreement copying as has been claimed previously. Instead, they are prefixed nouns, triggering alliterative agreement. Several scenarios about the origin and further development of the plural suffixes are presented. Synchronic data suggest that plural suffixes are older than the split of Nyun-Buy languages from a common ancestor. It is highly unlikely that it is borrowed from Mandinka, a regionally influential lingua franca which does not have noun classes. Instead, it seems plausible that plural suffixes have arisen through internal processes in which animacy and collective semantics have played a role. Potential candidates for a source morpheme for the plural suffix include a plural morpheme from the verbal domain or alternatively an associative plural. The role and impact of language contact and large scale borrowing on the extent of plural suffixation in the various Baïnounk languages is discussed.
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Birhan, Tilahun Yemanu, Muluneh Alene, Wullo Sisay Seretew i Asefa Adimasu Taddese. "Magnitude and determinants of breastfeeding initiation within one hour among reproductive women in Sub-Saharan Africa; evidence from demographic and health survey data: a multilevel study". BMC Public Health 22, nr 1 (28.05.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13114-y.
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Abstract Background Early initiation of breastfeeding is one of the most simple and essential intervention for child development and survival in the world. World Health Organization recommended to begin breast milk with one hour after delivery. The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of early initiation of breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa using DHS data set. Methods This study was carried out within 32 Sub-Saharan African countries from 2010–2020, a pooled study of early initiation of breastfeeding was performed. For assessing model fitness and contrast, intra-class correlation coefficient, median odds ratio, proportional change in variance, and deviance were used. In order to identify possible covariates associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in the study area, the multilevel multivariable logistic regression model was adapted. Adjusted Odds Ratio was used with 95% confidence interval to declare major breastfeeding factors. Result The pooled prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa countries was 57% (95% CI; 56%—61%), the highest prevalence rate of early initiation of breastfeeding was found in Malawi while the lowest prevalence was found in Congo Brazzaville (24%). In multilevel multivariable logistic regression model; wealth index (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.16 – 1.26), place of delivery (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.89 – 2.05), skin-to-skin contact (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.47 – 1.57), mode of delivery (AOR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.25 – 0.29), media exposure (AOR = 1.36; 95% CI 1.31 – 1.41) were significantly correlated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa. Conclusion The magnitude of early initiation of breastfeeding rate was low in Sub-Saharan Africa. Covariates significantly associated with early initiation of breastfeeding was wealth index, place of delivery, mode of delivery, women educational status, and media exposure. Structural improvements are required for women with caesarean births to achieve optimal breastfeeding practice in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Beyer, Klaus. "Input limitations in a diffuse linguistic setting: Observations from a West African contact zone". International Journal of Bilingualism, 2.07.2020, 136700692093778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920937785.
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The sociolinguistic background of multilingual rural societies in West Africa and the prevailing conditions of language transmission are quite different from those found in most immigrant situations in the Global North. In the case focused upon here, the target language itself is under constant pressure from other, more dominant contact languages, and the usual repertoire of a fully competent speaker already involves a larger number of language sources and internal variations. This article explores the verbal behaviour of three speakers of the endangered language Pana (Gur/Niger-Congo; Mali/Burkina Faso) who experienced varying degrees of interrupted language transmission in earlier life times. They were all brought up in situations where only one of the parents spoke Pana as a first language and where it was not part of their general linguistic environment. The speakers find themselves now in a setting where local people prefer Pana and consider it the most appropriate code for village dwellers in community-internal communication. Accordingly, the speakers under scrutiny struggle with the communicative obligations and try to cope with their usually fully competent conversation partners’ expectations. The presented analysis of discourse data shows the manifold and complex linguistic and social implications of such a situation. It will be argued that it is correspondingly difficult to disentangle general language contact phenomena from variation introduced through incomplete second-language acquisition. Furthermore, the data strongly suggests that the background of a diffuse linguistic system and a relatively unfocused society entails a greater liberty for the scrutinized speakers’ communicative possibilities. Regarding norm adherence, the partners in discourse seem to stretch the acceptance of linguistic variation to the very limits of the already diffuse linguistic system as long as social conduct and behavioural norms of communication are respected.