Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Languages in contact – congo (brazzaville)

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Languages in contact – congo (brazzaville)”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Languages in contact – congo (brazzaville)"

De Kind, Jasper. "Pre-verbal focus in Kisikongo (H16a, Bantu)". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (1.01.2014): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.421.

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The present paper aims at describing different pre-verbal focus strategies in Kisikongo (H16a), spoken in the vicinity of Mbanza Kongo, northern Angola. This western Bantu language is part of the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), stretching from southern Gabon to northern Angola, including Cabinda and parts of Congo-Brazzaville and Congo-Kinshasa. Kikongo exhibits a clause-internal pre-verbal argument focus position, which has rarely been reported in Bantu languages, except in Mbuun (B87) (Bostoen and Mundeke 2012) and Nsong (B85d) (Koni Muluwa and Bostoen, this volume), both spoken in the neighboring Kwilu region of the DRC. The more extensively studied eastern and southern Bantu languages generally have a post-verbal argument focus position (cf. Watters 1979, Morimoto 2000, Creissels 2004, Güldemann 2007, Buell 2009, van der Wal 2009, among others). In addition to this mono-clausal argument focus strategy, Kisikongo also relies on different bi-clausal constructions to focus arguments, i.e. cleft-constructions.

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Mabossy-Mobouna, Germain, Louis Looli Boyombe, Justin Ombeni, Théodore Munyuli, Paul Latham i François Malaisse. "Ethnoentomology: socio-cultural aspects of the acceptability of insects as food by the urban population of Brazzaville city in Republic of the Congo". African Journal of Tropical Entomology Research 3, nr 1 (20.04.2024): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.58697/ajter030104.

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The present article addresses an aspect of entomophagy for the current urban population of Brazzaville city, capital of the Republic of the Congo. It recalls, firstly, the interest in entomophagy, which was emphasised by the FAO in 2013. Concerning the Brazzaville city, cultural and religious practices of the current inhabitants attract attention and have in particular been analysed, as well as their sociodemographic and dietary characteristics. Caterpillars, orthopterans, termites and beetle larvae were discussed in particular. In this study, the questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The results showed that the acceptability or not of insects as food by the non-native populations of Brazzaville depends on their country of origin, their ethnicity and their length of residence (p<0.001). Insect consumption is highly positively correlated with the presence of preferred insects from the country of origin on the market (r=0.837; p<0.001). There is a very significant negative correlation between the number of years of residence in Brazzaville and the consumption of insects by non-native populations (r=-0.306; p<0.001). People who consumed insects in their country of origin either maintained the habit of insects’ consumption (59.50%), or lost this habit (13.90%). The others (3.00%) who do not consume insects in their region have integrated entomophagy into their eating habits following cultural contact with entomophagous populations. Therefore, cultural contact has a negative or positive influence on entomophagy.

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NKAYA, KIMBOUALA, Didace MOUHOUELO i Merveille NGOULOU. "CONGOLESE LANGUAGES VIS-À-VIS FOREIGN LANGUAGES: STATUS, FORMS AND FUNCTIONS". International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature and Culture 01, nr 01 (2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2022.0004.

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The existence of African native languages deteriorates vis-à-vis foreign languages such as English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. The former colonies keep using the later as their official languages. The status of the African native languages is either Mother Tongue (MT) or first language (L1), facing that of foreign language (FL) and second language (L2). Unfortunately, the functions of most of these languages are limited to oral communication because their scriptural forms do not exist. This study tries to draw the connections between status and the form, using the Larry (MT or vernacular language), the Kituba and Lingala (L1 or vehicular language) as main communicative languages in Brazzaville. Results show that these Congolese languages are gradually getting menaced and losing ground. This is due to the outstanding intellectualism that takes Congolese people – who are African people as well – to use more and more French words and expressions when speaking them daily. The use of the Roman alphabet would help the Congo, as some African countries have done it, to glocalize their languages in the written form in order to link their status, form and function better. Didactically, African children should first learn their MT and L1 orally and writingly before they tackle with the learning of foreign languages.

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Storch, Anne. "Dynamics of interacting populations language contact in the Lwoo languages of Bahr el-Ghazal". Studies in African Linguistics 32, nr 1 (1.06.2003): 66–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v32i1.107347.

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Number inflection systems in Western Nilotic languages appear highly complex and diverse. Comparative work on Nilotic and other Nilo-Saharan families has shown that these languages have a morphologically tripartite system with marked plurals and a bare root singular, marked singulatives constructed from unmarked collectives, and a replacement pattern with morphologically marked singulars and plurals. Historical comparison of the formatives used to construct the different number categories has proven difficult. A number of little-explored Western Nilotic languages of Bahr el-Ghazal have been in contact with Niger-Congo (predominantly Ubangi) languages and have undergone typological as well as specific grammatical changes. An investigation into the historical and present contact situations is needed in order to shed light on how the number inflection systems of these languages were created historically. Sprachbund phenomena include the diffusion of a ka- plural prefix into the Belanda languages, while a convergence phenomenon whose origin is probably more recent is the gradual loss of suffixing singulatives in the Lwoo languages that are in contact with Niger-Congo, which itself does not use singulatives. Retentions and innovations within the system of, number inflection of certain Lwoo languages of Bahr el-Ghazal are discussed and analysed in terms of the history of these languages. This paper argues that crucial changes and differences within Western Nilotic noun morphology cannot be understood without taking into account the long and complicated contact history of these languages.

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Aborobongui, Georges Martial Embanga, Fatima Hamlaoui i Annie Rialland. "Syntactic and prosodic aspects of left and right dislocation in Embɔsi (Bantu C25)". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (1.01.2014): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.418.

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This paper deals with left and right dislocation in Embɔsi, a Bantu language (C25) spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. The prosody of dislocation has gathered considerable attention, as it is particularly informative for the theories of the syntax-prosody mapping of Intonation Phrases (a.o. Selkirk, 2009, 2011; Downing, 2011). Concentrating on selected Bantu languages, Downing (2011) identifies two main phrasing patterns. She primarily distinguishes languages in which only right dislocated phrases display a lack of prosodic integration ("asymmetric" languages), from languages in which both left and right dislocations phrase separately ("symmetric" languages). Hiatus avoidance processes, boundary tones and register expansion/reduction indicate that Embɔsi displays a somewhat more intricate phrasing pattern. In this language, both left and right dislocated items sit outside of the Intonation Phrase formed by the core-clause, but only the latter form their own Intonation Phrase. We also discuss the prosody of multiple dislocations (i.e. with two dislocated arguments), which have not so far received all the attention they deserve. What we observe in Embɔsi is that either the two dislocated items phrase together and are not integrated to the core Intonation Phrase, or only the outermost dislocated element phrases separately.

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Pacchiarotti, Sara, i Koen Bostoen. "Final Vowel Loss in Lower Kasai Bantu (drc) as a Contact-Induced Change". Journal of Language Contact 14, nr 2 (14.12.2021): 438–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-14020007.

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Abstract In this article, we present a qualitative and quantitative comparative account of Final Vowel Loss (fvl) in the Bantu languages of the Lower Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We argue that this diachronic sound shift rose relatively late in Bantu language history as a contact-induced change and affected adjacent West-Coastal and Central-Western Bantu languages belonging to different phylogenetic clusters. We account for its emergence and spread by resorting to two successive processes of language contact: (1) substrate influence from extinct hunter-gatherer languages in the center of innovation consisting of Bantu B80 languages, and (2) dialectal diffusion towards certain peripheral Bantu B70, C80, H40 and L10 languages.

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Boutin, Béatrice Akissi. "Décrire le français en relation aux langues en contact". Journal of Language Contact 7, nr 1 (31.03.2014): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00701003.

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It is not possible to explain what happens to French syntax in a situation of close contact with one or more languages, solely in terms of French. How then can we describe French in relation to the languages in contact? We first discuss the early research of Gabriel Manessy and their development by a number of linguists, and later show the importance of exploring several properties of the constructions under study in comparing languages, in order to place them within the context of general language processes. Furthermore, we will insist on the need to go beyond the forms at issue by focusing on their behavior. The examples will be taken from Ivory Coast French, which, ever since its establishment, has been in contact with the languages of the vast Niger-Congo family, in particular Jula and Baule (which have themselves been in contact for several centuries).

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ISHAMALANGENGE NYIMILONGO, Alain. "Du contact des langues aux stratégies langagières dans le discours électoral en République démocratique du Congo". Langues & Cultures 3, nr 03 (20.12.2022): 09–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62339/jlc.v3i03.153.

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Dans le Discours Electoral Congolais, les locuteurs n’emploient pas une langue, mais des langues. Les communications sont spontanées, ainsi les langues qui découlent de ces échanges sont, certes, du répertoire linguistique des locuteurs qui des fois, sont dictées par les interlocuteurs. Dans le souci de garder un contact communicationnel constant, les candidats préfèrent satisfaire dans leurs communications les locuteurs de toutes les langues nationales. C’est ainsi que ces langues nationales transcendent leurs limites et leurs aires géolinguistiques. Le discours électoral est prononcé en trois paliers linguistiques, à savoir langue officielle, langues nationales et langues ethniques. Abstract In Congolese electoral discourse, speakers do not use one language, but many. The communications are spontaneous, so the languages that result from these exchanges are, of course, from the linguistic repertoire of the speakers, but sometimes they are dictated by the interlocutors. In order to keep a constant communicational contact, the candidates prefer to satisfy in their communications the speakers of all the national languages. Thus, these national languages transcend their limits and their geolinguistic areas. The election speech is delivered in threelinguistic levels, namely official language, national languages and ethnic languages.

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Beltzung, Jean-Marc, Annie Rialland i Martial Embanga Aborobongui. "relatives possessives en mbochi (C25)". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 53 (1.01.2010): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.53.2010.390.

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This paper deals with the possessive constructions — either connective or relative — in Mbochi (C25), a Bantu language spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. In Mbochi, as in most languages of the same group (C20), the underlying /CV-/ form of nominal prefixes never surfaces as such but is targeted by two main processes: consonantal dissimilation and vowel elision. Both processes are in complementary distribution and the alternations triggered by them may explain the surface forms of both connective and relative constructions. In order to provide the necessary background for the study of Mbochi relative clauses, the three subject markers of Mbochi are introduced and the main verbal suffixes are also discussed. Thereafter, a detailed presentation and analysis of the relative constructions is given. Finally, we discuss the prosody of these constructions, showing that relative clauses in Mbochi have no particular tonal markers and we propose a model involving superimposed boundary tones to account for their intonation.

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Didace, Massamba Miabaou, Lenga Loumingou Ida, Ondima Irène i Peko Jean Félix. "Management of Tuberculous Cutaneous Fistula". Case Reports in Surgery 2020 (10.02.2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7840963.

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Tuberculosis is an endemic emergency that is prevalent in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Black Africa, including Congo-Brazzaville. In addition to the pulmonary, ganglionic, and bone forms, there are other poorly documented locations. In the Congo, among these is cutaneous tuberculosis which is exceptional. A 9-year-old boy and two adult patients had persistent lesions of the left hip and thigh wounds, chest wall, and hypogastric wound with no healing for more than four months, respectively. Among these patients, one case of tuberculous contact was noted. Histopathological examination revealed a Koester follicle, suggesting a tuberculous skin fistula. A fistulectomy was performed, coupled with a quadruple antituberculous therapy combining rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for two months, relayed by a dual therapy consisting of isoniazid and ethambutol for 6 to 8 months. The evolution was favorable in all cases with healing of the lesions after 3 to 6 weeks. The existence of inexhaustible fistulas and the absence of scarring of a wound should make one suspect, among other things, cutaneous tuberculosis. The product of fistulectomy makes it possible to establish the histological diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Languages in contact – congo (brazzaville)"

Odjola, Régina Véronique. "Etude de l'emprunt du lingala au portugais et au français à Brazzaville : analyse sociolinguistique du contact des langues présent au Congo". Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05H087.

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Le contact entre les langues et les cultures fait généralement naitre entre les cultures intéressées des influences réciproques multiples touchant à tous les domaines de la vie sociale. Cette influence est remarquable. Et plus que la grammaire des langues en présence, c'est le lexique qui est souvent concerne : de nombreux mots désignant des réalités nouvelles ou des concepts apportes par la culture d'un peuple étranger entrent, en même temps que ces réalités et ces concepts, dans la culture et la langue d'un autre peuple et connaissent des fortunes diverses. Certains se "naturalisent" rapidement et s'implantent pour de bon ; d'autres, quand ils ne sont pas totalement repousses, restent au seuil de la langue en attendant une consécration lente et progressive, soit que les objets ou les concepts qu'ils désignent n'aient eux-mêmes pas reçu spontanément un accueil favorable, soit que des concurrents autochtones refusent encore de leur céder la place. C'est dans ce sens que nous avons entrepris notre étude des emprunts du portugais et du français en lingala, langue bantoue parlée au Congo. Nos recherches se sont centrées à Brazzaville, la capitale, qui constitue le carrefour de toutes les langues en usage au Congo en même temps qu'il est le site des différentes cultures en présence
The contact between languages and cultures generally makes multiple reciprocal influences spring between them, in keeping with all the realms of social life. This influence is outstanding. And the lexis is more concerned than the grammar of the languages in question : numerous words designating new realities or concepts introduced by the culture of foreigners enter at the same time as those realities and concepts in the culture and language of another people and encounter various fortunes : some are rapidly assimilated and definitevely take roots ; others, if they are not completely rejected, stay on the outskirts of the language while waiting for a slow and progressive consecration because either the objects or concepts they designate have not been spontaneously and favourably been accepted, or the local concurrent words resist and do not consent to collapse before them. It is in this way we undertook this our study of borrowing from Portuguese and French by Lingala, a Bantu language spoken in the Congo. We focussed our research in Brazzaville, the capital and also the crossroads of all the languages spoken in the country and, at the same time the site of different cultures evolving in the country

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Donzo, Bunza Yugia Jean-Pierre. "Langues bantoues de l'entre Congo-Ubangi, RD Congo: documentation, reconstruction, classification et contacts avec les langues oubanguiennes". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209145.

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Cette étude comparative des langues de l’entre Congo-Ubangi entreprend la documentation, la classification et la reconstruction de dix langues bantoues (bolondó, bonyange, ebudzá, ebwela, libóbi, lingɔmbɛ, mondóngó, monyɔ́ngɔ, mosángé, págáɓéte) parlées dans l’aire géographique comprise entre les fleuves Congo et Ubangi dans le nord-ouest de la RD Congo et présente leur interaction avec les langues oubanguiennes voisines (gbánzírí, gɔ́bú, máɓó, mbānzā, monzɔmbɔ, ngbandi, ngbaka).

Une étude lexicostatistique quantitative détermine le degré de similarité entre les langues bantoues à l’étude avant d’établir classification phylogénétique intégrant ces langues dans un groupe plus large totalisant 401 langues bantoues illustrée par des arbres Neighbor-Net et des Neighbor-Joining.

La description phonologique signale la présence de certains phonèmes étrangers au système proto-bantou (implosives et labiovélaires) fonctionnant non comme des allophones mais des phonèmes distincts de leurs correspondants explosifs et vélaires dans plusieurs langues. Ainsi l’examen de ces éléments ou des traits linguistiques particuliers indique qu’ils seraient des emprunts aux langues oubanguiennes voisines.

Somme toute, Il apparaît que les particularités linguistiques actuelles au niveau segmental, suprasegmental (que nous n’avons pas abordé) et structural des langues bantoues de l’entre Congo-Ubangi seraient liées, en partie, au contact autant dans le passé qu’au présent avec les locuteurs des langues non bantoues, notamment oubanguiennes.

Les emprunts lexicaux, par exemple, révèlent à la fois des emprunts de bantu vers les langues oubanguiennes et des langues oubanguiennes vers le bantu.

Néanmoins, les preuves historiques et archéologiques sur la date et la nature de ces relations de contact est assez faible et nécessite des études interdisciplinaires dans le futur.

Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Ngoie, Kyungu Kiboko Irène. "Le français à Lubumbashi : usages et représentations". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE2017/document.

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La ville de Lubumbashi connaît une situation complexe caractérisée par la coexistence de nombreuses langues qui se partagent le marché linguistique : les langues ethniques à vocation identitaire et d’usage limité, les langues nationales à fonction véhiculaire et le français langue officielle parlée par une partie réduite des citadins. Dans un contexte de plurilinguisme, il est intéressant de connaître la valeur de chaque langue auprès de ses locuteurs. Sur le terrain on observe une opposition entre locuteurs non francophones et francophones et parmi ces derniers entre locuteurs scolarisés et locuteurs ayant appris le français « sur le tas ». Dans un contexte de « diglossie », les langues donnent lieu à des représentations contrastées qui interfèrent sur leur pratique effective. Notre recherche vise à décrire à la fois les usages et les attitudes linguistiques qui leur sont corrélées. Pour ce faire, nous sollicitons divers modèles, à la fois le modèle labovien adapté à l’environnement urbain pour évaluer quantitativement le degré de sécurité /insécurité linguistique, et celui du variationnisme développant des analyses plus qualitatives. Du point de vue de la méthodologie de l'enquête, notre population d'enquête a été construite à partir de différentes variables ou de traits classificatoires. La technique du questionnaire (questions ouvertes et questions fermées) a invité les élèves à livrer leurs pratiques et leurs représentations linguistiques. Les entretiens de type semi-dirigés sont des dispositifs que nous utilisons auprès des enquêtés adultes afin d'accéder à leurs représentations linguistiques
The town of Lubumbashi lives a complex situation characterized by the coexistence of numerous languages sharing the same linguistic market: the ethnic language with the identity vocation and with limited usage, national language with a vehicular function and the official French language spoken by a reduced number of city-dwellers. In the context of multilinguism, it is interesting to know the value of each language beside its speakers. In the field we observe an opposition between the speakers and non-French-speakers and French- speakers, and among the latter between educated speakers and speakers having learnt French “on the Job training”. In a context of “diglossy,” the languages generate the contrasted representations which interfere practically on their effective practice. Our research aims at describing at the same time the usages and the linguistic attitudes which are correlated with them. Therefore, we require diverse models, at the same time the model labovien adapted to the urban environment to evaluate quantitatively the degree of linguistic security/insecurity, and the one of variationism developing more quantitative analyses. Concerning the methodology of investigation, our sample population has been constituted from different variables or classificatory features. The technique of the questionnaire (opened and closed questions) has invited pupils to provide their practice and their linguistic representations. The conversations of the type semi-conducted are the dispositive that we use towards the investigations of adults in order to get their linguistic representations

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Nkuanga, Dida Charles. "Le contact de langues français-lingala à Kinshasa". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10066.

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Kinshasa, la capitale de la République Démocratique du Congo est une ville plurilingue et pluriethnique du fait qu’elle fait l’objet d’un exode rural important. C’est dans cet environnement particulièrement plurilingue que le lingala est employé comme langue véhiculaire parfois en concurrence avec le français. C’est dans ce cadre que nous posons le problème des facteurs qui déterminent le choix du français, du lingala classique et du français dans cet espace. Au contact avec le français, langue officielle du pays, le discours kinois à base lingala présente aujourd’hui une hétérogénéité linguistique qui affecte plusieurs niveaux d’analyse que nous étudions sous l’étiquette d’alternance de langues : alternance interphrastique et alternance intraphrastique. Mais il existe aussi un fonds lexical d’origine européenne qui passe inaperçu aujourd’hui, grâce à leur intégration phonétique. Il a fallu recourir à ce qui reste de ressemblance formelle pour les déceler et proposer des hypothèses de leur évolution à partir de leurs étymons français, portugais ou anglais.Ce travail tente d’appréhender les questions formelles et sémantiques que présentent la langue lingala et le discours kinois, au contact avec les langues européennes, le français en particulier. Pour ce faire, nous avons eu recours à un corpus composé de discours effectivement prononcés mais qui ont tous la caractéristique d’être des discours publiés (publicités, chansons, édition du journal télévisé en lingala facile)
Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is a multilingual and multiethnic city due to its being the object of an important rural exodus. It is in this particular multilingual environment that Lingala is used as a vehicular language, sometimes in competition with French. This is the setting for which we discuss the factors determining the choice between using French only or using classical Lingala and French.The contact between French, the country’s official language, and the Lingala base has resulted in a linguistic heterogeneity which will be analysis on several levels using the theories of code-switching: intersentential code-switching and intrasentential code-switching. But there is also a substratum of European origin which goes unseen today because of its phonetic integration. We have had recourse to formal resemblances in order to discern elements of this substratum and its French, Portuguese, or English etymons and to propose hypotheses about their evolution.This study attempts to describe the formal and semantic questions posed by the Lingala language and by Kinois discourse when they come in contact with European languages and particularly with French. To do this, we have established a corpus of discourses which have been effectively pronounced but which are all published discourses (advertisements, songs, televised news shows in basic Lingala)

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Książki na temat "Languages in contact – congo (brazzaville)"

Mfoutou, Jean-Alexis. Français et langues endogènes au Congo-Brazzaville: Contact et dynamique sociolangagière. Notre-Dame de Bondeville [France]: Espaces culturels, 2002.

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préf, Ngoïe-Ngalla Dominique, red. Français et langues endogènes au Congo-Brazzaville: Contact et dynamique sociolangagière. Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville: Ed. Espaces culturels, 2002.

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Abraham, Ndinga-Mbo. Onomastique et histoire au Congo-Brazzaville. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2004.

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Blanchon, Jean Alain. Douze études sur les langues du Gabon et du Congo-Brazzaville. München: LINCOM Europa, 1999.

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Oba, Antoine Ndinga. Les langues bantoues du Congo-Brazzaville: Étude typologique des langues du groupe C20 (mbosi ou mbochi). Paris: L'Harmattan, 2003.

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La langue française et le fait divers au Congo-Brazzaville: Quand les mots prennent la parole. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.

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Tendances modernes et contemporaines du vocabulaire du français: Le français au Congo-Brazzaville. Paris, France: Publibook, 2014.

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La langue française au Congo-Brazzaville: Manifestation de l'activité langagière des sujets parlants. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2007.

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La langue de la nourriture, des aliments et de l'art culinaire au Congo-Brazzaville. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2009.

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La langue de la sorcellerie au Congo-Brazzaville. Paris: Harmattan, 2009.

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Części książek na temat "Languages in contact – congo (brazzaville)"

Galisson, Marie-Pierre, Fernand Malonga-Moungabio i Bernadette Denys. "The Evolution of Mathematics Teaching in Mali and Congo-Brazzaville and the Issue of the Use of French or Local Languages". W Teaching and Learning Mathematics in Multilingual Classrooms, 249–66. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-229-5_16.

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Mfoutou, Jean-Alexis, Ursula Reutner i Philipp Heidepeter. "23 Congo-Brazzaville". W Manual of Romance Languages in Africa, 507–36. De Gruyter, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110628869-023.

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Schneider, Marius, i Vanessa Ferguson. "Congo (Republic of)". W Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0015.

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The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, is found in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the enclave of Cabinda, which belongs to Angola. Its population of 5.12 million in 2016 over a territory of 342,000 square kilometres (km) makes it one of the least densely populated country in Africa. The population is highly urbanized with more than half of the population living in the two largest cities, Brazzaville and Pointe Noire. The capital and largest city is Brazzaville. The official language of the Congo is French, but the Constitution also recognizes Lingala and Kituba as national vernacular languages. The currency used is the Central African franc (CFA).

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Tsoumou, Jean Mathieu. "Identity and (Dis)agreement in Congo-Brazzaville Political Discourse on Facebook". W Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, 1–15. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7366-5.ch019.

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Despite the growing research on identity, the connection between (dis)agreement and identity in political debates has received scant attention, even though these phenomena (i.e., identity and [dis]agreement) are common discursive practices in polarizing interactions. This chapter qualitatively examines the relationship between (dis)agreement and identity in a politically-oriented Facebook interaction in Congo-Brazzaville, a sociolinguistic environment where more than 60 languages are regularly spoken. What the findings show is that there is a strong connection between identity and the ways the interactants (dis)agree, since, as the analysis shows, the interactants do not just (dis)agree, but their expression of opinions, points of views, as well as sociopolitical engagement reflect what makes them similar to or different from others. The management of one's positions within the conversation rests on the ability to manage the positive social value one effectively (dis)claims for himself by the line others assume he/she has taken in the interaction.

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Dimmendaal, Gerrit J., Mily Crevels i Pieter Muysken. "Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa". W Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, 197–209. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0011.

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This chapter presents some background considerations relevant to the patterns of language dispersal and diversification in Africa. First an overview of languages and language families is given. There are three larger families (Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, and Afro-Asiatic) next to around nine smaller families and at least fifteen linguistic isolates. Then the main distinctive typological features of African languages are presented and some of the areal patterns are discussed. The following section presents the history of research on the major families of the continent. An important recent finding is that the Khoisan languages do not constitute a single family, but rather that three independent families (North, Central, and South Khoisan) are involved as well as two isolates, Hadza and Sandawe. The early history of the continent is briefly analysed, stressing the importance of genetic, archeological, and anthropological insights. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the chapters in the book regarding the region.

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Hellwig, Birgit. "Serial Verb Constructions in Goemai". W Serial Verb Constructions, 88–107. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199279159.003.0003.

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Abstract This chapter discusses serial verb constructions in Goemai, a West Chadic language (Afroasiatic, Chadic, West Chadic A, Angas-Goemai, Southern Branch) spoken in the Jos Plateau area of Central Nigeria. Although serialization is not a typical feature of Chadic languages, it is sometimes argued that many present-day deictic particles, spatial prepositions, and directional verbal extensions can be traced back to the serialization of motion verbs (Frajzyngier 1987a, 1987b, 1987c). The motivation for this type of serialization is said to lie in the semantics of Chadic verbs and prepositions: while parameters such as source, goal, or path are commonly lexicalized in verbs, prepositions do not differentiate between them. That is, in order to indicate the directionality of any event, the verb coding the main event has to combine with a motion verb, for example in the form of a serial structure. Alternatively, serialization may have originated from language contact: so far, it is only attested in present-day Chadic languages that are spoken in contact areas. For example, in the Jos Plateau area, long-term contact has led to the establishment of a Sprach-bund in which Chadic and Benue-Congo languages share numerous lexical and grammatical features —including serialization (Gerhardt and Wolff 1977; Hoffmann 1970; Jungraithmayr 1963b). These two scenarios —retention of serial structures from proto-Chadic and contact-induced development —arenot necessarily mutually exclusive.

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Marten, Lutz, i Nancy C. Kula. "Zambia: ‘One Zambia, One Nation, Many Languages’". W Language and National Identity in Africa, 291–313. Oxford University PressOxford, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199286744.003.0016.

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Abstract This chapter aims to give the reader an idea of the linguistic situation in Zambia, and how language relates to national identity in the Zambian context. Zambia lies in the heart of central Africa and shares borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to the north, with Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique in the east, with Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia in the south, and with Angola in the west. Zambia has no direct access to the sea, but the Zambezi, one of Africa’s largest rivers, runs through Zambia for about 1,000 kilometres. Zambia also lies in the centre of the Bantu-speaking area. Historically, Bantu languages became widely spoken in sub-Saharan Africa from around 300 BC, and present-day Zambia’s Bantu languages are the result of several linguistic developments which introduced the languages spoken today through gradual processes of migration, language contact, and language shift over the last two millennia. From the late nineteenth century onwards, different European languages were introduced into what is now Zambia through missionary activities, in particular in education, and through colonial governance as a British colony. As a legacy of this period, English plays an important role in the current language situation, a role which was affirmed after independence in 1964, when English became the official language. After the change from a one-party system to multiparty democracy in 1991, emphasis has shifted towards the promotion of Zambia’s seven national languages, Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, and Kaonde, and contemporary Zambia is an explicit example of a multilingual country.

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Lee, John W. I. "Mutombo Katshi". W The First Black Archaeologist, 228–49. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578995.003.0010.

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This chapter focuses on Gilbert’s 1911–1912 mission to the Belgian Congo with Bishop Walter Russell Lambuth of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MECS), using evidence from the preserved typescript of Lambuth’s diary and the surviving fragments of Gilbert’s now-lost diary. The chapter begins by tracing the origins of the joint interracial mission of the MECS and the Colored Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church, including Lambuth’s early interest in Africa, the arrival of several Zulu students at Paine College, and Gilbert’s desire to find a new purpose for Paine College as a missionary training school. From there, the chapter traces Gilbert’s 28,000-mile round trip from Augusta to the Congo and back again, including nearly a thousand miles on foot through the Kasai region of central Congo. The chapter offers new insight on Gilbert’s relationships with famed African American Presbyterian missionary William Henry Sheppard and with Bishop Lambuth. It traces Gilbert and Lambuth’s trek from the Presbyterian mission at Luebo in search of a spot to locate a Methodist mission and explains how the two Americans made contact with Chief Wembo Nyama who invited them to found a mission in his territory. The chapter pays particular attention to Gilbert’s study of African languages and to his relationships with the African people he met.

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