Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Landlord and tenant – scotland

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Landlord and tenant – scotland”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Landlord and tenant – scotland"

Cragoe, Matthew. "The Anatomy of an Eviction Campaign: The General Election of 1868 in Wales and its Aftermath". Rural History 9, nr 2 (październik 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001564.

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One of the most striking aspects of recent scholarship concerning electoral politics in the Victorian countryside is the widespread consensus that has developed that landlords did not – as was so commonly averred by Radical politicians at the time – use the threat of eviction as a weapon with which to terrorise farming tenants into voting as they were instructed. In the work of Norman Gash, Richard Olney and Frank O'Gorman, English tenants are represented as being quite happy to follow the lead offered them by their landlords, both from a ‘semi-feudal’ sense of loyalty and from a sense of gratitude for past favours and the hope of further favours to come. Even in Ireland, where a historiography dominated by Pomfret presented a much bleaker picture of landlord-tenant relations, the process of revision has considerably modified the received view. J. H. Whyte has argued that the landowners were far less tyrannical than had been generally thought, and regards as particularly erroneous the idea that landlords had regular recourse to eviction to punish tenants who had voted contrary to their wishes. This policy was not used, he suggests, because it patently did not work. Whyte's insights, though they have been modified in certain respects, were recently upheld in W. E. Vaughan's study of landlord and tenant relations in mid-Victorian Ireland. The history of politics in the Irish countryside is thus seen as having approximated that of England, and recent scholarship suggests a similar picture for Lowland Scotland, where, outside the Famine years, patterns of eviction were similar to those in Ireland. In only one country do the landowners still retain intact their reputation for electoral tyranny: Wales.

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Bennett, Mark. "Security of Tenure for Generation Rent: Irish and Scottish Approaches". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 47, nr 3 (1.11.2016): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v47i3.4796.

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As fewer people are able to make the transition into home ownership, more New Zealand households do not have adequate security of tenure due to the lack of durational protections in the Residential Tenancies Act 1986. This article shows that Ireland and Scotland are comparable jurisdictions that have moved to regimes providing durational protections to residential tenants, allowing them to choose to remain in their home for a specified number of years or indefinitely, subject to a limited set of grounds for which the landlord may terminate the tenancy. We should consider these examples and take steps to provide greater durational protections, so that more New Zealanders may have homes that provide them with stable foundations on which they may build their lives.

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Malkawi, Bashar H. "Regulating Tenancy Relationships in Jordan: Pro-Landlord, Neutral, and Pro-Tenant". Arab Law Quarterly 25, nr 1 (2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302511x540808.

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AbstractThe legal relationship between landlords and tenants has always been a complex issue. This article analyzes landlord‐tenant legal relationships in Jordan and the extent to which the legal rules are pro-landlord, neutral, or pro-tenant. The analysis will help in providing proposals for reforming the law in a manner that take the interests of all parties involved into account. This article concludes by arguing that legislation on landlord and tenant relations in Jordan is weakened by the conflicting rules in the Civil Code and the Landlord‐Tenant Law.

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PAWSON, HAL, i KEITH KINTREA. "Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution? Social Housing Allocation Policies and Social Exclusion in Britain". Journal of Social Policy 31, nr 4 (październik 2002): 643–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279402006797.

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This article examines claims that social housing allocations policies can, on the one hand, contribute to and on the other, counter, social exclusion. In setting the scene, the paper investigates connections between housing processes and social exclusion and describes the development of social housing allocations systems over the past few decades. Drawing on evidence from two recently completed national studies in England and Scotland it shows that allocation policies contribute to social exclusion in three main ways. First, a large proportion of social landlords restrict eligibility for social housing thereby contributing directly to exclusion. Second, mechanisms within allocation systems continue to segregate the most excluded to the worst residential areas. Third, through the 1990s allocation policies became increasingly coercive, so reducing or eliminating tenant choice over their own housing in distinct contrast to the choice that is available in the private market. The paper then reviews the dilemmas faced by policy-makers: whilst aspects of allocations contribute to social exclusion at the individual level, they may be justified by their role in promoting sustainable residential communities. Although there are hopes that the ‘choice-based’ approaches to lettings which emerged in the late 1990s can both boost community sustainability and counter the disabling impact of coercive approaches, the article suggests it is unlikely that such methods can significantly enhance social inclusion as long as social housing remains a housing sector of last resort, with in-built disadvantages.

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Olga Kokhan, Olga Kokhan. "CURRENT PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND RENTAL". Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 05, nr 03 (17.06.2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd05032021076.

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The article highlights one of the current problems in land relations. With the opening of the land market, this problem has become even more relevant, as the owner of the land today in the person of the landlord - is a subject not protected by the state. Some of the most important aspects of the landlord-tenant relationship will be covered in the next article. Keywords: standard contract, lease agreement, landlord, tenant, rights of the landlord, obligations of the tenant.

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Francis, Andrew. "Landlord and Tenant Law". Journal of Building Appraisal 3, nr 3 (wrzesień 2007): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jba.2950078.

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Macdonald, Dan. "The Landlord-Tenant Division". Osgoode Hall Law Journal 35, nr 3 (1.07.1997): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.60082/2817-5069.1588.

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Kerrigan, Danielle. "In Defense of ‘Landlord’: Why the term ‘landlord’ continues to be essential to rental housing". Radical Housing Journal 6, nr 1 (31.01.2024): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54825/stuh8145.

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In Ohio and California, legislators have proposed replacing the terms ‘landlord’ and ‘tenant’ in rental regulations. Landlords and landlord lobbyists argue that the feudal origins of the term don’t reflect the contemporary reality of renting. How seriously should tenant organizers, housing researchers and policymakers take these efforts to move on from ‘landlord’? While in their relative infancy, I argue that efforts to rebrand the term expand beyond name changes in organizations to media and legislation. They also seek to obfuscate and muddle what is increasingly one of the key social relations of survival, the landlord-tenant relationship, in order to preserve and expand landlord power and prevent or complicate increased regulation or oversight. To support this conclusion, this paper makes use of a key document analysis of a variety of published sources including proposed legislation, news articles and opinion pieces, and academic articles. Landlords’ (flawed) arguments for change, rest particularly on their claims that landlord-tenant relations are a transaction like any other in which landlords work to provide a simple service to consumers with free agency. I counter that, in fact, landlords and tenants are in an inherently antagonistic and unequal power relationship (Kerrigan & Wachsmuth, 2023), more akin to feudal relations than to the neutrality or even benevolence associated with alternative terms. As such, retaining ‘landlord’ remains essential; to discard it is to discard years of successful tenant organizing and campaigns that continue to highlight the exploitative relationship at the core of landlord-tenant relations to this day.

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Krent, Mollie. "Remediating Racism for Rent: A Landlord’s Obligation Under the FHA". Michigan Law Review, nr 119.8 (2021): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.8.remediating.

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The Fair Housing Act (FHA) is an expansive and powerful piece of legislation that furthers equal housing in the United States by ferreting out discrimination in the housing market. While the power of the Act is well recognized by courts, the full contours of the FHA are still to be refined. In particular, it remains unsettled whether and when a landlord can be liable for tenant-on-tenant harassment. This Note argues, first, that the FHA does recognize liability in such a circumstance and, second, that a landlord should be subject to liability for her negligence in such a circumstance. Part I illustrates how the purpose and text of the FHA and analogous civil rights provisions suggest that a landlord should be held liable for her response to tenant-on-tenant harassment. Part II analyzes the standards of liability for tenant-on-tenant harassment that currently exist in the context of the FHA. Part III argues that a negligence standard of liability best accounts for the special status of the home and the unique nature of the landlord-tenant relationship.

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Barrett, Peter. "Landlord and Tenant in Context". Journal of Property Investment & Finance 26, nr 5 (8.08.2008): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780810900288.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Landlord and tenant – scotland"

Crawford, Joe. "A political sociology of eviction practices in the Scottish social rented housing sector". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22336.

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Based on in-depth semi-structured interview data from 35 housing professionals, this study examines the question; why do social landlords evict their tenants. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu this study argues that by examining the relationship between objective and subjective positions, the false antinomy of structure/agency can be dissolved, providing a more heuristic understanding of eviction practices in the social rented housing sector. This relationship is captured in what Bourdieu (2000) calls ‘objectivity of the second order’, that is, the collective conventions, the shared norms and values, and the categories of perception which agents apply to the world. The argument put forward here is that, in order to understand evictions practices in their ‘totality’, it is necessary to move beyond social physics and social phenomenology by constructing, as the object of study, the relation between the two. Using Boltanski and Thevenot’s (1991) ‘economy of worth’ model, (itself a form of frame analysis), it is possible to capture an important aspect of this ‘objectivity of the second order’, via the frames through which housing professionals derive meaning from their work, providing access to an otherwise elusive aspect of qualitative enquiry. This research contributes new insights and analysis in the field of housing studies by adopting a comprehensively theoretical approach, which has not been applied to understanding evictions practices, thereby adding to existing knowledge. It also provides a detailed political sociology of why, despite the apparent contradictions, social landlords evict their tenants.

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Dowling, James Alan. "The Landlord and Tenant Law Amendment Act (Ireland) 1860". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289437.

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Paquin, Julie. "Psychological dimensions of access to justice : an empirical study and typology of disputing styles". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ50956.pdf.

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Webster, Peter. "The relationship of tenant and successor landlord in Scots law". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27040.

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This thesis provides the first detailed study of the relationship in Scots law between a tenant and a singular successor of the landlord. It considers both the rules which apply to short (unregistered) leases and those which apply to long (registered) leases. The primary aim is to set out and analyse current Scots law. Where relevant reference is made to the rules of other legal systems, such as English, German and South African law. The first part considers the prevalent view that singular successors are affected only by terms which appear in a document of lease. The potential for successor landlords to be affected by variations to the initial lease, side-letters and unimplemented terms of missives is considered. The second part considers the rules for determining whether particular conditions of a lease are ‘personal’ (in the sense of binding only the original landlord) or ‘real’ (in the sense of binding the landlord’s successors). This distinction is based on the content of the relevant condition. The thesis locates the distinction in property and contract law doctrine and reveals it to be a mandatory one, which parties to a lease cannot circumvent by intention. It considers the accepted test for distinguishing the real and personal conditions (the ‘inter naturalia’ test) and identifies problems with it. A revised test is proposed and then applied, in the following chapters, to particular types of lease term. Terms which are analysed include break options, renewal options, options to purchase, terms permitting the retention of rent, and terms relating to land other than the subjects of the lease. The final part considers whether the fact that the successor acquired gratuitously or with knowledge of the terms of the lease results in his being bound by terms which would otherwise by personal. That is to say, it considers the ‘offside goals’ rule.

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Morden, Aida Built Environment Faculty of Built Environment UNSW. "Tenant-landlord communicative interaction: the influence of litigation in public housing". Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Built Environment, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44812.

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In this thesis, public housing was investigated with particular reference to the nature of communication between the landlord and tenant. It focussed on interactive behaviours and the incidence of litigation. The study attempts to bridge the gap between social theory and social practice through the application of existing social theory in the description and analyses of social problems. Based on a critical review of the relevant literature, the characteristics of communicative interaction and human relationships are described, together with the history of housing provision and the growth of litigation to resolve issues in public housing. Research of communicative interaction in the housing sector in general and the landlord-tenant interaction in particular has been a neglected area of research that is addressed in this thesis. An initial study surveyed both tenants and housing officers in the Sydney metropolitan area. Social analysis focuses on local interaction between landlord and tenant and how these local interactions expand into global patterns. The thesis analyses how power-relating, ideological/evaluative and ethical choices of housing officers and tenants influence their communicative interaction and the subsequent access and distribution of services and resources in the public housing sector. The theoretical framework explicates on complex responsive processes (CRP) perspective. CRP is a process theory that looks into the simultaneous and co-influencing relationship between the individual and the social and multi-agency approach in social analysis. The conceptualising framework relies on the application of this theory and the principles of Humanity, human rights and social justice to achieve a dialogical communicative interaction. The thesis applied complementary quantitative and qualitative methods where a quantitative study of a small population was conducted using structured interviews and group meetings to guide the qualitative research. The population was identified by natural experiment, i.e., identification of two populations in a public housing estate: a Participative group, comprising tenants who had consciously participated in the housing authorities?? renewal programs, and a Non-participative group of tenants who had not taken part in the Tenant Participation programs by Housing New South Wales (HNSW). The housing officers and tenants were identified using snowball and quota sampling. The findings reveal a conspicuous absence of research that focus on local interaction between housing officers and tenants in public housing. The study confirms the anti-dialogical nature of communicative interaction in public housing, which is iterated, sustained and perpetuated by the use of litigation, a mechanism that is increasingly being preferred to settle disputes, by both landlord and tenant.

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Lister, Diane. "Negotiating the impossible? : the pursuit of fair and equitable relationships between landlords and under 25s in the private rented sector". Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14004/.

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Relationships between landlords and young people, (those under 25), in the private rented sector (PRS) in England and Wales raise a number of important issues for social policy, housing policy and legislation. Firstly, the PRS performs a key role in accommodating young single people who are disproportionately represented in the sector, as access to other tenures is limited. Secondly, successive policy initiatives and legislation have transformed the letting environment in the PRS in conjunction with limiting the resources available to young people to finance accommodation in the sector. Thirdly, relationships in the PRS are at the intersection of a number of legislative provisions and policy regimes resulting in a range of assumptions about each party's respective modes of behaviour in the sector. These aspects of relationships and associated policy and legislative contexts are the key features of exploration in this thesis. This thesis has two main aims. Firstly, to explore assumptions about the nature of the existing legal framework in the PRS and assess its adequacy in regulating relationships. Secondly, to explore the social and economic contexts of relationships and their importance. A qualitative approach was adopted to examine these issues and four research methods were used: in-depth qualitative interviews, vignettes, flashcards and an analysis of letting agreements. The research was conducted in York and a total of 35 interviews were carried out, 15 with landlords, 15 with young people in the PRS, and 5 with representatives of local organisations. This thesis raises implications about the limited role of the law in regulating relationships in the PRS and raises questions about how fair and equitable relationships can be achieved. Regulation and reform of the sector require careful consideration and an awareness of the social and economic contexts of relationships. This thesis provides both a theoretical and empirical basis for the future exploration of these issues.

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Starikova, Anastasia. "OPTIMAL OFFICE FOR TENANT: DESIGN PERSPECTIVES". Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-89792.

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At present the office real estate market in Sweden faces new challenges since the economic and real estate crisis of 2008-2010 years. Since the time of economic and real estate crisis of 2008-2010 years, the office real estate market has started to face new challenges. For example, office vacancy rates have increased significantly and challenges how to find the tenant for office premises became very actual. At the same time the demand for high quality office premises still exists on the market but with new requirements to the standards of the office working space. It is happening because the employees’ needs and requirements become more oriented to the comfort and safety of the working place. The employers try to keep and motivate employees by providing the most efficient and comfortable office space to work in and balance on cost-quality issues at the same time. In order to influence on demand from tenants’ and empower tenant search process the landlords have to use new, more competitive methods. The external design of the building and internal design of the office space in particular become more and more significant in leasing, sub-leasing and buying premises property purchase at the real estate office market. It is also useful and important because tenants can change the interior and design project upon their business needs and company’s strategies. The aim of this research paper is to set up the hypothesis that the office’s space design has a significant influence on tenant search process, plays the key role in so-called optimal office for tenant and tests above mentioned hypothesis by the empirical research study (method of questionnaire) among real “market players”-tenant representatives, consulting agencies and property owners. The location for the research and analysis activities is selected as Stockholm and Stockholm’s region, time frame is September - October 2010.

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Sauchyk, Dzmitry. "Key Considerations When Selecting Environmental Rating System : Decision-Making Analysis from Landlord and Tenant Perspective". Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211139.

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It is estimated that nearly 100 various environmental product certification rating tools are implemented in the United States construction and real estate industries. Choice of a certain building sustainability measurement tool depends on the specific need for reflection of buildings’ impact on the natural and urban environment as well as its tenants. Selection of the appropriate rating system is a decision-making process performed by the project client (landlord of the building, potential or current tenant) which can be affected by clients’ insufficient knowledge or otherwise be biased. The result of selection decision has significant consequences for the project design, construction process complexity and entire life-cycle of the building. In this work, an effort is made to facilitate decision-making process of best environmental rating alternative selection for a “green building” project. The analytic hierarchy process is used to perform unbiased decision making on the environmental rating selection. The decision process has been evaluated from the landlord and the tenant perspectives. The findings of this study show that for the landlord, it would be enough to be certified with a single-attribute rating that covers only one characteristic of building sustainability and, according to AHP analysis, satisfies all significant landlord’s requirements for the environmental rating system. The main conclusion of the study is that selection of environmental rating is a multicriteria problem that should take into consideration the requirements from landlord and tenant as well as the environmental ratings characteristics but not based on the distinct assessment of the mentioned factors.

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Samaai, Seehaam. "Evictions". University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4828_1189581746.

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This research paper aimed to explore the relevant circumstances that the legislature has specified must be considered before an eviction application is granted and the meaning that the courts have given these circumstances in both Section 26(3) of the South African Constitution and enabling legislation. It also explored whether a transformative interpretation has been given to the meaning of "
all relevant circumstances"
within the legislation, its proposed amendments, and by the courts.

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Blanc-Jacob, Brigitte. "Le congé dans le bail immobilier urbain /". Paris : L.G.D.J, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/513088342.pdf.

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Książki na temat "Landlord and tenant – scotland"

Rugg, Julie. Deposit guarantee schemes in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, Social Research, 2003.

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Executive, Scotland Scottish. Housing (Scotland) Act 2001: Guidance on tenant participation. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2002.

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Campbell, R. H. Owners and occupiers: Changes in rural society in south-west Scotland before 1914. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1991.

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Executive, Scotland Scottish, red. Housing (Scotland) Act 2001: Housing lists and allocations. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2002.

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Executive, Scotland Scottish. Housing (Scotland) Act 2001: The modernized right to buy. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2002.

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Executive, Scotland Scottish. Housing (Scotland) Act 2001: Model short Scottish secure tenancy agreement. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2002.

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Executive, Scotland Scottish. Housing (Scotland) Act 2001: Scottish secure & short Scottish secure tenancy. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2001.

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McCrone, David. Property and power ina city: The sociological significance of landlordism. London: Macmillan, 1989.

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McCrone, David. Property and power in a city: The sociological significance of landlordism. London: Macmillan, 1989.

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Gray, John N. At home in the hills: Sense of place in the Scottish borders. New York: Berghahn Books, 2000.

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Części książek na temat "Landlord and tenant – scotland"

Whyte, Ian D. "Landlord and Tenant". W Scotland’s Society and Economy in Transition, c.1500–c.1760, 28–47. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25307-4_3.

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Feitshans, Theodore A. "Landlord-tenant law". W Agricultural and Agribusiness Law, 93–102. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429467837-7.

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Lin, Alfred H. Y. "Landlord-Tenant Relations". W The Rural Economy of Guangdong, 1870-1937, 115–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230371767_6.

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Simcock, Mark. "Landlord and tenant". W Galbraith’s Construction and Land Management Law for Students, 261–308. Seventh edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003029250-13.

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Eliot, George. "Landlord and Tenant". W English Domestic Life during the last 200 years, 126–33. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003397908-29.

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Oswald, David, i Trivess Moore. "Navigating landlord-tenant conflicts". W Constructing a Consumer-Focused Industry, 99–120. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003176336-7.

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Wilkie, Margaret, Peter Luxton, Jill Morgan i Godfrey Cole. "Essential characteristics of a lease". W Landlord and Tenant Law, 3–13. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21118-6_1.

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Wilkie, Margaret, Peter Luxton, Jill Morgan i Godfrey Cole. "Covenants restrictive of the user of the premises and covenants against alterations". W Landlord and Tenant Law, 109–17. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21118-6_10.

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Wilkie, Margaret, Peter Luxton, Jill Morgan i Godfrey Cole. "Reservation of rent and rent-review clauses". W Landlord and Tenant Law, 118–32. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21118-6_11.

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Wilkie, Margaret, Peter Luxton, Jill Morgan i Godfrey Cole. "Service charges and insurance". W Landlord and Tenant Law, 133–39. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21118-6_12.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Landlord and tenant – scotland"

"New service development in public sector tenant-landlord context". W 21st Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. ERES, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2014_36.

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Carmichael, Cara, i Moncef Krarti. "Greening Tenant/Landlord Processes: Demonstrating Transformation in the Industry". W ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90161.

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In owner-occupied facilities, it is easy to justify the incorporation of high-performance building features because commonly recognized hard and soft benefits (cost savings, productivity gains and improved occupant health, etc.) are directly recovered by the investment entity. Developers or owners of multi-tenant office buildings and retail developments, on the other hand, encounter both perceived and real barriers that often prevent the inclusion of high-performance, climactic responsive features in new or retrofit projects. Good design, proper lease formulations, market education and intelligent operation will help overcome these barriers and allow the benefits of high-performance buildings to be realized and shared amongst various stakeholders. To demonstrate this process, strategies were analyzed for a multi-tenant building in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. The Alpine Professional Building (APB) is a three-story, 18,537 gross square foot building that was originally built in 1950 and was remodeled in 1981. The building has fifteen tenants, ranging from 143 SF of leased space to an entire floor. The HVAC systems are in need of upgrading and little has been done to the building beyond typical maintenance to keep systems in operation. This is a fairly typical scenario across the industry, which enables this analysis to be widely applicable and adaptable. Building walkthroughs, surveys, utility bill analysis and energy analysis concluded that an upgrade was needed consisting of the following package of measures: improved occupant control (thought tenant education and digital thermostats), upgrading the light fixtures in the common areas and tenant spaces, and replacing the boiler. This package has a payback period under nine years would enable the building to achieve the ENERGY STAR label and can be profitable for both tenants and the landlord. The financial analysis evaluated four different methods of financing the upgrades so that both the tenant and landlord would benefit financially from the upgrades. The financial method recommended is the ‘CAM Adjustment method’ in which the landlord would provide the initial capital for the upgrades and recover those costs (plus interest) through adjustments to the Common Area Maintenance (CAM) fees. This method would have minimal tenant disruption and enable the landlord to bridge costs and savings across tenants during turnover. This paper also compares the four financing mechanisms and demonstrates their industry applicability through commonly applied energy conservation measures.

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"RELEVANCE OF HIGH-QUALITY LANDLORD-TENANT-RELATIONSHIPS IN HOUSING COMPANIES". W 15th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2008. ERES, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2008_199.

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Baum, Sergej, Andreas Leitenberg, Anton Maas i Ingo Stadler. "Economic Analysis of CHP Plants in the Landlord-to-Tenant Electricity". W 2018 7th International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iesc.2018.8439960.

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"THE EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL LEASE STRUCTURES ON LANDLORD-TENANT BEHAVIOURS AND EXPERIENCES". W 17th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2010. ERES, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2010_406.

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Westermann, Hannes, Vern R. Walker, Kevin D. Ashley i Karim Benyekhlef. "Using Factors to Predict and Analyze Landlord-Tenant Decisions to Increase Access to Justice". W ICAIL '19: Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326732.

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Kühn, Larissa, Lars Braun, Nico Fuchs, Laura Maier i Dirk Müller. "Landlord-Tenant Dilemma: How Does the Conflict Affect the Design of Building Energy Systems?" W 36th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2023). Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Spain: ECOS 2023, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/069564-0175.

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Ellis, Todd. "Security As a Service for Rail Applications". W 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8027.

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Abstract State-of-the-art rail systems require reliant, redundant and critical and secure communications. Data integrity is paramount when considering the criticality that the data payload remains secure for 24/7 year-round applications. With technologies such as Communications Based Train Control (CBTC) and Positive Train Control (PTC) being implemented, considerations for data integrity in these networks must include methods to avoid internal and external vulnerabilities. Unlike traditional encryption methodologies, newer techniques involve tunneling payloads across open or closed networks; this method could include public unsecured networks. By utilizing a unique security appliance tunneled to a remotely connected network operations center, it is possible for a rail system to subscribe to a service to obtain military-grade data security capabilities and distribute secured communications throughout their operational territories via low cost data networks. This “security as a service” concept is especially useful for landlord/tenant relationships that would have previously resulted in duplicative system elements. Security-as-a-service encryption methods commercially available for rail applications typically fall into one of three color-coded categories; green, red and gray. Green networks offer a single layer solution using NSA-approved cryptographic algorithms and are completely isolated from other methods. Red networks are highly secure, utilizing diverse layers of different algorithm types. Gray networks provide a secure gateway between red and green networks to effectively manage network and operational risks. In the case of large freight territories, security as a service can help reduce network costs while improving security. For passenger rail systems, communication-based signaling systems should be strongly protected against data vulnerabilities resulting from either unintentional or malicious access to critical networks.

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