Artykuły w czasopismach: „Land of Labour”

1

Worpole, K. "Land, Labour and Community". History Workshop Journal 79, nr 1 (27.08.2014): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbu026.

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Newhouse, David. "Conclusion: Land. Labour. Capital." Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 4, nr 2 (1.01.2005): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/jaed201.

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Hanieh, Adam. "Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel: Labour, Land, and Occupation". Journal of Palestine Studies 36, nr 1 (2006): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.89.

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Alexander, Rymanov. "Differential land rent and agricultural taxation". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 9 (11.09.2017): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/127/2016-agricecon.

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The paper addresses the influence of various types of taxes on changes in differential (Ricardian) land rent, and the economic performance of agricultural producers. Labour and capital taxes lead to higher prices for agricultural products, causing a decrease in consumer demand and lower income for agricultural producers (mostly utilizing marginal land). A polynomial single-product model has been used to demonstrate that reducing the tax burden on agricultural producers – specifically taxes on labour and capital – will result in increases in differential land rents on the average and relatively better plots, and/or the emergence of the rent on the marginal land. Thus, substituting labour and capital taxes for land/property taxes reduces the overall tax burden of agricultural producers on marginal lands.

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Hilmiati, Nurul, Ulyatu Fitrotin, Irma Mardian, Putu Adnyana, Awaludin Hipi i Johanes Geli Bulu. "Gender segregation in farm labour, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic: case study from West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia". E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602047.

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Farm labour plays significant roles in crops production. This paper aims to describe gender segregation in crops farming, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara. A survey was conducted in three districts, East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima, involving 102 farmers. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using interview method which then analysed descriptively. The results showed that most respondents employed woman labours for planting and mixed labour for harvesting amid the land ownership discrepancy and agroecology conditions. Women were considered to be more skilful and diligent than men. Nevertheless, they received lower pay by 50-100% on daily basis. Covid pandemic situation has posed varying effects on labour prices, work availability and movement. Labour prices generally has increased due to increasing prices of basic needs, yet work availability decreased as land owners tried to reduce cost because of rocketing fertiliser prices. Pandemic situation did not affect labour movement was in East Lombok and Bima since majority farmers used local labour. While in Sumbawa, as many farmers relied on migrant labour from Lombok and Bima for harvesting, the 2020 has affected harvest quality and subsequently selling prices due to late harvest since labours were not allowed to travel.

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Gołaś, Zbigniew. "Przemiany i uwarunkowania wydajności pracy w rolnictwie Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005-2016". Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 106, nr 1 (27.06.2019): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2019.106.1.2.

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The main aim of the work was to present the changes observed in the labour productivity in EU agriculture in years 2005-2016. The author proposed also the methodical decomposition of the labor productivity ratio in agriculture. Seven factors (ratios) have been taken into account in three models of labor productivity decomposition. These factors are: inputs productivity, land productivity, value added index, production taxation, production subsidies, equipment employed in agricultural land and the level of agricultural production intensity. The use of the deterministic method allowed to analyse the changes in labour productivity from the perspectives both in the EU agriculture (EU-28) and in the Polish agriculture. Performed studies seems to prove that in the years 2005-2016 the labor productivity measured by gross value added increased in case of EU-28 by average 2.13% and in the case of EU-15 only by 0.98%. At the same time, higher increase was observed in the case of EU-13 which equal to 3.45%. It may suggest that can be observe the ongoing process of the labor productivity convergence in EU agriculture. In the light of deterministic analysis, it was possible to specify the main factors contributing to the increase in labor productivity in agriculture in the EU-28 and in Poland, which are the increase in production intensity and the increase in agricultural land/labour relation. However, it should be also noted that the favorable direction of changes in labour productivity was weakened by the decreasing efficiency of production measured by the inputs productivity and the share of value added in revenues.

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Subrahmanian, K. S. "Land, Labour and Governance: An Anthology". Social Change 37, nr 2 (czerwiec 2007): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570703700207.

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8

Williams, Andrew. "Cohen on Locke, Land and Labour". Political Studies 40, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1992.tb01783.x.

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9

Fox, H. S. A. "Land, labour and people, 1042–1350". Journal of Historical Geography 17, nr 4 (październik 1991): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(91)90029-u.

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Chatterjee, S. N. "Land inequality, unemployment and labour circulation". Social Change 21, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719910311.

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11

Yiyuan, Chen. "Land outsourcing and labour contracting: Labour management in China's capitalist farms". Journal of Agrarian Change 20, nr 2 (9.12.2019): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12353.

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12

Chambati, Walter. "The Reformed Agrarian Structure and Changing Dynamics of Rural Labour Migration in Zimbabwe". Africa Development 47, nr 3 (5.10.2022): 273–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2683.

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This article examines the changing dynamics of rural labour migration in Zimbabwe following the radical land redistribution since 2000 through the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP). Since the colonial period, dispossessed peasants with inadequate land access were forced to offer cheap migrant wage labour for large-scale capitalist farms (LSCFs) and beyond. Despite the wide acknowledgement of the redistributive nature of the FTLRP, there is sparse understanding of how the new land access patterns impacted on rural labour migration. Empirical evidence from Goromonzi and Kwekwe districts demonstrates that while there were many peasant beneficiaries, land shortages were not completely eradicated and the new farm labour markets depended on the super-exploitation of landless migrants. Altogether, the data contradicts the conventional wisdom that views migration as a deliberate diversification strategy of household labour to enhance a livelihood. Rather, resistance to proletarianisation undergirds the struggles of farm labourers as they largely seek autonomous land-based social reproduction outside the wage economy.

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13

Nancharaiah, G. "Land, Labour and Dalits in Independent India". Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 43, nr 1-2 (1.06.2001): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/2001/v43/i1-2/115857.

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14

Miller, Simon. "Land and Labour in Mexican Rural Insurrections". Bulletin of Latin American Research 10, nr 1 (1991): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3338564.

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15

Gyapong, Adwoa Yeboah. "Land Deals, Wage Labour, and Everyday Politics". Land 8, nr 6 (13.06.2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8060094.

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This article explores the question of political struggles for inclusion on an oil palm land deal in Ghana. It examines the employment dynamics and the everyday politics of rural wage workers on a transnational oil palm plantation which is located in a predominantly migrant and settler society where large-scale agricultural production has only been introduced within the past decade. It shows that, by the nature of labour organization, as well as other structural issues, workers do not benefit equally from their work on plantations. The main form of farmworkers’ political struggles in the studied case has been the ‘everyday forms of resistance’ against exploitation and for better terms of incorporation. Particularly, they express agency through acts such as absenteeism and non-compliance, as well as engaging in other productive activities which enable them to maintain their basic food sovereignty/security. Nonetheless, their multiple and individualized everyday politics are not necessarily changing the structure of social relations associated with capitalist agriculture. Overall, this paper contributes to the land grab literature by providing context specific dynamics of the impacts of, and politics around land deals, and how they are shaped by a multiplicity of factors-beyond class.

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16

Beukes, C. J. "Land and labour: The value of assets". Meditari Accountancy Research 8, nr 1 (kwiecień 2000): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10222529200000001.

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Mbogo, Mary Wangai, Caroline Mucece Kithinji i Martha Muraya. "Colonial transformation of the Aembu land access and labour division systems in food crop production from 1906-1963". Journal of History and Cultural Studies (JHCS) 3, nr 1 (10.09.2024): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jhcs.v3i1.579.

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This study examined the colonial transformation of the Aembu access to land and labour division in food crop production from 1906-1963. Colonial practices and policies undermined the Aembu land and labour systems in food crop production. Methodologically, the study used descriptive research design and Articulation of Modes of Production Theory. The study was conducted in Embu East, Embu West and Embu North sub-counties of Embu. The study targeted a population of 16,144 people based on the 2019 census. Corroborated data was obtained from oral, archival and secondary sources to establish the reliability and validity of the research. The study’s findings were that the creation of African reserves to pave way for white settlement and labour supply from Africans led to the abandonment of crop farms since they were far away; the reserves had limited land sizes with poor soils for the production of enough food while most of the food storage facilities were destroyed in the process of migration and that during the political crisis of World Wars and Mau Mau, labour in food crop production was reduced. It concluded that colonialism transformed the Aembu land and labour systems while the co-existence of pre-colonial and colonial access to land and labour systems on the production of food crops exposed the community to famines. The study recommends that policymakers should come up with strategies for promoting traditional forms of access to land and labour to ensure adequate food crop production.

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Mbogo, Mary Wangai, Caroline Mucece Kithinji i Martha Muraya. "The Aembu access to land and labour systems on food crop production and food security up to 1906". Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (JHSS) 3, nr 1 (10.09.2024): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jhss.v3i1.577.

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This study sought to analyse how the pre-colonial Aembu organised their land and labour systems in food crop production for guaranteed household food security up to 1906. The pre-colonial African societies had either matrilineal or patrilineal systems of land ownership, while labour was gender specific. The study employed a descriptive research design. The study was conducted in Embu East, Embu West and Embu North sub-counties of the larger Embu County. Purposive sampling with a snowballing technique was applied to get 50 respondents who were interviewed from a target population of 16,144. The study corroborated data from oral, archival records and secondary sources. The findings were that the pre-colonial Aembu food crop producers had elaborate systems of land rights and land use under clan heads. The land access system accommodated practices like shifting cultivation and intercropping; the pre-colonial division of labour in food crop production combined all household members and those other forms of labour like communal, paid and corporate were sourced from outside the household. The study concluded that the pre-colonial Aembu were food secure in spite of occasional rainfall failure, locust invasion and warfare, while the articulation of pre-colonial and capitalist land and labour systems exposed the society members to food insecurity. The study contributed to the pre-colonial social, political and economic historiography of the Aembu people. The study recommends that the post-colonial government should employ strategies that can be effectively used to mitigate food crop production insecurity by focusing on the adoption of various traditional methods of land and labour access.

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19

Shifa, Muna. "Determinants of Land and Labour Market Participation Decisions in Rural Ethiopia". Journal of African Development 18, nr 2 (1.10.2016): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.18.2.0073.

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This paper attempts to determine the factors influencing farmers' land and labour market participation decisions in rural Ethiopia. A multivariate probit estimation technique is used to account for potential interdependencies between land and labour allocation strategies. Results suggest that households that are better endowed with farming resources such as oxen and farming skills are more likely to get access to more land and labour through factor markets, while households that are less endowed with these resources are more likely to rent out their land and participate in off-farm jobs. The complementary nature of land renting out and involvement in off-farm work suggests that policy makers should give due consideration to the development of rural off-farm jobs to reduce poverty in rural areas.

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Sinaga, Lamria. "COMMUNAL ECCLESIOLOGY". QUAERENS: Journal of Theology and Christianity Studies 5, nr 1 (29.06.2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46362/quaerens.v5i1.147.

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This paper aims to construct the church's response in facing the reality of migration in Batak land with the church's starting point as a community (communal ecclesiology). Communal ecclesiology requires an understanding of the cultural context and local wisdom of the community where the church grows. The context of the Christian community and churches in Batak land is characterized as communal life and thickened to the local wisdom. It is concluded that Christianity and churches in Batak land could adopt communal ecclesiology in response to the current migration reality. This article overviews the life of the early church in Acts. 2:41-47 as communal ecclesiology shows the Church's nature in celebrating personal faith communally within the faith community in three ways, namely daily labor, fellowship labor, and God's labor. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkonstruksi respons gereja dalam menghadapi realitas migrasi dengan titik berangkat karakter dasar gereja sebagai komunitas (ecclesiology communal). Ecclesiology communal membutuhkan pemahaman konteks budaya dan kearifan masyarakat lokal dimana gereja bertumbuh. Pada hakikatnya kehadiran Gereja adalah buah dari iman personal yang menghidupi imannya dengan sungguh-sungguh sehingga menyatu dalam komunitas iman secara komunal. Konteks komunitas kekristenan dan gereja di Tanah Batak yang berciri komunal dan kental dengan kearifan budaya lokal nya disimpulkan dapat mengadopsi ecclesiology communal dalam merespons realitas migrasi yang sedang terjadi saat ini. Artikel ini menawarkan gambaran kehidupan jemaat mula-mula dalam Kis. 2:41-47 sebagai ecclesiology communal yang menunjukkan hakikat Gereja dalam merayakan iman personal secara komunal di dalam komunitas iman dalam tiga cara, yaitu: daily labour, fellowship labour, dan God’s labour.

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21

Blackstone, Nicole Tichenor, Edgar Rodríguez-Huerta, Kyra Battaglia, Bethany Jackson, Erin Jackson, Catherine Benoit Norris i Jessica L. Decker Sparks. "Forced labour risk is pervasive in the US land-based food supply". Nature Food 4, nr 7 (24.07.2023): 596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00794-x.

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AbstractSocial risk assessments and case studies of labour conditions in food production primarily focus on specific subpopulations, regions and commodities. To date, research has not systematically assessed labour conditions against international standards across diverse, complex food products. Here we combine data on production, trade, labour intensity and qualitative risk coding to quantitatively assess the risk of forced labour embedded in the US land-based food supply, building on our previous assessment of fruits and vegetables. We demonstrate that animal-based proteins, processed fruits and vegetables, and discretionary foods are major contributors to forced labour risk and that 62% of total forced labour risk stems from domestic production or processing. Our findings reveal the widespread risk of forced labour present in the US food supply and the necessity of collaborative action across all countries—high, middle and low income—to eliminate reliance on labour exploitation.

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22

Weiler, P. "Labour and the Land: From Municipalization to the Land Commission, 1951-1971". Twentieth Century British History 19, nr 3 (5.08.2008): 314–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwn016.

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Weiler, Peter. "Labour and the Land: The Making of the Community Land Act, 1976". Contemporary British History 27, nr 4 (grudzień 2013): 389–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2013.822797.

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Ginting, G. S. B., T. C. Pane i T. Supriana. "Production function analysis of green onions in Merdeka Subdistrict, Karo Regency, North Sumatera Province". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1241, nr 1 (1.09.2023): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1241/1/012056.

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Abstract Green onions were the most widely cultivated commodity in Merdeka Subdistrict. Unfortunately, green onions productivity in Karo Regency was below other regions in Java. This study aimed to analyse the effect of variables of land area, seed, labour, fertilizer, and technology on green onions production, and analyse the efficiency of those production factors. The data was analysed by the Ordinary Least Square method with Cobb-Douglas’s production function. The results of the analysis showed that in Model-1 (with a dummy variable of technology included), the variables of land area, seed, and labour had a positive significant effect. In Model-2 (without a dummy variable of technology included), the variables of land area and seed had a positive significant effect. In Model-3 (for farmers with land area < 1000 m2), the variables of seed, labour, and fertilizer had a positive significant effect, while land area was insignificant. Estimations on the three models showed irrational or inefficient production areas or increasing returns to scale. In Model-4 (for farmers with land area > 1000 m2), the variables of land area and seed had a positive significant effect, while labour and fertilizer were insignificant with rational or efficient production areas or decreasing returns to scale.

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Nanda, Dr Samir Kumar. "CHILD LABOUR IN WESTERN ODISHA & CASE STUDIES". @rquivo Brasileiro de Educação 9, nr 18 (11.04.2021): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-7344.2021v9n18p56-79.

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The traditional concept of factors of production namely land, labour, capital and organisation are no more accepted phenomenon. Apart from land, the manpower, machine and management are the actual partners of production in modern economic system. Inclusion of various labour laws, schemes by the Government have enriched the labour scenario of Odisha since its inception. National Child Labour Project plays a vital role for the identification, rehabilitation and mainstreaming of the child labour during last three decades. Based upon research in the state of Odisha in India, this article describes the child labour scenario in the state of Odisha. Odisha became separate state on 1st April 1936.Eighty-two years since the momentous day, much has changed in the Labour relation, Juveniles, Child Labour problem & Migrant Workers of Odisha. This article also explains the magnitude of child labour and steps taken by the Government to eliminate child labour Problem of child labour is very sensitive.

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Islam, A. K. M. S., M. M. Hossain i M. A. Saleque. "Effect of Unpuddled Transplanting on the Growth and Yield of Dry Season Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in High Barind Tract". Agriculturists 12, nr 2 (25.01.2015): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i2.21736.

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Conservation tillage technology not only protects natural resources but also provides some economic leverage. The present investigation evaluated two puddle tillages (i) conventional tillage (CT) and (ii) single pass wet tillage (SPWT) and two unpuddled tillages(iii) strip tillage(ST) and (iv) bed planting (BP) to establish rice in the High Barind Tract, Godagari, Rajshahi during aus 2010 and boro 2011 season. The CT option incurred higher cost compared to other tillage treatments due to more fuel and labour used in land preparation. Minimum tillage (SPWT, ST and BP) saved about 30-54% fuel consumption and 40-49% labour requirement compared to CT in land preparation. Labour did not face much difficulty to transplant seedling in unpuddled fields. However, unpuddled establishment required more labor for weeding compared to puddle one. Bed planting in aus gave significantly lower grain yield than other establishment methods. However, in boro season, all the tested tillage methods produced similar yield. In both seasons, CT showed the highest input costs due to more number of tillage passes and fuel requirement in land preparation. As a consequence, SPWT, ST and BP appeared to be more profitable than CT both in aus and boro rice.The Agriculturists 2014; 12(2) 91-97

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Jaquet, Stéphanie, Thomas Kohler i Gudrun Schwilch. "Labour Migration in the Middle Hills of Nepal: Consequences on Land Management Strategies". Sustainability 11, nr 5 (4.03.2019): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051349.

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Labour migration in Nepal is having profound effects on land management. We take two examples from the hills of Nepal where the increasing trend in outmigration continues unabated and explore its consequences. The purpose of this study is to understand the impacts of the subsequent labour shortage on land management and how it affects households. We used data from two surveys and assessed land use change and degradation with a qualitative mapping method. The findings show that the local context leads to very different strategies in terms of land management. In one study area, land was left to lie fallow without any use, leading to overgrowth and forest recovery due to favourable climate conditions. In the other, land was no longer used as cropland but turned into grazing land with consequences such as land degradation. This study provides strong empirical data and also contributes to the mountain research community by shedding light on the effects of outmigration on land management in the hills of Nepal. We suggest that these effects, including the labour shortage and the increasingly important role of remittances, should be addressed in an integrative but differentiated way that takes into account the regional context.

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Yaro, Joseph Awetori, Joseph Kofi Teye i Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey. "Historical Context of Agricultural Commercialisation in Ghana: Changes in Land and Labour Relations". Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, nr 1 (6.07.2016): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616657368.

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This paper provides a broad review of agrarian change in Ghana by highlighting the major developments in the agrarian political economy and their implications for agricultural commercialisation and its modifying influence on land tenure systems, livelihoods, production systems, social relations, and labour relations. While current land tenure arrangements and labour relations in Africa are often explained in terms of globalisation, we argue that the historical context of agricultural commercialisation in Ghana shows continuities and discontinuities in agrarian relations from the colonial period to the present. We also argue that changes over the years have blended with globalisation to produce the distinct forms of labour relations that we see today. The commercialisation of agriculture in Ghana has evolved progressively from the colonial era aided by policies of coercion, persuasion and incentives to its current globalised form. The expansion in the range of commodities over time necessarily increased the demand for more land and labour. The article contributes to the literature by providing great insights into changes in land and labour relations due to increasing commercialisation, and how these enhanced wealth accumulation for the richer segments of society and global capital to the detriment of the poor throughout Ghana’s agrarian history.

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SAITO, OSAMU. "Land, labour and market forces in Tokugawa Japan". Continuity and Change 24, nr 1 (20.04.2009): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416009007061.

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ABSTRACTThis article examines the markets for land and labour in traditional Japan, where peasant families accounted for 80 per cent of the population; it focuses on the extent of these markets and how they operated. The survey of evidence, both literary and statistical, indicates that, while the size of the factor markets was small and limited, lease arrangements for farmland and the markets for seasonal labour and the rural–urban transfer of manpower functioned rather well. It is therefore suggested that market forces must have played an indispensable part in the process of Tokugawa Japan's proto-industrialization and Smithian growth.

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Amanor, Kojo Sebastian. "Family Values, Land Sales and Agricultural Commodification in South-Eastern Ghana". Africa 80, nr 1 (luty 2010): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009001284.

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It is argued that land shortage and the decline of new frontier areas results in increasing conflicts over rights to land and to labour. This constrains land sales and agricultural land becomes increasingly transferred though sharecropping and the commodification of user rights in land, rather than through the evolution of clearly defined land markets. Smallholder agriculture increasingly becomes an individual undertaking, in which labour is hired, and rights to land are acquired rather than allocated within the family. Agricultural relations of production become increasingly commodified and the moral economy of the family is undermined and increasingly socially differentiated. The article traces historically the emergence of these production relations in south-east Ghana.

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Swain, Braja Bandhu. "Determinant in Intensity of Farmers’ Participation in Contract Farming". Journal of Land and Rural Studies 6, nr 2 (2.05.2018): 170–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024918766585.

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This article examines the intensity of farmers’ participation in contract farming by estimating the allocation of land and family labour for the contract and non-contract crops. In addition, factors that influence farmers’ decision to allocate land for the contract crop was identified. The analysis of this article is based on 159 households of Telangana state. The empirical results indicated that farmer is likely to employ proportionately more family labour for contract crop compared to non-contract ones. Small farmers proportionately allocate more land and family labour for the contract crop compared to large ones. Landholding size, education and income have influenced farmers’ decision to allocate land for growing gherkin, while it is landholding size, family size and income in case of hybrid paddy seed. To increase participation of small farmers, focus should be given to improve the education level and increase the landholding size through implementation of proper land policy.

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van der Spek, Robartus J. "Factor Markets in Hellenistic and Parthian Babylonia (331 BCE-224 CE)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 57, nr 2 (29.03.2014): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341347.

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AbstractBecause the evidence is meagre, this article takes a qualitative rather than a quantitative approach to the markets of land, labour, and capital in Hellenistic and Parthian Babylonia. The evidence consists of administrative documents from Babylon and Uruk (Babylonian clay tablets in cuneiform script), from Dura Europos on parchment or papyrus (in Greek and Aramaic), and from Avroman in (Greek and Pahlavi). These texts suggest that the land market was restricted by the legal rights of king and temple. There is little information on wage labour. Slave labour existed, but neither its role in the economy nor the importance of the slave trade has been adequately assessed. The use of credit, interest, cheques, and other financial instruments is attested, but its significance is small, not least because of the prevalence of iconic interest rates of 20%, set by tradition rather than by market forces. As far as the evidence goes, the markets for land, labour, and capital were restricted by tradition and by the claims of king and temples on land, while the commodity markets were much more market-oriented.

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Zbyszewska, Ania, i Flavia Maximo. "Rethinking the Labour-Environment (Land) Nexus: Beyond Coloniality, Towards New Epistemologies for Labour Law". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 39, Issue 3/4 (1.09.2023): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2023021.

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The existential threat posed by anthropogenic climate change is a powerful indictment of contemporary capitalism. It requires us to directly confront modern capitalism as a civilizing project that renders irrational and obsolete other possibilities of organizing economic and social life. Adopting a decolonial perspective that incorporates theories of racial capitalism, coloniality, and social reproduction, we examine how racial/colonial capitalism articulates the labourenvironment nexus in ways that facilitate or undermine different sorts of livelihoods and socioecologies. We then reflect on how the differentiation and hierarchization that flow from exploitation (labour) and expropriation (labour and land) are reproduced in labour law’s epistemology, evidencing its coloniality. We conclude with a call to embrace epistemic pluralism as crucial to developing labour law that reflects and facilitates heterogeneous livelihoods and ecopolitical justice. Coloniality, Racial Capitalism, Labour and Land, Socio-Ecology, Environment, Social Reproduction, Decolonial Thinking, Dissident Epistemology, Legal Pluralism

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Close-Barry, Kirstie. "Land, Labour and Ambivalence: Lutheran Missionaries Managing Land Disputes at Cape Bedford Mission". Journal of Religious History 41, nr 2 (21.09.2016): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.12401.

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Kagan, Adam, i Wojciech Ziętara. "Ekonomiczna efektywność gospodarowania w zależności od formy własności użytkowanej ziemi". Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 105, nr 2 (21.12.2018): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2018.105.2.13.

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The article presents the economic effectiveness of farming by land lessees when compared to farms using their own land. The study was carried out on the selected groups of limited liability companies using leased land (Group 1.), own land but with a significant share of foreign capital (Group 2.) and own land with a predominance of own capital (Group 3.). All farms participaded in the „Ranking 300” carried out by the IAFE-NRI in the years 2009-2014. The study adopted the following research hypothesis: „Land lease makes it possible to pursue the economic activity giving the higher current economic effects from land being used than in a situation where this land is owned”. The studies confirmed this hypothesis. Farms run by land lessees obtained the higher values for land, labour, assets and own capital profitability indices than those using own land. With regard to the land, labour and capital productivity, the better effects were obtained by farms from Group 3.

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Suwarto, Suwarto. "KELEMBAGAAN LAHAN DAN TENAGA KERJA PADA USAHATANI TANAMAN PANGAN DI KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL". Agro Ekonomi 12, nr 2 (30.12.2005): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16978.

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This research aims to find out the effect of land and labour institution on land productivity, cost of production, and farm income.The research was conducted at Candisari, Hargosari Village, Kecamatan Tanjungsari, and at Widoro, Balong Village, Kecamatan Giri Subo, Gunung Kidul. The primary data was taken during Septembe to December 2004.The result of this research found that the household labour, head of household education and age, the use of nitrogen and phosphat fertilizer increases the land productivity. On the contrary , farmer’s asset value and size of farm decrease land productivity. The self-owned land productivity is higher than the rented one belonging to Hamengku Buwono (HB), land productivity of forestation department lan is lower than the rented one belonging to HB.Land productivity, age and education of the household head, and the use of input (nitrogen, phosphate, and organic fertilizer, and seed) increase the production cost of food crop farming. Similarly, the uses of tenaga kerja upahan, royongan, and Rtan or arisan increase the production cost of food crop farming. The farm production cost in Lungguh-Kas Desa-milik Perseorangan (LKP) rented land is greater than the one in HB-rented land.The size of farm, the use of household labour, and education of household head increases the food crop farm income. On the contrary, the use of non household labour decrease the farm income. The food crop farm income of the workr-owner-farmer is higher than the one of farmer renting HB land. The income of farmer renting LKP land is lower than the one of the farmer renting the HB land, and farm income of the farmer easily accesing market is higher than that one who is relatively difficult to acces market.

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SALSABILA, SYIFA, i ENY FAHRATY. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENDAPATAN PETANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA BERANGAS KECAMATAN ALALAK KABUPATEN BARITO KUALA". JIEP: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 2, nr 3 (23.12.2019): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v2i3.1205.

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This research was done to know the influence of land area, seed costs, fertilizier costs, and labour costs simultaneously to income of rice farmer in Berangas Village Alalak District Barito Kuala Regency and to know which variabel is the most dominant influence to the income’s of rice farmers in Berangas Village Alalak District Barito Kuala Regency with fifty-three sampel. This research using multiple linear regression analysis with the help of statistic program application SPSS 23. The results of the regression analysis n this study can be seen that variabel land area, seed costs, fertilizier costs, and labour costs have a simultan effect on farmer income, while partially only land area and seed costs, which significantly influence the income of lawland rice farmer in Berangas Village Alalak District Barito Kuala Regency and fertilizier costs and labour costs that have no significant effect, and the most dominant variabel affects the income of farmers, namely the variabel cost of seeds based on the value of count which amounted to 4,400 tables of 2,021 and greater than the other independent.Keyword : Farmer Income, Land Area, Seed Costs, Fertilizier Costs, and Labour Costs

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Kafle, Arun, James Hopeward i Baden Myers. "Exploring Conventional Economic Viability as a Potential Barrier to Scalable Urban Agriculture: Examples from Two Divergent Development Contexts". Horticulturae 8, nr 8 (31.07.2022): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080691.

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Urban Agriculture (UA) is the widespread practice of food production within available city space using non-commercial, commercial and hybrid production technologies. The economic viability of UA remains a concern among UA practitioners. To investigate UA’s viability; land, labour and distribution cost are analyzed, and margin and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) under vacant lot, rooftop/backyard and discretionary labour UA are calculated. We present a straightforward approach to gauge the economic viability of UA taking examples from 40 distinct locations of two divergent development contexts of Adelaide, South Australia and Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. UA seems potentially viable by selecting high-value crops in Adelaide but showed little chance of viability under low-value crop scenarios in both contexts. The high cost of land is shown to be the primary driver of cost for UA. Labour cost appears to be a critical difference between the two cities, being an important constraint for the economic viability in Adelaide, where the wage rate is high. To improve economic viability, the respective governments and planners should consider better ways to avail subsidised land through policy intervention and volunteer or subsidised labour arrangement mechanisms. Home food gardens accessing available land and labour as a discretionary/spare time activity with zero distribution cost may represent the best way to produce food without exceeding market costs in cities.

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Kea, Pamela. "Maintaining Difference and Managing Change: Female Agrarian Clientelist Relations in a Gambian Community". Africa 74, nr 3 (sierpień 2004): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.3.361.

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AbstractThe introduction of dry-season vegetable cultivation on a large scale in Brikama, The Gambia in the early 1970s has led to the development of a new labour system amongst female farmers whereby strangers or clients are given access to land primarily in the dry season for vegetable cultivation in exchange for providing unremunerated labour for hosts for the cultivation of rice in the rainy season. Hosts, who either claim descent from the founding families or have married into founding families, have access to land and control its distribution for women's crops. This article examines the way in which social difference is played out in the acquisition of land and labour through the establishment of agrarian clientelist relations. Agrarian clientelist relations are about the maintenance of host–stranger distinctions and the management of social difference within a rapidly changing Gambian political economy. The nature of these clientelist relations is changing because of the changing relations of agrarian production, related in turn to the introduction of cooperative gardens in the region, the increasing scarcity of farming land and the increasing political power of strangers on a local and national level. The youth, particularly those who are educated, are moving out of farming altogether. Consequently, female hosts are increasingly reliant on their clients' labour. I argue that female hosts attempt to manage these processes of change out of a need to maintain the particular power relations that form the basis for host–stranger distinctions and their existing claims to land and labour. The article examines the tensions and the intra-gender struggles that emerge between female hosts and their client-strangers. In refusing to take the initiative to set up cooperative gardens, female hosts have maintained what they see as their rightful claims to their land and their clients' labour. Hegemonic notions of ‘the correctness of practices’, associated with host–stranger identities, have informed hosts' behaviour and that of their clients, and ultimately influenced the nature of resource allocation.

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TICHELAR, MICHAEL. "The Labour Party and Land Reform in the Inter-War Period". Rural History 13, nr 1 (kwiecień 2002): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793302000250.

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By the outbreak of the Second World War the ‘Land Question’ had lost its power to generate acute political controversy. Yet the issue of land reform did not disappear with the failure of the 1929–31 Labour Government to reintroduce Lloyd George's land taxes. Land reform after 1914 needs to be rescued from an over-identification with the decline of Radical Liberalism. This article will trace the way Labour Party policy developed after 1914. By 1939 it had adopted a set of policies based on the economic protection of agriculture, increased domestic production and marketing. At the same time it argued for the preservation of the countryside through land-use planning. After 1918 a long-term commitment to land nationalisation began to occupy a more important position in its land reform policies, particularly after 1931. In addition, new measures appeared on the party's political agenda for the first time, including the preservation of the countryside against urban intrusion, access to mountain and moorland, and the creation of national parks.

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Englund, Harri. "The self in self-interest: land, labour and temporalities in Malawi's agrarian change". Africa 69, nr 1 (styczeń 1999): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161080.

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This article examines agricultural labour contracts and household-based production in Dedza District, Malawi. Deepening impoverishment seemingly creates conditions for profound social changes. In agriculture, small-scale contracts rather than big work parties mobilise the bulk of ‘extra-domestic’ labour. Although labourers are paid in cash or in kind, they are most often the recruiter's relatives or affines. The pattern fits, therefore, uneasily with the ideas of labour as a commodity and persons as mutually independent individuals. Claims about changing values must be accompanied by careful analyses of personhood. Among Dedza villagers the notion of the self in the idioms of morality discloses social relations as the origins of a person's interests. By recruiting labour, wealthy villagers make their valued relationships visible. These observations caution against viewing ‘agrarian change’ as a uniform and teleological process in which the buying and selling of labour necessarily entail individualism. As an example of how, in any case, moral sentiments are historical phenomena the article examines the predicament of landless refugees in Dedza District. Under conditions of social and material alienation, agricultural labour contracts became exploitation.

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Kassner, Maciej. "Fikcyjne towary, koszty społeczne i sprzeczności instytucjonalne. Karla Polanyiego krytyka utowarowienia". Studia Politologiczne, nr 2/2024 (72) (15.07.2024): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2024.72.5.

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The articles reconstruct Karl Polanyi’s idea of fictitious commodities with the help of Karl William Kapp’s theory of social costs. According to the proposed argument labour land, and money are social spheres, where major social and ecological costs of a functioning market economy tend to accumulate. Hence, commodity fiction concerning land, labour, and money is crucial for understanding ideological and redistributive conflicts characteristic of contemporary capitalism.

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Barber, Simon. "In Wakefield’s laboratory: Tangata Whenua into property/labour in Te Waipounamu". Journal of Sociology 56, nr 2 (6.01.2020): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319893522.

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This article follows the alchemical political economy of Edward Gibbon Wakefield for whom Kāi Tahu whenua served as a laboratory. Wakefield’s clever formula for the transubstantiation of an incendiary social situation in Britain into new terrain for capital was designed to secure the transplantation of English economic and social relations to the colonies to ensure the persistence of a landless class compelled to sell their labour for wages. Ingeniously, the transport of that labour to the colonies was to be paid for by the market in land in the new colony: Kāi Tahu would be made to fund their own colonisation. I track the fate of capital’s settler dream for ready land and labour as it was brought into being by the New Zealand Company, subsequently taken over by the Crown, and as it continues into our present. The argument is divided into two parts. The first is the classical moment of primitive accumulation, clearing people from the land to provide a market in land and labour, ‘legal’ dispossession, and commodification. The second is the more recent continuation of the initial processes of dispossession and commodification as these assert themselves in processes of redress and as they are expressed in the corporatisation of Ngāi Tahu.

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Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, i Susi Wuri Ani. "Impact of Surplus Labor Existence on Land Lease Market in Rural Central Java". Journal of Business and Economics Review (JBER) Vol.2(2) Apr-Jun 2017 2, nr 2 (23.03.2017): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2017.2.2(4).

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Objective - The Indonesian rice sector seems to lose global competitiveness, and the government intervenes in the market to achieve food self-sufficiency. Particularly, in the main rice producing areas of Central Java, the rice sector does not have a comparative and competitive advantage due to small farm size. Then, we need to investigate the reasons why the farm sizes of rice producers are still small. Methodology/Technique - We hypothesize that the existence of surplus labor in rural areas restrains farm size enlargement. Therefore, we need to examine the existence of surplus labor in study area. By using the empirical model of the Cobb Douglas production function, we test the hypothesis of surplus labor. The estimation result shows that there is a surplus of labor in the study area. Findings - In addition, we examine the impact of surplus labor on land lease market in rural area. This study proves empirically that there is surplus labor in rural areas; therefore, farmers have difficulty finding job opportunities in sectors other than farming. In such a case, they prefer to cultivate rather than lease their land. Novelty - This result implies that the existence of surplus labor restricts the number of land lease contract. As a result, the land lease supply in the land lease market has become very limited. Thus, the existence of surplus labor in rural areas would be a constraint of farm size enlargement. This is the first study which explores the relationship between surplus labor and land lease market in the main rice producer area in Central Java. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Impact; Existence; Surplus Labour; Land Lease Market; Farm Size Enlargement. JEL Classification: E24, H83.

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Basu, Kaushik, i Pranab K. Bardhan. "Land, Labour, and Rural Poverty: Essays in Development Economics." Economic Journal 96, nr 382 (czerwiec 1986): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233150.

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Sharma, Kailash C., D. S. Prasada Rao i W. F. Shepherd. "Productivity of Agricultural Labour and Land: An International Comparison". Agricultural Economics 4, nr 1 (kwiecień 1990): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1990.tb00101.x.

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AKRAM-LODHI, A. HAROON. "Review Essay: Land, Labour and Agrarian Transition in Vietnam". Journal of Agrarian Change 10, nr 4 (16.09.2010): 564–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00286.x.

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Manton, Kevin. "The Labour party and the land question, 1919-51". Historical Research 79, nr 204 (maj 2006): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00378.x.

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Adunbi, Omolade, i Bilal Butt. "Afro-Chinese engagements: infrastructure, land, labour and finance Introduction". Africa 89, nr 4 (listopad 2019): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000822.

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Gaumont, Damien, i Alice Mesnard. "Inheritance, land, and capital mobility linked to labour mobility". Journal of Population Economics 14, nr 4 (1.12.2001): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480000059.

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