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Clough, Tim J. "Fate of urine nitrogen applied to peat and mineral soils from grazed pastures". Lincoln University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1030.
Pełny tekst źródłaFord, Colleen D. "The fate of nitrogen in lactose-depleted dairy factory effluent irrigated onto land". Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/837.
Pełny tekst źródłaCondron, Leo M. "Chemical nature and plant availability of phosphorus present in soils under long-term fertilised irrigated pastures in Canterbury, New Zealand". Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1875.
Pełny tekst źródłaJones, Samantha. "Deconstructing the degradation debate : a study of land degradation in the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338943.
Pełny tekst źródłaAburas, Murad Milad. "Assessment of Soil Erodibility in Relation to Soil Degradation and land Use in mediterranean Libya". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506543.
Pełny tekst źródłaMare, Boussa Tockville <1979>. "Physical land degradation and loss of soil fertility: soil structural stability and bio-physical indicators". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6638/.
Pełny tekst źródłaHarvey, Martin Alan Peter Taylor. "4-chlorobenzoate permeation and degradation in Arthrobacter". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282671.
Pełny tekst źródłaPascual, GarciÌa de Azilu Unai. "Modelling labour supply and soil quality in shifting cultivation agriculture : a study from YucataÌn, Mexico". Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288198.
Pełny tekst źródłaNorman, Mark D. P. "Microbiological analysis of soil perturbations associated with opencast coal mining and their consequences for restoration". Thesis, University of East London, 1995. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3606/.
Pełny tekst źródłaEdwards, Rebecca Jane. "Land degradation and local management strategies in hillside agriculture : a Jamaican case study". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322071.
Pełny tekst źródłaMajara, Ntina. "Land degradation in Lesotho : a synoptic perspective". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1645.
Pełny tekst źródłaLemenih, Mulugeta. "Effects of land use changes on soil quality and native flora degradation and restoration in the highlands of Ethiopia : implications for sustainable land management /". Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Soils, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s306.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaTichagwa, Cornelius Gibson. "Land degradation in Mhondoro (Zimbabwe) : an environmental assessment of communal land uses and resource management practice". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52911.
Pełny tekst źródłaENGLISH ABSTRACT: When land loses its intrinsic qualities or suffers a decline in its capabilities it is said to be degraded. Land degradation manifests itself in various forms such as deforestation, soil erosion, land, air and water pollution. In the context of sustainable development land degradation has become one of the world's major concerns. Now, more than ever before, it has become urgent to carry out empirical studies on the nature and extent of land degradation and to come up with appropriate responses to the problem. In much of the developing world communal natural resource management practices are common. It is often assumed that communal exploitation of common property resources such as woodlands, pastures, water sources and wildlife inevitably leads to land degradation. This is due to the belief that humankind would seek to derive maximum benefit from common pool resources without incurring any costs towards the conservation of those resources. This study was an environmental assessment of the impacts of communal land-use systems and common property resources management practices in the Mhondoro communal lands of Zimbabwe. The area has been subject to human settlement for over a century and is regarded as a typical representation of a well-established communal land management system. Several methods were used to make the assessment. These included the following: a questionnaire survey; interviews with key informants; soil and vegetation traverses and field measurements; tree density counts in demarcated plots; calculation of the population density and livestock density for the study area; completion of an environmental evaluation matrix and a communal projects sustainability index checklist; and analysis of geo-referenced time-lapse aerial photography covering a fifteen year period (1982-1997). It was established that serious land degradation had occurred in Chief Mashayamombe's ward in Mhondoro. Degradation manifested itself in the form of soil erosion and stream sedimentation, woodland depletion, pasture degradation and wildlife habitat destruction. Communal land-use and natural resource management practices are only partially to blame for this state of affairs. The fragile nature of the sandy soils of the uplands, the sadie soils of the vlei areas, combined with the fairly high rainfall amounts (annual average 750mm) make the area prone to soil erosion. Rainfall intensity tends to be high in the area and when the rain falls on the poorly vegetated, and highly erodible soils erosion occurs. The land has become severely stressed due to over-utilisation; a population density of 93 people per km2 and livestock density of 110 cattle per km2 were recorded. The land available for communal settlement in the area has been limited in extent. Due to the general poverty of the communal farmers the replacement of nutrients into the cultivated soil has not kept pace with the deteriorating condition of the land. Contrary to popular misconceptions, communal area residents have shown concern for environmental conservation through fallowing their fields, gully reclamation efforts, grazing schemes, woodland preservation and tree growing practices. Remedial and/or mitigatory measures for the environmental recovery of the area could adopt some of these well-established practices and incorporate them in a whole-catchment management strategy. Key words Land degradation, environmental degradation, pollution, environmental assessment, common property resources, communal land uses, sustainable resources management, sustainability indicators, soil erodibility, soil erosivity
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer grond sy intrinsieke waarde verloor of 'n afname in sy vermoë toon, kan gesê word dat die grond gedegradeer is. Gronddegradasie manifesteer in verskeie vorme, soos ontbossing, gronderosie, grond, lug en water besoedeling. Gronddegradasie het binne die konteks van volhoubare ontwikkeling wêreldwyd van besondere belang geword. Nou, meer as ooit vantevore, is dit noodsaaklik om empiriese studies uit te voer aangaande die aard en omvang van gronddegradasie, en om vorendag te kom met toepaslike reaksies tot die probleem. Gemeenskaps natuurlike hulpbron bestuur praktyke is algemeen in die ontwikkelende wêreld. Daar word dikwels veronderstel dat uitbuiting van gemeenskaplike eiendoms hulpbronne deur die gemeenskap, soos woude, weivelde, waterbronne en wild, onvermeidelik lei na gronddegradasie. Hierdie aanname het ontwikkel as gevolg van die oortuiging dat die mensdom daarna sal streef om maksimum voordeel te trek uit gemeenskaplike hulpbronne, sonder om enige koste aan te gaan ten opsigte van die bewaring daarvan. Hierdie studie behels 'n omgewings evaluering van die impakte van gemeenskaps grondgebruik sisteme en gemeenskaplike eiendoms hulpbron bestuur praktyke in die Mhondoro gemeenskaplike grond van Zimbabwe. Die area word al vir meer as 'n eeu deur mense bewoon, en word beskou as 'n tipiese voorbeeld van 'n gevestigde gemeenskaps grondbestuur sisteem. Verskeie metodes is toegepas met die evaluering, en sluit in: 'n vraelys opname; onderhoude met sleutel segspersone; grond en plantegroei opnames en veldopnames; boom digtheidstelling in afgebakende persele; berekening van bevolkingsen veedigtheid vir die studiegebied; opstelling van 'n omgewing evaluerings matriks en 'n gemeenskap projek volhoubaarheids indeks kontroleerlys; en 'n analise van geo-referenced time-lapse lugfoto's wat strek oor 'n tydperk van 15 jaar (1982-1997). Daar is vasgestel dat ernstige gronddegradasie voorkom in Hoofman Mashayamombe se wyk in Mhondoro. Degradasie word gemanifesteer in die vorm van gronderosie en stroom sedimentasie, uitputting van woude, weiveld degradasie en die verwoesting van wild habitatte. Gemeenskaps grondgebruik en natuurlike hulpbron bestuurspraktyke is net gedeeltelik verantwoordelik vir die stand van sake. Gronderosie vind plaas ook as gevolg van die sensitiewe aard van die sanderige grond van die hoogland, die sodic grond van die vlei areas, in kombinasie met redelike hoë reënval (gemiddeld 750mm per jaar). Reënval intensiteit in die area is geneig om hoog te wees, en erosie vind plaas wanneer reën val op die hoogs erodeerbare grond wat met yl plantegroei bedek is. Die grond verkeer onder geweldige druk as gevolg van oorbenutting; 'n bevolkingsdigtheid van 93 mense per km2 en veedigtheid van 110beeste per km2 is aangeteken. Die grond beskikbaar vir vestiging van gemeenskappe word in omvang beperk. Die vervanging van grondvoedingstowwe in bewerkte grond hou nie tred met die agteruitgang in die kondisie van die grond nie, as gevolg van die algemene armoede van die gemeenskapsboere. Inwoners van die gemeenskapsarea , teenstrydig met algemene wanopvattings, toon besorgdheid ten opsigte van omgewingsbewaring deur die grond braak te lê, donga herwinnings pogings, wei velds planne, bewaring van woude en praktyke ten opsigte van die groei van bome. Remediërende en/of versagtende maatstawwe vir die herstel van die omgewing kan van hierdie gevestigde praktyke inkorporeer in 'n bestuursstrategie wat die hele opvangsgebied insluit. Sleutelwoorde Gronddegradasi e, omgewingsde gradasi e, besoedeling, omgewingsassessering, gemeenskaplike eiendoms hulpbronne, gemeenskaplike grondgebruik, volhoubare hulpbron bestuur, volhoubaarheids aanwysers, grond erodeerbaarheid, grond verwering.
Emadodin, Iraj [Verfasser]. "Impacts of land management on soil formation and soil degradation during middle and late holocene in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) / Iraj Emadodin". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1019809760/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbate, Solomon Wachs Theodore. "Land use dynamics, soil degradation and potential for sustainable use in Metu area, Illubabor region, Ethiopia /". Berne : Institute of Geography, 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
Pełny tekst źródłaJayasuriya, Rohan Terrence, i rohan jayasuriya@dpi nsw gov au. "Technological Change And Scarcity Of Soil In The Tea Sector Of Sri Lanka". La Trobe University. School of Business, 1998. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20070420.122921.
Pełny tekst źródłaKakembo, Vincent. "A reconstruction of the history of land degradation in relation to land use change and land tenure in Peddie district, former Ciskei". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005523.
Pełny tekst źródłaDickie, Jennifer Ann. "Relationships among the physical and chemical properties of soil, vegetation and land degradation in semi-arid environments". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30410.
Pełny tekst źródłaMorel, Anneke. "Soil erosion and land degradation in the Swartland and Sandveld, Western Cape province, South Africa : a re-evaluation". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9681.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Swartland and Sandveld are situated in the Western Cape province (political limits) in what is also known as the southwestern Cape region . This area falls within the winter rainfall (or Mediterranean) region of South Africa and has a sharply defined seasonal climate. Vegetation in the region is unique. The soils in the Swartland and Sandveld vary greatly over short distances, making this area vulnerable to varying erosion rates. Land use in the Swartland and Sandveld is mainly agricultural. Soil erosion is driven by the force of wind and or water. Sheet flow is what is considered as unconstrained water erosion together with rainsplash, while piping, rill and gully erosion are all forms of constrained water erosion. Erosivity and erodibility are both important factors in determining the vulnerability of an area to soil erosion. By their understanding of the factors involved in the course of degradation, researchers can determine the most effective conservation policies for a region. Of course, the influence of humans on the land should never be under-estimated and should be seen as a potent determinant of the erosion potential. The use of remote sensing and G.I.S. are essential in the development of erosion maps, and to assess possible changes that over time in the erosional situation in a region. As an analytical and data storage tool, these techniques are very useful, even essential. The total decrease in gully erosion from 1938 to 1989 in the Swartland amounts to 85% compared to the gully erosion in 1938. In the Sandveld wind erosion decreased with 17% from 1928 to 1986. Soil conservation in South Africa has come a long since the 1930's and much of the experience and the lessons gained in the last six of seven decades have been incorporated in the countries new conservation Act. It has been concluded that the slowing down of the denudation process in the region, coinciding with effective new conservation strategies, are the principal reasons for the results obtained in this research project. It must be noted however that without the intervention of the conservation efforts in the Swartland and Sandveld, the remarkable improvement in the water erosion situation (85%) would not have been obtained. The overall improvement (17%) in the Sandveld lags that in the Swartland and even shows a slight deterioration of the wind erosion situation found in 1974. There are therefore grounds for caution, since wind erosion is still very much relevant and not fully contained in the Sandveld. Further research into this situation would indeed be beneficial.
Heckman, John Richard. "Restoration of Degraded Land: A comparison of Structural and Functional Measurements of Recovery". Diss., Connect to this title online, 1997. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-1416152839711171/.
Pełny tekst źródłaMulumba, Lukman Nagaya. "Land use effects on soil quality and productitivity in the Lake Victoria Basin of Uganda". The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1095711869.
Pełny tekst źródłaMendonça, Izaque Francisco Candeia de. "Adequação do uso agricola e estimativa da degradação ambiental das terras da microbacia hidrografica do riacho Una, Sape-PB". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257244.
Pełny tekst źródłaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: A crescente expansão das atividades agropecuárias, sem considerar as potencialidades e limitações das terras constitui fonte potencial de degradação do meio ambiente. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar o meio físico das terras da Microbacia Hidrográfica do Riacho Una, Sapé-PB, com determinação das taxas de adequação de uso das terras a partir das classes de capacidade de uso e determinar sua degradação ambiental, no contexto do modelo da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo - EUPS e a partir da aplicação dos diagnósticos físico-conservacionista, sócio-econômico e ambiental. A área localiza-se na porção leste do Estado da Paraíba entre as coordenadas geográficas: 35º08¿16¿ a 35º15¿12¿ de longitude, a oeste de Greenwich e 06º59¿18¿ a 07º05¿42¿ de latitude sul. Os procedimentos realizados utilizam-se de técnicas de geoprocessamento, sendo a integração de informações realizada no Sistema de Informações Geográficas Idrisi Kilimanjaro versão 14.0. A adequação do uso foi obtida ao se cruzarem às informações do plano de capacidade de uso da terra com o uso atual, definindo-se três classes: Adequado, Inadequado (Sobreutilização) e Áreas de Preservação. Na avaliação do potencial agrícola foi encontrado que 61,9% da área estão sendo utilizados adequadamente, 20,4% com uso atual acima da oferta ambiental avaliada (sobreutilizados) e 14,9% estão ocupados com cobertura vegetal, constituindo as áreas de preservação. A classificação do risco atual de degradação das terras, por erosão do solo, revelou que em 92,9% da área da microbacia o risco é muito baixo. E apenas 1,5% da área de estudo as terras estão incluídas nas classes alta e muito alta de risco de erosão. Na estimativa da degradação ambiental pela aplicação dos diagnósticos físico-conservacionista, sócio-econômico e ambiental, constatou-se uma degradação de ambiência de 34,4%, representando 2406,26 ha da área avaliada. É notória a influência do aspecto sócio-econômico na degradação da microbacia, com uma média de 61,3%. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a Microbacia Hidrográfica do Riacho Una apresenta um ambiente com boas qualidades agroambientais, caracterizadas pela baixas expectativas de processos erosivos e a indicação de aproximadamente 60% de terras aptas para uso agrícola
Abstract: Increasing in expansion of agricultural activity without take into account land potentiality and restrictions is currently a potential source for environment degradation. This present work aims to evaluate some physical characteristics of lands from Watershed of Una Rivulet in Sapé, PB, Brazil, by utilizing the soil use capability classes, and to determine its environmental degradation into the context of Universal Soil Loss Equation ¿ USLE and from the use of physical-conservationist, socioeconomic and environmental diagnosis informations. The area is located at the east sector of Paraiba State between the following geographic coordinates: 35º08¿16¿ -35º15¿12¿ longitude, west of Greenwich and 06º59¿18¿ - 07º05¿42¿ south latitude. The accomplished procedures draw on geoprocessing system and the integration of achieved informations has utilized the geographic information system Idrisi Kilimanjaro version 14.0. Crossing informations of land use capacity and current use had utilized been as a means to determine for adequateness of land utilization then to define the following three main class of land use: adequate, inadequate and areas of preservation. In the evaluation of the land agricultural potentiality it was found that 61,9% of the area is being utilized adequately, 20,4% is utilized above of its predictable environmental capability and finally 14,9% is found to keep vegetal covering and is taken as preservation area. The classification of the current risk for land degradation, due to soil erosion, has revealed it to be very low in about 92,9% of the area of watershed. And no more than 1,5% of lands at that area is into the class of high to very high risk of erosion. In the estimations of the environmental degradation, by utilizing the physical-conservationist, socio-economic and environmental diagnosis, there have ambience degradation of by 34,4% and it represents by 2406,26 ha of the studied area. The impact from socio-economic factors with regard degradation of watershed is well known and is around of 61,3%. The data show that Watershed of Una Rivulet presents good agro-environmental qualities, which are characterized through a low expectation for soil erosion and the fact that 60% of its soils can be well utilized for agricultural practices
Doutorado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
Manyevere, Alen. "An integrated approach for the delineation of arable land and its cropping suitability under variable soil and climatic conditions in the Nkonkobe municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019856.
Pełny tekst źródłaCruz, Ricardo Decker da. "Análise Espacial da Degradação Ambiental no Municipio de Capão do Leão, RS". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1132.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe nowadays model of development has as a basic principle an economically based growth focused in the technological development, having the GIP as the main indicator of development of a nation. This model is known for promoting an accelerated degradation of the quality of the environment under pressure. The present work aims the identification; quantification and classification of the severely degraded land in the Capão do Leão municipality RS, Brazil, through the use of geotechnologies. In order to achieve that, the following base layers were used: roads, hydrography, river basins, numerical terrain model, vegetation, geology, soils, and degraded land. The degraded land areas were identified and delineated in Google Earth images and subsequently characterized in the field. Through the degraded land data collected a land degradation classification scheme was conceived based on the causing agent, degradation degree, the activity status of the degrading agent, and the possibility and type of reclamation needed. Crossing the land degradation database with the other base maps generated new maps and information. A number of 746 degraded areas were identified, varying in size, shape and degree, totaling 474,9ha of severely degraded land, mostly due to mine activities (361,4 ha or 76% of the total) - sand, granite and gravel. Other important type of degradation were those of borrow materials (61,8 ha 13% of the total). Soil units more affected were those of Entisols and Ultisols, due to granite and gravel mining, respectively, and of Spodosols, located in the São Gonçalo plain, due to sand mining. From the total degraded areas, 224,7ha in 69 occurrences are in an extremely degree of degradation under strong or very strong erosive activity, needing a restoration that includes a continuous intervention with reconditioning of the surroundings, that in some cases may need a change of use.
O modelo atual de desenvolvimento tem como princípio básico o crescimento acelerado centrado no desenvolvimento tecnológico, um modelo de base econômica, sendo o PIB o principal indicador de desenvolvimento de uma nação. Esse modelo comprovadamente promove uma acelerada degradação da qualidade ambiental dos meios pressionados. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar, quantificar e classificar a degradação ambiental severa no município de Capão do Leão, através do uso de geotecnologias. Para tal, foram utilizados os seguintes planos básicos de informação: base cartográfica (malha viária), hidrografia, bacias hidrográficas, Modelo Numérico do Terreno (MNT), vegetação, geologia, solos e áreas degradadas. As áreas degradadas foram identificadas a partir de imagens disponíveis do Google Earth e caracterizadas em campanhas de campo. A partir dos planos básicos foram gerados outros planos de informação como o mapa de declividades, de altitude e os cruzamentos com as áreas degradadas. A partir da integração dos dados foi elaborada uma classificação para as áreas degradadas no município cujas diretrizes basearam-se no agente causal, grau de degradação, status da atividade causadora da degradação e possibilidade e tipo de recuperação. Foram identificadas 746 áreas degradadas, variáveis em tamanho, forma e intensidade. Em termos globais encontrou-se um total de 474,9ha de áreas severamente degradadas, destacando-se aquelas ligadas as minerações (361,4ha ou 76% do total), de areia, granito e saibro, além de áreas de empréstimo (61,8 ha 13% do total), principalmente para barragens e estradas. As unidades de solos mais afetadas foram as de Neossolos Litólicos e de Argissolos, nas terras altas, por mineração de granito e saibro, respectivamente, e de Espodossolos, na planície do São Gonçalo, por mineração de areia. Das 746 áreas identificadas, 69 (224,27ha ou 47%) encontram-se em grau de degradação extrema com atividade erosiva forte ou muito forte, necessitando de uma recuperação que envolva uma intervenção continuada com conformação de entorno, podendo haver necessidade de redirecionamento de uso.
Marz, Michael Verfasser], Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] [Frühauf, Heinz [Akademischer Betreuer] Beckedahl i Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Opp. "Identification and assessment of driving forces of land and soil degradation in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal and the Kingdom of Swaziland / Michael Marz ; Manfred Frühauf, Heinz Beckedahl, Christian Opp". Halle, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120410045/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaKaati, Patrik. "Small-Scale Farmers Land Use and Socioeconomic Situation in the Mount Elgon District in Northwestern Kenya : A Minor Field Study - Combined Field Mapping and Interview". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Geografi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-10161.
Pełny tekst źródłaMndela, Mthunzi. "Evaluation of range condition, soil properties, seed banks and farmer's perceptions in Peddie communal rangeland of the Eastern Cape, South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013153.
Pełny tekst źródłaMesquita, Marisa Vianna [UNESP]. "Degradação do meio físico em loteamento nos bairros Invernada, Fortaleza e Água Azul, como estudos de casos da expansão urbana do município de Guarulhos (SP)". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102944.
Pełny tekst źródłaO município de Guarulhos, segunda maior cidade em população no Estado de São e pertencente à Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP vem sofrendo uma ocupação acelerada e desordenada ao longo de décadas. Dividido fisiograficamente em dois macrocompartimentos, separados pela Falha do Rio Jaguarí, Guarulhos possui na sua porção sul uma área já consolidada com terrenos mais apropriados à ocupação e com mais facilidade de acesso a serviços e infraestrtura. As áreas com problemas encontram-se na porção norte do município, que além de serem áreas com presença de declividades acentuadas, são ocupadas irregularmente, carentes em infraestrutura e planejamento do Poder Público. Resultado da pressão de ocupação na porção norte do município foram analisados três microbacias pertencentes aos Bairros Invernada, Fortaleza e Água Azul que possuem ocupações com históricos diferentes resultando ao longo do tempo em degradações ambientais principalmente no que se refere à dinâmica superficial. Para elaboração do Mapa de Degradação Ambiental para as três microbacias foram utilizados: o método de sobreposição de informações do IPT (2004) para as Microbacias Taquara do Reino (Bairro Invernada) e Guaraçau (Bairro Água Azul) e o método de Unidades Básicas de Compartimentação (UBCs) de Vedovello (2000) para a microbacia Lavras (Bairro Fortaleza). Os dados obtidos indicam que as três microbacias sofrem com a degradação ambiental, materializada em problemas de dinâmica superficial como escorregamentos nas regiões declivosas e um grande volume de assoreamentos, principalmente nas planícies aluvionares. A falta de planejamento e de infraestrutura nesses bairros corroboram para um aumento dessa degradação necessitando de cartografia geotécnica que possa auxiliar o Poder Público na melhor forma de uso do solo e a gerenciar os problemas existentes
The municipality of Guarulhos, second large in population, state of São Paulo belongs to the RMSP - Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, has suffered from a disorderly and accelerated occupation during the decades. Fisiogeographically divided in two macro compartments, separated by Jaguari River Fault, Guarulhos has in its South portion a well done consolidated area more appropriate to land occupation resulting in facilities to access services and infrastructure as well. The biggest problems are in the Northern-part that beyond to be areas with an accentuated declivity, are irregularly occupied with no infrastrueture or governmental assistance planning. Due to the occupation stress in the Northern portion were analyzed three micro basins belonging to the Invernada, Fortaleza and Agua Azul Quarters with different historical occupations resulting in a short term in an environmental degradation especially regarding to dynamie surface. To elaborate the three micro basins Environmental Degradation Map were used two methods: overlaping information for the micro basins applied for Taquara do Reino (Invernada Quarter) and Guaraçau (Água Azul quarter) and the Compartimentation Basie Units methods applied to the Lavras micro basin (Fortaleza Quarter). The obtained datas suggest that the three basins suffer with the environmental degradation revealed in dynamic surface problems such as slide, a great volume of silting, mainly of the alluvial plains. The absence of planning and infrastructures in these places assure to an increase of this degradation, requiring geotechnical cartography in order to help the government to go on in a best way to use the land and manage the existing problems
O'Brien, Patricia Ann, i patricia o'brien@rmit edu au. "COncepts and costs for the maintenance of productive capacity: a study of the measurement and reporting of soil quality". RMIT University. Accounting and Law, 1999. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20040930.170346.
Pełny tekst źródłaSantos, Jaime Augusto Alves dos. "Saberes de solos em livros didáticos da educação básica". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5496.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The discussion around the need for soil conservation does not usually part of the daily concerns of the people, and this can lead to continued growth of environmental problems related to land degradation. These problems may be associated with lack the majority of the population has the features, functions and importance of soil. You need to develop actions that lead people to understand the soil as part of the environment and raise awareness about its importance. These actions can be initiated and undertaken in schools in order to awaken and promote awareness of students in relation to soil, because if topics are best worked out in the first years of basic education, it is possible to (re) build the values and attitudes that can help to mitigate land degradation. In most schools teachers use the Textbook as main and sometimes the only material support in the classroom and that makes him one of the determinants of educational quality. In this context it is necessary to investigate and verify the themes of soils in textbooks of basic education. The research aimed to examine the topic in textbooks soils offered by MEC through the National Textbook and adopted in public schools in Viçosa / MG, and verify that the content displayed in the books meets the guidelines proposed by the National Curriculum Parameters (PCN ). The choice of criteria for analysis of themes in the books soil had as reference the NCP, that link the content to be covered in each year of elementary school. After analyzing the NCP found that issues related to soils are discussed with emphasis in the discipline of science. The analysis showed that there Textbooks omission of content in some works. The quantitative evaluation showed that the space devoted to soils in textbooks is greatly reduced. The textbook should not be the only material to be used by teachers, this points to the need for development of educational materials and activities with concepts and updated consistent with the day-to-day lives of students. As well as supporting materials for teachers who do not always have an initial training or continuing around the themes of soils.
A discussão em torno da necessidade da conservação do solo não faz, geralmente, parte das preocupações diárias das pessoas, e isso pode levar a um crescimento contínuo dos problemas ambientais ligados à degradação dos solos. Estes problemas podem ser associados ao desconhecimento que a maior parte da população tem das características, importância e funções dos solos. É preciso desenvolver ações que levem a população a compreender os solos como parte do ambiente e conscientizar sobre sua importância. Essas ações podem ser iniciadas e desenvolvidas nas escolas, de forma a despertar e promover a consciência dos estudantes em relação aos solos, pois se os temas forem melhor trabalhados já nos primeiros anos da educação básica, é possivel (re)construir valores e atitudes que possam contribuir para atenuar a degradação dos solos. Na maioria das escolas os professores utilizam o Livro Didático como principal e as vezes o único material de apoio em sala de aula e isso o torna um dos determinantes da qualidade do ensino. Nesse contexto é necessária a investigação e ver ificação dos temas de solos nos livros didáticos da educação básica. A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o tema solos nos livros didáticos oferecidos pelo MEC através do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático e adotados nas escolas públicas de Viçosa/MG, e verificar se o conteúdo exposto nos livros atende as orientações propostas pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN). A escolha dos cr itérios para análise dos temas de solos nos livros tiveram como referencial os PCN, que apontam os conteúdos que devem ser abordados em cada ano do ensino fundamental. Após a análise dos PCN constatou-se que os temas relacionados aos solos são abordados com maior ênfase pela disciplina de ciências. A análise dos Livros Didáticos demonstrou que há omissão de conteúdos em algumas obras. A avaliação quantitativa apontou que o espaço dedicado aos solos nos Livros Didáticos é bastante reduzido. O livro didático não deve ser o único material a ser utilizado pelos professores, isto aponta a necessidade de elaboração de materiais didáticos com conceitos e atividades atualizadas e condizentes com o dia-a-dia dos alunos. Assim como materiais de apoio aos professores que nem sempre tem uma formação inicial ou continuada a cerca dos temas de solos.
Giboshi, Monica Luri. "Sistema de apoio ao processo de decisão para a gestão do uso agricola da terra". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257241.
Pełny tekst źródłaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de apoio à decisão para a gestão da terra, integrando um Sistema Especialista para determinar a capacidade de uso da terra e outro para recomendar usos adequados e as práticas de conservação e manejo do solo, um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), uma base de dados e uma interface para interpretar a entrada de dados do usuário e as mensagens passadas entre os sub-sistemas. Todos os diálogos entre o usuário e o sistema são realizados pela da interface, assim como a comunicação entre os componentes do sistema desenvolvido. Os sistemas especialistas foram desenvolvidos utilizando o ¿shell¿ conhecido como CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) que provê um ambiente para a construção de sistemas especialistas. O SIG utilizado foi o IDRISI, versão 32, que possui o módulo Applications Programming Interface - API (Interface de Programação de Aplicativos) com um OLE Automation Server, possibilitando o uso de linguagens de alto nível, tais como Visual Basic, para controlar as operações do Idrisi32. A base de dados foi desenvolvida com a utilização do Microsoft Access®, além disso, é de fácil acesso, pois a maioria dos usuários tem esse aplicativo instalado em seus computadores. O sistema desenvolvido determina a capacidade de uso da terra; recomenda usos adequados para cada classe de capacidade de uso; recomenda práticas de conservação e manejo do solo; e identifica áreas de conflito comparando os mapas de uso da terra da região em estudo com o mapa de capacidade de uso. Todos os resultados podem ser visualizados em janelas do programa, gravados ou impressos em formas de relatórios. A validação do sistema foi feita comparando as saídas do sistema com os resultados obtidos de quatro especialistas. As divergências encontradas mostraram que o sistema desenvolvido foi mais rigoroso, principalmente no que diz respeito ao risco de erosão, determinando classes de capacidade de uso diferentes das determinadas por alguns especialistas. Quanto ao tipo de uso e às práticas de conservação e manejo do solo, foram poucas as divergências encontradas. A área utilizada para testar o sistema é o Município de Santo Antônio do Jardim - SP. O sistema classificou 36,95% das terras do município como adequadas para a utilização com cultura anual ou perene; 42,69% são adequadas para pastagem e reflorestamento e 19,51% devem ser utilizadas para preservação ambiental. Outro resultado apresentado é o mapa de intensidade de uso, no qual pôde se observar que 48,50% do município está sendo utilizada de forma adequada; 31,82% com uso inadequado e, 14,06% apresenta subutilização. O sistema mostrou ser uma ferramenta poderosa e eficaz, permitindo avaliar uma região, dando suporte para uma tomada de decisão mais fundamentada
Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop a decision support system for agricultural land environmental planing, which integrates an Expert System to determine the land capability and other to recommend adequate uses and practices for soil conservation and management, Geographic Information System (GIS), a database and an interface to monitor input and output data and the messages passed between the subsystems. The management of all the system is made by an interface developed in Visual Basic, version 5.0. All the dialogues between the user and the system as well as the communication with the components of the system are made through the interface that shows windows, menus, dialog boxes, maps and reports in the screen. It saves the results in files and prints them. The expert systems were developed with a shell known as CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System), that provides an environment for building expert systems. The GIS was IDRISI, version 32, that has Applications Programming Interface ¿ API with an OLE Automation Server, and makes possible to use high-level languages, such as Visual Basic for controlling the operation of Idrisi32. The database was developed with the Microsoft Access®, because of the majority of the users have this software installed in its computers. The developed system determines land capability from information stored in the database and, also supplied for the SIG, through the soil and slope maps; it recommends adequate uses for land capability class; it recommends practices for soil conservation and management and identifies conflict areas comparing the maps of land use with the land capability. All the results can be visualized by the user through windows of the program, recorded or printed in forms of reports. The validation of the system was done comparing the system outputs with the results obtained of four experts. The divergences have shown that the system was more rigorous than the experts, specially concerning the erosion risk, leading to different land capability classes from those determined for some experts, in some cases. Concerning to the type of practices for soil conservation and management, the divergences have been few. In order to test the system, the county of Santo Antônio do Jardim ¿ SP was selected. The system classified 36.95% of lands as adequate for the use with annual or perennial cultures; 42.69% are adequate for pastures and reforestation and 19.51% must be used for environmental preservation. Another presented result is the map of intensity use, through which could be observed that 48.50% of the lands are being used of adequate form; 31.82% of the lands presents inadequate use and, 14.06% presents under utilization. The system is a powerful and efficient tool, what makes it possible to evaluate a region and give support to a more adequate decision making
Doutorado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
Mesquita, Marisa Vianna. "Degradação do meio físico em loteamento nos bairros Invernada, Fortaleza e Água Azul, como estudos de casos da expansão urbana do município de Guarulhos (SP) /". Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102944.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoorientador: Antonio Manoel dos Santos Oliveira
Banca: José Eduardo Zaine
Banca: Eduardo Soares de Macedo
Banca: Claudio José Ferreira
Banca: Marcio Roberto Magalhães de Andrade
Resumo: O município de Guarulhos, segunda maior cidade em população no Estado de São e pertencente à Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP vem sofrendo uma ocupação acelerada e desordenada ao longo de décadas. Dividido fisiograficamente em dois macrocompartimentos, separados pela Falha do Rio Jaguarí, Guarulhos possui na sua porção sul uma área já consolidada com terrenos mais apropriados à ocupação e com mais facilidade de acesso a serviços e infraestrtura. As áreas com problemas encontram-se na porção norte do município, que além de serem áreas com presença de declividades acentuadas, são ocupadas irregularmente, carentes em infraestrutura e planejamento do Poder Público. Resultado da pressão de ocupação na porção norte do município foram analisados três microbacias pertencentes aos Bairros Invernada, Fortaleza e Água Azul que possuem ocupações com históricos diferentes resultando ao longo do tempo em degradações ambientais principalmente no que se refere à dinâmica superficial. Para elaboração do Mapa de Degradação Ambiental para as três microbacias foram utilizados: o método de sobreposição de informações do IPT (2004) para as Microbacias Taquara do Reino (Bairro Invernada) e Guaraçau (Bairro Água Azul) e o método de Unidades Básicas de Compartimentação (UBCs) de Vedovello (2000) para a microbacia Lavras (Bairro Fortaleza). Os dados obtidos indicam que as três microbacias sofrem com a degradação ambiental, materializada em problemas de dinâmica superficial como escorregamentos nas regiões declivosas e um grande volume de assoreamentos, principalmente nas planícies aluvionares. A falta de planejamento e de infraestrutura nesses bairros corroboram para um aumento dessa degradação necessitando de cartografia geotécnica que possa auxiliar o Poder Público na melhor forma de uso do solo e a gerenciar os problemas existentes
Abstract: The municipality of Guarulhos, second large in population, state of São Paulo belongs to the RMSP - Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, has suffered from a disorderly and accelerated occupation during the decades. Fisiogeographically divided in two macro compartments, separated by Jaguari River Fault, Guarulhos has in its South portion a well done consolidated area more appropriate to land occupation resulting in facilities to access services and infrastructure as well. The biggest problems are in the Northern-part that beyond to be areas with an accentuated declivity, are irregularly occupied with no infrastrueture or governmental assistance planning. Due to the occupation stress in the Northern portion were analyzed three micro basins belonging to the Invernada, Fortaleza and Agua Azul Quarters with different historical occupations resulting in a short term in an environmental degradation especially regarding to dynamie surface. To elaborate the three micro basins Environmental Degradation Map were used two methods: overlaping information for the micro basins applied for Taquara do Reino (Invernada Quarter) and Guaraçau (Água Azul quarter) and the Compartimentation Basie Units methods applied to the Lavras micro basin (Fortaleza Quarter). The obtained datas suggest that the three basins suffer with the environmental degradation revealed in dynamic surface problems such as slide, a great volume of silting, mainly of the alluvial plains. The absence of planning and infrastructures in these places assure to an increase of this degradation, requiring geotechnical cartography in order to help the government to go on in a best way to use the land and manage the existing problems
Doutor
Breytenbach, Andre. "GIS-based land suitability assessment and allocation decision-making in a degraded rural environmen". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16599.
Pełny tekst źródłaENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rural development problems faced by the impoverished communities in the Transkei, South Africa, are numerous, and environmental degradation has already taken much of its toll. By working at a micro-catchment-level both the socio-economic and biophysical appreciation of the land resources were captured as encapsulated in the concept of resource management domains. Participatory decision-making allowed functional land use goals and evaluation criteria to be incorporated into computerised multi-criteria evaluation and multi-objective land use allocation models in order to reach an idealised or more sustainable land use situation. In the execution of the decision-making process seven procedural steps were followed, which are discussed in detail and applied in the case study. Synthesis of the results emphasised the envisaged rural planning potential of the methods used.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In terme van plattelandse ontwikkeling staar talle probleme die behoeftige gemeenskappe van Transkei, Suid-Afrika, in die gesig en omgewingsdegradering neem ongehinderd sy tol. Deur op ‘n mikro-opvangsgebied vlak te werk kon beide die sosio-ekonomiese en biofisiese waarde van die gebied se hulpbronne bepaal word en uitgebeeld word in hulpbron bestuursdomeine. Deur deelnemende besluitneming is funksionele grondgebruiksdoelwitte en evaluasie kriteria gebruik in gerekenariseerde meervoudige kriteria evaluering en veeldoelige grondgebruiksaanwysingsmodelle ten einde die ideale of ‘n meer volhoubare grondgebruik situasie te verkry. Vir die uitvoering van die besluitnemingsproses is van sewe opeenvolgende stappe gebruik gemaak en die uitvoering daarvan word in diepte bespreek in hierdie gevallestudie. Sintese van die resultate het die potensiaal van hierdie beoogde landelike beplanningsmetodes beklemtoon.
Solera, Maria Lucia. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação de modelos estruturais de bioengenharia de solos para revegetar talude de pilha de estéril na mineração a céu aberto". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153396.
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A mineração representa um importante setor na economia promovendo diversos benefícios econômicos e sociais ao país. Ainda que apresente impactos positivos, os cenários da degradação originados pela atividade minerária causam impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, dificultando a recuperação da área degradada. Esta pesquisa discute a aplicabilidade da bioengenharia de solos como estratégia promissora para recuperar um talude de pilha de estéril. Esse talude está constituído por materiais de diferentes granulometrias, alta declividade e elevado índices de vazios, características físicas que podem afetar o desenvolvimento ou mesmo a recolonização da vegetação nativa por processos naturais de sucessão. Três modelos estruturais de bioengenharia de solos denominados de guirlanda, colmeia e retentor foram confeccionados para reter mistura de solo-substrato/sementes de Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna aterrina e Cajanus cajan como adubos verdes visando à produção de matéria orgânica e promover as condições necessárias para posterior revegetação do talude. Os resultados obtidos com aplicação dos índices desenvolvidos para avaliar os modelos indicam que a guirlanda apresentou melhor resultado, destacando-se a baixa dificuldade de instalação do modelo no talude, a baixa dificuldade de preenchimento do solo-substrato/sementes no modelo e o alto desenvolvimento da adubação verde. O segundo melhor desempenho foi alcançado pelo modelo retentor seguido pelo modelo colmeia com o pior desempenho. Na análise dos bioindicadores ambientais do solo, a guirlanda apresentou melhor resultado na produção da matéria orgânica, em número de morfoespécies e em numero de indivíduos da fauna edáfica, seguindo pelos modelos retentor e colmeia. Os critérios preestabelecidos especificamente para avaliar esses modelos indicam potencial de aplicabilidade em futuros projetos de pesquisas para recuperar situações similares de degradação em áreas de mineração a céu aberto.
Mining represents an important sector in the economy promoting many economic and social benefits to the country. Although this represents positive impacts, the degradation scenarios originated by the mining activity cause negative impacts to the environment, which difficult the recovery of the degraded area. This research discusses the applicability of soil bioengineering as a promising strategy for recovering a slope of a waste dump. This slope consists of materials of different granulometries, high slope and high void ratio, physical characteristics that can hinder the development or even the recolonization of native vegetation by natural succession processes. Three soil bioengineering structural models, named as guirlanda, colmeia and retentor were made to retain a mix of soilsubstrate and seeds of Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna aterrina and Cajanus cajan as green manures for the production of organic matter and to promote the necessary conditions for future revegetation of the slope. The results obtained with application of the indices developed to assess the models indicate that guirlanda presented the best results, with highlights for the low difficulty in installing the model on the slope, the low difficulty of filling the model with the mix of soil-substrate and seeds and the high development of green manure. The second best performance was achieved by retentor model followed by the worst performing colmeia model. In the analysis of soil environmental bioindicators, guirlanda presented better results in the production of organic matter, in number of morphospecies and in number of individuals of the edaphic fauna, followed by the models retentor and colmeia. The specifically pre-established criteria to assess these models indicate the potential applicability in future research projects to recover similar situations of degradation in open pit mining areas.
Klein, Patrícia Salvador Sanchez. "Avaliação das potencialidades das terras, adequação do uso das terras e indicadores de qualidade dos solos : subsídios para o planejamento conservacionista no perímetro irrigado de Mirorós (BA)". Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5432.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe practice of irrigated agriculture represents an increase of agricultural productivity, especially for areas with water deficit. Lands are frequently characterized erroneously which, coupled with lacking conservation measures, imposes serious consequences for the environment. In reality, any land use and intensive soil management when carried out unsustainably, can result in degradation processes. This study aims to provide subsidies for a conservationist planning in the Irrigated Perimeter of Mirorós, based on the rational use of land and adequate soil management. The perimeter is located in a semi-arid region of Bahia State (Brazil), municipality of Ibipeba, micro-region of Irecê. The following methods were adopted to evaluate the perimeter: evaluation of the edapho-climatic land potential, evaluation of the land potential for irrigation, determination of rates of land use adequacy as well as the use of indicators of soil quality for two kinds of land use (with and without irrigation). Thereby it was possible to define priority areas for intervention regarding land use and soil management (projected for conservation, recovery or recovery/preservation) and to identify the main susceptibilities for degradation processes or for improvements in soil quality, which have proven fundamental for conservationist planning strategies. The results showed that irrigated agriculture resulting in changes in the classification of land and greater impairment of soil quality, especially due to the susceptibility to the processes of compaction, salinisation and sodification, when compared to other uses without irrigation. On the other hand, the irrigated soils showed greater susceptibility to improvements in fertility and acidification. In fact, the negative effects as well as the improvements in soil quality were noted, in a smaller scale, in soils with other usage without irrigation. In general, the land of the perimeter in Mirorós possesses the potential for general agricultural use or for irrigated agriculture, but there is urgent need for interventions in soil management, including necessities of conservation or priority conservation. Additional interventions in usage are needed in areas that are being used in excess of their potential, resulting in the recovery/priority preservation of these areas. Furthermore, there are existing demands for interventions both in usage and management, resulting in areas that are priority for recovery. The proposed methods can be considered essential tools for the conservation of the natural resources in the study area, contributing towards sustainability in an agricultural environment.
A prática da agricultura irrigada representa um incremento da produtividade agrícola, principalmente para regiões com deficiência de água. No entanto, muitas vezes, a classificação das terras ocorre de forma incorreta, aliada à falta de medidas de conservação, o que tem imposto sérias conseqüências ambientais. Na realidade, qualquer uso da terra e manejo intensivo do solo, quando de maneira não sustentável, pode acarretar em processos de degradação. Este trabalho objetiva fornecer subsídios ao planejamento conservacionista, no Perímetro Irrigado de Mirorós, com base no uso racional das terras e manejo adequado do solo. Esse perímetro está localizado no semi-árido baiano, município de Ibipeba, microrregião de Irecê (BA). Para tanto, são adotadas a Avaliação do Potencial Edafoclimático das Terras e a Avaliação do Potencial das Terras para Irrigação, são determinadas as taxas de adequação do uso das terras, além da utilização de indicadores de qualidade do solo para dois tipos de usos das terras (com irrigação e sem irrigação). Com isso, houve possibilidade de definir áreas prioritárias de intervenção quanto ao uso das terras e manejo do solo (destinadas para Conservação, Recuperação ou Recuperação/Preservação) e identificar as principais suscetibilidades aos processos de degradação ou às melhorias na qualidade dos solos, as quais se mostraram fundamentais como estratégias para o planejamento conservacionista. Os resultados mostraram que a agricultura irrigada vem causando mudanças nas classificações das terras e maior comprometimento da qualidade do solo, sobretudo pela suscetibilidade aos processos de compactação, de salinização e de sodificação, em relação aos outros usos sem irrigação. Por outro lado, os solos irrigados se destacaram pela suscetibilidade às melhorias na fertilidade e na acidificação. Na verdade, os efeitos negativos, assim como melhorias na qualidade do solo, também foram notados nos solos com outros usos sem irrigação, porém de modo menos acentuado. Em geral, as terras do Perímetro de Mirorós possuem potencialidades para a agricultura geral ou para a agricultura irrigada, mas há urgência, especialmente, em intervenções no manejo, com necessidades de Conservação ou Conservação Prioritária. Além disso, há exigências de intervenções no uso, implicando na Recuperação/Preservação Prioritária de áreas que estejam sendo utilizadas acima do seu potencial, como também de intervenções no uso e manejo, ou seja, na Recuperação Prioritária. Os métodos propostos podem ser considerados ferramentas essenciais para a conservação dos recursos naturais na área de estudo e contribuir para o alcance da sustentabilidade no meio agrícola.
Rodrigues, Paulo Sérgio Lobo. "Desenvolvimento e calibração de um protótipo de sensor de umidade do solo para aplicação em sistemas de irrigação". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2961.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe importance of water in agriculture for the success of crops is unquestionable. In the present times, irrigation has become a strategic tool for the success of productions. Among other benefits is the possibility of planting between harvests, which makes it possible to improve the utilization of the agricultural area. Higher productivity can also be achieved through the artificial use of water to the crops. However, a balance must be struck between the interests of production and the socio-environmental criteria. Also, the availability of water in excess can lead to damages, causing the proliferation of fungi and bacteria, and the possible rotting of the roots. In this way, irrigation of crops should demand efficient controls of soil water content, emphasizing the rational and ecologically sustainable use of the natural resources involved. It is known that there are several soil moisture sensors that are able to obtain the water content in the soil, and that can aid in the control of water use. However, the high costs of quality sensors continue to be a barrier to the implantation in crops of small producers, due to their fragile purchasing power. Motivated by this, this work sought to develop a prototype sensor that would allow the measurement of soil moisture, and the main premise would be the low cost. For this, it was necessary to carry out the calibration of the prototype, from simultaneous readings between the same and the reference equipment, the professional sensor Watermark model 200SS-5. Of accessory form, the prototype was designed to communicate with external platforms, possibiliting the integration and real-time monitoring. For the database the data were transmitted through the wireless technology of the ESP8266-12E microcontroller (NodeMCU board). Two platforms were used, the ThingSpeak, as well a another developed by this author for the specific purpose of integration with the prototype. The cost for the prototype development corresponded to 4.2% of the value corresponding to the Watermark sensor, having additional characteristics compared to the reference equipment, the such as communication with external means and the easy integration with automated irrigation systems.
Araújo, édson Alves de. "Caracterização de solos e modificações provocadas pelo uso agrícola no assentamento Favo de Mel, na região do Purus Acre". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2000. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5549.
Pełny tekst źródłaActually in Acre the extensive pastures and the settlement projects (PA s) are responsible for most deforestation. The itinerant agriculture where the soil is used over a 2-year period prevails in PA s. Later on, the soil is left on fallow for recovering its fertility and/or to be incorporated to the extensive pasture. The use of the soil for a longer period and under a sustained way could be reached if appropriate management practices are adopted, so avoiding the deterioration of the soil as to its physical, chemistry and biological characteristics. From this premise it was objectified to characterize the soils and evaluate their physical and chemical alterations under different use types and so to supply subsidies to decision making on a more rational use. So, four locations inserted in the same soil conditions were selected (distrophic Yellow Argisols medium/clayish texture plane relief) at the Favo de Mel settlement on eastern Acre, in Purus region. The evaluated uses were: natural forest (control); natural newly-opened up forest submitted to intensive burning; planting of 2-years old pupunha (Bactris gassipae) and 4-years old brachiaria pasture (Brachiaria brizantha). Also, informal interviews were performed with farmers, and the root system were evaluated through digital images. It was concluded that the soil under pasture presented the highest density values, so suggesting a tendency to compaction. The nutrients and the organic carbon are found at low contents as well as concentrated in the first soil centimeters; and they tended to increase with intensity and time of soil use. The potassium drastically decreased in the pasture ecosystem, possibly due to losses by erosion and removal by pasture. The humina fraction prevailed on all four systems of soil use. Most vegetal biomass of the forest roots were concentrated down to 20-cm soil depth. There was also high correlation between the area and length of the roots. The farmers of Favo de Mel are coming from unsuccessful settlements, and the desistance index has been relatively low, so corroborating the importance of the environment on man's permanence in field.
Atualmente, no Acre, as pastagens extensivas e projetos de assentamento (PA) são responsáveis pela maior parte do desmatamento. Nos PA predomina a agricultura itinerante, onde o solo é utilizado por um período de dois anos. Posteriormente, é deixado em pousio para recuperação da fertilidade e, ou, incorporado à pastagem extensiva. O uso do solo por um período mais longo, e de forma mais sustentada, poderia ser alcançado se fossem adotadas práticas de manejo adequadas que evitassem a deterioração do solo quanto às suas características físicas, químicas e biológicas. A partir desta premissa, objetivou-se caracterizar os solos e avaliar suas alterações físicas e químicas, sob diferentes tipos de uso, e assim fornecer subsídios à tomada de decisão sobre um uso mais racional. Para tanto, selecionaram-se quatro locais inseridos nas mesmas condições de solo (Argissolo Amarelo distrófico, textura média/argilosa, relevo plano) no assentamento Favo de Mel, a leste do Acre, na região do Purus. Os usos avaliados foram: mata natural (testemunha); mata natural recém desbravada e submetida à queima intensiva; plantio de pupunha (Bactris gassipae) com dois anos e pastagem de braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha) com quatro anos. Também foram feitas entrevistas informais com os agricultores e o sistema radicular foi avaliado com imagens digitais. Conclui-se que o solo sob pastagem apresentou os maiores valores de densidade, o que sugere uma tendência à compactação. Os nutrientes e o carbono orgânico encontram-se em baixos teores, concentrados nos primeiros centímetros de solo, tendendo a aumentar com a intensidade e o tempo de uso do solo. O potássio decresceu, drasticamente, no ecossistema pastagem devido, possivelmente, às perdas por erosão e retirada pelo pastejo. A fração humina predominou nos quatro sistemas de uso do solo. As raízes da mata concentraram-se na maior parte de sua biomassa vegetal, nos primeiros 20 cm de profundidade do solo. Houve, também, alta correlação entre área e comprimento de raízes. Os agricultores do Favo de Mel são provenientes de assentamentos mal sucedidos, e o índice de desistência tem sido relativamente pequeno, o que comprova a importância do ambiente na permanência do homem no campo.
Zalamena, Jovani. "Impacto do uso da terra nos atributos químicos e físicos de solos de rebordo do planalto - RS". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5560.
Pełny tekst źródłaChanges in land use can take into soil chemical and physical quality degradation. In the hillside areas of the Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) land degradation vulnerability is elevated, due to the combination of a strong undulated to mountainous relief and shallow soils. The general purpose of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical attributes of soils located in the Sul-riograndense Plateau Border under different land uses. Two representative sites of the Plateau Border, characterized by steep slope areas with prevalence of family farms, were selected (Silveira Martins county (SM) and São João do Polêsine county (SJ)), and also a transition area situated between the Plateau Border and the Medium Plateau (Júlio de Castilhos county (JC)). In SM soil samples were collected in areas of no-tillage (PD), tillage (PC), reforestation (RF) and native forest (MN). In SJ soil samples were collected under native forest (MN), secondary forest (MS), old cropping (LV), new cropping (LN) and abandoned cropping (LA) areas. In JC the samples were collected under native forest (MN), native prairie (CN) and no-tillage (PD) areas. Samples were collected from 0 to 10cm and from 10 to 20cm. Modifications were observed in soil chemical and physical attributes due to the different land uses when compared to the native forest. In systems that do not receive constant external additions, a decrease in soil chemical fertility was observed. Soil organic matter content decreased as the land use intensity increased. C-O-alquyl was the carbon group that presented the largest contribution in the spectra of 13C NMR, independent of the land use system. The main physical alterations observed were the decreases of soil macroporosity, total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity and the increase in soil density when compared to soil natural conditions. Soil aggregation parameters did not show to be good indexes to identify changes due to the land use in this study.
As mudanças na utilização das terras podem levar à degradação da qualidade química e física do solo. Nas áreas de encosta do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) a vulnerabilidade à degradação das terras é elevada, devido a combinação de relevo forte ondulado a montanhoso e solos com pequena profundidade efetiva. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas e físicas do solo de áreas situadas no Rebordo do Planalto na região central do RS, sob diferentes usos da terra. Para isso foram selecionadas duas áreas representativas da região denominada Rebordo do Planalto, caracterizada por áreas de encosta com predomínio da agricultura familiar em pequena escala (Silveira Martins (SM) e São João do Polêsine (SJ)) e uma área de transição entre o Rebordo do Planalto e o Planalto Médio (Júlio de Castilhos (JC)). Em SM foram coletadas amostras de solo no sistema de plantio direto (PD), plantio convencional (PC), reflorestamento (RF) e mata nativa (MN). Em SJ foram coletadas amostras de solo sob os usos na mata nativa (MN), mata secundária (MS), lavoura velha (LV), lavoura nova (LN) e lavoura abandonada (LA). Em JC as amostras foram coletadas em áreas de mata nativa (MN), campo nativo (CN) e plantio direto (PD). As amostras foram coletadas na profundidade de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Através dos resultados obtidos, observaram-se modificações nas características químicas e físicas do solo em função dos diferentes usos da terra, ao comparar com a mata nativa. Em sistemas que não recebem adições constantes de fontes externas, ocorreu uma depressão da fertilidade química. A matéria orgânica do solo teve diminuição nos teores, conforme aumentou a intensidade de uso da terra. O grupo C-O-alquil foi o grupo de carbono que apresentou a maior contribuição nos espectros de RMN 13C, independente do sistema de uso da terra. As principais alterações físicas ocorridas em comparação com as condições naturais do solo, foram diminuições da macroporosidade, porosidade total e condutividade hidráulica saturada e aumento na densidade do solo. Os parâmetros de agregação do solo, neste trabalho, não se mostraram como bons índices de avaliação para identificar mudanças em função dos diferentes usos da terra.
Markussen, Michael. "Waldkonversion und Bodendegradation in Bergnebelwaldgebieten Guatemalas (Alta Verapaz)". Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B318-B.
Pełny tekst źródła(9842276), Kartik Venkatraman. "Phytocapping of municipal landfills: Evaluating the performance of 21 tree species and two soil depths". Thesis, 2013. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Phytocapping_of_municipal_landfills_Evaluating_the_performance_of_21_tree_species_and_two_soil_depths/13433012.
Pełny tekst źródła(9839696), Mar Mar Thi. "Selection of tomato genotypes that hyperaccumulate cadmium, for use in phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated sites". Thesis, 2012. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Selection_of_tomato_genotypes_that_hyperaccumulate_cadmium_for_use_in_phytoremediation_of_cadmium_contaminated_sites/13465631.
Pełny tekst źródłaWall, Andrew James. "The effect of poplar stand density on hill country pastures : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1517.
Pełny tekst źródłaOne-third of the North Island of New Zealand has been identified as requiring increased soil conservation if pastoral farming is to be sustainable. For over 50 years the planting of widely spaced poplar trees (Populus spp.) has been one of the main methods used to control soil erosion on hill pastures. Research has shown that these plantings have successfully decreased soil erosion but their impact on the productivity of pastoral farming has received little research attention. The research that has been undertaken has found poplars can suppress understorey pasture production by up to 40%, suggesting that farmers require more research information on the impact of planting conservation trees on the productivity of their farm if the use of conservation trees is to be more widely adopted on erosion prone land. The objective of this thesis was to provide comprehensive data on the relationship between the range of poplar densities used for soil conservation on the light and soil under poplars, and consequently the effect on understorey pastures. Three field sites on commercial sheep and beef hill farms, in regions with contrasting summer soil moisture availability, Manawatu (one site) and Central Hawke's Bay (two sites), were monitored for two years. Tree stocking rates ranged from 0 to 375 trees/ha. Measurements were based on units of four trees with most measurements either directly below the tree crowns or in the gaps between the trees, but more intensive transect measurements were also made. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the ratio of red to far red light (R:FR) were measured under the trees and in open pasture controls. Stand density indices used included all the commonly used measures of tree canopies, including digital photography, and stem diameter at breast height (DBH). PAR transmission was inversely related to all of the stand density indices with canopy closure based on digital photographs being the most robust of the indices used. PAR under the trees, relative to open pasture, was greater in the gaps than below tree crowns. Under a completely closed canopy, PAR transmission was reduced to 15-20% and 50-55% of the open pasture in summer and winter, respectively. The RFR under the trees, relative to open pasture, decreased markedly at high stand densities (allowing less than 40% PAR transmission) in summer, but was similar in winter. The change in PAR under the trees was shown to be a major factor limiting pasture growth, particularly directly below the tree crowns. For both summer and winter, canopy closure measured with a standard digital camera was strongly related to stand level PAR transmission (r2=0.88-0.97; P<0.0001) and was also a practical method of measuring canopy closure in the field. The soil measurements confirmed earlier research that soil pH increases under mature poplar trees. There was a 0.2 - 0.7 unit increase in soil pH in the upper 75 mm of soil over both contrasting regions. The soil fertility under the trees in terms of requirements for pasture growth was similar to that of the open pasture with calcium and potassium up to 2.2 and 9.0 quick test units higher in the soil under the trees than in the open pasture, respectively. The direct cause of the increased concentration of some cations under the trees was the annual tree leaf litter. Overall, the soil fertility under the trees had the potential to produce similar pasture production to that of the open pasture with the added advantage of less acid conditions. Averaged over all sites the respective annual net herbage accumulation (ANHA) under poplar canopy closures of 25, 50 and 75 % was estimated from the equations developed to be 77, 60 and 48% of the open pasture. The greatest decrease was directly below the tree crowns where at canopy closures greater than 20% the ANHA was a relatively constant 50% of open pasture. In the vertically projected gap between trees the ANHA decreased by 6.6% relative to open pasture for each 10% increase in canopy closure. At approximately 80% canopy closure there was no difference between the ANHA directly below the trees and in the gap. Pasture net herbage accumulation (NHA) under the trees relative to open pasture was at its lowest in summer and autumn (36% of open pasture under a closed canopy), and at its greatest in early spring before tree canopy leafed out (72% of open pasture under a closed canopy). The botanical composition and feed value of the pasture under the trees was broadly similar to that of the open pasture. The greatest impact of the poplars on the pasture was decreased NHA due to shading. The decrease in NHA directly below mature unpruned poplars is substantial and would decrease farm profitability if the poplar stand density were high over a large area of the farm. The use of poplars for soil conservation is essential but these results show the importance of managing trees through pruning and thinning so that canopy closure is minimised. ANHA under the trees can be maintained at 75% of the open pasture if canopy closure is prevented from exceeding 30-40%.
Langley, Gail. "Seed viability in topsoil stockpiles used for arid zone minesite rehabilitation in the Middleback Ranges of South Australia". 2002. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/46671.
Pełny tekst źródłaAtkinson, Victoria. "Mine and industrial site revegetation in the semi-arid zone, North-Eastern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia". 2005. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/46701.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoskruge, Nick. "Hokia ki te whenua : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Soil Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1725.
Pełny tekst źródłaPrasad, Kamal Kishor. "Revegetation of recent soil slips in Manawatu : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Applied Science at Massey University". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1435.
Pełny tekst źródłaBangamwabo, Victor Mugabo. "Spatial and temporal extent of land degradation in a communal landscape of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa /". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/676.
Pełny tekst źródła"Land degradation and rehabilitation in severely eroded granitic area of south China: a case study of Deqing". Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886894.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Bibliography: leaves 171-178.
ABSTRACT --- p.iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.v
TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.vi
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x
LIST OF TABLES --- p.xii
LIST OF PHOTOS --- p.xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xvi
Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.6
Chapter 1.3 --- Uniqueness and Significance of the Study --- p.7
Chapter 1.4 --- Some Key Concepts --- p.9
Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.11
Chapter II --- THE STUDY AREA
Chapter 2.1 --- Selection of the Study Area --- p.12
Chapter 2.2 --- The Physical and Socio-Economic Environment of the Deqing County --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Location --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Climate --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Geology and Landform --- p.18
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Vegetation --- p.18
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Population and Economic Activities --- p.19
Chapter 2.2.6 --- History of Soil Erosion and Conservation --- p.21
Chapter 2.3 --- The Shenchong Basin --- p.26
Chapter 2.4 --- The Lichong Basin --- p.28
Chapter 2.5 --- The Resource Base of Deqing --- p.30
Chapter III --- METHODOLOGY --- p.34
Chapter 3.1 --- Conceptual Considerations --- p.34
Chapter 3.2 --- Land Degradation Processes --- p.35
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Nutrient Loss from Hillslopes --- p.38
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Iron Toxicity --- p.43
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Properties and Nutrient Status of Rehabilitated Soils --- p.44
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water and Soil Samples --- p.49
Chapter 3.3 --- Cost-Benefit Analysis of Rehabilitation Measures --- p.50
Chapter 3.4 --- Problems and Limitations --- p.54
Chapter IV --- LAND DEGRADATION: PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS --- p.56
Chapter 4.1 --- Landscape Changes in a Severely Eroded Granitic Area --- p.56
Chapter 4.2 --- Land Degradation Processes 一 On-site Effects --- p.60
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Soil Loss on the Hillsides --- p.60
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Loss of productivity on the Hillsides --- p.64
Chapter 4.3 --- Land Degradation Process - Off-Site Effects --- p.70
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Burial of Agricultural Land Beneath Alluvial Fans --- p.70
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Concentration of Dissolved Iron in Sub-surface Water --- p.74
Chapter 4.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.78
Chapter V --- COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF EROSION CONTROL MEASURES THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS --- p.80
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.80
Chapter 5.2 --- Economic-Biophysical Management Linkages in the Shenchong Basin --- p.80
Chapter 5.3 --- Range of Erosion Control/Land Use Options --- p.83
Chapter 5.4 --- Methodology --- p.83
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Data Sources --- p.85
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Economic Valuation Techniques --- p.85
Chapter 5.5 --- Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Erosion- Control Measures --- p.87
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Option 1 - Hillsides are Maintained Under Dense Fern and Tree Cover and No Use is Permitted --- p.88
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Option 2 : Slope - Maintaining Dense Vegetation Cover but Permitting Sustained Yield Harvesting of Fern for Fuel and Resin and Timber Production --- p.90
Chapter 5.5.3 --- Option 3 : Slope - Building Terraces on Hillslopes --- p.92
Chapter 5.5.4 --- Option 4 : Slope - No Erosion Control Measures --- p.94
Chapter 5.5.5 --- Option 5 : Slope - Conversion from Fern and Woodland to Baji and Yu Gui Crops --- p.94
Chapter 5.5.6 --- Option 6 - Small Check Dams Constructed to Control Gully Erosion --- p.94
Chapter 5.5.7 --- Option 7 : Gully - Large Check Dams --- p.97
Chapter 5.5.8 --- Option 8 : Gully - Biological Dams --- p.98
Chapter 5.5.9 --- Option 9 : Gully - Infilling of Gullies --- p.99
Chapter 5.5.10 --- Option 10 : gully - No Erosion Control --- p.100
Chapter 5.6 --- Policy Implications --- p.100
Chapter 5.7 --- Policy Optimization With Multiple-Objective Decision Modeling --- p.102
Chapter VI --- REHABILITATION PROGRAM AT SHENCHONG AND LICHONG RECONSIDERED --- p.107
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.107
Chapter 6.2 --- Land Rehabilitation at Shenchong --- p.107
Chapter 6.3 --- Land Rehabilitation at Lichong --- p.111
Chapter 6.4 --- Ecological Considerations --- p.119
Chapter 6.5 --- Agricultural Considerations --- p.124
Chapter 6.5.1 --- Chemical Soil Properties --- p.126
Chapter 6.5.2 --- Physical Soil Property --- p.135
Chapter 6.6 --- Economic Considerations --- p.143
Chapter 6.6.1 --- Costs and Benefits of Rehabilitation Activities --- p.144
Chapter 6.6.2 --- Sustainability of the Rehabilitation Programs --- p.146
Chapter 6.6.3 --- Distribution of Costs and Benefits over Time --- p.148
Chapter 6.7 --- Institutional Considerations --- p.151
Chapter 6.7.1 --- Rural Economic Reform --- p.152
Chapter 6.7.2 --- Institution Set-up of the Two Brigades --- p.153
Chapter 6.7.3 --- Distribution of Cost and Benefits --- p.154
Chapter 6.7.4 --- Risk Management --- p.155
Chapter 6.7.5 --- Land Use Planning --- p.156
Chapter 6.7.6 --- Motivation --- p.157
Chapter 6.7.7 --- The Search for Solution --- p.159
Chapter VII --- CONCLUSION --- p.162
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.162
Chapter 7.2 --- Discussion --- p.166
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.171
APPENDICES --- p.179
Wang, Pei-Ling. "Modeling global human-induced soil degradation and its impacts on water balance". Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/13361.
Pełny tekst źródłaGraduate
2022-08-09
Mkhosi, Ntombi Elizabeth. "The evaluation of the state of grass species composition in some degraded tribal areas in the Zeerust district / Ntombi Elizabeth Mkhosi". Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11396.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (M.Sc. (Biology) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2003