Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Labour

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Labour”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 28 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Labour"

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Sethi, Prachi Sarin, Sujata Sharma i Indu Chawla. "Comparative evaluation of composite and simplified who partograms in a tertiary care centre in North India". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, nr 11 (28.10.2017): 5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20175016.

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Background: Early detection of abnormal progress and prevention of prolonged labour can significantly improve the outcome of labour. Partograph is an inexpensive tool which can provide a continuous pictorial overview of labour and is essential to monitor and manage labour. The objectives were to study the course of normal and abnormal labour and to evaluate the maternal and perinatal outcome using simple and composite WHO partogram.Methods: This was a randomized study conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, a tertiary care centre in North India. 200 women with term, singleton, vertex gestation, in spontaneous labor were included in the study. In 100 cases composite partograph was plotted and in rest 100 cases simple partograph was plotted. The following outcomes were compared: labor crossing the alert and action line, augmentation of labor, rate of cesarean section, perinatal and maternal outcome.Results: The partogram crossed the alert line (p 0.008) and action lines (p 0.017), causing increased need for augmentation (p 0.034) in the composite partogram which was statistically significant. The numbers of vaginal deliveries were high (p<0.001) and decrease number of cesarean sections (p 0.007) and instrumental deliveries (p 0.009) in the simplified group. NICU admissions were also higher in the composite group (p<0.05), though most of the NICU admissions were due to hyperbilirubinemia and low birth weight and was not directly related to monitoring of labour.Conclusions: It was observed in the present study that labour can be managed without the latent phase being plotted on the partograph. The interventions were higher when the latent phase was included, with increased number of labours crossing the alert and action lines, increased no. of augmentations and larger number of caesarean sections. Our study favours the use of the WHO modified partograph, which should become routine practice in monitoring labour for better maternal and perinatal outcome.
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Alam, Dr Ashfaque. "Upliftment of Agriculture labour through Labour Laws". Asian Mirror VII, nr I (10.03.2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/am.2020.7.1.an7.

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Mehar, Dr P. G., Laxmikant Misal, Sumit Donadkar, Akash Sukhadeve, Shubham Tonge, Sanket Gotmare i Devendra Kolhatkar. "A Review on Design of Multi–purpose Cutting Machine for Agricultural Uses". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 2 (28.02.2022): 1468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40545.

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Abstract: India is an agricultural country. In which 65% people are farmers. As, the population of india is increased, the demand of food is also increasing. In these circumstances, we need a fast cutting process instead of traditional cutting methods. In the past, agricultural activities were carried out with manual force. But today in most of our country there is a shortage of manpower; therefore labor is not available when required. So the labour cost for cutting of sugarcanes seed, groundnut and straw cutting only skilled labours are required. To minimize the labour cost and to get work done in minimum, time at cheap cost this machine is designed. It is simple in construction. It does not need skilled labour Keywords: Sugarcane Seed Cutting, Groundnut Stripper, Straw Cutting.
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Firoz, Abu Zahed Md, Md Shafiqul Islam i Md Sohel Rana. "Programmed Labour Analgesia and Epidural Labour Analgesia in Controlling Labour Pain". Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 10, nr 9 (23.09.2022): 1553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i09.022.

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Background: Labor analgesia has evolved from 18th century with the use of ether to present day practice of regional techniques. Labor analgesia has evolved from 18th century with the use of ether to present day practice of regional techniques. Variety of regional techniques, non-pharmacological methods and systemic analgesia had remodeled pain management in parturient resulting in better satisfaction. Objectives: To assess the Programmed Labour Analgesia and Epidural Labour Analgesia in Controlling Labour Pain. Methods: This randomized interventional clinical trial was conducted in the department of Anaesthesia at Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh from January to June 2022. A total of 72 parturients in active labour were allocated into two equal groups by using random allocation software. Group (G1) was given epidural injection of 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.2% with 2mcg/ml fentanyl. Top up was given with same dose regimen in graded manner. Group (G2) was given programmed labour analgesia with Inj. Pentazocine 6mg IV+Inj. Diazepam 2mg IV+Inj. Tramadol 1mg/kg deep i.m and thereafter Inj. Drotaverine 40mg IV half hourly (maximum of 3 doses). Inj. Ketamine 0.25-0.5 mg/kg IV was given as resque analgesia. Quality of pain relief was assessed with VAS score. Results: Labour analgesia was better in epidural group (G1) with VAS decreased significantly at 5 min (p 3 and they required resque analgesia with ketamine. There were no significant changes in hemodynamics. Side effects were mild without needing any intervention. There was no effect on ambulation in group (G1). Local anaesthetics were needed for episiotomy in all cases in group (G2). No adverse effects were seen on neonate in either group. Conclusion: Epidural labour analgesia is a better option than programmed labour analgesia for pain relief in labour. In programmed labour satisfactory pain relief was not achieved and duration of analgesia was for shorter period. It does not affect ......
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Nanda, Samir Kumar. "CHILD & LABOUR SCENARIO IN ODISHA". @rquivo Brasileiro de Educação 7, nr 15 (9.12.2019): 76–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-7344.2018v7n15p75-102.

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Based upon research in the state of Odisha in India, this article describes the labour scenario in the state of Odisha during the last 82 years. Odisha became separate state on 1st April 1936. Eighty-two years since the momentous day, much has changed in the Labour relation, Juveniles, Child Labour problem & Migrant Workers of Odisha. This article also explains the magnitude of child labour and steps taken by the Government to eliminate child labour, formation of Labour Union, status of migrant workers and bonded labour in the state of Odisha. Here an effort has been made to analyse the status of child labours as well as other labours in Odisha. Identification of the area of concentration of child labour & evaluations of dimensions of the problem has been made.
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COSTAR, BRIAN. "Denis Murphy: Labor Activist, Labour Historian". Australian Journal of Politics & History 34, nr 1 (7.04.2008): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1988.tb00797.x.

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Tilly, Chris. "Book Review: Labor Economics: Labour Economics". ILR Review 45, nr 2 (styczeń 1992): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500226.

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Singh, Ashwani, i Achyutananda Mishra. "Labour Rights in the Wake of the WTO". Global Trade and Customs Journal 18, Issue 7/8 (1.07.2023): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2023033.

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One of the most contentious issues surrounding globalization includes trade and labours rights. In the real world, trade and labour circumstances have an impact on one another. Trading nations should be subject to significant labour standards. It was believed that enforcing labour standards via trade agreements helps to improve the working conditions and income in poor countries, and minimize wage inequalities between rich and poor countries. The World Trade Organization’s (WTOs) establishment has resulted in the liberalization of trade and investment. Transnational corporations (TNCs) have become more economically powerful than many countries around the world in today’s era of globalization and free trade. These powerful TNCs are violating labour rights and are not accountable for that because of the lack of a legal framework. This calls for a look at issues that arise at the interface of international trade and labour standards, including a brief historical review of labour rights and the, as well as the impact of TNCs on labours and accountability. World Trade Organization, Labour Rights, International Labour Organization, Globalization, Trade, Transnational Corporations, International Labour Rights, Free Trade, Labour standards
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Choudhary, Anjali, i Meenakshi Tanwar. "Partogram and its relevance in modern obstetrics". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, nr 4 (26.03.2019): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20191207.

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Background: Normal labor and childbirth is fraught with complexities. In the modern times the child birth has proven to be more challenging than ever. Partogram has proven to be a simple and useful tool in monitoring normal labor. The objective of this endeavor was to site our experiences in using partogram for ‘plotting’ labors, to assess its utility, limitations and cite controversies.Methods: Authors analyzed progress of labor plotted on partograms in parturient women to see whether their labor patterns conform to the standard partogram, and can logical conclusions be drawn from their use to decide partogram’s utility and applicability.Results: The use of partogram was not universal and its charting inadequate due to lack of motivation on part of labor room residents, busy labor rooms. When plotted meticulously they showed a wide variation, and many women did not conform to the rates of dilatation of the graph. The use of partogram did not alter the rate of cesarean section for non-progressive labors with use and non-use of partogram.Conclusions: Philpott’s partogram is a very visual and useful tool to monitor labours and detect labour abnormalities timely. Although it has served as a labour management tool across the labour rooms its use is not universal. There is a plethora of conflicting opinions regarding its utility in modern obstetrics today, ranging from a complete faith in the tool to finding it obsolete and in need of a revision to calling it a medicalization of a natural process.
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Əlitahir oğlu Xammədov, Elxan. "Procedure for out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes". SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, nr 04 (23.04.2021): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/280-284.

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The article analyzes the rules for out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes. The main goal of the article is to further improve the legislation. In this article, solutions of individual labour disputes outside the court were investigated in the legislation of Azerbaijan, the importance of the Orga considering the solution of individual labour disputes before the court in terms of labour relations and the inefficiency of individual labour exchanges by one-on-one strike were tried to bring to the fore. Key words: out-of-court resolution of an individual labor dispute, consideration of an individual labor dispute in a pre-trial body, resolution of an individual labor dispute through individual leave, resolution of a collective labor dispute, bodies that resolve individual labor disputes
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Labour"

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Valsecchi, Irene. "Labour rewards and labour organisation in teams". Thesis, University of York, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292551.

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Haghighi, Mohammad Bagher Nobakht. "The role of labour law in labour relations and the labour market in Iran". Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.744768.

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Weng, Yulei. "China's labour market transition : labour mobility and wages". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13782/.

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After the 1978 policy of reform and opening up, Chinese economy is transiting from a planned economy to a market one. Meanwhile, its labour force also became more mobile, leading to job turnover and internal migration. In addition, the wage setting became more market-oriented rather than centrally administered. Motivated by these changes in the post-reform Chinese labour market, this thesis empirically investigates job turnover, wage compensation and return migration in China, all of which consider the impact of the household registration system. Chapter two empirically studies job turnover in China. The 1978 policy of reform and opening up brought changes to the Chinese labour market. For example, the number of life-long employment was reducing and meanwhile the scale of the non-public sector was expanding. Therefore, people have more employment choices than before. Using employment histories recorded in the 2008 China General Social Survey, discrete-time survival analysis is used to examine the motivations for job turnover. Respondents registered in urban and rural areas are considered separately in the analysis. However, the results show no significant difference in job turnover between urban and rural registered people. As bonuses, housing subsidies and social insurances are currently common employment benefits in China, chapter three asks whether there is a wage reduction when higher benefits are provided to employees, which can be explained by the compensating wage differentials hypothesis. Using data from the 2009 Rural-Urban Migration in China, both urban employees and migrant workers are included in the sample. A wage equation and three benefit equations are estimated simultaneously. Instrumental variables are selected to correct for the endogeneity problem of benefit variables in the wage equation. The results show that there is no trade-off between wages and benefits, meaning that benefits do not have a compensating effect to wages. The fourth chapter uses Cox survival analysis to study the return migration in China. Previous studies have found that return migration in China is due to the household registration system and the macroeconomic environment both domestically and internationally. However, this chapter argues that return migration is more likely to be associated with employment and household factors. Employing data from the 2009 Rural-Urban Migration in China, chapter four considers the heterogeneity in return migration between the new and old generation migrants, where the former are taken to be born after 1980. The results show that the new generation migrants experience more return migration than their old counterparts. This implies that integrating to cities may be difficult even if the new generation migrants have a stronger desire to stay in cities permanently. The thesis concludes that although the Chinese labour market is becoming more mobile and wage setting is more flexible, people with different registration status are experiencing different outcomes and respond differently to these changes. Therefore, the policy implication of this thesis is that the Chinese society as well as its labour market should transit from a dual track system to an integrated one.
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Eng, Cheryl Joy Wee Guay. "Intra-ASEAN labour flow : the labour market impacts". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26736.

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This study reviews the intra ASEAN labour exchanges that have occurred in the past decade, and proposes that these migration flows have affected the labour markets of both the sending and receiving countries. Generally, labour migration in the labour exporting countries was found to have alleviated unemployment, and migrants showed some indication of skill formation; in some cases though, problems of sectoral shortages had occurred. The study goes on to highlight some of these presenting labour market considerations, that result from labour flows. The study of labour importing countries found that foreign workers had become structurally integrated into the hosts’ workforce; through access to this cheap source of labour, domestic wages in hosts’ countries were generally depressed, thereby allowing them to maintain their comparative advantage as cheaper bases of production for longer periods. An exploration on structural change as another aspect of the labour market impact in labour importing countries, also indicated that there was a link between how migrant labour had been used, and the extent that structural change had occurred.
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Dalton, Raymond David. "Labour and the municipality : Labour politics in Leeds 1900-1914". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2000. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4872/.

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This thesis examines the emergence of the Labour Party in Leeds, from its establishment as the Leeds Labour Representation Committee in 1902 up to the outbreak of the First World War. This will include a description and analysis of the very different political features of the Labour Party in Leeds in the parliamentary and municipal elections in this period. While only able to have elected one member of parliament before 1914, the Labour Party was to obtain a presence on the City Council in 1903 and by 1914 became the second largest party. The success of the Labour Party in municipal politics was due to the willingness of most trade unions in Leeds to join with the Independent Labour Party in giving it political and financial support. This was achieved by the Party's advocacy of municipal government as a vehicle of social reform. In particular, they argued in favour of using the trading profits of municipally owned services for the financing of these reforms. A powerful voice in the Leeds Labour Party was provided by the unions organising municipal workers. As a result, the Labour group was to act as their defenders on the City Council in the face of a hostile Conservative-Liberal majority. However, the Party in Leeds was to establish a broad base of support from the trade union and socialist movements in the city, which enabled it to survive relatively unscathed the defeat of a general strike of municipal workers in 1913 and 1914.
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Thompson, Adrian. "Labour-force participation and disability in the UK labour-market". Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339778.

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Crothers, Elizabeth Anne. "Labour pains : a study of pain control mechanisms during labour". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260346.

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Wadsworth, Jonathan. "Labour mobility in Britain : evidence from the Labour Force Survey". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2810/.

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Labour mobility is a means by which to allocate human resources efficiently. The movement of labour into areas or states where it can increase individual worth, benefits the aggregate economy. This thesis is an empirical investigation of five aspects of labour mobility in Britain. A recurring theme of this study is the interaction between unemployment and mobility. We utilise information from the British Labour Force Surveys as the basis for our study. Specifically we examine: 1) The impact of unemployment on the inter-regional mobility of labour. We find that unemployment experience, and not regional differentials, increase the likelihood of migration. Further the regional allocation process functions less effectively at higher levels of aggregate unemployment. 2) The job search behaviour of employed workers. We show how worker satisfaction, as principally captured by length of job tenure, plays the largest role in the decision to seek work. The type of search strategy undertaken is partly dependent on the level of local labour demand. 3) The influence of unemployment benefit on job search effort. We demonstrate how benefit receipients search more extensively than others. Benefit claimants have a higher probability of locating a job offer. 4) Labour market transitions. Utilising a specially constructed dataset, we estimate annual probabilities of movement between employment, unemployment and inactivity. Worker heterogeneity is shown to explain the majority of these transitions, 5) Inter-firm mobility. Job-shopping by workers is an essential pre-requisite for eventual long-term, productive job matches. High levels of unemployment are shown to impede the job-shopping process.
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Rodda, Matt. "The man without labour : on the phantasm of artistic labour". Thesis, Glasgow School of Art, 2011. http://radar.gsa.ac.uk/4925/.

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The aim of this thesis is to reconsider the concept of labour in contemporary art. It advances a newly developed theory of the phantasm, where a double force of negation and affirmation mediates production, as an appropriate model for analysis of art in the age of immaterial labour. Specifically this thesis investigates the relationship between artists and their labour, and how artistic labour is phantasmal in that it allows artists to operate in, and make visible, a space between (or in the shadow of) the aspects ofbeingat work and being available-for work. What the phantasm defines is the crucial movement that mediates artistic labour in sense, linking the artist's interior sense or imaginary to its external production in aesthetics. Chapter 1 situates this inquiry in the current era of immaterial labour characterised by an influential body of theory that has arisen around artistic practices since the 1970s (specifically Jacques Ranciere and Giorgio Agamben), which focuses on a shift in production from material goods to human relations and social life. The increasing slippage between the material product of art and the artist's imaginary is then investigated in chapter 2 beginning with Marx's proposition that what makes labour exclusively human is that before it produces anything in reality it is first raised in the imagination. Building on Agamben's reflections on art and work (The Man Without Content) and the phantasm (Stanzas: Word and Phantasm in Western Culture), this thesis then identifies the phantasm as the dominant movement in relating the imaginary of artistic labour to its event of production. Rather than offer a new elaboration on the trajectory and history of art practices following the shift from the factory production line to the network (which emphasises communication, interaction, and creativity), the theory of the phantasm contributes an understanding of how art 'thinks' labour and how artists mediate themselves in labour. Contextualised with reference to performance art, conceptual and post-conceptual art practices, and particularly the artists Tehching Hsieh, Santiago Sierra and Bruce Nauman, chapters 3 and 4 then show how artistic practices operate to open up a space of critique of labour that combines and distributes different senses or suggest another sensory reality of labour. Chapter 3 develops this argument through Ranciere's theory of the distribution of sense in aesthetic practices (Politics of Aesthetics, Dissensus and The Aesthetic Unconscious), and situates artistic labour as a conflict between sensible presentations and our making sense of them. Chapter 4 concludes by bringing the movement of labour in the imaginary (Agamben) together with its distribution in aesthetic practices (Ranciere) to formulate a single model of artistic (phantasmatic) production. In order to face the central position of labour in art practices, what this model contributes is a way to understand and visualise artistic practices not by the products of art, but through the artist's labour as a phantasmatic moment of production, free from the obligation of producing or signifying anything other than itself.
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Eggebø, Torbjørn Moe. "Ultrasound and labour". Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for laboratoriemedisin, barne- og kvinnesykdommer, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11984.

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2.1 Innledning  Alle kvinner ønsker seg en ukomplisert fødsel, men komplikasjoner kan oppstå plutselig og uventet. I følge Verdens Helseorganisasjon trenger 15% av de gravide kyndig hjelp under svangerskap eller fødsel. Før fødselen starter er det viktig å vite hvordan fosteret er orientert i forhold til mor. Leiet vurderes som lengdeleie, tverrleie eller skråleie. Posisjonen beskriver hvordan fosteret er orientert fram, bak, til høyre eller venstre inne i livmoren, og presentasjon beskriver den delen av fosteret som er dypest i fødselskanalen. Nakken til fosteret kan være bøyd (flektert) eller strukket (ekstendert). Fødselskanalen hos mennesket har en bøyd og uregelmessig form, og fosteret må derfor rotere for å kunne passere. De fire kardinalbevegelsene hos et foster med bakhodepresentasjon er fleksjon av hodet, rotasjon gjennom kanalen, ekstensjon i utskjæringen og rotasjon i det skuldrene passerer utgangen. Ved slutten av svangerskapet blir livmorhalsen kortere, og under fødselen blir den avflatet før den åpner seg. Fosterets nivå i fødselskanalen relateres vanligvis til prosessus spinosus. Fødselshjelperne bruker tradisjonelt hendene til å vurdere forholdet mellom foster og mor, men studier har vist stor variasjon mellom ulike undersøkere. Galileo Galilei har sagt: «Mål det som er målbart, og prøv å gjøre målbart det som ennå ikke er det.» Hensikten med denne avhandlingen er å vurdere nytten av ultralydmålinger like før fødselen starter. 2.2 Materiale og metode Vi undersøkte to grupper gravide kvinner. Først undersøkte vi 152 kvinner med ett foster i hodeleie, ingen tidligere keisersnitt og vannavgang etter svangerskapsuke 37 (studie 1 og 2). Vi vurderte fosterhodets posisjon og grad av fleksjon i nakken med transabdominal ultralydundersøkelse. Deretter utførte vi en transperineal ultralydundersøkelse og målte avstanden til indre mormunn og lengden av livmorhalsen i sagittalplan. Vi brukte den korteste avstanden fra fosterhodet til perineum i frontalplan som et mål på fosterhodets nivå i fødselskanalen. Andre gruppe bestod av kvinner som kom til fødselsinduksjon (studie 3 og 4). Inklusjonskriterier var ett foster i hodeleie, ingen tidligere keisersnitt og svangerskapslengde over 37 uker. 710 kvinner hadde indusert fødsel i studieperioden, og 275 ble inkludert i undersøkelsen. Fosterhodets posisjon og nivå ble vurdert på samme måte som beskrevet ovenfor. Vi målte livmorhalsens lengde og vinkel ved vaginal undersøkelse. En fødselshjelper som ikke kjente resultatene av ultralydundersøkelsene, utførte Bishop scoringen. 2.3 Studie 1 Occiput posterior posisjon under fødselen er forbundet med økt risiko for stans i fødselsforløpet, operative forløsninger og rifter. Det diskuteres om occiput posterior posisjon ved fødselen skyldes occiput posterior før start av fødselen eller en unormal rotasjon gjennom fødselskanalen. Hensikten med studien var å vurdere nytten av en transabdominal ultralydundersøkelse før start av fødselen hos kvinner med vannavgang etter uke 37. 40 av 152 foster hadde occiput posterior posisjon før fødselen, og hos 34 (85%) av disse roterte hodet til occiput anterior innstilling i løpet av fødselen. Fosterhodets posisjon før fødselen kunne predikere occiput posterior posisjon ved fødselen med sensitivitet 60%; 95% CI 26-88, falsk positiv rate 24%; 95% CI 17-32, positiv prediktiv verdi 15%; 95% CI 6-30, negativ prediktiv verdi 96%; 95% CI 91-99 og likelihood ratio (LR) 2,5. 11 gravide hadde foster med ekstendert nakke før start av fødselen. Av disse fødte sju spontant, tre kvinner med keisersnitt og én ble forløst med vakuum. Det var ingen signifikant sammenheng mellom fosterhodets posisjon eller grad av nakkefleksjon før start av fødselen og utfallet av fødselen. Vi konkluderte med at en transabdominal ultralydundersøkelse hos kvinner med vannavgang har liten nytteverdi. 2.4 Studie 2 Transperineal ultralydundersøkelse er en lite brukt undersøkelsesmetode. Vi brukte utgangen av fødselskanalen som referanselinje for å vurdere fosterhodets nivå. Så vidt vi vet har ikke denne metoden vært evaluert tidligere. Hensikten med studien var å undersøke om resultatene av en transperineal ultralydundersøkelse kan predikere tid fra vannavgang til fødsel, og predikere sannsynligheten for en operativ forløsning. Undersøkelse av livmorhalsens lengde i sagittalplanet var teknisk mislykket hos 16% av kvinnene og var derfor lite hensiktsmessig. Undersøkelse av fosterhodets nivå i frontalplanet var vellykket hos alle. Kvinner med kort avstand (< 45 mm) fra fosterhodet til perineum, hadde signifikant færre keisersnitt, mindre bruk av epiduralanalgesi, kortere tid fra vannavgang til fødsel og kortere tid i aktiv fødsel enn de med lang avstand fra fosterhodet til perineum. Lang avstand predikerte operativ forløsning (keisersnitt eller operativ vaginalforløsning) med sensitivitet på 83%; 95% CI 67-94, falsk positiv rate 59%; 95% CI 49-68, positiv prediktiv verdi 31%; 95% CI 22-41, negativ prediktiv verdi 89%; 95% CI 77-96 og LR 1,4. Ultralydmåling av fosterhodets nivå kan være nyttig for å vurdere om kvinner med vannavgang bør vente på spontan fødsel eller tilbys tidlig induksjon. 2.5 Studie 3 Hensikten med denne studien var å evaluere fosterhodets nivå, målt med ultralyd, som en prediktiv faktor for fødselsforløpet ved induserte fødsler. Vi sammenlignet målingen med paritet, BMI, Bishop score og ultralydundersøkelse av fosterhodets posisjon, livmorhalsens lengde og vinkel. 13% ble forløst med keisersnitt. Paritet var den beste faktoren for å predikere fødselsmåte. Den korteste avstanden fra fosterhodet til perineum predikerte vaginal fødsel med 62%; 95% CI 52-71% (p = 0,03) av arealet under kurven i en ROC (receiver-operating characteristics) kurve. Lengden av livmorhalsen predikerte vaginal fødsel med 61%; 95% CI 51-71% (p = 0,03), vinkelen til livmorhalsen med 63%; 95% CI 52-74% (p = 0,02) og Bishop score med 61%; 95% CI 52-70% (p = 0,03) av arealet under kurven. Best resultat fikk vi for cut-off verdiene: hode-perineum avstand ≤ 40 mm, lengde av livmorhalsen ≤ 25 mm og bakre vinkel av livmorhalsen > 90 grader. De samme faktorene hadde også signifikant betydning for sannsynligheten for å føde innen 24 timer etter induksjon. Fosterhodets posisjon hadde ingen prediktiv verdi for fødselsforløpet. 2.6 Studie 4 Bishop score består av faktorene lengde, åpning, posisjon og konsistens av livmorhalsen, og fosterhodets nivå i fødselskanalen. I denne studien sammenlignet vi enkeltfaktorene i Bishop score med tilsvarende ultralydmålinger, og hvordan man kan kombinere ultralydmålinger og palpasjonsfunn. Vi fant moderat korrelasjon mellom palpasjon og ultralyd til å vurdere lengden av livmorhalsen (r = 0,54), svak korrelasjon i vurdering av fosterhodets nivå i fødselskanalen (r = 0,23) og ingen korrelasjon i vurdering av livmorhalsens vinkel eller posisjon (r = 0,03). Fosterhodets nivå og livmorhalsens lengde og åpning var de tre viktigste faktorene for å predikere fødselsforløpet. I klinisk praksis er det vanlig å kombinere faktorer i et scoringssystem. Bishop score er et subjektivt og komplisert system med score fra 0 til 13, og vi foreslår å bruke et nytt scoringssystem fra 0 til 3 der fosterhodets nivå og livmorhalsens lengde måles med ultralyd og åpningen vurderes med palpasjon. Faktorer kan også kombineres ved hjelp av Bayes teorem. A priori sannsynlighet for vaginal fødsel etter induksjon er 88%. LR for vaginal fødsel var 3,5 hvis avstanden fra fosterhodet til perineum var ≤ 40 mm. A posteriori sannsynlighet for vaginal fødsel blir dermed 96%. Vi anbefaler å evaluere kombinasjon av prediktive faktorer i nye studier. 2.7 Tanker om framtida I moderne medisinske forskning har metananalyser av randomiserte kontrollerte studier størst betydning. Humanistisk vitenskapsteori prioriterer erfaringskunnskap høyere. Erfaringskunnskap har lang tradisjon innenfor faget fødselshjelp, og det er viktig å ta vare på denne tradisjonen. Gammel og ny kunnskap må sammenlignes og evalueres. Pasientverdier har fått større betydning i moderne medisin. Klinikere kan ikke lenger bestemme for pasientene, men heller være rådgivere . God kunnskap er viktig for å kunne informere de fødende om sannsynlig forløp av fødselen. Filosofen William of Ockham (1285-1349) har uttalt: «Bruk alltid den enkleste av likeverdige metoder.» Ressursene i helsevesenet er begrenset, og leger får ofte et etisk dilemma om de skal prioritere den enkelte pasient eller sykehusets økonomi. Det vil derfor bli viktig å finne undersøkelsesmetoder som er enkle å bruke, nyttige for pasientene og som samtidig er kostnadseffektive. Ultralydundersøkelser har en sentral rolle i svangerskapsomsorgen. I denne avhandlingen har vi vurdert nytteverdien av ultralydmålinger like før fødselen starter. De samme undersøkelsesmetoder kan også brukes under fødselen. På dette området er det behov for mer forskning. Redaktøren i Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology har uttalt: «We will move from obstetric ultrasound to ultrasonographic obstetrics.» Kanskje vil ultralydundersøkelser i forbindelse med fødselen bli like viktige som de i dag er i svangerskapsomsorgen.
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Książki na temat "Labour"

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India. Parliament. Lok Sabha. Secretariat., red. Labour and labour welfare. Wyd. 2. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1988.

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Jamaica National Investment Promotion Limited. Labour and labour legislation. Wyd. 3. New York: JNIP, 1986.

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India. Parliament. Lok Sabha. Secretariat., red. Labour and labour welfare. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1985.

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Vercherand, Jean. Labour. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137373618.

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Pakistan. Complete labour laws: Labour code. Lahore: Nadeem Law Book House, 2012.

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1935-, Farani M., red. Complete labour laws: Labour code. Lahore: Nadeem Law Book House, 2006.

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Pakistan. Complete labour laws: Labour code. Lahore: Lahore Law Times Publications, 2004.

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Yerby, Margaret. Labour pain, anxiety, labour length and labour pain recall. [Guildford]: University of Surrey, 1994.

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Shaw, Eric. The Labour Party since 1945: Old Labour : new Labour. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.

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Dickens, Richard, Paul Gregg i Jonathan Wadsworth, red. The Labour Market Under New Labour. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598454.

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Części książek na temat "Labour"

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Wardell, Mark. "Labour and Labour Process". W Labour Process Theory, 153–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20466-3_5.

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Harrison, Barry, Charles Smith i Brinley Davies. "Labour". W Introductory Economics, 118–27. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22006-9_14.

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Reisman, David. "Labour". W The Economics of Alfred Marshall, 197–248. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08515-6_9.

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Bradley, Arthur. "Labour". W Originary Technicity: The Theory of Technology from Marx to Derrida, 21–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-30765-0_2.

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Filtzer, D. "Labour". W Khrushchev and Khrushchevism, 118–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18646-4_8.

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Butler, David, i Martin Westlake. "Labour". W British Politics and European Elections 1994, 114–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24088-3_5.

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Pollio, Gerald. "Labour". W The Rise and Fall of Britain’s North American Empire, 15–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07484-4_2.

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Stark, Leonard P. "Labour". W Choosing a Leader, 36–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230375758_3.

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Issel, William. "Labour". W Social Change in the United States, 1945–1983, 36–54. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17808-7_3.

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Harrison, Barry. "Labour". W Introductory Economics Course Companion, 79–85. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13004-7_14.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Labour"

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Nazarova, U. A., A. S. Galimova i A. E. Galina. "Transformation of Labour and Labour Values: a System of Social-Labour Relations and its System Features". W Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iscfec-18.2019.259.

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Glöss, Mareike, Moira McGregor i Barry Brown. "Designing for Labour". W CHI'16: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858476.

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Khertek, Shenne Vasilevna. "Gender pecularities of labor behaviour and labour mobility of Tyva republic". W 5th International research and practice conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-114295.

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Yakimovich, M. F. "LABOUR MARKET AS THE ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MIGRATION". W RUSSIA AND CHINA: A VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT. Amur State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/rc.2019.2.8.

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Privara, Andrej, Maria Pitukhina i Oleg Tolstoguzov. "LABOUR MIGRANTS IN THREE EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKETS ZONES: BOTTLENECK VACANCIES ANALYSIS". W 11th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2018.2263.

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Kimber, Julie. "Issues on War and Peace". W 14th Biennial Labour History Conference, redaktor Phillip Deery. Australian Society for the Study of Labour Histor, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5263/isp.

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Kloppers, Christo, i Robert Hirst. "Conducting Labour Risk Audits and Implementing a Labour Risk Management Programme in order to Create and Maintain Labour Stability". W Middle East Health, Safety, Security, and Environment Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/136568-ms.

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Karaca, Erol. "Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of Attitude Scale on Labor Force Participation of Women with a Structral Equation Model". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00617.

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This study is designed to find out the relationship between labour force participation of women, internal and external factors that limiting to their labour force participation and negatives of working. This research was carried out with 900 women between the ages of 15-64, living in Eskişehir. The data was collected through “Attitude Scale on Labor Force Participation of women” developed by researchers. These data were analyzed with Second Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis by using the statistical package LISREL. The findings from the study revealed that the scale was valid and reliable and that internal factors and external factors that limiting to their labour force participation and negatives of working affect directly labour force participation of women.
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Guseva, Irina A. "Labour Control And Supervision". W International Scientific Forum «National Interest, National Identity and National Security». European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.02.02.46.

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Haulíková, Nicol. "Quality Adjusted Labour Input". W EDAMBA 2021 : 24th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. University of Economics in Bratislava, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2021.9788022549301.152-165.

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the contribution of quality adjusted labour input to increase of labor productivity in Slovakia. The development of productivity is compared regarding the qualitatively adjusted input of work and without considering the quality factor. The aim of these comparisons is to point out possible shortcomings in the current measurements of productivity, or at least the individual components that enter its calculation. The change in the methodology in the calculation of the contribution, considering the quality of work, is more adapted to current trends in the labor market and especially to its future development regarding growing demands on the qualitative aspect of work and increasing share of work with a high level of skills needed to perform it. This is influenced, among other things, by the development and greater involvement of information technologies, digitalization and robotization, the necessary complement of which is the adaptation of the skills of the workforce, a change in their structure and an increase in their level.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Labour"

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Machin, Stephen, i Giulia Giupponi. Labour market inequality. The IFS, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2022.0208.

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Emmerson, Carl, Rowena Crawford, Robert Chote i Gemma Tetlow. Public spending under Labour. Institute for Fiscal Studies, kwiecień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2010.0092.

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Buiter, Willem. Centre For Labour Economics. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2578.

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Mitra, Devashish. India’s labour reforms and FTAs could spell luck for its labour force. East Asia Forum, styczeń 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1704880842.

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Etheridge, Ben, Aitor Irastorza-Fadrique i Michael J. Böhm. The impact of labour demand shocks when occupational labour supplies are heterogeneous. The IFS, czerwiec 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2024.2824.

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Freeman, Richard. Labour Market Institutions Without Blinders: The Debate over Flexibility and Labour Market Performance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11286.

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Halvorsen, Bjørn, Ole-Johnny Hansen, Jenny Tägtström i Ragna Flø. Creating an inclusive labour market. Nordic Council of Ministers, czerwiec 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2013-547.

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Shephard, Andrew. Inequality under the Labour government. Institute for Fiscal Studies, marzec 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2003.0033.

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Chote, Robert, Rowena Crawford, Carl Emmerson i Gemma Tetlow. The tax burden under Labour. Institute for Fiscal Studies, kwiecień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2010.0091.

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Nguyen, Tu Phuong. Reforming labour relations in Vietnam. East Asia Forum, czerwiec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1402048834.

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