Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Labor, Unemployed, 1932

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Labor, Unemployed, 1932”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Labor, Unemployed, 1932"

Kritikos, George. "The Proliferation of Agricultural Schools: A Practical Education in Greece (1922–1932)". Agricultural History 81, nr 3 (1.07.2007): 358–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-81.3.358.

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Abstract This study analyzes the proliferation of agricultural schools in Greece from 1922 to 1932 from a social, economic, and cultural perspective. It examines the role of the Greek vernacular language—demotic—and vernacular education as tools for national and social integration. It investigates the links between the establishment of agricultural schools, the teaching of demotic in elementary school, and the integration in the labor market not only of thousands of unemployed Greek citizens, but also of approximately 1.2 million Asia Minor refugees who fled to Greece after 1922. The article examines whether limiting the Greek vernacular language to primary schools, with the continuation of both the dominant classical model of education and the use of "purist" (katharevousa) Greek in secondary education, created the prerequisites for upward mobility through education or reproduced the existing social and financial inequalities in Greek society.

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Card, David. "Origins of the Unemployment Rate: The Lasting Legacy of Measurement without Theory". American Economic Review 101, nr 3 (1.05.2011): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.552.

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The modern definition of unemployment emerged in the late 1930s from research conducted at the Works Progress Administration and the Census Bureau. According to this definition, people who are not working but actively searching for work are counted as unemployed. This concept was first used in the Enumerative Check Census, a follow-up sample for the 1937 Census of Unemployment, and continued with the Monthly Report on the Labor Force survey, begun in December 1939 by the Works Progress Administration. A similar definition is now used to measure unemployment around the world.

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Ostrander, J. R., i D. C. Oliver. "Construction of the Broadway Bridge at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in 1932". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, nr 4 (1.08.1987): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-066.

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Saskatoon in the late twenties experienced a minor construction boom. Then in 1930 the Depression hit, coinciding with more than a decade of drought that decimated Saskatchewan's farm communities and urban centres. In 1931 Saskatoon proposed a relief project. It would construct a concrete arch bridge across the South Saskatchewan River connecting the downtown business district with Nutana.Acting as the City's consulting engineer, C. J. Mackenzie, Dean of Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan, directed the design of the bridge. The metastable south bank, much higher than the downtown side of the river, was a major factor in his design. The simple geometric lines of the structure resulted in its enduring aesthetic quality.As a relief project, the Broadway Bridge had to be constructed within a year. All labour was obtained from the ranks of unemployed married men. Often 450 men were employed at once, working three shifts around the clock. During construction of the piers, temperatures fell to −40 °C (−40°F) for several days. The river's flood stage in June made it impossible to construct the majority of the falsework in the river until July. By October, freezing temperatures were again being experienced.Yet for all the difficulties, on November 11, 1932, the bridge was officially opened. It had taken the people of Saskatoon less than 11 months to construct their bridge. Unfortunately, many years of even harder times loomed ahead. Key words: arch, bridge, concrete, construction, history.

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Endres, Tony, i Malcolm Cook. "Administering ‘The Unemployed Difficulty’: The N. S. W. Government Labour Bureau 1892-1912*". Australian Economic History Review 26, nr 1 (1.01.1986): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.261004.

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Luzardo-Luna, Ivan. "Labour frictions in interwar Britain: industrial reshuffling and the origin of mass unemployment". European Review of Economic History 24, nr 2 (26.02.2019): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez001.

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Abstract This article estimates the matching function of the British labour market for the period of 1921–1934. Changes in matching efficiency can explain both employment resilience during the Great Depression and the high structural unemployment throughout the interwar period. Early in the 1920s, matching efficiency improved due to the development of the retail industry. However, the econometric results show a structural break in March 1927, related to a major industrial reshuffling that reduced the demand for workers in staple industries. Since these industries were geographically concentrated, there was an increase in the average distance between the unemployed and vacancies, and matching efficiency declined.

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Jeifets, Victor. "On the way to the Soviet Mexico: the Comintern and the Communist Party of Mexico at the period of its illegal activities, 1929-1934". Latin-american Historical Almanac 31, nr 1 (26.08.2021): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2021-31-1-33-60.

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This article deals with the evolution and peculiarities of the policy of Mexican communists who were forced to operate underground after the beginning of the "left turn" in the late 1920s. During this period, the CPM actually abandoned its own interpretation of the problems of the revolution in its country, being satisfied with the policies and assessments of the Comintern apparatus. The author's attention is paid to both the party's course towards attempts to penetrate the army structures, as also to new forms of activity (after the collapse of the policy of broad alliances) in the labor movement, among the unemployed and peasant organizations; they were all aimed at achieving the goal of the seizure of power by the workers and peasants; in 1929-1934 the Communist Party of Mexico virtually excluded the anti-imperialist component from its sphere of activity. The crisis in the reformist sector of the labor movement contributed to the intensive development of an independent labor movement, the path to which the Mexican Communists tried to find, however, this activity was complicated by the presence of a number of serious competitors. During this period, the communists concentrated their efforts on working in the nation-wide branch trade unions, which created the groundwork for new growth. At the same time, the CPM did not understand neither the significance of the figure of the progressive politician Lazaro Cardenas, nor the consequences of the regrouping within the ruling elites, and with great difficulty renounced sectarian politics.

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Lagneau-Ymonet, Paul, i Bénédicte Reynaud. "The making of a category of economic understanding in Great Britain (1880–1931): ‘the unemployed’". Cambridge Journal of Economics 44, nr 6 (13.07.2020): 1181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaa018.

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Abstract Evidence-based policy relies on measurement to trigger actions and to manage and evaluate programmes. Yet measurement requires classification: the making of categories of understanding that approximate or represent collective phenomena. In 1931, two decades after implementing the first compulsory unemployment benefits in 1911, the British Government began to carry out a census of out-of-work individuals. Why such an inversion, at odds with the exercise of rational-legal authority, and unlike to its French or German counterparts? To solve this puzzle, we document the making of ‘the unemployed’ as a category of scientific analysis and of public policy in nineteenth-century Great Britain. Our circumscribed contribution to the history of economic thought and methodology informs today’s controversies on the future of work, the weakening of wage labour through the rise in the number of part-time contracts and self-employed workers, as well as the rivalry between the welfare state and private charities with regard to providing impoverished people with some kind of relief.

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Efremova, U. P., i O. A. Tsesevichene. "SOCIAL AND PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF LABOR BUREAU OF “THE SOCIETY OF URAL MINING TECHNICIANS”". Вестник Пермского университета. История, nr 1(52) (2021): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-1-150-157.

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The article is devoted to the socio-protective activities of the Society of Ural Mining Technicians (SUMT). It was founded in 1901 in the Perm province as a professional scientific and technical community. The organization was formed at the stage of the final phase of the industrial revolution in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which contributed to the development of scientific thought in the Ural region, the formation of new social relations and the emergence of professional associations. The main staff of the Society included engineers, technicians, teachers and students of the Ural Mining School. The author considers in detail the activities of the Bureau of Labor as one of the structural subdivisions of SUMT. It began its work in 1902 and acted as an intermediary between the employee and the employer. Its purposes were to collect data from employers on the availability of vacancies at enterprises, to compile a database of unemployed members of SUMT, to resolve issues of their employment, and to prepare recommendations and guarantees when applying for a job. The Bureau of Labor also provided material support to family members of the community. In addition, the Bureau of Labor monitored the observance of the employees’ working conditions, ensured the protection of the interests of the members of the Society at work, protected their interests in case of conflicts with the employer or the abnormal position of technicians, and was engaged in workers' health insurance. The revealed violations by the employer were published by the Bureau of Labor in the journal of the Society "Ural Technician". The Bureau of Labor of the Society of Ural Mining Technicians implemented social protective functions in the Ural region associated with labor exchanges in the pre-revolutionary period of Russia’s development.

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Bhatt, Neel S., Pamela Goodman, Wendy M. Leisenring, Gregory T. Armstrong, Eric J. Chow, Melissa M. Hudson, Kevin R. Krull i in. "Chronic Health Conditions and Longitudinal Employment in Survivors of Childhood Cancer". JAMA Network Open 7, nr 5 (10.05.2024): e2410731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10731.

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ImportanceEmployment is an important factor in quality of life and provides social and economic support. Longitudinal data on employment and associations with chronic health conditions for adult survivors of childhood cancer are lacking.ObjectiveTo evaluate longitudinal trends in employment among survivors of childhood cancer.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective cohort study of 5-year cancer survivors diagnosed at age 20 years or younger between 1970 and 1986 enrolled in the multi-institutional Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). Sex-stratified employment status at baseline (2002 to 2004) and follow-up (2014 to 2016) was compared with general population rates from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System cohort. Data were analyzed from July 2021 to June 2022.ExposuresCancer therapy and preexisting and newly developed chronic health conditions.Main Outcomes and MeasuresStandardized prevalence ratios of employment (full-time or part-time, health-related unemployment, unemployed, not in labor force) among adult (aged ≥25 years) survivors between baseline and follow-up compared with the general population. Longitudinal assessment of negative employment transitions (full-time to part-time or unemployed at follow-up).ResultsFemale participants (3076 participants at baseline; 2852 at follow-up) were a median (range) age of 33 (25-53) years at baseline and 42 (27-65) years at follow-up; male participants (3196 participants at baseline; 2557 at follow-up) were 33 (25-54) and 43 (28-64) years, respectively. The prevalence of full-time or part-time employment at baseline and follow-up was 2215 of 3076 (71.3%) and 1933 of 2852 (64.8%) for female participants and 2753 of 3196 (85.3%) and 2079 of 2557 (77.3%) for male participants, respectively, with declining standardized prevalence ratios over time (female participant baseline, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.98-1.03; follow-up, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.98; P &lt; .001; male participant baseline, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.97; follow-up, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.95; P = .02). While the prevalence of health-related unemployment increased (female participants, 11.6% to 17.2%; male participants, 8.1% to 17.1%), the standardized prevalence ratio remained higher than the general population and declined over time (female participant baseline, 3.78; 95% CI, 3.37-4.23; follow-up, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.97-2.51; P &lt; .001; male participant baseline, 3.12; 95% CI, 2.71-3.60; follow-up, 2.61; 95% CI, 2.24-3.03; P = .002). Among survivors employed full-time at baseline (1488 female participants; 1933 male participants), 285 female participants (19.2%) and 248 male participants (12.8%) experienced a negative employment transition (median [range] follow-up, 11.5 [9.4-13.8] years). Higher numbers and grades of chronic health conditions were significantly associated with these transitions.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this retrospective analysis of adult survivors of childhood cancer, significant declines in employment and increases in health-related unemployment among cancer survivors compared with the general population were identified. A substantial portion of survivors in the midcareer age range fell out of the workforce. Awareness among clinicians, caregivers, and employers may facilitate clinical counseling and occupational provisions for supportive work accommodations.

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Green, D. H. "Alfred Edward Ringwood. 19 April 1930–12 November 1993". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 44 (styczeń 1998): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1998.0023.

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Ted Ringwood was born in Kew, an inner Melbourne suburb, on 19 April 1930, an only child in a family that identified strongly with Australia and with Melbourne in particular. Both his parents were Australian, but his mother's parents had come to Australia as Presbyterian emigrants from Ulster. His paternal grandfather was born in New Zealand, his paternal greatgrandfather in Australia and his grandmother in India. His father, also Alfred Edward Ringwood, enlisted as an 18–year–old in the First World War and fought in France, suffering gas attack, trench feet and other distressing experiences which impacted heavily on his later life. During the 1920s he held a variety of unskilled jobs and was essentially unemployed from the beginning of the Depression onwards. Ted's mother and extended family on both sides provided stability when his father joined Australia's large, itinerant ‘odd–jobbing’ labour force during the 1930s. (Later, his father received a war service pension.) Ted's mother, with clerical skills, supported the family through much of the Depression. However, the family's precarious financial position meant that Ted was boarded out with grandparents and relatives for extended periods. His maternal grandfather owned a small foundry in Fitzroy and successfully managed a small business through the Depression and the Second World War years.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Labor, Unemployed, 1932"

Kerr, Melissa. "New South Wales Public Employment Services 1887-1942". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8645.

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Australian historical scholarship has traditionally neglected public employment services as an area of research. However, in recent years as the State has repositioned itself in the labour market the role of public employment services has become a popular area of debate. While contemporary scholars have contributed to these debates, their historical counterparts have been slower to follow suit. In overcoming this neglect, this thesis provides an historical examination of one of the earliest forms of state intervention into the Australian labour market: public employment services. This study examined the establishment and operations of public employment services in NSW from 1887 until 1942, when they were transferred across to the Federal Department of Labour and National Service, to comply with Commonwealth Wartime legislation. Within the Australian contemporary scholarship, public employment services have been conceptualised according to three dominant economic traditions: neo-classical economics, Keynesian economics and the writings of W.H. Beveridge. However, these traditions are predicated on inherent assumptions and predetermined outcomes, all of which fail to identify the origins and development of public employment services in Australia. Neo-classical economists have been the most critical arguing that the public provision of employments services is both inefficient and ineffective. Within the historical literature, Institutional economists in the United States have been influential in identifying the socio-economic factors that led to the development of the public employment services: asymmetrical labour market information and fraudulent acts perpetrated by private employment registries, all of which distorted the functioning of the labour market. By adopting the institutional economic approach, this thesis found that it was these socio-economic concerns that led to the introduction of the public employment service in NSW. This thesis disputes the claims of the neo-classical economists that the public employment services were both inefficient and ineffective, instead it argues that the public employment service played a pivotal role in the development of the NSW economy performing the role of labour market intermediary: channelling information and bringing together those wishing to buy and sell labour; while safeguarding those vulnerable in the labour market: the unemployed.

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Willis, Terry R. "Unemployed citizens of Seattle, 1900-1939 : Hulet Wells, Seattle labor, and the struggle for economic security /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10464.

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Benford, Brian. "Youth unemployment in Sheffield 1982-1987 : an examination of the Youth and Community Service initiatives, the Youth Training Scheme with special reference to the role of Stocksbridge College and the views of fifty unemployed young". Thesis, University of Hull, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328820.

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Książki na temat "Labor, Unemployed, 1932"

Patrias, Carmela. Relief strike: Immigrant workers and the great depression in Crowland, Ontario, 1930-1935. Toronto: New Hogtown Press, 1990.

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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics., red. The American work force, 1992-2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1994.

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Partnership, Dublin Inner City. "Turning the tide": Review of Progress 1992 -1993 : Partnership Action Plan 1994 - 1996. Dublin: Dublin Inner City Partnership, 1994.

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Economic Council of Canada. Working Paper 3. The duration of unemployment and the dynamics of labour sector adjustment: Parametric evidence from the Canadian annual work patterns survey, 1978-80, 1982-85. Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Dislocated workers: Labor-management committees enhance reemployment assistance : report to the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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Bonn, Moritz J. Arbeitsförderungsgesetz: (AFG) : vom 25. Juni 1969 (BGBl. I S. 582) : zuletzt geändert durch Art. 13 des Gesetzes zur Bereinigung von Kriegsfolgegesetzen vom 21. Dezember 1992 (BGBl. I S. 2094). Bergisch Gladbach: Heider-Verlag, 1993.

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Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 34th Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 4 - 5, 1992]. [Ontario: s.n.], 1992.

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Stricker, Frank. American Unemployment. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043154.001.0001.

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This book shows that full employment has been rare in the United States in the last 150 years; excessive unemployment has been the norm. Against prominent economists who argue that unemployment is voluntary choice, it shows by analysis and many stories that being unemployed is painful and not something people choose lightly. It argues that hidden unemployment and a continuing labor surplus help explain why average real wages in 2019 are not much above their level of the early 1970s. The book locates consequential ideas about unemployment on a continuum between two opposing views. The free-market view holds that except for external shocks or government mistakes, significant unemployment is rare. People can always find jobs. But the historical record tells another story. For example, with mostly laissez-faire conditions, there were six major depressions from 1873 through 1933.The opposing view is that the business system naturally generates excessive unemployment, and at times depressions with catastrophic levels of joblessness. The book shows how the second model fits past and present facts. It also argues that the official unemployment rate, whose creation in the 1940s was an advance for economic policy, underestimates real unemployment and lessens the impetus for job-creation programs. And that’s a problem. Because many employers are happy with a labor surplus, and because tax cuts for the rich do not create many good jobs, this book argues that only direct job creation by the federal government—financed partly by taxes on the rich—will bring high-wage full employment.

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Lsa/Zip, September 1992: Purchasing Agent's Guide to Labor Surplus Areas : Geographic Reference Guide to Federally Designated Areas of High Unemploy (Lsa/Zip). Business Research Services, 1992.

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Części książek na temat "Labor, Unemployed, 1932"

Zapfel, Stefan, Nancy Reims i Mathilde Niehaus. "Social Networks and Disability: Access to and Stabilization of Integration into the Primary Labor Market". W Social Networks and Health Inequalities, 273–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_15.

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AbstractSocial science research and official statistics repeatedly point to the poor employment prospects of people with disabilities compared to those without disabilities (Eichhorst et al., 2010, p. 7; WHO, 2011, p. 237; Engels et al., 2017, p. 166 ff.; von Kardorff et al., 2013, p. 7 ff.; Pfaff, 2012, p. 235 ff.; Rauch, 2005, p. 28 ff.). People with disabilities are therefore also less likely to benefit from the manifest and latent functions of employment (Jahoda, 1983). The manifest functions include financial resources and access to the social security system. The latent functions encompass, for example, predefined time structures, the existence of common goals, social and professional prestige, the possibility to perform an activity experienced as meaningful, and the establishment and maintenance of social contacts. Deficits in access to the latent functions of employment are one of the main factors that explain the generally poorer health status of the unemployed (Batinic et al., 2010; Jahoda, 1982).

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Jackson, Robert H. "That Man As Leader of The Masses". W That Man, 157–64. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195168266.003.0009.

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Abstract It Was No Great Tribute to his skill, under the circumstances, that Roosevelt won a majority in the 1932 elections. But it was a tribute to his leader ship that he made a normally Republican country into a normally Democratic one. He was even able to take their following away from labor leaders when they opposed him, as John Lewis learned.1 He broke the firmly established two terms tradition. No President had obtained from Congress so much legislation it did not want as he had been able to do. How was it done? There are those who think the sole secret is the “Santa Claus” theory. There is no denying that his Administration met with an extraordinary opportunity to extend government aid to an extraordinary number of persons, and that he took full advantage of the opportunity. Banks, railroads, and businessmen were aided through the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Labor unions and their leaders were strengthened by enactment and administration of the National Labor Relations Act. Unorganized and inefficient labor was given the advantage of the Minimum Wage and Maximum Hour Act. Unemployment was relieved through a program of public works, and unemployed and aged persons received direct relief by the aid of the federal government. It bypassed the state governments and dealt directly with the municipal and local authorities and thereby established loyalties among local officials, who were enabled to solve their problems by direct contact with Washington. It would be idle to deny that these measures built up a strong popular following for the President based on benefits received.

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Hansen, Magnus Paulsen. "Turning solutions into ‘structural’ problems: unemployment insurance, Denmark, 1992–93". W The Moral Economy of Activation, 91–118. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447349969.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 analyses the reform process ending with ‘The active labour market policy act’ (1992-93) of the Danish unemployment insurance system. The chapter explains how a number of instruments that were initially qualified to keep the existing normative principles alive became requalified and reshaped to activation. The reform introduced an individual contract in combination with it with a number of different instruments: leave schemes to ease access to the labour market, job training for the unemployed and job offers that the unemployed, after a period of time, would have to accept in order to continue to receive compensation.

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Davis, Mary, i John Foster. "The TGWU and the Labour Movement 1922–24". W UNITE History Volume 1 (1880-1931), 33–48. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800859715.003.0003.

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This chapter looks at the increasingly polarised left/right battles within the TGWU and wider labour movement. It examines the influence of the Communist Party and rank-and-file organisations such as the National Minority Movement and the National Unemployed Workers Movement. Bevin, in opposing the communist led left, confronted the unofficial dock strikes, but was nonetheless critical of the first minority Labour government, during which two official strikes - one of London bus and tramway workers and the other of dockers were supported by the union’s leadership, despite the discomfiture caused to the labour government. The position of women in the new union is also considered.

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Honey, Michael K. "Black Workers Matter". W An Unseen Light. University Press of Kentucky, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813175515.003.0017.

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What happened to Martin Luther King’s dream of economic equality in Memphis? For most of the city’s history, 80 percent or more of the black community has consisted of black workers. Slavery set the terms of cheap labor as the measure of profitability in Memphis, and white economic elites have pursued that measure of profitability ever since, but not without resistance from black working people. Drawing on the last thirty years of research on Memphis labor and race relations, this essay surveys the struggles of black workers and the black community as a whole for economic advancement. After documenting decisive, powerful advances for African Americans in Memphis during the “long civil rights movement” from 1934 to 1968, the essay surveys the fate of the black working class and poses questions about the legacy of the freedom struggle in the fifty years since 1968, during which time more educated and politically involved people have advanced, while the fate of undereducated, underpaid, or unemployed working people has worsened. The legacy of the black freedom struggle in Memphis continues in the increasingly difficult terrain of America’s racial capitalism in the twenty-first-century global economy.

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Butler, Lise. "‘For Richer, For Poorer’". W Michael Young, Social Science, and the British Left, 1945-1970, 77–100. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862895.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 examines an unpublished policy document that Young submitted to the Labour Party Policy Committee in 1952 called ‘For Richer, For Poorer’, which marked a transition from Young’s public policy career towards sociology and social research. Young left his position in the Labour Party Research Department after the Conservative election victory in the 1951 general election, and undertook a Ph.D. in social administration at the London School of Economics supervised by the social policy thinker Richard Titmuss. Responding to the Labour Party’s failure to appeal to women voters in the 1951 election, ‘For Richer, For Poorer’ urged the Labour Party to pay more attention to family policy. Young integrated a historical vision of declining social cohesion caused by industrialization and suburbanization with contemporary concerns about the poverty of women and children that built on the work of earlier social poverty researchers and the feminist campaigns for a family allowance led by Eleanor Rathbone. This document reflected a turn in Young’s thought away from the focus on full employment and macro-economic planning which had characterized much of his policy work during the Attlee government, and towards thinking about social policy from the perspective of those he conceived of as non-workers, including the elderly, the unemployed, children, and women.

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Riddell, Roger C., Mark Robinson, John De Coninck, Ann Muir i Sarah White. "Zimbabwe". W Non—Governmental Organizations and Rural Poverty Alleviation, 238–83. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233305.003.0010.

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Abstract In relation to a number of key development indicators, Zimbabwe’s record during the 1980s was impressive. The economy grew at an average rate of 3.9 per cent a year, school enrolments rose from 1.3 million in 1980 to 2.9 million in 1989, including an inefold increase in secondary—school places, while small—scale, largely peasant, agriculture flourished, with marketed output from the communal areas expanding twentyfold and rising from 4 to 20 per cent of national marketed output. Clearly, however, all is not well. In 1990 the government announced the inauguration of a structural adjustment programme approved by both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, aimed at raising and sustaining higher medium— and long—term growth and reducing poverty. Comparatively high average per capita income ($570 in 1992), a highly skewed income and wealth distribution, extensive lush and leafy urban suburbs, and a well—functioning transport system all disguise the extent and depth of poverty and malnutrition which also characterize contemporary Zimbabwe. At the start of the 1990s, over 25 per cent of the labour—force was unemployed, while the majority of formal—sector workers were probably in receipt of sub—poverty wages. In the rural areas, containing 70 per cent of the total population of 10 million, it is estimated that at least 55 per cent of households live in poverty: in many years between 25 and 60 per cent of farming families fail to produce sufficient food to cover their own basic requirements. This is the context in which NGOs operate in Zimbabwe today.

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"levels which normally oscillated between 80,000 and 100,000 per year, and which in 1975 had soared up to 118,000 workers, were sharply reduced to 40,000 thereafter [First, 1982]. This mainly affected the southern part of Mozambique by creating massive rural unemployment. The towns had no capacity to absorb this surplus labour since employment was drastically re-duced in the towns as well. The latter process was due to the fall in employ-ment in domestic work (servants) and in the tourist sector (restaurants, hotels, bars, etc.). The exodus of Portuguese settlers and the virtual standstill of tourism (which catered for South Africans and Rhodesians) had amplified the problem of structural employment in the towns. The rural unemployed could not merely fall back on family agriculture since this was heavily dependent on cash income from wage work. Oxen and ploughs, farm implements, water reserves, etc. were normally paid for with wages from mine labour or other wage work. Furthermore, due to this cash inflow from wage income, a more interactive type of division of labour developed within the rural areas of southern Mozambique. Hence, peasants without oxen and plough would rent the services of peasants who did, and pay for it out of wage income. Brick-makers, carpenters, house-builders, tailors, mechanics were to be found among the middle peasantry who relied on these activities (usually acquired through mine labour) to supplement their income from farming. In a similar fashion, local transport and petty com-merce were sidelines of middle peasants stabilised by the influx of wage income. The reduction in mine labour employment deeply affected the viability of this internal division of labour within the rural economy. Finally, the impact of the reduction in mine labour was not evenly spread among the peasantry, since only those who held valid work certificates from the recruitment agency could continue to go to the mines. Other peasants were cut off altogether. This introduced a sharp element of differentiation within the rural econonmy. Those who could continued to go to the mines not only had cash income but also a guaranteed access to commodities (including means of production), while within Mozambique shortages were rapidly turning into a goods famine. However, rural unemployment was not merely a phenomena of the south. In central Mozambique, wage work to Rhodesia dropped sharply with the closure of the border between Mozambique and Rhodesia since 1976, and as a result of the war situation which developed thereafter. As stated in above, the concentration of resources on the state sector further weakened the basis of family agriculture at a time when a considerable part of its cash income through wage labour was cut off. While the colonial situ-ation was characterised by persistent labour shortages within the rural economy and continued state intervention to keep labour cheap (through the imposition of forced labour and forced cultivation of crops as well as by fragmentation of labour markets to avoid competition for labour to drive up the wage levels), the post-independence situation became characterised by rural unemployment and an intensified flow of people from the rural areas to the towns in search of wage work. The priority accorded to investments led to the slow expansion in the supply of consumer goods and in 1981 it actually fell by eight per cent: six per cent". W The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 197–204. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-28.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Labor, Unemployed, 1932"

Salatova, Alexandra. "Features of Russian Unemployment and Unemployed: 2000-2014". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01383.

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The study of unemployment and the unemployed in Russia began in the 1990s. The three periods can be distinguished in the unemployment study: 1. 1992-1998 - Post-reform period of heightened public attention. 2. 1999-2008 Post-transformation recovery period - attempts to explore the correlations between unemployment and the main socio-economic trends. 3. 2009 - present. Period of protracted economic and financial crisis – the themes of unemployment losing its actuality, despite the fact that Russians still fear of firing and the job-hunting difficulties. However, there are the lack of articles, which are analyzed the present features of the unemployment and unemployed in Russia. The paper based on the results of analysis of socio-economic development indicators and the statistical data by the Federal State Statistical Service for 2000-2014 for the Central, Volga and North-Caucasian Federal Districts (with lowest, medium and highest levels of unemployment respectively). Findings: Russian unemployed do not form a particular social stratum. The large number of unemployed people live in cities; the number of rural unemployed is almost constant and does not fluctuate in crisis. The number of unemployed as men as women is reducing. Data on gender structure of the unemployed allow mention the labor market is becoming more civilized: a female unemployment rate lower than male; there is no trend to the preferential exclusion of women from labor market. The average age of the unemployed is increasing, possibly due to the innovation economy needs in new skills, and professional inertia of older people.

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