Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Labor productivity”

The subject of the study is the types of labor productivity, as well as the essential differences between individual ways of measuring it, including measuring the result and costs of labor activity, the nature and content of the corresponding labor productivity indicators. The purpose of the article is to argue the unacceptability of some methods of measuring labor productivity proposed in the scientific discussion and to identify scientifically sound approaches and parameters that reflect the return of living labor as one of the factors of production. The relevance of this paper is related to the need for measures to activate the economy mainly on the basis of increasing labor productivity in the face of foreign economic challenges and the aggravation of military threats to Russia. The scientific novelty of the article consists in substantiating the refutation of proposals on the use of purely monetary parameters and material components in measuring labor productivity, as well as in arguing the expediency of using the costs of living labor for this and better accounting of its results. The idea of a certain monetary-conjunctural labor efficiency is introduced. The research methods are analysis, systematization, synthesis, induction and deduction. As a result, the scientific parameters of the priority methodological and practical tools for measuring labor productivity for the purposes of state socio-economic policy and corporate governance were determined. The article also formulates the author’s positions on a number of debatable issues related to the inevitability of reducing the cost of production with an increase in labor productivity at the enterprise, the concepts of “productivity” and “labor productivity”, generally accepted standards for measuring the latter, etc.

The article from the perspective of interregional comparative analysis methodology substantiates the system of labor productivity factors and presents the results of statistical modeling of labor productivity in the regions of Russia in 2020.The shortcomings of the existing measures of labor productivity in international and domestic practice are noted, namely, the ambiguity and inconsistency of the assessment results. The authors propose a technique for constructing an integral index of regional labor productivity and substantiate a four-factor econometric model of the dependence of the integral index of regional labor productivity, which allowed for an improved system of labour productivity factors to be applied in regional economic analysis. Estimates are given of the relative impact of both traditional and new factors of regional labor productivity, which are the increasing incidence rate and the growing share of unprofitable enterprises (organizations), investments and industrial output per capita in the regions of Russia in 2020.The need to monitor regional labor productivity factors annually to help bring forward problems in the regions is justified. The reasons that led to the insufficient level of labour productivity (compared to Russian average) were identified. According to the authors (following the results of socio-economic development in 2020), they should include low growth rates of investment and production volumes, as well as an increase in the incidence and in the share of unprofitable enterprises and organizations.

Theoretically, the relationship between health expenditures and labour productivity is ambiguous. On the one hand, health expenditures can enhance labour productivity by improving health of workers. Poor health impairs both the working hours and productivities of workers. When workers are healthy, they become physically and mentally more energetic and they have higher incentive to develop new skills and knowledge. On the other hand, increase in health expenditures may deteriorates labour productivity by crowding out physical capital investment. Causality between health expenditures and labour productivity is also ambiguous. This paper investigates the long-run relationship between health expenditures and labor productivity by utilizing a panel data covering the period between 2000 and 2015 and 35 OECD countries. Results of the study displays that there is a positive and statistically significant long-run association between health expenditures and labor productivity. Findings indicate that an increase in per capita health expenditure leads to a rise in labor productivity in terms of GDP per person employed. Results of the study also suggest that there is a mutual (bi-directional) causality relationship between health expenditures and labor productivity indicators.

The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate sources of dynamics of labour productivity factor performance based on the analytical approach adopted. The dynamics of gross value added and employment in agriculture were shaped to the dynamics of labor productivity changes. Derived analytical approach to the sources of dynamics of changes in labour productivity has been illustrated empirically. The empirical analysis was based on EU ROSTAT data. Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Statistics of Agricultural Labor Inputs. The positive impact of both sources of labor productivity growth and gross value added a tendency towards greater stability for the EU -15 countries has been demonstrated, the neutral nature of direct payments for changes in labor productivity was found.

The main aim of the work was to present the changes observed in the labour productivity in EU agriculture in years 2005-2016. The author proposed also the methodical decomposition of the labor productivity ratio in agriculture. Seven factors (ratios) have been taken into account in three models of labor productivity decomposition. These factors are: inputs productivity, land productivity, value added index, production taxation, production subsidies, equipment employed in agricultural land and the level of agricultural production intensity. The use of the deterministic method allowed to analyse the changes in labour productivity from the perspectives both in the EU agriculture (EU-28) and in the Polish agriculture. Performed studies seems to prove that in the years 2005-2016 the labor productivity measured by gross value added increased in case of EU-28 by average 2.13% and in the case of EU-15 only by 0.98%. At the same time, higher increase was observed in the case of EU-13 which equal to 3.45%. It may suggest that can be observe the ongoing process of the labor productivity convergence in EU agriculture. In the light of deterministic analysis, it was possible to specify the main factors contributing to the increase in labor productivity in agriculture in the EU-28 and in Poland, which are the increase in production intensity and the increase in agricultural land/labour relation. However, it should be also noted that the favorable direction of changes in labour productivity was weakened by the decreasing efficiency of production measured by the inputs productivity and the share of value added in revenues.

In this article, in the form of publication, are presented key study findings that cover both methodological issues of measurement and comprehensive analysis of regional labor productivity, along with extended formulations of study results. Based on the experience of domestic and foreign statisticians, the author substantiates the system of regional labour productivity indicators required for its integrated assessment. In the author’s opinion, this system is needed in a formation of a single coordinated approach to the calculation of labour productivity from the perspective of branches, enterprises, and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.The introduction argues for the relevance of the issues related to measuring regional labour productivity, which is necessary to evaluate the progress of the Federal Project “Systemic Measures to Improve Labor Productivity” implemented under the national project “Labor Productivity and Employment Support”.The author justifies the solution to the problem of clustering regions by regional labour productivity indicator using a combined approach, which explains the trends in the economic development of the regions of Russia in the selected clusters.The final part of the article concludes that the study is relevant in assessing the factors of regional labour productivity needed to identify growth reserves or to prevent stagnation in economic development, measured, in particular, by means of a basic indicator of the economic production efficiency in constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

This research was conducted to know, level of labor efficiency of rice farm effort. A survey with an observation technique was used as a method, where farmers follow the example of taken at random modestly as much as 29 farmers. Result of research obtained by the story, level of productivity equal to 2.081,44 kg/ha, and acceptance equal to Rp 16.651.538,46 /ha. Distribution of external labour family( TKLK) 88,73 % and family labour ( TKDK) 11,27 % from totalizing the labour effusing. while the allocation for labor cost equals to75,85 % to total cost representing a group of biggest expense rice. Count efficiency of labor from the facet of labor productivity obtained value17,18 kg/HKO, from facet labor Productivity Index Obtained Rp 84.046,71 /HKO and from wide facet equal to 82,54 m2/HKO.

A la següent tesi, estudio com afecta la innovació als mercats laborals: com s’ origina i quines són les seves conseqüències per a la població activa.. En els dos primers capítols, la font d’ un augment de la productivitat i l’ activitat innovadora són les xarxes de col·laboradors. El tercer capítol se centra en l’ automatització, que en si mateixa és producte d’ un augment de l’ activitat innovadora. En aquest capítol s’ estudia com l’automatització afecta l’estructura de l’ocupació, posant èmfasi en la mobilitat de treballadors, les seves opcions ocupacionals. Al Capítol 1, faig un estudi sobre les decisions de contractació ferma, fent èmfasi en l’efecte de la xarxa social sobre el rendiment de les empreses. La xarxa social de l’empresa simplement agilitza el procés de contractació o facilita, a més, la selecció de persones altament qualificades? En aquest capítol, mitjançant dades coincidents d’ empresaris i empleats del Veneto s’ estudia el paper dels vincles en les decisions de contractació de les empreses. Noves troballes empíriques demostren que les contractacions de la pròpia xarxa de col·laboradors de l’ empresa augmenten significativament la seva productivitat. Un augment del 10% de les contractacions de xarxa incrementa la productivitat en un 1% aproximadament. Les evidències apunten que els vincles dels col·laboradors augmenten la productivitat de l’empresa principalment a través de competències específiques de la indústria, el que suggereix que els empresaris poden utilitzar contactes informals per contractar treballadors altament qualificats. Per tant, les xarxes socials podrien facilitar la transmissió d’ habilitats i difusió de coneixements específics per a la feina. En el Capítol 2 ens basem en el capítol anterior estudiant el paper de la xarxa de companys de feina en l’ activitat innovadora d’ empreses i la difusió del coneixement. Aquest capítol presenta evidències directes que mostren fins a quin punt la innovació de les empreses està afectada per l’ accés a mà d’ obra experimentada a través de la xarxa. Utilitzem un únic conjunt de dades que coincideix amb els registres administratius d’ empresaris-treballadors del nord-centre d’ Itàlia, una regió amb molts clústers industrials d’ èxit, amb dades de patents del període 1987-2008. Els desplaçaments dels inventors a causa del tancament de plantes generen xocs d’ oferta de mà d’ obra a les plantes dels seus anteriors col·laboradors. Estimem (a) models d’ estudi d’ esdeveniments on el tractament és la mobilitat d’ un inventor connectat i (b) especificacions IV on utilitzem el desplaçament d’ un inventor connectat com a instrument per a la contractació d’ un nou inventor connectat. Les estimacions indiquen que la millora de la capacitat d’ utilitzar inventors a la xarxa dels seus empleats augmenta l’ activitat patentada a les plantes. Al Capítol 3, estudio els efectes de la automatització de llocs de treball als mercats de treball i a la mobilitat de treballadors. Demostro que la mobilitat de treballadors amb risc d’automatització tenen, de mitjana, 10 punts percentuals mes de probabilitat de canviar la seva categoria laboral. Les taxes de mobilitat dins de les ocupacions amb una elevada exposició són monòtones, el que fa notar que els treballadors menys qualificats canvien d’ ocupació amb més freqüència. A més, la direcció de la mobilitat és a la baixa: les persones amb risc d’automatització passen a ocupacions amb salaris mitjans més baixos. Aquest capítol proposa un model de cerca i concordança amb acceleració tecnològica i acumulació de capital humà. Els resultats mostren que la resposta de l’ economia al xoc d’ automatització segueix de prop els patrons observats a les dades entre 1996 i 2012. L’ automatització laboral ocupa el 79% de l’ augment de la bretxa de mobilitat.
En la siguiente tesis, estudio cómo la innovación afecta los mercados laborales: cómo se origina y cuáles son sus consecuencias para la fuerza laboral. En los primeros dos capítulos, la fuente de un aumento en la productividad y la actividad innovadora son las redes sociales. El tercer capítulo se centra en la automatización, que es un producto de un aumento en la actividad innovadora. En ese capítulo estudio cómo la automatización afecta la estructura del empleo, con énfasis en los trabajadores desplazados: su movilidad ocupacional. En el Capítulo 1 de esta tesis, investigo el efecto de las redes sociales en el desempeño de la empresa. ¿Qué hace que los contactos informales sean atractivos para los empleadores? Utilizo datos coincidentes de empleadores y empleados de Veneto y estudio el papel de los vínculos de compañeros de trabajo en las decisiones de contratación de las empresas. Nuevos hallazgos empíricos muestran que las contrataciones de la propia red social de la empresa aumentan significativamente su productividad. Documento que un aumento del 10% en las contrataciones conectadas aumenta la productividad en aproximadamente un 1%. La evidencia señala que los vínculos de compañeros de trabajo aumentan la productividad de la empresa principalmente a través de habilidades específicas de la industria. Sugiere que los empleadores pueden utilizar contactos informales para emplear a trabajadores altamente calificados. Por lo tanto, las redes sociales pueden facilitar la transmisión de habilidades específicas para el trabajo. En el Capítulo 2, me baso en el capítulo anterior y estudio la importancia de las redes sociales en la actividad innovadora de las plantas. Este capítulo presenta evidencia directa sobre cómo la innovación de las plantas se ve afectada por el acceso a mano de obra cualificada conectada a través de la red social. Utilizo un conjunto de datos único que coincide con los registros administrativos de empleadores y empleados del centro-norte de Italia, una región con muchos grupos industriales exitosos, con datos de patentes para el período 1987-2008. Los desplazamientos de inventores debido al cierre de plantas generan perturbaciones en la oferta de mano de obra a las plantas que emplean a sus compañeros de trabajo anteriores. Estimo modelos de estudio de eventos donde el tratamiento es el desplazamiento de un inventor conectado y especificaciones IV donde uso el desplazamiento de un inventor conectado como instrumento para la contratación de un inventor conectado. Las estimaciones indican que la capacidad mejorada para emplear inventores dentro de la red de sus empleados aumenta la actividad de patentamiento de las plantas. En el Capítulo 3, estudio los efectos de la automatización del trabajo en los mercados laborales y los trabajadores desplazados. Muestro que los trabajadores desplazados en riesgo de automatización tienen en promedio 10 puntos porcentuales más de probabilidad de cambiar su amplia categoría ocupacional. Las tasas de movilidad dentro de las ocupaciones de alta exposición son monótonas, lo que indica que los trabajadores de bajos ingresos cambian sus ocupaciones con más frecuencia. Además, la dirección de la movilidad es descendente: las personas en riesgo de automatización cambian a ocupaciones con salarios promedio más bajos. Este capítulo propone un modelo de búsqueda y comparación con aceleración tecnológica y acumulación de capital humano. La decisión de reasignación de personas desempleadas depende de su nivel de capital humano y de la transferencia de habilidades entre dos ocupaciones. Los resultados muestran que la respuesta de la economía al choque de automatización sigue los patrones observados en los datos entre 1996 y 2012. La automatización del trabajo representa el 79 por ciento del aumento en la brecha de movilidad.
In the following thesis I study how innovation affects labor markets: how it originates and what are its consequences for the labor force. In the first two chapters the source of an increase in productivity and innovative activity are co-worker networks. The third chapter focuses on automation, which itself is a product of an increase in innovative activity. In that chapter I study how automation affects employment structure, with emphasis on displaced workers: their occupational choices and human capital. In Chapter 1 of this thesis, To work or to network? - a study of firm hiring decisions, I investigate the effect of social network on firm performance. What renders informal contacts attractive to employers? Does firm’s social network simply speed up the hiring process or it additionally facilitates selection of high-skilled individuals? Using matched employer-employee data from Veneto, an industrial region in northern Italy, this chapter studies the role of co-worker links in firms’ hiring decisions. Novel empirical findings show that the hires from firm’s own co-worker network increase significantly its productivity. I find that 10% surge in connected hires increases productivity by approximately 1%. The event study analysis reveals that the effect lasts up to three years following the hire. The evidence points that the co-worker links increase firm productivity mainly through industry-specific skills, which suggests that employers may use informal contacts to poach high-skilled workers. Hence, social networks might facilitate the transmission of job-specific skills and knowledge diffusion. In Chapter 2, Inventors’ Coworker Networks and Innovation (joint with Sabrina Di Addario and Michel Serafinelli), we build on the previous chapter by studying the role of coworker network in plants’ innovative activity and knowledge diffusion. This chapter presents direct evidence showing the extent to which plants’ innovation is affected by access to knowledgeable labor connected through the co-worker network. We use a unique dataset that matches administrative employer-employee records from north-central Italy, a region with many successful industry clusters, to patent data for the period 1987-2008. Displacements of inventors due to plant closures generate labor supply shocks to plants that employ their previous co-workers. We estimate (a) event-study models where the treatment is the displacement of a connected inventor and (b) IV specifications where we use the displacement of a connected inventor as instrument for the hire of a connected inventor. Estimates indicate that the improved capacity to employ inventors within their employees’ network increases plants’ patenting activity. In Chapter 3, I study the effects of job automation on labor markets and displaced workers. How does job automation affect reallocation decisions of displaced workers? I show that displaced workers at risk of automation have on average 10 percentage points higher probability of changing their broad occupational category. The mobility rates within high exposure occupations are monotone, pointing that low earners switch their occupations more frequently. Furthermore, the direction of mobility is downward: individuals at risk of automation switch into occupations with lower average wages. To evaluate the role of job automation in the evolution of occupational mobility, this chapter proposes a search and matching model with technological acceleration and human capital accumulation. The reallocation decision of unemployed individuals depends on their human capital level and skill transferability between two occupations. The results show that the response of the economy to automation shock follows closely patterns observed in the data between 1996 and 2012. Job automation accounts for 79 percent of the increase in mobility gap. This in turn leads to output losses due to skill transferability mechanism and the fact.

Thesis advisor: Andrew Beauchamp
Thesis advisor: Arthur Lewbel
This thesis sheds light on two cutting-edge topics in Labor Economics, peer effects in the workplace and non-cognitive skills, and makes a methodological contribution to the related literature. The literature on peer effects in the workplace seeks to better understand co-workers' effect on an individual's productivity through the interactions among workers beyond the production technology. In the first essay, titled Learning When It Counts: Evidence from Professional Bowling Tournaments, I test the hypothesis that a worker can improve productivity by learning from peer co-workers in high-skill jobs. While demand for high-skill workers has been increasing, high-skill jobs often require workers to make a decision, facing uncertainty underlying their tasks. Highly skilled professionals have deep insights to pick up meaningful patterns of information. Therefore, if they are in an environment that allows them to learn additional information from co-workers, their productivity can improve. In this paper, I examine the productivity effects of learning among high-skill peers about uncertain conditions underlying their tasks with variations in the "space of ideas," exploiting a unique, novel dataset from professional bowling competitions. Specifically, a bowler learns about lane conditions in part by watching his competitor bowl on the same lane. A right-handed bowler learns more relevant (to his task) information from competing with another right-hander than with a left-hander, as the used part of the lanes (the proximate space of ideas) varies with handedness. I compare the probabilities of bowling a strike of bowlers matched with like-handed competitors versus opposite-handed competitors. I find a large impact of the same ideas space on learning, e.g, being paired with a like-handed bowler increases strike probability by 14 percentage points. This finding adds evidence for the existence of peer effects in high-skill jobs. I also show that learning curves exist only when bowlers are in same-handed match-ups, by examining how these differences change from one frame to the next over a game. Another calculation is determining how much total scores could be increased by pairing bowlers to raise the proximity in the space of ideas. These results are suggestive of how much workplaces might increase productivity by optimally pairing workers based on the proximity of the space of ideas. The second topic of this dissertation is non-cognitive skills such as conscientiousness, self-control and social skills. Conventionally, economists have assumed that measures of cognitive skills such as IQ were sufficient to represent the role of human capital in production. However, a growing body of research suggests that non-cognitive skills are important factors in educational attainment and labor outcomes. Recent research in psychology shows that bilingualism can help strengthen social skills and self-control. In the second essay, joint with Tracy Regan and titled Bilingual Advantage in Non-cognitive Skills, we examine the causal relationship between bilingualism and non-cognitive measures, exploiting a large dataset from Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002). To isolate the causality, we use an indicator for whether either parent was foreign-born as an instrumental variable for bilingualism. We find that raising the degree of speaking a language other than English to parents from none to all of the time can increase a student's percentile in the U.S. national distribution by 36 percentage points for conscientiousness (being well organized and working hard) and by 39 and 50 percentage points for instrumental motivation (academic motivation to achieve external goals such as better job opportunities) and persistence (keeping working even in difficulties). In particular, the bilingual advantage in persistence turns out to be significant only for disadvantaged children (the lowest socioeconomic status quartile) but insignificant for the others. These results suggest that bilingualism can be promoted as a policy tool to reduce inequality and call for further research on the relationship between bilingualism and non-cognitive skills. In the final essay, titled Simple Transformation for Finding a Maximum Weighted Matching in General Digraphs, I propose a novel, simple procedure using an existing efficient algorithm to find an optimal pairing that can produce the maximum output. As shown in the first essay, this algorithm can be useful for the optimal deployment of workforces with the consideration of peer effects. Particularly, the procedure is applicable to cases in which the order in a pair matters. The order can complicate the problem of finding optimal pairings, because a pair can have two orders. To address this ordered pairing problem, I devise a simple transformation of a general directed graph to a proper (undirected) graph. Using the transformed graph, a maximum weighted matching can be found, using any existing polynomial-time algorithm for undirected graphs. By recovering orientations in the found matching, a maximum weighted matching for the original directed graph can be found. I prove the matching from the suggested algorithm is always a maximum weighted matching in the directed graph. This thesis contributes to Labor Economics by adding evidence in newly-rising topics. The first chapter shows evidence of peer effect--learning from competitors--among high-skill workers. The second chapter suggests that bilinguals have an advantage in forming non-cognitive skills. The third chapter proposes an algorithm for finding an optimal pairing to maximize the aggregate productivity in the consideration of the learning effect found in the first chapter. I hope that the findings in the thesis will meaningfully contribute to the developing literature of Labor Economics
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics

The dissertation examines catching up in labor productivity across countries and across US states. It also studies the role of financial development and inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) on labor productivity and structural change. Chapter one studies unconditional convergence in labor productivity in cross section of countries. Using disaggregated service sector data for 101 countries, we find unconditional convergence in labor productivity for the service sector. The aggregate service sector yields a large unconditional convergence coefficient of -0.028, while for individual sub-sectors we find a similar presence of unconditional convergence. Since the service sector, as part of the "modern" sector now also faces international competition, unconditional convergence in labor productivity in this sector is not totally unwarranted. Given Rodrik's recent findings of unconditional convergence in labor productivity in the manufacturing sector (2013) and the observed failure of unconditional convergence of per capita GDP, our findings of unconditional convergence in the service sector suggest that we need to look carefully at methodological issues such as "aggregation bias" and the huge divergence of other sectors such as the agricultural sector as a potential solution to this anomaly. In chapter two, we investigate secoral unconditional convergence in labor productivity in the US sates using two series of data sets for the period 1987-1997 and 1998-2013. We have found evidence for catching up in labor productivity in the US states for the majority sectors. There is no evidence for unconditional convergence for the mining sector in 1-digit classification for 1980-1997 and manufacturing and utilities sectors in 2-digit classification for the recent data (1998-2013). The aggregate per capita GDP convergence test shows evidence for convergence for the 1980-1997 data but no evidence for convergence in the recent data consistent with the existing literature. The same factors that were considered responsible for regional convergence in the US, such as migration and falling cost of education, could work in the opposite direction to cause divergence in per capita income in recent years. Chapter three considers the relationship between financial development, inflow of foreign direct investment, labor productivity and structural change variables for 41 countries in Groningen Growth and Development 10-sector database for the period 1971-2012 using panel-VAR methodology. The effect of financial development on total labor productivity and employment share in sectors depend on the income level and geographical locations. We find that financial development has a significantly positive effect on total labor productivity of high income European countries, the United States, and for middle income Latin American counties. We do not find evidence for the positive effect of financial development on labor productivity for low income and middle income countries except for Latin American countries. The result does not show a significant effect of financial development on sectoral employment and value added shares. Inflow of FDI has a statistically significant negative effect on employment share of agriculture in middle income countries, and positive effect on the employment share of the manufacturing sector in middle income Asian countries.

Even with advanced technology and new project management methodologies, construction company leaders continue to face challenges to improve labor productivity. This multiple case study was an exploration of the strategies that construction company leaders use to improve labor productivity in Doha, Qatar. The case population consisted of 6 construction company leaders operating in Doha, Qatar, who successfully identified and implemented strategies to improve labor productivity. The conceptual framework for this study was the expectancy theory. The data collection process included semistructured interviews and company documentation. Data were compiled and organized, disassembled into fragments, reassembled into a sequence of groups, and interpreted for meaning. Methodological triangulation and member checking bolstered the trustworthiness of those interpretations. Five themes emerged from these 6 construction company leaders: exploring, identifying, and evaluating issues affecting labor productivity; applying an appropriate leadership style; motivating the workforce; providing training and development; and implementing effective project management processes. By improving labor productivity, similar construction companies can complete construction projects faster and with lower construction costs. The implications for positive social change include the potential to lower construction costs and enable individuals with lower incomes in Doha, Qatar, to afford houses that they could not previously afford.

Dans le premier chapitre je montre que lorsque les minorités travaillent avec des managers plus biaisés contre leur type, leurs performances sont nettement moins bonnes, et ce sur une série d'indicateurs de performance. En revanche ils sont plus productifs quand ils travail avec des managers non-biaisés. C’est un fait empirique qui révèle une prophétie auto-réalisatrice selon laquelle les managers biaisés rendent les minorités moins productives et cela génère une discrimination statistique dans la politique d'embauche de l'entreprise. Le deuxième chapitre j’explore comment changer la valeur d'un poste vacant en offrant des services de recrutement gratuits aux entreprises a une incidence sur son offre d’emploi. En offrant des services gratuits de recrutement cela augmente fortement le nombre d’offres d'emploi postées sur Pôle emploi et génère une augmentation de création d’emploi en CDI. Ceci suggère que les politiques actives du marché du travail visant le processus de recrutement des entreprises peuvent avoir une valeur ajoutée substantielle sur le marché du travail. Dans le dernier chapitre, il est monté que les attentats de Charlie Hebdo ont provoqué une nette réduction aux efforts de recherche d'emploi des minorités par rapport à ceux issus de la majorité. Les employeurs réduisent également leurs efforts de recherche pour les minorités, mais seulement pour les CDI. Cette baisse est partiellement compensée par une augmentation des démarches des conseillers Pôle emploi après le choc, mais seulement dans les régions où la discrimination latente, mesurée grâce à la part des votes locaux pour le Front national, est relativement faible
In the first chapter I study how the job performance of minorities changes depending on whether they work with managers who are more or less biased against their type. I show that when minorities work with more biased managers they perform significantly worse compared to majority workers on a range of performance indicators. Yet minority performance is higher when working with non-biased managers. We argue that this is evidence of a self-fulfilling prophecy whereby biased managers make minorities less productive and this generates statistical discrimination in the firm’s hiring policy. The second chapter explores how shocking the value of a vacancy through offering free recruiting services to firms affects their demand for labor. Offering free recruitment services leads to large increases in vacancy postings. Furthermore, this translates into significant increases in hires in permanent contracts. These results suggest that active labor market policies directed at generating firm labor demand may have substantial added value in the labor market. In the final chapter it is shown that the the Charlie Hebdo attacks significantly reduced Muslim minority job search effort. Frims also reduced their search for minority candidates, but only for the permanent contracts. This drop is partially offset by an increase in counselor matching effort made for minorities after the shock, but only in areas with low latent levels of discrimination, as measured by the local vote share for the Front National

Starting from the mid-1970s, there has been a significant disbalance in labor markets in almost all world economies. The postulates of classical economics that the causality between labor productivity and workers' compensation is positive, and that the increase in marginal labor productivity is followed by a directly proportional increase in workers' compensation, no longer stand on solid foundations. In the last few decades, there has been a significant distortion of the functional distribution of income, especially between labor and capital. The widely held thesis that "a rising tide will lift all boats," implying that increased labor productivity will be equally distributed among workers, is becoming less relevant. The world, especially EU economies notice a significant disruption in the relationship between productivity growth and labor compensation. In the paper, an attempt is made to analyze the state of the labor market in the Republic of North Macedonia, through the prism of productivity and labor compensation. Given the fact that there are significant differences in the degree of efficiency and productivity in individual sectors, this analysis focuses on the relationship between the distribution of productivity and labor compensation in different industries. Based on the results of the study, the Republic of North Macedonia exhibits the phenomenon of Reverse Decoupling, where the trend of labor productivity lags behind the trend of workers' compensation. In contrast, productivity and workers' compensation show significant differences by different sectors.