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Righetto, Ilaria, Raed A. Al-Juboori, Juho Uzkurt Kaljunen, Ngoc Huynh i Anna Mikola. "Nitrogen Recovery from Landfill Leachate Using Lab- and Pilot-Scale Membrane Contactors: Research into Fouling Development and Membrane Characterization Effects". Membranes 12, nr 9 (27.08.2022): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090837.
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Membrane contactor technology affords great opportunities for nitrogen recovery from waste streams. This study presents a performance comparison between lab- and pilot-scale membrane contactors using landfill leachate samples. Polypropylene (PP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers in different dimensions were compared in terms of ammonia (NH3) recovery on a lab scale using a synthetic ammonium solution. The effect of pre-treating the leachate with tannin coagulation on nitrogen recovery was also evaluated. An ammonia transfer on the lab and pilot scale was scrutinized using landfill leachate as a feed solution. It was found that PTFE fibers performed better than PP fibers. Among PTFE fibers, the most porous one (denoted as M1) had the highest NH3 flux of 19.2 g/m2.h. Tannin pre-treatment reduced fouling and increased NH3, which in turn improved nitrogen recovery. The mass transfer coefficient of the lab-scale reactor was more than double that of the pilot reactor (1.80 × 10−7 m/s vs. 4.45 × 10−7 m/s). This was likely attributed to the difference in reactor design. An analysis of the membrane surface showed that the landfill leachate caused a combination of inorganic and organic fouling. Cleaning with UV and 0.01 M H2O2 was capable of removing the fouling completely and restoring the membrane characteristics.
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Galeotti, F., M. Pisco i A. Cusano. "Self-assembly on optical fibers: a powerful nanofabrication tool for next generation “lab-on-fiber” optrodes". Nanoscale 10, nr 48 (2018): 22673–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr06002a.
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Cennamo, Nunzio, Francesco Arcadio, Aldo Minardo, Domenico Montemurro i Luigi Zeni. "Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Sensors Based on Lab-Built Tapered Plastic Optical Fibers". Applied Sciences 10, nr 12 (26.06.2020): 4389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124389.
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In this work, we have compared several configurations of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on D-shaped tapered plastic optical fibers (TPOFs). Particularly, the TPOFs used to obtain the SPR sensors are made by a lab-built system based on two motorized linear positioning stages and a heating plate. Preliminarily, a comparative analysis has been carried out between two different configurations, one with and one without a thin buffer layer deposited between the core of TPOFs and the gold film. After this preliminary step, we have used the simpler configuration, obtained without the buffer layer, to realize different SPR D-shaped TPOF sensors. This study could be of interest in SPR D-shaped multimode plastic optical fiber (POF) sensors because, without the tapers, the performances decrease when the POF’s diameter decreases, whereas the performances improve in SPR D-shaped tapered POF sensors, where the diameter decreases in the D-shaped sensing area. The performances of the SPR sensors based on different taper ratios have been analyzed and compared. The SPR-TPOF sensors have been tested using water–glycerin mixtures with refractive indices ranging from 1.332 to 1.381 RIU. According to the theory, the experimental results have demonstrated that, as the taper ratio increases, the sensitivity of the SPR sensor increases as well, while on the contrary the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreases.
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Shokravi, A. Ramin, Mohammad Moshref, Behnam Eslami i Farhad Aghmasheh. "Effects of botulinum toxin type A on healing of injured skeletal muscles". Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 40, nr 02 (lipiec 2007): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699190.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: (1) Evaluation of microscopic healing of skeletal muscle fibers after injuries, especially the arrangement of new muscle fibers and scar tissue diameter in the injury region. (2) Evaluation of alterations in microscopy of the healing procedure within skeletal muscles after injury following botulinum toxin type A (BTX -A) induced muscle immobilization. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 12 white lab rabbits of either sex in a 6-month period. Results: The immobilization of skeletal muscle fibers as a result of the use of BTX-A after injury caused a qualitative increase in fibrous tissue formation in the area of injury, and the BTX-A-induced immobilization for a period of 6 months led to muscle atrophy.
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Lymperatou, Anna, Niels B. Rasmussen, Hariklia N. Gavala i Ioannis V. Skiadas. "Improving the Anaerobic Digestion of Swine Manure through an Optimized Ammonia Treatment: Process Performance, Digestate and Techno-Economic Aspects". Energies 14, nr 3 (2.02.2021): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030787.
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Swine manure mono-digestion results in relatively low methane productivity due to the low degradation rate of its solid fraction (manure fibers), and due to the high ammonia and water content. The aqueous ammonia soaking (AAS) pretreatment of manure fibers has been proposed for overcoming these limitations. In this study, continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) of manure mixed with optimally AAS-treated manure fibers was compared to the AD of manure mixed with untreated manure fibers. Due to lab-scale pumping restrictions, the ratio of AAS-optimally treated manure fibers to manure was only 1/3 on a total solids (TS) basis. However, the biogas productivity and methane yield were improved by 17% and 38%, respectively, also confirming the predictions from a simplified 1st order hydrolysis model based on batch experiments. Furthermore, an improved reduction efficiency of major organic components was observed for the digester processing AAS-treated manure fibers compared to the non-treated one (e.g., 42% increased reduction for cellulose fraction). A preliminary techno-economic analysis of the proposed process showed that mixing raw manure with AAS manure fibers in large-scale digesters could result in a 72% increase of revenue compared to the AD of manure mixed with untreated fibers and 135% increase compared to that of solely manure.
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Pisco, Marco, i Andrea Cusano. "Lab-On-Fiber Technology: A Roadmap toward Multifunctional Plug and Play Platforms". Sensors 20, nr 17 (20.08.2020): 4705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174705.
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This review presents an overview of the “lab-on-fiber technology” vision and the main milestones set in the technological roadmap to achieve the ultimate objective of developing flexible, multifunctional plug and play fiber-optic platforms designed for specific applications. The main achievements, obtained with nanofabrication strategies for unconventional substrates, such as optical fibers, are discussed here. The perspectives and challenges that lie ahead are highlighted with a special focus on full spatial control at the nanoscale and high-throughput production scenarios. The rapid progress in the fabrication stage has opened new avenues toward the development of multifunctional plug and play platforms, discussed here with particular emphasis on new functionalities and unparalleled figures of merit, to demonstrate the potential of this powerful technology in many strategic application scenarios. The paper also analyses the benefits obtained from merging lab-on-fiber (LOF) technology objectives with the emerging field of optomechanics, especially at the microscale and the nanoscale. We illustrate the main advances at the fabrication level, describe the main achievements in terms of functionalities and performance, and highlight future directions and related milestones. All achievements reviewed and discussed clearly suggest that LOF technology is much more than a simple vision and could play a central role not only in scenarios related to diagnostics and monitoring but also in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) field, where optical fibers have already yielded remarkable results.
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Piccirillo, Federica, Martino Giaquinto, Armando Ricciardi i Andrea Cusano. "(INVITED)Miniaturized lenses integrated on optical fibers: Towards a new milestone along the lab-on-fiber technology roadmap". Results in Optics 6 (styczeń 2022): 100203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2021.100203.
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Li, Xu, Jiali Huang, Jiayu Ding, Mingzhen Xiu, Kang Huang, Kang Cui, Jing Zhang i in. "PEC/Colorimetric Dual-Mode Lab-on-Paper Device via BiVO4/FeOOH Nanocomposite In Situ Modification on Paper Fibers for Sensitive CEA Detection". Biosensors 13, nr 1 (6.01.2023): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010103.
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A dual-mode lab-on-paper device based on BiVO4/FeOOH nanocomposites as an efficient generating photoelectrochemical (PEC)/colorimetric signal reporter has been successfully constructed by integration of the lab-on-paper sensing platform and PEC/colorimetric detection technologies for sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Concretely, the BiVO4/FeOOH nanocomposites were in situ synthesized onto the paper-working electrode (PWE) through hydrothermal synthesis of the BiVO4 layer on cellulose fibers (paper-based BiVO4) which were initially modified by Au nanoparticles for improving the conductivity of three dimensional PWE, and then the photo-electrodeposition of FeOOH onto the paper-based BiVO4 to construct the paper-based BiVO4/FeOOH for the portable dual-mode lab-on-paper device. The obtained nanocomposites with an FeOOH needle-like structure deposited on the BiVO4 layer exhibits enhanced PEC response activity due to its effective separation of the electron–hole pair which could further accelerate the PEC conversion efficiency during the sensing process. With the introduction of CEA targets onto the surface of nanocomposite-modified PWE assisted by the interaction with the CEA antibody from a specific recognition property, a signal-off PEC signal state with a remarkable photocurrent response decreasing trend can be achieved, realizing the quantitative detection of CEA with the PEC signal readout mode. By means of a smart origami paper folding, the colorimetric signal readout is achieved by catalyzing 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate blue oxidized TMB in the presence of H2O2 due to the satisfied enzyme-like catalytic activity of the needle-like structure, FeOOH, thereby achieving the dual-mode signal readout system for the proposed lab-on-paper device. Under the optimal conditions, the PEC and colorimetric signals measurement were effectively carried out, and the corresponding linear ranges were 0.001–200 ng·mL−1 and 0.5–100 ng·mL−1 separately, with the limit of detection of 0.0008 and 0.013 ng·mL−1 for each dual-mode. The prepared lab-on-paper device also presented a successful application in serum samples for the detection of CEA, providing a potential pathway for the sensitive detection of target biomarkers in clinical application.
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Humbert, H., C. Machinal, Ivan Labaye i J. C. Schrotter. "Virus removal retention challenge tests performed at lab scale and pilot scale during operation of membrane units". Water Science and Technology 63, nr 2 (1.01.2011): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.046.
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The determination of the virus retention capabilities of UF units during operation is essential for the operators of drinking water treatment facilities in order to guarantee an efficient and stable removal of viruses through time. In previous studies, an effective method (MS2-phage challenge tests) was developed by the Water Research Center of Veolia Environnement for the measurement of the virus retention rates (Log Removal Rate, LRV) of commercially available hollow fiber membranes at lab scale. In the present work, the protocol for monitoring membrane performance was transferred from lab scale to pilot scale. Membrane performances were evaluated during pilot trial and compared to the results obtained at lab scale with fibers taken from the pilot plant modules. PFU culture method was compared to RT-PCR method for the calculation of LRV in both cases. Preliminary tests at lab scale showed that both methods can be used interchangeably. For tests conducted on virgin membrane, a good consistency was observed between lab and pilot scale results with the two analytical methods used. This work intends to show that a reliable determination of the membranes performances based on RT-PCR analytical method can be achieved during the operation of the UF units.
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Sweeney, Lauren J., Peter D. Brodfuehrer i Beth L. Raughley. "An introductory biology lab that uses enzyme histochemistry to teach students about skeletal muscle fiber types". Advances in Physiology Education 28, nr 1 (marzec 2004): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00019.2003.
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One important goal of introductory biology laboratory experiences is to engage students directly in all steps in the process of scientific discovery. Even when laboratory experiences are built on principles discussed in the classroom, students often do not adequately apply this background to interpretation of results they obtain in lab. This disconnect has been described at the level of medical education ( 4 ), so it should not be surprising that educators have struggled with this same phenomenon at the undergraduate level. We describe a new introductory biology lab that challenges students to make these connections. The lab utilizes enzyme histochemistry and morphological observations to draw conclusions about the composition of functionally different types of muscle fibers present in skeletal muscle. We report that students were not only successful at making these observations on a specific skeletal muscle, the gastrocnemius of the frog Rana pipiens, but that they were able to connect their results to the principles of fiber type differences that exist in skeletal muscles in all vertebrates.
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Durmus, Ali, Mehmet Ozcan i Ismail Aydin. "Quantifying effects of compositional variations on microstructural properties of polypropylene-wood fiber composites by melt rheology and tensile test data". Journal of Composite Materials 53, nr 4 (10.07.2018): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318786792.
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In this study, melt-state rheological behavior and solid-state mechanical properties of polypropylene-wood fiber composites were investigated in detail depending on compositional variations such as (i) alkaline treatment on wood fibers, (ii) fiber size, (iii) wood fiber content, and (iv) compatibilizer/wood fiber ratio. Composite samples were prepared in a lab-scale co-rotating twin screw extruder by using a maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene as compatibilizer. Morphological features of composites were examined in a scanning electron microscopy. Viscoelastic behavior and mechanical properties of samples were analyzed by performing oscillatory tests in a rotational rheometer and a universal tensile test machine. It was found that the increasing amounts of wood fiber and compatibilizer/wood fiber ratio led to improve melt elasticity and tensile strength. It was concluded that the amount of compatibilizer into composite formulation was the most important compositional parameter compared to size and chemical treatment of wood fibers for improving the physical properties of composites. The Nicolais-Nicodemo micromechanical model showed that the increasing amount of compatibilizer yielded lower parameters which implied better interfacial adhesion between polypropylene and wood fibers.
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Meza-de Luna, Alejandro, Elia Mercedes Alonso-Guzman i Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet. "Experimental Study of Innovative FRC Dome-Shaped Structures with Industrial, Recycled, and Alternative Reinforcing under Compressive Load". Ingeniería e Investigación 44, nr 1 (23.02.2024): e105266. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.105266.
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Arc concrete structures are aesthetic and suitable for buildings with large spans. Within the framework of this research, fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) dome-shaped structures were studied in a lab, analyzing mechanical performance via strength, deformation, and failure mode. The studied FRC was elaborated with industrial, recycled, and alternative fibers. The mold used for producing the dome specimens was made up of two parts in order to favor extraction. This study considered 21 dome samples reinforced with fibers and one control, with replication for those with atypical behavior. The results show that the load-displacement behavior of dome-shaped elements increases with the incorporation of fibers, which depends on the fiber dose and the material. Moreover, the efficiency analysis proved that specimens with low fiber content (20 and 2 kg/m3) have the best strength-reinforcement relation. The recycled and alternative fibers exhibit good mechanical performance and ductility. The main contribution of this research is a study of the scope and limitations of different types of FRC as the only reinforcement in arched structures.
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Hamid, Sami, i Abhishek Thakur. "Investigating Mechanical Properties of Carbon Glass Jute Fiber based Composite". Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, nr 06 (8.06.2021): 923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05346.
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Hybrid composites are made by combining natural and synthetic fibers with an effective matrix, which usually means they’ve received additional strengthening, such as epoxy, to create the additional material properties you can’t obtain on their own. To attain the desirable tensile modulus, compressive modulus, and so on, a fiber composite needs to be added to the FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer). Polymer matrix composites are light and cost-effective to manufacture, but they still friendly to the environment and have viable applications, which is why they are often used in various commercial applications. Unidirectional fibers and bidirectionally reinforced with epoxy (SikaDur is a composite medium) carbon fibers are two-way reinforced with unidirectional (use unidirectional) Before we developed test procedures for preparing the test specimens, the testing lab implemented the layup method according to ASTM standards. Ten separate stacking sequences were tested and four different intensity sequences were used in testing the compressive structures according to ASTM D15. The results of the study indicate that hybridization helps natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites to increase their mechanical properties We would use natural fibers rather than synthetic ones since the natural ones make comparable strength when hybridized with synthetic ones.
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Zierdt, Patrick, i Andreas Weber. "Processing and Characterization of Wood Plastic Composites from Bio-Based Polyamide 11 and Chemically Modified Beech Fibers". Materials Science Forum 825-826 (lipiec 2015): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.1039.
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In this study, the reinforcement of bio-based Polyamide 11 (PA 11) with physico-chemically modified Beech Fibers was investigated. In a first step, an improvement of the thermal stability of the fibers was achieved by a two-step alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. This effect was attributed to the removal of the hemicellulose from the fiber surface, as verified by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Consequently, the onset-temperature of thermal degradation as measured by Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) increased from 285 °C to 337 °C. Given this, the compounding of the modified fibers with the low melting bio-based Polyamide 11 was done in a lab-scale co-kneader and followed by subsequent injection molding of test specimens. Analysis of the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of the processed Wood Plastic Composites showed a beneficial effect of the chemical fiber treatment on composite stiffness, and allowed for suggestions to improve the up scaling of the processing.
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Zhu, Chenkai, Ifty Ahmed, Andrew Parsons, Jinsong Liu i Xiaoling Liu. "The mechanical property, degradation and cytocompatibility analysis of novel phosphate glass fiber textiles". Textile Research Journal 89, nr 16 (6.11.2018): 3280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518809052.
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Phosphate glass fibers have been widely considered as potential biomedical materials for orthopedical application due to their full degradability and excellent cytocompatibility. In this study, phosphate-based glass fibers were drawn from the glass system 48P2O5-12B2O3-14CaO-20MgO-1Na2O-5Fe2O3, via a melt-drawn spinning process and then woven into textile fabric using a small lab-scale inkle-loom. The annealing treatment was applied to both fibers and textiles with 1-hour heat treatment at 540℃, which was 10℃ above the glass transition temperature. An increase in Young's modulus was observed for the single filament fibers and a decrease in tensile strength with annealing treatment. During the degradation period, the tensile strength of non-annealed fibers presented a decrease by day 28, whilst annealed fibers had increased by day 7, then decreased by day 28, which was suggested to be due to the peeling effect observed on the surface of the fibers. The cytocompatibility of the textile fabric with annealing treatment (A-textile) and the non-annealed fabric (N-textile) was characterized via seeding of MG63 cells. Higher metabolic activity and DNA concentration were obtained for the A-textile samples when compared to the N-textile, which was suggested to be due to the lower dissolution rate of the A-textile resulting in fewer ions leaching into the solution. The phosphate glass fiber textiles investigated in this study have shown potential application as bioresorbable composites reinforcement for orthopedic treatment.
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Mohammed, Alaa K., Qusay Fathel i Safaa A. Ali. "Study the Effect of Temperature on the Performance of Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactor in Wastewater Treatment". Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 8, nr 1 (1.01.2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2014.8.1.294.
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A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is one of the modifications to the conventional activated sludge process, since it is the combination of a membrane module and a bioreactor. In the present study, 100 liters lab-scale aerobic MBR was seeded with 1.5 Liter activated sludge and municipal wastewater from AL-Rustumiya municipal wastewater treatment station, two hollow fibers sample (MI,MII) manufactured in the University of Technology/ Chemical Engineering Department, were used as biomembranes. Trans membrane pressure TMP was studied and it was found that the optimum value of TMP was 10 cm Hg vacuum which gave optimum effluent flux 400 ml/hr for MI and 350 ml/hr for MII. The experimental work involves the effect of temperature 25, 35, 45°C on the performance of the MBR fibers sample (MI, MII) and its effect on biomass growth and removal efficiency of the COD, BOD. Both samples show good performance in 25°C.
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Cheng, Ya, Koji Sugioka i Katsumi Midorikawa. "Freestanding optical fibers fabricated in a glass chip using femtosecond laser micromachining for lab-on-a-chip application". Optics Express 13, nr 18 (2005): 7225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opex.13.007225.
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Yoon, Sun, Arun Anand Prabu, S. Ramasundaram i Kap Jin Kim. "PVDF Nanoweb Touch Sensors Prepared Using Electro-Spinning Process for Smart Apparels Applications". Advances in Science and Technology 60 (wrzesień 2008): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.60.52.
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Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based electrospun nanoweb fibers with outstanding piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectric behavior are being intensely studied by many researchers, especially for touch-sensor applications. In order to further improve the advantageous characteristics of PVDF nanoweb fibers, we focused our attention on studying the effect of filling PVDF solution with calculated amount of calcium chloride (CaCl2) or multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and their electrospun nanoweb fibers were analyzed for the changes in β-crystalline phase, and its associated piezoelectric characteristics using a custom-made sensor set-up developed in our lab. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to confirm the changes in the β-crystalline content with varying content of CaCl2 and MWCNT. SEM data revealed the reducing fiber diameter with increasing CaCl2 content. PVDF nanoweb subjected to pressure showed changes in touch sensing property as analyzed using an oscilloscope integrated with Labview program. Overall, the PVDF nanoweb containing the additives used in our study exhibited greater sensitivity-in-touch for use in smart apparel applications compared to unmodified PVDF nanoweb, and the results are reported in detail here.
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Watanabe, Nobuyuki, i Kozo Taguchi. "Theoretical Investigation of an Optical Vibration Using Laser Beams from Optical Fibers Inserted at an Angle of 35 Degrees". Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (listopad 2012): 1059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.1059.
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Optical trapping is a technique that is used to capture, translate, and manipulate microscopic particles, such as dielectric microspheres and cells. This cell manipulation and examination technology can be integrated on a Lab-on-a-Chip device. We have already developed an optically vibration system. The optical vibration system was formed using a temperature stabilized 1480nm cw diode laser. The output of laser light was coupled into optical fibers, which had optical connectors at these fiber ends. The fiber end had a hemispherical micro-lens with 5μm radius of curvature for focusing the laser beam emerging from the optical fiber end. These trapping fibers were attached to xyz manipulators and were inserted into a sample cell at an angle of 35 degrees. The trapped microsphere, 10μm diameter polystyrene particle (refractive index 1.59), could be optically vibrated by controlling laser power emerging from optical fibers. We theoretically analyzed the optical forces exerted on a microsphere by laser beams. Its operating principle is based upon the conservation of photon momentum carried by the incident laser light on a trapped microsphere. From these theoretical results, we verified that our proposed optical manipulation technique was useful for the manipulation of biological cells.
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Khidir, Elwaleed A., N. Nikabdullah, M. J. M. Nor, M. F. Mat Tahir i M. Z. Nuawi. "A Preliminary Study on the Sound Absorption of Self-Facing Date Palm Fibers". Applied Mechanics and Materials 565 (czerwiec 2014): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.565.25.
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Sound absorption of self-facing natural date palm fibershas been investigated.A single layer sample of the fibers was tested for its sound absorption properties. The sample was then faced with the originally date palm fiber netted structure. Experimental measurements were conducted on the impedance tube at the acoustic lab, Faculty of Engineering, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, to determine the sound absorption coefficient.The single layer was also tested using an aluminum perforated plate, as facing, for comparison purposes.The results show a good improvement in the sound absorption for the self-facing panel for the whole frequency range. However, when using the aluminum perforated panel an improvement in the sound absorption was observed only above 2500 Hz. The effect of introducing air gap thickness was studied. The results show improvement for the sound absorption the low frequency.
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Torreggiani, Andrea, Chiara Demarinis, Daniela Pinto, Angela Papale, Graziana Difonzo, Francesco Caponio, Erica Pontonio, Michela Verni i Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello. "Up-Cycling Grape Pomace through Sourdough Fermentation: Characterization of Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential". Antioxidants 12, nr 8 (29.07.2023): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081521.
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Despite its appealing composition, because it is rich in fibers and polyphenols, grape pomace, the major by-product of the wine industry, is still discarded or used for feed. This study aimed at exploiting grape pomace functional potential through fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). A systematic approach, including the progressively optimization of the grape pomace substrate, was used, evaluating pomace percentage, pH, and supplementation of nitrogen and carbon sources. When grape pomace was used at 10%, especially without pH correction, LAB cell viability decreased up to 2 log cycles. Hence, the percentage was lowered to 5 or 2.5% and supplementations with carbon and nitrogen sources, which are crucial for LAB metabolism, were considered aiming at obtaining a proper fermentation of the substrate. The optimization of the substrate enabled the comparison of strains performances and allowed the selection of the best performing strain (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum T0A10). A sourdough, containing 5% of grape pomace and fermented with the selected strain, showed high antioxidant activity on DPPH and ABTS radicals and anti-inflammatory potential on Caco2 cells. The anthocyanins profile of the grape pomace sourdough was also characterized, showing qualitative and quantitative differences before and after fermentation. Overall, the grape pomace sourdough showed promising applications as a functional ingredient in bread making.
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Cheng, Ya, Koji Sugioka i Katsumi Midorikawa. "Freestanding optical fibers fabricated in a glass chip by femtosecond laser micromachining for lab-on-a-chip application: erratum". Optics Express 14, nr 24 (2006): 11910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.011910.
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Zambonin, Carlo, i Antonella Aresta. "Recent Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography". Separations 8, nr 3 (20.03.2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8030034.
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Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is one of the most popular sample preparation methods which can be applied to organic compounds allowing the simultaneous extraction and pre-concentration of analytes from the sample matrix. It is based on the partitioning of the analyte between the extracting phase, generally immobilized on a fiber substrate, and the matrix (water, air, etc.), and has numerous advantages such as rapidity, simplicity, low cost, ease of use and automation, and absence of toxic solvents. Fiber SPME has been widely used in combination with various analytical instrumentation even if most of the work has been done coupling the extraction technique with gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC). This manuscript presents an overview of the recent works (from 2010 to date) of solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography (SPME-LC) relevant to analytical applications performed using commercially available fibers or lab-made fibers already developed in previous papers, and to improved instrumental systems and approaches.
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Bravo-Moncayo, Luis, Marcelo Argotti-Gómez, Oscar Jara, Virginia Puyana-Romero, Giuseppe Ciaburro i Víctor H. Guerrero. "Thermo-Acoustic Properties of Four Natural Fibers, Musa textilis, Furcraea andina, Cocos nucifera, and Schoenoplectus californicus, for Building Applications". Buildings 14, nr 8 (23.07.2024): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082265.
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Natural and bio-based construction materials such as bamboo, cork, or natural fiber composites offer a promising solution for enhancing the environmental sustainability of buildings. In this sense, the paper presents an experimental thermo-acoustic characterization of four common Ecuadorian natural fibers, abaca (Musa textilis), cabuya (Furcraea andina), coir (Cocos nucifera), and totora (Schoenoplectus californicus). Different densities were considered, from 85 kg/m3 (Cabuya) to 244 kg/m3 (totora), to thermo-acoustically characterize the samples built with these fibers, by means of the guarded-hot-plate (GHP) and impedance tube methods in-lab experimental benches. The exhaustive original characterization of the evaluated natural fiber composites showed a promising overall thermo-acoustic behavior. The thermal conductivity of the fibers was around 0.04–0.06 W/m·K and, therefore, comparable to other materials such as polystyrene, polyurethane, or aerogel that are already utilized for similar applications. On the other hand, the sound-absorption properties of the evaluated fibers are also very competitive, but strongly affected by the thickness of the sample, with noise reduction coefficient NRC ranging from 0.12 to 0.53. Consequently, the production and distribution of these materials in the Ecuadorian market for thermal insulation and acoustic conditioning constitute an alternative characterized by good technical performance, which, compared to synthetic composites used in the construction industry for similar duties, is ecological, sustainable, and has low built-in energy consumption.
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von Stockert, Alexander Ritter, Anna Luongo, Markus Langhans, Thomas Brandstetter, Jürgen Rühe, Tobias Meckel i Markus Biesalski. "Reducing Unspecific Protein Adsorption in Microfluidic Papers Using Fiber-Attached Polymer Hydrogels". Sensors 21, nr 19 (23.09.2021): 6348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196348.
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Microfluidic paper combines pump-free water transport at low cost with a high degree of sustainability, as well as good availability of the paper-forming cellulosic material, thus making it an attractive candidate for point-of-care (POC) analytics and diagnostics. Although a number of interesting demonstrators for such paper devices have been reported to date, a number of challenges still exist, which limit a successful transfer into marketable applications. A strong limitation in this respect is the (unspecific) adsorption of protein analytes to the paper fibers during the lateral flow assay. This interaction may significantly reduce the amount of analyte that reaches the detection zone of the microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD), thereby reducing its overall sensitivity. Here, we introduce a novel approach on reducing the nonspecific adsorption of proteins to lab-made paper sheets for the use in µPADs. To this, cotton linter fibers in lab-formed additive-free paper sheets are modified with a surrounding thin hydrogel layer generated from photo-crosslinked, benzophenone functionalized copolymers based on poly-(oligo-ethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) and poly-dimethyl acrylamide (PDMAA). This, as we show in tests similar to lateral flow assays, significantly reduces unspecific binding of model proteins. Furthermore, by evaporating the transport fluid during the microfluidic run at the end of the paper strip through local heating, model proteins can almost quantitatively be accumulated in that zone. The possibility of complete, almost quantitative protein transport in a µPAD opens up new opportunities to significantly improve the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of paper-based lateral flow assays.
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Khozeymeh, Foroogh, Federico Melli, Sabrina Capodaglio, Roberto Corradini, Fetah Benabid, Luca Vincetti i Annamaria Cucinotta. "Hollow-Core Fiber-Based Biosensor: A Platform for Lab-in-Fiber Optical Biosensors for DNA Detection". Sensors 22, nr 14 (8.07.2022): 5144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145144.
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In this paper, a novel platform for lab-in-fiber-based biosensors is studied. Hollow-core tube lattice fibers (HC-TLFs) are proposed as a label-free biosensor for the detection of DNA molecules. The particular light-guiding mechanism makes them a highly sensitive tool. Their transmission spectrum is featured by alternations of high and low transmittance at wavelength regions whose values depend on the thickness of the microstructured web composing the cladding around the hollow core. In order to achieve DNA detection by using these fibers, an internal chemical functionalization process of the fiber has been performed in five steps in order to link specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes, then the functionalized fiber was used for a three-step assay. When a solution containing a particular DNA sequence is made to flow through the HC of the TLF in an ‘optofluidic’ format, a bio-layer is formed on the cladding surfaces causing a red-shift of the fiber transmission spectrum. By comparing the fiber transmission spectra before and after the flowing it is possible to identify the eventual formation of the layer and, therefore, the presence or not of a particular DNA sequence in the solution.
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Pisco, Marco, i Francesco Galeotti. "Nano- and Micropatterning on Optical Fibers by Bottom-Up Approach: The Importance of Being Ordered". Applied Sciences 11, nr 7 (5.04.2021): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073254.
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The realization of advanced optical fiber probes demands the integration of materials and structures on optical fibers with micro- and nanoscale definition. Although researchers often choose complex nanofabrication tools to implement their designs, the migration from proof-of-principle devices to mass production lab-on-fiber devices requires the development of sustainable and reliable technology for cost-effective production. To make it possible, continuous efforts are devoted to applying bottom-up nanofabrication based on self-assembly to decorate the optical fiber with highly ordered photonic structures. The main challenges still pertain to “order” attainment and the limited number of implementable geometries. In this review, we try to shed light on the importance of self-assembled ordered patterns for lab-on-fiber technology. After a brief presentation of the light manipulation possibilities concerned with ordered structures, and of the new prospects offered by aperiodically ordered structures, we briefly recall how the bottom-up approach can be applied to create ordered patterns on the optical fiber. Then, we present un-attempted methodologies, which can enlarge the set of achievable structures, and can potentially improve the yielding rate in finely ordered self-assembled optical fiber probes by eliminating undesired defects and increasing the order by post-processing treatments. Finally, we discuss the available tools to quantify the degree of order in the obtained photonic structures, by suggesting the use of key performance figures of merit in order to systematically evaluate to what extent the pattern is really “ordered”. We hope such a collection of articles and discussion herein could inspire new directions and hint at best practices to fully exploit the benefits inherent to self-organization phenomena leading to ordered systems.
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Beggs, J. L., P. C. Johnson, C. Cleary i C. J. Watkins. "Transperineurial vessels in the peripheral nerves of humans". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (6.08.1989): 1066–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100157310.
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Nerve fibers in peripheral nerve (PNS) are grouped into fascicles. The perineurial (PN) sheath forms the outer cover of the fascicle and separates the epineurium from the endoneurial compartment which contains the conducting units (nerve fibers) of the PNS. The PN sheath not only serves as a physical protective layer for the vulnerable nerve fibers but also plays a role in maintaining a unique endoneurial environment with respect to endoneurial pressure and chemical composition. All blood vessels that serve the capillary plexuses of the endoneurium pass through the PN sheath. In this study on human nerves, we describe some of the anatomical relationships between PN cells and vascular elements as they pass through the PN sheath. A better understanding of the anatomical arrangement of transperineurial vessels might help explain the pathogenesis of some of the ischemic neuropathies.Segments of nerves (lumbosacral plexus, sciatic, posterior tibial, peroneal and sural) from autopsy and sural nerves from biopsy were prepared for electron microscopy. One μm serial cross-sections of nerve fascicles were stained with paragon. Thin sections for EM were taken at desired levels in the thick-section serial sequence. 3-D reconstruction of 1 μm sections was accomplished using a program provided by Dr. Kinnamon of The High Voltage Electron Microscopy Lab in Boulder, Colorado.
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Wang, Guangrong, Lei Wang, Zhan Cheng, Dan Chen, Xuemin Zhang, Tieqiang Wang, Qi Wang i Yu Fu. "High-performance plasmonic lab-on-fiber sensing system constructed by universal polymer assisted transfer technique". Nanotechnology 33, nr 9 (9.12.2021): 095502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac3c7d.
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Abstract Plasmonic lab-on-fiber (LOF) system has become an emerging sensing platform for the realization of miniaturized and portable plasmonic sensors. Herein, a facile and efficient polymer assisted transfer technique was reported for the preparation of plasmonic LOF systems. The proposed plasmonic LOF system was constructed through transferring plasmonic arrays to the end surface of optical fibers using polylactic acid as the sacrificial layer. The morphology of the transferred plasmonic arrays maintains excellent consistency with the original arrays. Importantly, the as-prepared plasmonic LOF system also possesses outstanding sensing performance in refractive index sensing and quantitative label-free biosensing applications. Additionally, the proposed polymer assisted transfer technique shows broad universality for various plasmonic arrays. Together with the above features, it is believed that the polymer assisted transfer technique will show great potential for the application of future plasmonic LOF systems.
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Tschirner, Ulrike, James Barsness i Tamara Keeler. "Recycling of chemical pulp from wheat straw and corn stover". BioResources 2, nr 4 (5.09.2007): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.4.536-543.
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Handsheets produced from corn stalks and wheat straw soda AQ pulps were recycled in the lab. Pulping of corn stalks resulted in a low pulp yield, low bonding strength, and low recyclability. Conversely, wheat straw fiber had a better yield, very good tensile properties, and showed a considerably better response to recycling. The tensile index of wheat straw fibers retained 67% of its original value after four cycles. It could be shown that recycling caused only small changes in chemical compo-sition, but that the crystallinity index increased considerably. To be able to understand the behavior of wheat straw fiber as part of a commercial papermaking furnish, a paper containing 20% wheat straw fiber was produced on a 24 inch pilot paper machine and was recycled using a handsheet mold with white water return. Chemical analysis of the control (no wheat fiber) and the wheat-containing paper demonstrated slightly higher xylan content for the wheat-containing material. Recyclability increased slightly with addition of wheat fibers to a commercial furnish.
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Ye, Wei, Hao Wang, Zean Chen i Xu Zhang. "Ozone Deposition on Free-Running Indoor Materials and the Corresponding Volatile Organic Compound Emissions: Implications for Ventilation Requirements". Applied Sciences 10, nr 12 (16.06.2020): 4146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124146.
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Recently, tropospheric ozone has become a public health concern worldwide, along with the continuous battle against ambient fine particulate matter in countries like China. In this study, we investigate the impact of indoor ozone pollution using seven materials categorized as either wood-based panels or synthetic fibers, which were freely-stored in an office/lab environment. Most materials were considered as used and aged more than 1–2 years. An experimental apparatus was used to study ozone deposition and detect volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the specimens when exposed to ozone at three concentration levels: <10, 100, and 300 ppb. A simplified model is proposed to discuss ventilation requirements based on a standard room. We found that the mean ozone deposition velocities from the seven materials ranged from 0.005 to 0.062 cm·s−1. Both the engineering wood and some of the synthetic fibers were, moreover, prone to ozone deposition. Second, 15 VOCs were found in the sampling air from a 24-VOC target list after ozone exposure. The emission rates of the VOCs from all seven materials were then determined. Third, when the ozone concentration in the outdoor air is not severely high, it is possible to use ventilation to maintain acceptable indoor air quality.
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Jian, Aoqun, Huiming Li, Yixia Zhang, Qianqian Duan, Qianwu Zhang i Shengbo Sang. "Cell Density Detector Based on Light Beam Focusing". Micromachines 9, nr 11 (13.11.2018): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9110592.
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Although the lab-on-a-chip system has been successfully applied in a wide variety of fields, the goal of achieving a cell counter with simple operation, low cost, and high accuracy still attracts continuous research efforts. In this paper, the authors explore a cell counter based on light beam focusing to measure the density of adherent cells. In this sensor, the light emitted from the optical fibers is collimated by the collimating lens formed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The uniformly attached adherent cells act as a convex lens, focusing the collimated light propagated through them. The intensity of the focused light indicates the density of the adherent cells. For Hela cells, a detection limit of 8.3 × 104 cells/mL with a detection range from 0.1 × 106 cells/mL to 1.0 × 106 cells/mL is achieved. This sensor is particularly useful for drug screening, cell pathology analysis, and cancer pre-diagnosis.
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Habicht, Wilhelm, Nikolaos Boukis, Günter Franz, Olaf Walter i Eckhard Dinjus. "Exploring Hydrothermally Grown Potassium Titanate Fibers by STEM-in-SEM/EDX and XRD". Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, nr 4 (14.07.2006): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606060429.
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During lab-scale experiments on the reforming of methanol by means of water at supercritical conditions (T> 374°C,p> 22.1 MPa), a tubular reactor with a titanium liner was exposed to an aqueous solvent containing methanol (5 wt%) and KHCO3(0.3 wt%). At the end of the run, a fibrous precipitate was found at two positions in the reactor. The material was studied in a field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis unit (FESEM/EDX). A thin-film support technique using carbon-filmed TEM grids was applied to perform scanning transmission-type imaging (STEM-in-SEM operation) and transmission current measurements. The analysis of the hydrothermally grown fibers resulted in a potassium titanate species composed of approximately K2TiO3, which has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Ragoubi, Mohamed, Caroline Terrié i Nathalie Leblanc. "Physico-Chemical, Rheological, and Viscoelastic Properties of Starch Bio-Based Materials". Journal of Composites Science 6, nr 12 (6.12.2022): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6120375.
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This study describes the elaboration and characterization of plasticized starch composites based on lignocellulosic fibers. The transformation of native to plasticized starch (TPS) and the preparation of TPS blends were performed with a new lab-scale mixer based on an original concept. Firstly, the morphology and chemical composition of flax shives were analyzed to better understand the intrinsic properties of these natural fillers. Then, the impact of the processing parameters (temperature, speed screw) on the quality and the structural properties of plasticized starch were examined by SEM and DRX. After that, we focused on the elaboration of various formulations based on plasticized starch matrix by varying TPS formulation and filler content (from 10 to 30%). The viscoelastic and rheological properties of TPS/flax blends have been analyzed by TGA, SEM, and DMTA.
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Fu, Yu, Hongmei Gu, H. Felix Wu i Sheldon Q. Shi. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial and Thermochemical Retting of Hemp". Materials 17, nr 16 (22.08.2024): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17164164.
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The processes of hemp bast fiber retting, forming, and drying offer the opportunity for value-added products such as natural fiber-reinforced composites. A new process for the retting of raw bast fibers through enzyme-triggered self-cultured bacterial retting was developed in the lab-scale setup. This study focused on comparing the energy consumption and environmental impacts of this bacterial retting process with the thermochemical retting process currently widely used to obtain lignocellulosic fibers for composites. The gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) models of the two retting processes were constructed to run a comparison analysis using the TRACI (the tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts) method for environmental impacts and the cumulative energy demand (CED) method for energy consumptions. This work has demonstrated the advantages of the bacterial retting method from an environmental standpoint. The result of our research shows about a 24% gate-to-gate reduction in CED for bacterial retting and 20–25% lower environmental impacts relating to global warming, smog formation, acidification, carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, respiratory effects, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion when compared to that of thermochemical retting.
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Yoo, Hyeong Min, Dong-Jun Kwon, Joung-Man Park, Sang Hyuk Yum i Woo Il Lee. "Mechanical properties of norbornene-based silane treated glass fiber reinforced polydicyclopentadiene composites manufactured by the S-RIM process". e-Polymers 17, nr 2 (1.03.2017): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0257.
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AbstractA lab scale structural reaction injection molding (S-RIM) piece of equipment was designed and used to fabricate glass fiber reinforced polydicyclopentadiene (p-DCPD) composites for three different fiber contents. In order to obtain information regarding the optimal process temperature (>80°C) and the curing time (<30 s), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the curing behavior of DCPD resin under isothermal conditions. Further, a norbornene-based silane treatment was used to improve the interfacial adhesion between the glass fibers and DCPD as confirmed by the micro-droplet pull-out test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fabrication of glass fiber/p-DCPD composites with improved mechanical properties was carried out based on the optimized process conditions and surface treatment of glass fiber.
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Angélico, Talita dos Santos, Carmen Regina Marcati, Sergio Rossi, Magali Ribeiro da Silva i Júlia Sonsin-Oliveira. "Soil Effects on Stem Growth and Wood Anatomy of Tamboril Are Mediated by Tree Age". Forests 12, nr 8 (9.08.2021): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081058.
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Soil influences the growth of trees and the characteristics of the wood; but could this influence change during the ontogeny of trees? To answer this question, we analyzed the wood anatomy of 9-year-old trees and 2-year-old saplings of Enterolobium contortisiliquum, known as “tamboril”, growing in eutrophic and oligotrophic soil in the Brazilian Cerrado, and assessed the effect of age on plant–soil relationship. Sapwood samples were collected from the main stem, anatomical sections were prepared in the lab, and 12 anatomical wood traits were measured. Individuals in eutrophic soil had greater stem diameter and height than those in oligotrophic soil. Trees in eutrophic soil had vessel-associated parenchyma cells with abundant storage compounds. Fibers walls were 47% thicker and intervessel pits diameter were 14% larger in trees of eutrophic soil. A greater proportion of solitary vessels (74%) was observed in trees rather than in saplings (50%). The secondary xylem of trees was mainly formed by fibers (63%) whereas in saplings it was mainly formed by storage tissue (64%). Our study provides evidence that the influence of soil conditions on tree growth reflects variations in wood anatomical features. No significant response to soil type was observed in saplings, thus demonstrating that the relationship between soil type and wood growth is mediated by tree age. These findings help to develop reliable reforestation strategies in tropical ecosystems characterized by different levels of soil fertility.
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Wang, Xinyu, Shuguang Li, Tonglei Cheng i Jianshe Li. "Overview of photonic devices based on functional material-integrated photonic crystal fibers". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, nr 27 (3.03.2022): 273001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4859.
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Abstract Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have brought tremendous advancements due to their predominant feature of a peculiar air-hole arrangement in the 2D direction. Functional materials like metals, magnetic fluids, nematic liquid crystals, graphene and so on, are being extensively adopted for integration with PCFs to obtain extraordinary transmission properties. This review takes the development stages of photonic devices based on functional material-infiltrated PCFs into consideration, covering the overview of common materials and their photoelectric characteristics, state-of-art infiltrating/coating techniques, and the corresponding applications involving polarization filtering and splitting devices in optical communication and sensing elements related to multiple-parameter measurement. The cladding airhole of PCFs provides a natural optofluidic channel for materials to be introduced, light–matter interaction to beenhanced, and transmission properties to be extended, in this case, a lab on a fiber are able to be implemented. This paves the way for the development of photonic devices in the aspects of compact, multi-functional integration as well as electromagnetic resistance. When the PCFs are integrated with the phemomenon of surface plasmon resonance, the property of tunable refractive indices, and the flexible geometry structures, it comes up to some representative researches on polarization filters, multiplexer-demultiplexers, splitters, couplers and sensors. It makes a candidate for widespread fields of telecommunication, signal-capacity, and high-performance sensing.
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Lim, Taekyung, Jeong Hui Lee, Keun-Hyeok Yang, Sanghyun Ju i Sang-Mi Jeong. "Highly elastic halochromic fibers capable of reversible sensing of acidic/basic vapor for use in wearable textiles". AIP Advances 12, nr 10 (1.10.2022): 105011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0112751.
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Halochromic sensors, which allow users to visually recognize exposure to acid/base chemicals that are harmful to the human body, are routinely used in a wide range of industries, such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, cosmetics, and environmental/human monitoring systems. In this study, halochromic fibers that operate stably, even when exposed to rain or sweat and repeated stretching–releasing, were investigated. While the halochromic mesoporous silica was synthesized using tetraethylorthosilicate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, methyl yellow (MY) and bromothymol blue (BTB) as halochromic dyes were added so that MY and BTB were chemically or physically immobilized on the siloxane network structure of the halochromic mesoporous silica. Using the swelling and shrinking properties of the polymer, the halochromic mesoporous silica was embedded in a highly elastic spandex fiber composed of multiple strands. Because of the strong ionic and hydrogen bonding between the dye and the silica matrix, the dyes can be immobilized even in an aqueous solution without the leaching of the dyes. The stretchable halochromic fiber reversibly changed its color even after repeated exposure to acidic/basic conditions five times and could sense acid/base concentrations in the range of 0.5–10 wt %. In addition, because the halochromic mesoporous silica is tightly adhered between the stands of spandex fibers, stable color conversion properties were maintained even after stretching to 150% of the fibers and repeated 100 times. Because the halochromic fiber can be applied to lab coats, work clothes, and gloves, it is expected to be used as a wearable colorimetric sensor for daily life and industrial applications.
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Dessie, Esubalew, Tamrat Tesfaye, Rotich Kipchirchir Gideon, Melkie Getnet Tadesse i Yiping Qiu. "The Influence of Location along the Pseudostem on Enset Fiber Physio-Mechanical Properties: Application of Weibull Distribution Statistics". Applied Sciences 12, nr 14 (21.07.2022): 7323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147323.
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Enset bundle fibers were divided lengthwise into four sections from bottom to top and the sections’ physio-mechanical parameters were studied and compared. The four equal fiber sections from the bottom were 0–375 mm (EV-I), 375–750 mm (EV-II), 750 mm–1125 mm (EV-III), and 1125–1500 mm (EV-IV). The mass distribution, cross-sectional area, linear density, and diameter all decreased along the fiber sections from bottom to top. The CIE Lab-color values of each fiber section were also examined, and the L* value for EV-II fiber section was higher. In terms of mechanical properties, the Enset bundle fiber’s tensile strength and work of rupture were analyzed, and both increased by 25% from the lower fiber section to the second fiber section (EV-1 to EV-II) along the length before decreasing significantly at the top sections. The investigation indicated that a higher Weibull modulus and tensile strength characteristics for EV-II were recorded while a low Weibull modulus and low strength characteristics of the Enset bundle fiber section EV-IV were observed. The investigation of Weibull distribution variability in the EV-IV fiber location was also confirmed using one-way ANOVA. Overall, the present study investigates the impact of fiber position along the plant stem on the mechanical and physical properties of Enset bundle fibers which can be used as an input for the optimization of unidirectional composites.
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Yin, Chuan, Rino Okamoto, Mikihisa Kondo, Toshihisa Tanaka, Hatsuhiko Hattori, Masaki Tanaka, Hiromasa Sato, Shota Iino i Yoshitaka Koshiro. "Electrospinning of Block and Graft Type Silicone Modified Polyurethane Nanofibers". Nanomaterials 9, nr 1 (27.12.2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010034.
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Silicone modified polyurethane (PUSX) has attracted interest as a useful material by various properties, which are combined with silicone and polyurethane. In this paper, we tried to optimize the electrospinning process of silicone modified polyurethane (PUSX) nanofibers on a lab scale device and a multinozzle pilot scale set-up to investigate the potential and limitations of preparing PUSX nanofibrous sheets using different equipment. The morphology and diameter of the obtained fibers were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was also carried out to analyze the chemical structure of PUSX nanofibers. As a result, we successfully figured out the optimal parameters of PUSX electrospinning process and demonstrated the great potential of the process for mass production of PUSX nanofibrous sheets from solutions.
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Abdelrahman, Meram S., Shimaa S. M. Elhadad, Mehrez E. El-Naggar, Hatem E. Gaffer i Tawfik A. Khattab. "Ultraviolet-Sensitive Photoluminescent Spray-Coated Textile". Coatings 12, nr 11 (6.11.2022): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111686.
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The target of the presented research work was the development of new smart textiles with photoluminescence properties which maintain light emission for a prolonged time period, even when the illumination source is turned off. Phosphorescence has been frequently used to improve the reliability of various safety products. Thus, simple and photoluminescent and superhydrophobic smart cotton fibers were fabricated. Rare-earth-doped aluminate (REA) nanoparticles (NPs) were immobilized into room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber (RTV) and spray-coated onto cotton fibers. The coated fabrics were excited at 365 nm, while the emission peak was detected at 518 nm. Various concentrations of REA nanoparticles in the REANPs@RTV composite formula were used to create a homogeneous phosphorescent coating on the surface of the cellulosic fabrics. CIE (Commission Internationale de L’éclairage) lab values and emission spectra confirmed that the fabric had a white color under visible light, green color under UV rays, and greenish-yellow color in darkness. The lifetime of phosphorescence and decay time were examined. The findings also displayed an improvement in the superhydrophobic activity of the treated cellulosic fabrics as the phosphor content was increased in the REANPs@RTV composite formula. Additionally, the stiffness and air permeability of the treated cellulosic fabrics were determined in terms of comfort characteristics.
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Henault, Jean-Marie, Gautier Moreau, Sylvain Blairon, Jean Salin, Jean-Robert Courivaud, Frédéric Taillade, Erick Merliot i in. "Truly Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring: From the Telecommunication Optical Fiber Drawling Tower to Water Leakage Detection in Dikes and Concrete Structure Strain Monitoring". Advances in Civil Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/930796.
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Although optical fiber sensors have been developed for 30 years, there is a gap between lab experiments and field applications. This article focuses on specific methods developed to evaluate the whole sensing chain, with an emphasis on (i) commercially-available optoelectronic instruments and (ii) sensing cable. A number of additional considerations for a successful pairing of these two must be taken into account for successful field applications. These considerations are further developed within this article and illustrated with practical applications of water leakage detection in dikes and concrete structures monitoring, making use of distributed temperature and strain sensing based on Rayleigh, Raman, and Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. They include an adequate choice of working wavelengths, dedicated localization processes, choices of connector type, and further include a useful selection of traditional reference sensors to be installed nearby the optical fiber sensors, as well as temperature compensation in case of strain sensing.
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Mufti, Ghulam, Adam Bagg, Robert Hasserjian, Barbara Bain, David Kuter, Lyndah Dreiling i Janet Nichol. "Bone Marrow Reticulin in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura." Blood 108, nr 11 (16.11.2006): 3982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3982.3982.
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Abstract Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an uncommon disorder, and research that characterizes the bone marrow stroma in ITP patients is lacking. It is known that megakaryocytes are often increased in number in ITP patients. Megakaryocytes are associated with reticulin formation in other conditions, including malignant and nonmalignant diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and other immune disorders. Our objective was to determine if the reactive megakaryocyte proliferations in ITP are associated with increased reticulin deposition. We identified 40 ITP patients from clinical records in a retrospective survey of bone marrow biopsy material. Patients were required to have had a diagnosis of ITP, a bone marrow biopsy with available tissue blocks, and a complete blood count at the time of the biopsy. Paraffin-embedded sections from the bone marrow biopsy specimens were stained for reticulin using standard silver-impregnation methods. Reticulin was quantified using the Bauermeister scale (0 = no reticulin fibers demonstrable; 1 = occasional fine individual fibers and foci of a fine fiber network; 2 = fine fiber network throughout most of the section but no coarse fibers; 3 = diffuse fiber network with scattered thick coarse fibers but no mature collagen; and 4 = diffuse often coarse fiber network with areas of collagen). In addition, bone marrow cellularity and megakaryocyte numbers were evaluated. Of the 40 patients, 13 (33%) were considered to have absent (grade 0) bone marrow reticulin, 1 (2%) had grade 0–1, 20 (50%) had grade 1, 5 (13%) had grade 1–2, and 1 (2%) had grade 2. Thus, reticulin was present in the bone marrow of approximately two-thirds of the patients, with 15% having greater than grade 1. Previous research on bone marrow reticulin in 100 hematologically normal subjects found that 27% had Bauermeister reticulin grade 1 and 4% had grade 2 (Arch Pathol Lab Med1990;114:1241–3). Analysis is ongoing to further characterize the deposition of reticulin in the bone marrow of patients with ITP, the relationship of reticulin deposition to megakaryocyte numbers and location, and correlations with patient clinical findings.
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Lobach, Ivan A., Andrei A. Fotiadi, Vasily A. Yatseev, Yuri A. Konstantinov, Fedor L. Barkov, D. Claude, Dmitry A. Kambur, Maxim E. Belokrylov, Artem T. Turov i Dmitry A. Korobko. "Newest Methods and Approaches to Enhance the Performance of Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometers". Sensors 24, nr 16 (22.08.2024): 5432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24165432.
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In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the design of optical frequency-domain reflectometers (OFDRs), digital signal processing, and sensors based on special optical fibers. We discuss state-of-the-art approaches to improving metrological characteristics, such as spatial resolution, SNR, dynamic range, and the accuracy of determining back reflection coefficients. We also analyze the latest achievements in the OFDR-based sensors: the accuracy of spatial localization of the impact, the error in detecting temperatures, deformation, and other quantities, and the features of separate measurement of various physical quantities. We also pay attention to the trend of mutual integration of frequency-domain optical reflectometry methods with time-domain optical reflectometry, which provides completely new sensing possibilities. We believe that this review may be useful to engineers and scientists focused on developing a lab setup, complete measurement instrument, or sensing system with specific requirements.
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Kempisty, Bartosz, Rafał Walczak, Paweł Antosik, Patrycja Sniadek, Marta Rybska, Hanna Piotrowska, Dorota Bukowska i in. "Microfluidic Method of Pig Oocyte Quality Assessment in relation to Different Follicular Size Based on Lab-on-Chip Technology". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/467063.
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Since microfollicular environment and the size of the follicle are important markers influencing oocyte quality, the aim of this study is to present the spectral characterization of oocytes isolated from follicles of various sizes using lab-on-chip (LOC) technology and to demonstrate how follicle size may affect oocyte quality. Porcine oocytes (each,n=100) recovered from follicles of different sizes, for example, from large (>5 mm), medium (3–5 mm), and small (<3 mm), were analyzed after precedingin vitromaturation (IVM). The LOC analysis was performed using a silicon-glass sandwich with two glass optical fibers positioned “face-to-face.” Oocytes collected from follicles of different size classes revealed specific and distinguishable spectral characteristics. The absorbance spectra (microspectrometric specificity) for oocytes isolated from large, medium, and small follicles differ significantly (P<0.05) and the absorbance wavelengths were between 626 and 628 nm, between 618 and 620 nm, and less than 618 nm, respectively. The present study offers a parametric and objective method of porcine oocyte assessment. However, up to now this study has been used to evidence spectral markers associated with follicular size in pigs, only. Further investigations with functional-biological assays and comparing LOC analyses with fertilization and pregnancy success and the outcome of healthy offspring must be performed.
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Peters, Romy, Dawon Jang, Daniel Sebastian Jens Wolz, Sungho Lee, Hubert Jäger, Mirko Richter, Chokri Cherif i in. "Investigation of the Influence of Hexabenzocoronene in Polyacrylonitrile-Based Precursors for Carbon Fibers". Fibers 11, nr 2 (28.01.2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11020014.
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For several decades, carbon fibers have been used for lightweight engineering in aircraft automotive and sports industries, mostly based on high-quality polyacrylonitrile (PAN). We investigated a novel PAN-based precursor fiber (PF) modified with a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, namely hexabenzocoronene (HBC), which is expected to improve the thermal conversion process and to create a carbon fiber (CF) with enhanced mechanical properties. For this purpose, the novel PF and a spun-like homopolymeric PAN-based PF were thermally stabilized and carbonized in continuous lab-scale plants. The effect of the additive HBC on the conversion processes, fiber diameter and shape, density, and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that HBC seems to support stabilization reactions, and HBC/PAN-based PF show potentially higher stretchability of PF and stabilized fiber. The modified CF showed an improvement in Young’s modulus of about 25% at the same tensile strength compared to the unmodified PAN-based CF, resulting from enhanced crystalline orientation. The results showed a high potential of the HBC/PAN for energy-efficient production. In particular, the influence on tensile strength and modulus under optimized process conditions, as well as the possibility to use low quality PAN, need to be further investigated.
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Khalid, Asad A. "Effect of Interface Geometry on Strength of Single Lap Adhesive Joint of Sisal-Glass/Epoxy Laminates". Key Engineering Materials 858 (sierpień 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.858.20.
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In this project, experimental work on tensile behaviour of single lap adhesive joints of sisal, glass and hybrid sisal-glass/epoxy composite laminates has been carried out. Composite laminates were fabricated by hand lay-up method using chopped strand mat sisal and glass fibers with epoxy resin matrix. Lab joints of four interface geometries; straight flat, triangular, rectangular and sinusoidal were fabricated. Tensile load-displacement relations were drawn and discussed. Effect of interface geometry and material type on maximum load and strength of the single lap joint was investigated. Failure mechanism of the fractured specimens was discussed. Results show that the glass/epoxy lap joints with semi-circular adhesive interface geometry supported load higher respectively 14.26%, 26.13%, and 30.79% than rectangular, triangular and straight flat interface geometries. Glass/epoxy lap joint with semi-circular interface geometry supported tensile load higher 5.61% and 21.83% than that obtained from hybrid sisal-glass and sisal/ epoxy adhesive joints. While the shear strength was found higher respectively 6.19% and 18.69%. Adhesive failure mode was observed for most of the single lap joints investigated. Mixed failure mode of adhesive and adherend materials was observed on the sisal/epoxy lap joints.
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Atnaw, Samson Mekbib, Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman i Suzana Yusup. "Influence of Fuel Moisture Content and Reactor Temperature on the Calorific Value of Syngas Resulted from Gasification of Oil Palm Fronds". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/121908.
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Biomass wastes produced from oil palm mills and plantations include empty fruit bunches (EFBs), shells, fibers, trunks, and oil palm fronds (OPF). EFBs and shells are partially utilized as boiler fuel while the rest of the biomass materials like OPF have not been utilized for energy generation. No previous study has been reported on gasification of oil palm fronds (OPF) biomass for the production of fuel gas. In this paper, the effect of moisture content of fuel and reactor temperature on downdraft gasification of OPF was experimentally investigated using a lab scale gasifier of capacity 50 kW. In addition, results obtained from equilibrium model of gasification that was developed for facilitating the prediction of syngas composition are compared with experimental data. Comparison of simulation results for predicting calorific value of syngas with the experimental results showed a satisfactory agreement with a mean error of 0.1 MJ/Nm3. For a biomass moisture content of 29%, the resulting calorific value for the syngas was found to be only 2.63 MJ/Nm3, as compared to nearly double (4.95 MJ/Nm3) for biomass moisture content of 22%. A calorific value as high as 5.57 MJ/Nm3was recorded for higher oxidation zone temperature values.
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Matějec, Vlastimil, Ivan Kašík i Ivo Bartoň. "Fiber-Optic Nanosensors for Chemical Detection". Chemosensors 11, nr 10 (4.10.2023): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11100521.
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Recently, rapid progress has been achieved in the field of nanomaterial preparation and investigation. Many nanomaterials have been employed in optical chemical sensors and biosensors. This review is focused on fiber-optic nanosensors for chemical sensing based on silica and plastic optical fibers. Four types of fiber-optic chemical nanosensors, namely fiber nanotip sensors, fiber nanoarray sensors, fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensors, and fiber-optic nanomaterial-based sensors, are discussed in the paper. The preparation, materials, and sensing characteristics of the selected fiber-optic nanosensors are employed to show the performance of such nanosensors for chemical sensing. Examples of fiber-optic nanobiosensors are also included in the paper to document the broad sensing performance of fiber-optic nanosensors. The employment of fiber-nanotips and nanoarrays for surface-enhanced Raman scattering and nanosensors employing both electrical and optical principles and “Lab-on-fiber” sensors are also included in the paper. The paper deals with fiber-optic nanosensors based on quantum dots, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanosheets of graphene materials, MoS2, and MXenes.