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Billionnet, Cécile. "Pollution de l'air intérieur et santé respiratoire : prise en compte de la multi-pollution". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00827664.
Pełny tekst źródłaMorelli, Xavier. "Pollution de l'air, santé et défaveur sociale en zone urbaine". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS015/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn urban areas, atmospheric pollution represents a major threat to human health. The accurate characterization of this threat relies centrally on the quality of exposure assessment. It also requires assessment of other factors sharing the same sources and also possibly impacting health, such as noise. Fine-scale exposure assessment of air pollution levels may allow identifying spatial contrasts. Such spatial variations may lead to social differences in the distribution of the health impact of these pollutants.The general aims of the PhD were: 1. To study the possibility to model ultrafine particles distribution in urban areas and assess the correlation of ultrafine particles levels with road traffic noise; 2. To assess the risk incurred by air pollution exposure with a fine-scale modelling approach and investigate the potential socio-economic disparities in health burden induced by particulate matter; 3. To investigate the health benefits expected from hypothetical scenarios of reduction of air pollution levels at the urban scale.The first aim relies on Tri-tabs project, conducted in three European cities (Basel, Girona, Grenoble). Measurements during 20 minutes of outdoor noise and traffic, but not of UFP, were strongly reproducible over durations of a couple of days or months. In these areas, on the short-term, noise levels and UFP concentrations exhibited relatively moderate correlations, which may allow adjustment for mutual confounding in epidemiological studies, thus allowing to disentangle their possible short-term health effects.The second aim introduces health effects, and focuses on the longer term. Risk assessment studies often ignore within-city spatial variations of air pollutants. In Grenoble and Lyon areas (0.4 and 1.2 million inhabitants, respectively) in 2012, PM2.5 exposure was estimated on a 10×10 m grid by coupling a dispersion model to fine-scale data on population density. Outcomes were mortality, lung cancer and term low birth weight incidences. The numbers of cases attributable to air pollution were estimated overall and stratifying areas according to the European Deprivation Index, a measure of social deprivation. Estimations were repeated assuming spatial homogeneity of air pollutants within city. The proportion of cases attributable to air pollution was in the 3-8% range for mortality and 9–43% range for term low birth weight. In Grenoble, 6.8% (95% CI: 3.1–10.1%) of incident lung cancer cases were attributable to air pollution. The impact was underestimated by 8 to 20% when background monitoring stations were used to assess exposure, compared to fine-scale dispersion modeling. Health impact was highest in neighborhoods with intermediate to higher social deprivation.Several countries across Europe have implemented air pollution regulation policies, or low emission zones, France being an exception. We estimated the health impact of air pollution under different scenarios of reduction of fine particulate matter concentrations. Scenarios targeting a reduction in the PM2.5 annual averages by 5% led to a 10% decrease of the health burden, while actions aiming at only reducing the exposure of the population exposed above the 90th percentile did not yield a significant reduction of the health burden (around 1%).In conclusion, we have shown that short-term measurements cannot be used to model ultrafine particles levels in urban areas; we were among the first to rely on a fine-scale exposure model for estimating the health impact of air pollution, and quantify its impact on term low birth weight. Our estimations showed that background air quality monitoring stations used classically in France for health impact assessment studies tend to underestimate exposure, compared to a spatially-resolved dispersion model. We have provided an estimate of the air pollution decrease required to obtain a significant reduction of the health impact of air pollutants in urban areas
Leroy, Céline. "Analyse dynamique de la pollution de l'air dans la troposphère". Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0206.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe characterization and the forecast of air pollution episodes require a combined chemical and weather approach. So, in this work the relations between the meteorological situation and the air pollution. Thereby, a field campaign associating weather, micrometeorological and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-Benzene and Xylenes) compounds was carried out during six months in Dunkirk. Measurements of turbulent flows were used to evaluate the dispersive capacity of the atmosphere during anticyclonic and depressionary periods, front passages and sea breeze episodes. This study showed in particular that the sea breeze was responsible of the most important pollution episodes of the measurements period. In order to apprehend the three-dimensional dynamic aspect of the breeze and consequently, the pollution behaviour in altitude, the structure of a sea breeze episode was characterized from optical and acoustic teledetection instruments and numerical simulations. The study of the background pollution occured in the neighbouring of the monitoring site of the “Pic du Midi de Bigorre” (PDM) in the Pyrenees (France). Previous studies revealed an atypical behavior of the ozone cycle in summer period, resulting in a decline of ozone in the middle of day. In order to study experimentally the role of the local weather phenomena, the vertical profiles of the ozone and of the extinction coefficient were measured with a differential absorption lidar in the vicinity of the PDM
Houot, Jennifer. "Pollution de l'air, trafic routier, et risque de leucémie chez l'enfant". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS108/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn adults, the relationship between benzene exposure (IARC, Group 1) and leukemia has been demonstrated in workplace for high-level exposure. This pollutant is emitted at low concentration in environment, especially by road traffic and petrol stations. The objective was to investigate the relationship between benzene exposure at low-level dose and childhood leukemia. The record-based GEOCAP study included all cases of childhood leukemia diagnosed in France over 2002-2007 and 30,000 contemporaneous population-based control children highly representative of the source population. The length of major roads was calculated around the residence of each geocoded subject in a 150-m buffer. We assigned them the yearly estimates of benzene and NO2 concentrations at the square where his residence was located on a 2-km2 grid covering continental France. The distance to the nearest petrol station from the residence was also calculated for all subjects. The length of major roads around the residence was positively and significantly associated with the risk of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). This association was more evident with benzene and NO2 2-km estimates, combined with the length of major roads indicator to enhance the exposure contrasts. The distance to the nearest petrol station was positively but non-significantely associated with AML, and some of this association was explained by a confouding effect of the length of major roads around the residence. This work suggests that exposure to benzene emitted in environment may increase the risk of AML in children
Rosseler, Olivier. "Dépollution et décontamination de l'air en environnements confinés par photocatalyse d'oxydation". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6156.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe simultaneous oxidation of CO and acetone is studied on M/TiO2 composites under humid atmosphere. An important part of this work is devoted to the photocatalytic oxidation of CO and the results show that it is a photoactivated thermal reaction. Photo-generated electrons on TiO2 catalyze the reduction of oxygen, adsorbed on the metal, which lowers the reaction temperature of CO and O. Acetone is oxidized by OH• radicals and also by reduced oxygen. When both pollutants are simultaneously eliminated on M/TiO2, their respective oxidation rate is lowered by competition for the reduced oxygen atoms and, for CO, by poisoning of the metal surface by water produced by acetone oxidation. Alloys made of Pd and Pt are introduced. Water adsorption is suppressed on these alloys when CO is also present in the gas feed, under UV-A illumination. Reaction rates for CO and acetone oxidation remain high, even under high humidity on these PdPt/TiO2 catalysts. Alloying Pd and Pt causes a lowering of the d-band center, which modifies the adsorption properties of the PdPt particles, as show by extensive characterizations. The proximity of Pd and Pt atoms in the structure is a key element to this enhanced reactivity
Karroum, Khaoula. "Algorithmes d'optimisation pour la surveillance et l'estimation de la pollution de l'air". Thesis, Littoral, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021DUNK0574.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe implementation of an air quality monitoring system requires taking in consideration complex meteorological phenomena, sources of emission and limitations drawn by the costly equipment. The three main contributions made by the present thesis regarding monitoring and estimation of air pollution are : a review of techniques for estimating air quality, influence of air pollution's spatial and temporal variability on precision of interpolation methods, and a suggestion for a possible optimization of Dunkirk air quality monitoring network. Data of measurements and modeling of PM₁₀ concentrations were provided by ATMO Hauts-de-France. Firstly, we did a bibliographic synthesis on Air Quality Modeling (AQM) techniques, detailing their advantages and limits in studying air pollution. Then, we estimated air pollution in the Hauts-de-France region by means of spatial interpolation methods. We proposed an optimization of Inverse distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation technique that allows improving the coefficient of determination (R²). We noticed that the accuracy of the interpolation degrades at sites nearby emission sources (e.g., industries) and exposed to local meteorological phenomena (e.g., coastal zone). The influence of these phenomena was filtered by averaging the PM₁₀ data at different time scales (ranging from one hour to 3 months). The best R² obtained corresponded to the 24 hours averaging period, similar to the periodicity of some local wheather phenomena such as sea breezes occurring in coastal areas. Furthermore, we suggest an approach to optimize the network of measurement stations in Dunkirk agglomeration that minimizes root-mean-square (RMS) error of air pollution estimation obtained by IDW interpolation using data of ADMS (Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System) and the Gaussian plume model. It was shown that the optimized configuration allows obtaining better PM₁₀ concentration estimations compared to the real deployed measuring stations network of ATMO. Actual ATMO stations are located near the emission sources, while for the resulting topology of stations optimization on diffuse sources pollution (ADMS) stations were scattered throughout the region, and for point source pollution (Gaussian plume) stations surrounded the emission source. Finally, a reliable and efficient approach was proposed for improving the accuracy of estimation of air pollution in an area of special interest, such as residential or industrial areas
Khazen, Mehsen. "Perception des risques liés à la pollution de l'air à Beyrouth (Liban)". Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0541.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeirut, the Lebanese capital, is under heavy air pollution and roas traffic is a major problem in this city ; also it is one of the main sources of air pollution. Several studies have shown that levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and particulates matters are above the thresholds set by the World Health Organization (WHO). A good governance of air pollution means a good understanding of the interactions between inhabitants, decision-makers and institutions, and integration if the inhabitant - perception and behavior - into decion-making. To assess the problems that may hinder the application of good air quality governance, two separate surveys were conducted. The first, a questionnaire survey for the population of the Greater Beirut Area (GBA), and the second an interview survey for the public and private stakeholders and media companies. Our questionnaire survey conducted in 2016 in the (GBA) shows that the population perceives this pollution and its primary source : road trafiic. Nevertheless, this pollution and road traffic are perceived as secondary risks in terms of importance, as the population is focusing more on the problems of the civil security ans its risks. This study also shows that people generally believe that the air pollution in Beirut, affects others more than themselves. Different perceptions of risks in general and environmental risks in particular have been found for different social and religious classes, but at this stage we cannot really explain the latter. On another level, Beirutis are not informed about environmental policies, and do not trust their decision-makers or experts. They do not try to fight against this type pollution, nor to change their behavior and escape it as it is found that Beirutis have a fatalistic attitude towards this environmental risk. On their part, decision-makers have no trust in the population and generally, there is no communication between the two parties. Both count on the media to communicate this risk and its different policies, but the media organizations focus only on what they call "current" and "interesting" themes. Subjects do not necessarily talk about air pollution
Barbara, Jane. "Les normes relatives à la réduction de la pollution de l'air et la sanction des faits de pollution". Grenoble 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE21039.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis law study is an analysis of air pollution in all its aspects. After a brief presentation of the technical, scientific and medical characteristics of this multiform pollution, it intends to defme the legal problematics of this subject under its two aspects : normative (in the first part) and contentious (second part). These two aspects are treated on the international (and european) as well as on the internal plane (with references to the general principles of civil,penal and administrative responsibility). Therefore, it appears that, on the one hand, norms, though increasingly numerous, are still insufficient : as an example, they avoid the liability problem in international law or they remain too sector-based or technical and they don't allow any deep questioning of the policies in the fields of energy, national and regional development, transport or armament and development of the outer space law either. On the other hand, except some rare specific procedures, the general principles of responsibility still have to be adapted to the specific problems raised by air pollutions. It turns out to be all the more necessary in the fields where the working out of norms is the subject of a negociation between the state and the polluters and leaves room to the utmost juridical insecurity
Do'un, Giath. "Caractérisation de la pollution de l'air en milieu urbain à l'aide des images satellitaires et des systèmes d'information géographique". Marne-la-Vallée, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MARN0338.
Pełny tekst źródłaChini, Catherine. "Recherche d'un ou plusieurs marqueurs de la pollution de l'air par l'aérosol diesel". Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120021.
Pełny tekst źródłaVincent, Guillaume. "Procédé d'élimination de la pollution de l'air par traitement photocatalytique : application aux COVs". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL037N/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPhotocatalytic oxidation of airborne contaminants appears to be a promising process for remediation of air polluted by Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). The aim of our study is the photocatalytic oxidation of several VOCs using an annular reactor: methylethylketone (MEK), acetone, 1-propanol and triethylamine (TEA). First, the influence of different kinetic parameters such as pollutant concentration, incident light irradiance, contact time and humidity has been studied. A mechanistic pathway has been indeed proposed for each pollutant according to the produced intermediates species detected by GC/MS. Second, the diffusion of hydroxyls radicals OH• in gas phase, after photonic activation of TiO2, has been highlighted using Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF). For the first time, OH• radicals have been detected at atmospheric pressures, close to the major photocatalytic oxidation conditions, leading to the assumption that the photocatalytic degradation of VOCs might be at least partially occurs between pollutants and OH• radicals in gas-phase
Teles, da Silva Solange. "L' eau et l'air en droit français et brésilien". Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010271.
Pełny tekst źródłaDenoeud-Valdeyron, Marie-Laure. "Les lichens, bioindicateurs de pollution atmospherique : application aux alentours de l'usine roquette a lestrem". Lille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL2P020.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuché, Sarah. "La pollution de l'air en région parisienne : exposition et perception sur les sites touristiques". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840818.
Pełny tekst źródłaSpadaro, Joseph Vito. "Évaluation des dommages de la pollution de l'air : modélisation, études de sensibilité et applications". ENSMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP0890.
Pełny tekst źródłaDesaigues, Brigitte. "La Planification de l'environnement cas particulier de la pollution de l'eau et de l'air". Lille : A.N.R.T, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36105391j.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaurent, Olivier. "Influence de la pollution atmosphérique ambiante sur les inégalités sociales face aux exacerbations de l'asthme". Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1B073.
Pełny tekst źródłaDanatoiu, Cristina. "Étude des phénomènes d'adsorption et désorption de composes organiques volatils sur charbon actif : Application to the improvement of industrial atmospheres". Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0118.
Pełny tekst źródłaA study of the adsorption and desorption processes of organic volatile compounds on active charcoal vas performed, in order to improve the quality of the atmosphere in car painting places. This work was done with solvents that already exist in these atmospheres, particularly toluene, butanol, n-butyl-acetate, xylene and cyclohexanone, onto four active charcoals, two Romanian: RCAFS and AD3 commercialised by ROMCARBON and two french ones, AC35 and AC40, commercialised by CECA. Several analysis techniques were used: gas-chromatography, thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. The study takes into account the theoretical aspects of the retention processes of the solvents onto porous solids, at microscopical level, with the help of adsorption isotherms of the toluene on the charcoals. The breakthrough of the charcoals by the pure solvents was obtained, in order to determine the optimal conditions and the values of the constants that intervene in the modelisation of an adsorber. The desorption with hot air was also studied, aiming to the regeneration of the charcoals and in the same time the recuperation of the sol vents. The adsorption-desorption cycles permitted also the verification of the behaviour of the charcoals intime. Coupling thermogravimetrical analysis with mass spectrometry (DTG-DTP/SM) allowed to perform a programmed temperature study who retrieved the fabrication tar (naphthenic compound) in greater or smaller quantities, depending on the charcoal used. The desorption energies were also evaluated. The association of all the results made possible the calculation of the working of an adsorber provided with these active charcoals
Leturque, Emmanuelle. "Economie géographique et croissance : le cas des émissions polluantes industrielles". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCG001.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis focuses on the role of industrial emissions on economic mechanisms linking agglomeration and growth. This PhD thesis is settled in Economic Geography literature and display both theoretical and empirical studies. Location of polluting activities, mainly industrial ones, represents a sensitive issue for local governments. They want to maintain economic dynamism while preserving regional environmental capital. One needs to better understand the role of environmental issues in the arbitrage between growth and spatial equity. Indeed, industrial agglomeration impacts others sectors and household welfare through air pollution. Our review of literature shows that the effects of agglomeration on growth are well established. However, studies considering industrial pollution as a dispersion force are rare. We first build a model of NEGG with pollution regulation toward industrial firms. Then, an empirical study is conducted where we show that industrial firms benefit less from agglomeration economies
Robache, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols dans l'air ambiant : application à la recherche de sources". Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-320-321.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaNdong, Awa. "Pollution de l'air extérieur et intérieur à Dakar (Sénégal) : caractérisation de la pollution, impact toxicologique et évaluation épidémiologique des effets sanitaires". Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0510/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAir pollution is nowadays a major societal challenge, as much for its harmful consequences on human health as on the environment. The general objective of this work was to determine the level of Dakar air pollution, outdoor and indoor, and to assess its health impact in the urban population. Fine particles (PM₂.₅) and a coarser fraction (PM>₂.₅) sampled at an urban site in Dakar (HLM), characterized by high road traffic emissions, were compared with particles sampled at a rural area, Toubab Dialaw located about 40 km from Dakar. The physicochemical characteristics of samples revealed that PMs differ for their physical (surface area) and chemical properties (in terms of CHN, metals, ions, paraffins, VOCs and PAHs) that were 65 to 75 % higher in urban samples. In accordance with the different sources and different physical and chemical properties, the inflammatory response (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and the oxidative damage (total carbonylated proteins and 8-OHdG) were found higher in bronchial BEAS-2B cells exposed to urban PMs. The air quality measurement campaign showed that the bus interior was more polluted with PM₁₀, CO, CO₂ and NO than the market and the urban and rural indoor sites. The comparison of air quality between indoor and outdoor sites revealed that, particularly in urban areas, indoor air quality may be worse than the corresponding outdoor one. Monitoring individual exposure to pollutants showed that housewives in urban and rural sites were more exposed than professionals to air pollution, confirming previous observations of potential higher individual exposure level to pollutants in indoor environment. However, exposure level of traders and bus drivers that would result from the exhaust of traffic with often old, poorly maintained and uncontrolled vehicles has to be taken into consideration due the higher levels of gaseous pollutants here reported
Godard, Sophie Zmirou-Navier Denis. "Pollution atmosphérique par l'ozone et asthme de l'enfant résultats de l'étude Airpole (asthme infantile et retentissement de la pollution de l'environnement) /". [S.l] : [s.n], 2004. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2004_HERFELD_GODARD_SOPHIE.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe, Bideau-Raillard Cécile. "Oxydation photocatalytique de composés organiques volatils : application au traitement de l'air intérieur". Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2008.
Pełny tekst źródłaAn experimental research work is performed in order to remove volatile organic compounds from indoor atmospheres by photocatalytic oxidation. The first part deals with the choice of adapted photocatalytic systems among home-made materials and industrial products. Four photocatalysts are selected, all constituted of TiO2 deposited on various supports. The second part is devoted to the kinetic study of methyl ethyl ketone degradation over the four catalysts. The influence of different experimental parameters and materials characteristics is investigated. Reaction intermediates are identified and used to suggest a reaction pathway. A simplified mechanism and a reaction rate law are deduced. Experiments with other pollutants at low initial concentrations are carried out and allow us to conclude that photocatalytic oxidation is well-adapted for the purification of indoor air
Billi, Elena Fantozzi Gilbert Montanaro Laura. "Développement de capteurs de gaz électro-chimiques pour le contrôle de la pollution de l'air". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2004. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=billi.
Pełny tekst źródłaThèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 183-196.
Billi, Elena. "Développement de capteurs de gaz électro-chimiques pour le contrôle de la pollution de l'air". Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0001/these.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaTwo ceramic gas sensors, developed by screen-printing technique, are considered. The first is able to detect CO and Nox concentrations in combustion processes and, to increase its durability, a alpha-alumina protective layer was deposited by screen-printing on the sensor sensing element. The alpha-alumina screen-printable ink was realised with a new formulation to minimise the possible interactions between the layers. The other sensor is a device for CO₂ monitoring in urban areas: the sensing materials, Nasicon and Yttria stabilised zirconia, are deposited as overlapped films. After the thermal treatment this sensor doesn't work because of an interface reaction between the layers. This reaction is studied by SEM and TEM and is not avoidable. Then the sensor is realised by substitution the Nisicon film with a beta-alumina one and it shows good sensibility and stability
BELLANGER, LISE. "Statistique de la pollution de l'air : méthode mathématiques : applications au cas de la région parisienne". Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112026.
Pełny tekst źródłaBen, Romdhane Safa. "Effets du climat et de la pollution de l'air sur la santé respiratoire à Tunis". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC027/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as Grand Tunis or Tunis, presents a vulnerability to air pollution due to the high concentrations of population and the infrastructures characterizing its territory. Ozone (O3) and particles (PM10) often exceed the Tunisian thresholds for these pollutants. As for the international standards set by the WHO (world health organization), they have not been met infrequently.The respiratory tract is a preferred route of exposure to aggressions related to the environment. Many lung diseases are directly linked to inhalation of pollutants in the atmosphere. The influences of climate mechanisms on respiratory health are also very extensive, including extreme weather events, also called weather paroxysms.The main objective of this thesis was to characterize the impact of environmental factors, climate and atmospheric pollutants on respiratory health in Grand Tunis. We have chosen to quantify this relationship from the biometeorological indicators and absolute thresholds of meteorological stress, specific Tunisian climate, and air quality to predict episodes at risk for respiratory health and thresholds of weather variables and air quality resulting in excess hospital admissions for respiratory causes. And this from the climate extremes of the parameters affecting the respiratory health : temperature, relative humidity and maximum wind speed. We, too, set realistic standards for air quality, relative to O3 and PM10, identifying critical thresholds excess hospitalizations in Grand Tunis and can be applied throughout the country. Given the effect of some climatic parameters on the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, we also studied the relationship between climatic parameters and pollutants of O3 and PM10. The results of this study reveal that, throughout the year, Tunisians are confronted with at least an environmental risk : photochemical pollution and heat waves, which are very responsive during the hot season ; during the cold season, it is the risk of cold and particulate pollution; and during the off-season, biological pollution, together with pollen, is more at risk. However, short-term exposure to these risks, the worsening of the respiratory illness or irritation of the respiratory system is real. This study showed that the development and worsening of respiratory diseases appear to result from a complex interplay of individual and environmental factors. They are mainly in relation to time, air quality and atopy. The importance of these factors varies the respective disease. Moreover, the low socioeconomic status of the family increases the likelihood of being exposed to more of these risk factors. Added to this are behavioral factors such as alcohol, active and passive smoking
Kalhori, Azadeh. "La qualité de l'air en milieu urbain : Entre mesures et perceptions". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/KALHORI_Azadeh_2008.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe atmospheric pollution in urban zones is a major stake in the world because cities concentrate the majority of the population of the globe at the moment. Cities make more and more the object of studies concerning the atmospheric pollution, its impacts (the sanitary risks) and the means to reduce the atmospheric pollution and its misdeeds. This one varies spatially and temporarily in city according to the morphology of districts, the weather conditions and the locations of the sources of pollutants. From then, the concentration of pollutants must be defined in a micro-urban scale to estimate the exposure of the populations. Indeed, this exposure is a part of a wider concept, the air quality which is considered as an essential element of today. These last ones are moreover subjected to an exposure to be estimated during the day during their movements, but also inside buildings. The individual perception of this pollution during its daily activities, brings a lighting interesting on the behaviour of the city-dwellers in front of the pollution and of its interactions with the individual well-being and the quality of life. This thesis has for objective to estimate the possible distortion between the individual exposure estimated at the pollution and the perception of this one to identify cognitive, environmental and cultural factors influencing the perception. In this respect, first of all, the concentration of pollutants was obtained by means of the model ADMS-Urban at an intra-urban scale. It allowed to obtain a concentration of pollutants continues over Strasbourg. Then, 200 inquiries of perception 'inquiry of follow-up' were realized. This helped us to determine the individual exposure of the pollution and their perception in various places. By implementing some type of analysis and a SIG, the characteristics of the pollution and the behaviour of the city-dwellers were revealing. The confrontation of this last information also allowed to understand the complex relation between the perception and the variation of the atmospheric pollution in city
Tuduri, Ludovic. "Analyse de traces de composés organiques volatils dans l'air par microextraction sur phase solide". Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3007.
Pełny tekst źródłaBulteau, Gaëlle. "Définition d'une méthodologie d'évaluation des procédés d'élimination des composés organiques volatils de l'air intérieur". Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2083.
Pełny tekst źródłaAkoua, Aké Ahiman. "Appréciation de l'efficacité de la ventilation pour l'étude de la qualité de l'air intérieur". La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS119.
Pełny tekst źródłaAn efficient ventilation system provides a good indoor air quality by eliminating air pollutants and ensuring a satisfactory air renewal. Unlike most research works that deal with test cells with controlled boundary conditions, our study focuses on ventilation efficiency in a real environment. In situ experiments are performed and provide the boundary conditions necessary for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) computations. Using CFD for predicting indoor air quality in a real environment is thus analyzed. The influence of permeability on numerical predictions quality is shown. Unfortunately, it is difficult to quantify accurately the air leakages and their airflow rates. Our study proposes a simplified model that includes air infiltration rates in the CFD computations, and that yields satisfactory results. A critical analysis of ventilation efficiency indices is then performed. It is shown that it is currently impossible to evaluate the air change efficiency ( ) in an occupied zone. Concerning the air pollutants removal effectiveness, it is shown that the usual index is not suited to ventilation systems with variable airflow rates. For such cases, a new formulation of this index is given. The ratio between the airflow rate and the nominal airflow rate of the ventilation system is also taken into consideration. A coupled analysis of this new index and of this airflow rate ratio enables us to assess the air pollutants removal effectiveness while considering the energetic cost of ventilation. We finally show that there is no universal index. The choice of the index depends on the pollutant, on the pollutant's concentration, and on the airflow rate. A tool of decision-making aid is thus proposed in order to evaluate the air pollutants removal effectiveness for various ventilation systems. This tool is flexible and rather simple to use
André, Michel. "Construction de cycles de conduite représentatifs pour la mesure des émissions de polluants des véhicules". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISALO006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe measurement of pollutant emissions from vehicles requires the defining of representative test conditions and driving cycles. This last one requires a knowledge of vehicle usage and of their operating conditions. For that, private vehicles are fitted with on-board data acquisition systems, and used normally by their owner. According to these principles, 80 European cars have been selected and monitored by 4 European laboratories. Globally, 10,000 trips and 90,000 km have been recorded. Driving conditions are analysed through the speed recorded on-board the vehicles, during elementary periods, or kinematic segments with homogeneous size. These ones are described by the crossed-distribution of the instant speeds and accelerations. Correspondence Analysis and Clustering allow the defining of a driving conditions typology in 12 classes. The same tools are used to characterise trips as regards the driving conditions encountered. According to these typologies, two sets of 3 and 8 driving cycles are built-up that represent urban, road and motorway trips. 30 gasoline and diesel vehicles, with and without catalysator are tested on a chassis dynamometer using these driving cycles. Emissions values (CO, HC, NOx and CO2 ) measured on the 3 main driving cycles underestimate the results obtained while using the 8 cycles. That highlights the necessity of a detailed description of the driving conditions, as non-average operating conditions can led to high overemissions. Link between thermal and kinematic conditions and the impact of cold start show the necessity to proof this point. Links between driving conditions and vehicles characteristics question the principle of the usage of a unique driving cycle for all the vehicles
Basly, Ludovic. "Télédétection pour la qualité de l'air en milieu urbain". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006291.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeporini, Mathieu. "Développement et évaluation d'un modèle tridimensionnel de nuage chaud à microphysique détaillée". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665540.
Pełny tekst źródłaGil, Yvan. "Caractérisation expérimentale des émissions de pesticides vers l'air pendant les pulvérisations viticoles". Phd thesis, Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaUpward spray loss assessment, during a standard air-assisted application, was carried out using a fluorescent tracer dye and PVC lines as collectors. Linear multiple regression and fuzzy logic inference were used to evaluate the effects of microclimatic conditions on two droplet size distribution applications (fine and very fine). Multiple regression models were built for each test series, defined by their size droplet distribution. For the fine application the significant variables were wind speed, air temperature and wet bulb temperature depression (DT), obtaining a determination coefficient equal to 0. 70. In the very fine treatment model the atmospheric stability parameter turned out to be also significant ; the determination coefficient was equal to 0. 82. Spray losses were also predicted with fuzzy inference systems and good determination coefficients were obtained (R2=0. 72 for fine spray and 0. 66 for very fine spray). Interpretable rules were fixed for microclimatic characterization, for two different droplet distributions. Both tools could be combined with physical modelling to evaluate air pollution and spray drift from simplified field tests
Bouilly, Jérôme. "Etude de l'impact de la pollution particulaire sur la qualité de l'air intérieur en site urbain". La Rochelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LAROS106.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present study concerns the relationship between the outdoor particle pollution and the pollution inside a ventilated building in urban site. The main goal is to evaluate and improve prediction tools in order to better assess people exposure to particle pollution. After a first part dedicated to the state of the art of solid particles physics, we present two experimental studies. The first one aims to evaluate the particle deposition in ventilated ducts and the second one is focused on the particle behaviour inside a ventilated room. Results show that the ventilation strategy has a great influence on particle deposition, and therefore the limits of global approach models. The last part is dedicated to the development of a particle dispersion numerical model. This model, by determining the particle trajectories in the three dimensions space, allows a better prediction of the indoor particle air quality
Reyes, Perez Eneida. "Chimie multiphasique des pesticides dans l'air : distribution et photoréactivité". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6048.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis focuses on the environmental fate of pesticides, particularly in the atmosphere. We are interested on their partitioning between the different phases of the atmosphere and their photolysis in the environment. The partitioning between aqueous and gaseous phases in the atmosphere depends on the Henry’s law constant (H) while the partitioning between atmospheric particulate and gaseous phases is related to their vapor pressure. Henry’s law constants of two widely used herbicides, namely EPTC and trifluralin, were determined as a function of temperature (278 – 293 K) using a device based on a dynamic air/water equilibrium. The obtained results are the first experimental temperature dependence of H for trifluralin and the second one for EPTC. The measurements performed between 278 and 293 K have been used to determine the Van't Hoff expressions of H for both compounds and the corresponding enthalpies of solvation. Our data obtained at 283 K have also helped to calculate that only 0. 3% of gaseous EPTC and 0. 8% of gaseous trifluralin could be scavenged by clouds droplets, which can be considered as negligible. Thus, EPTC and trifluralin are almost exclusively present in the gas phase where degradation takes place through photochemical reactions [. . . ]
Gil, Yvan. "Caractérisation expérimentale des émissions de pesticides vers l'air pendant les pulvérisations viticoles". Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00129376.
Pełny tekst źródłaHamaoui, Lynda. "Les émissions d'ammoniac par les activités agricoles : impact sur la qualité de l'air". Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077111.
Pełny tekst źródłaA new approach has been set up to compute the ammonia emissions coming from mineral fertilizer spreading over agricultural soils. They are calculated using the one dimensional mechanistic model "VOLT'AIR" which has been coupled with datasets on cultural practices, soil properties and meteorology. NH₃ emissions from other agricultural sources are extracted at local scale from the national spatialised inventory (INS) and thereafter finely spatialised. The modelled emissions show high spatiotemporal variations depending on soil pH, rates and dates of fertilization and meteorological variables, especially soil temperature and wind speed. The comparison of the total ammonia emissions estimated with the new approach VOLT'AIR_INS (VOLT'AIR for mineral fertilization and INS for other agricultural sources) with the standard emissions provided by EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) shows significant differences in the spatial and temporal distributions. To assess and compare the impact of ammonia emission variability on the formation of ammonium nitrate particles, several simulations were carried out with CHIMERE for the period of February-May 2007 using NH₃ emissions from the three methods : VOLT'AIR_INS, INS et EMEP. The results show that changes in ammonia emissions have different effects on particle concentrations depending on regions and nitrate concentrations The comparison of modelled PM10 and ammonium nitrate aerosol with observations shows that the use of the new ammonia emission method improves slightly the spatiotemporal correlation in several regions and lightly reduces thee negative bias (1 to 2 μg/m³ in average)
Sabatier, Tiphaine. "Circulations à fine échelle et qualité de l'air hivernal dans une vallée alpine urbanisée". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30340/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAir quality issues are frequent in urbanized valleys, particularly in wintertime under anticyclonic conditions. Pollution episodes occur due to the combination of increased emissions and atmospheric stratification that inhibits vertical mixing and isolates the valley atmosphere from large-scale dynamics. The transport of pollutants then becomes mainly driven by local thermally driven flows that largely depend on local characteristics and are difficult to represent in numerical weather prediction models. Improving the forecasting of winter pollution situations in mountain areas therefore requires a better understanding of local dynamics under stable conditions. This thesis fall within this objective and aims at improving the understanding of local wind dynamics at valley scale. It is based on high-resolution numerical simulations performed with Méso-NH and data from the Passy-2015 field experiment that took place during the winter of 2014-2015 within the Passy basin, located near Mont-Blanc and at the confluence of three valleys. The PM10 concentrations observed in this basin regularly exceed the regulatory thresholds and show marked heterogeneities within the basin and with adjacent valleys. The wind dynamics study highlights local flow characteristics that are consistent with the PM10 heterogeneities observed within the valley. In particular, flows within the basin show a stratified structure and give rise to heterogeneous ventilation levels. During the day, mass exchanges preferentially occur between the sunniest valley sections. At night, the convergence of flows from tributary valleys, along with the local orography, induces a very heterogeneous flow structure on the vertical and horizontal in the Passy basin. These characteristics tend to reduce ventilation in the basin especially in the eastern sector, which is also the most polluted sector during wintertime episodes. As spring approaches, the increase of solar radiation balances inter-valley mass exchanges, thus reducing pollutant accumulation within the basin. The analysis of mechanisms controlling local circulations underlines the importance of fine scale characteristics of topography and surface (snow cover) that determine the distribution of energy received at the surface
Pillot, Tokarek Sandra. "Contribution à la maîtrise particulaire de l'air des stations du métro parisien". Chambéry, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CHAMS029.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present study is in line with the indoor air particle pollution in underground and more precisely in the study and perfecting of air treatment process in underground stations. The first part starts with a state of the indoor particle pollution knowledge in general case and more precisely of the dust concentration on Parisian underground. The difficulties of predicting pollution sources and particle characteristics are put into relief. In a second part, the process chosen by the Parisian Transport Authority to lower the particle concentration in station, that is to say electrostatic precipitation is described. The third part is dedicated to the experimental study : it deals with a study of an electrostatic precipitator behaviour with respect to underground aerosol. This study lets us know the efficiency of the process in underground conditions, perfect the apparatus and predict the maintenance periodicity thanks to an experimentation during two years and the number of filters to place in station. This parts evokes also the question of settling this kind of process in a subway line to conclude with respect the efficiency of the process. The last part deals with 3D numerical simulations of particle transport in confined flows such as those encountered in underground stations and tunnels. The particle dispersion has been validated thanks to a fluid mechanics code Fluidyn from some known experimental results. Then the particle dispersion has been studied without and with trains in underground and compared to experimental results obtanined with an hydraulic scale model. Perspectives on the future of the electrostatic precipitation in the Parisian Transport Authority and on development of mechnics code are presented and discussed in conclusion
Loup, Pierre. "Modélisation de l'exposition individuelle à la pollution atmosphérique". Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON1T016.
Pełny tekst źródłaPariselli, Fabrizio. "Evaluation in vitro de la nocivité des composés organiques volatils de l'air intérieur : développement d'une technique d'exposition dynamique". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P643.
Pełny tekst źródłaHundreds of chemicals like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in the indoor environment and are suspected to cause acute and chronic adverse health effects. At present, there is a lack of substantial information on toxicological effects caused by VOC mixtures at low concentrations; therefore, new experimental approaches should be designed to detect biological effects at typical indoor air concentrations. The aim of this PhD thesis was the in vitro evaluation of biological effects of low concentrations of indoor air pollutants. Toluene, benzene and formaldehyde were selected as representing key contaminants in indoor non-occupational environments. Human derived cell cultures, representing VOCs target organs were exposed to low concentrations of these air pollutants by means of an original exposure device, named CULTEX®, which permits the application of the volatile compounds directly on cell surface at the air/liquid interface. The exposition of cell cultures to low concentrations of selected volatile compounds, alone and in mixture, were able to initiate different biological effects in terms of toxicity, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and DNA damage. Further studies were performed in order to exploit the peculiarities of the exposure device: i. E. The combination of physical (UV) and chemical agents and the use of atmospheres generated in a climatic room by common construction materials
Michelot, Nicolas. "L'influence des topoclimats sur la pollution de l'air aux particules dans le sud-ouest des Alpes-Maritimes". Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959704.
Pełny tekst źródłaBerthelot, Michaël. "Climat régional, climat local et pollution de l'air par l'ozone dans les agglomérations de Tours et d'Orléans". Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR1803.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchenck, Charles. "Pollution saline de l'eau souterraine et de l'air liee aux activites economiques en haute alsace : incidences agronomiques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13220.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchenck, Charles. "Pollution saline de l'eau souterraine et de l'air liée aux activités économiques en Haute Alsace incidences agronomiques /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609745f.
Pełny tekst źródłaBertero, Christophe. "Perception de l'environnement urbain à l'aide d'une flotte de capteurs sur des vélos : application à la pollution de l'air". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30321.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis takes place in the context of "smart cities", where the information processing improves the quality of life. It studies the perception of the environment and especially the perception of air pollution in the city using sensors on bikes. The first chapter introduces the technical and scientific challenges in terms of information collection and modeling applied to aerology. The second chapter presents the design of a fleet of mobile instruments for measuring air pollution. We characterize the shape of the sensor network needed for modeling, on the one hand using the literature and on the other hand using a simulation. The third chapter deals with the development of such an instrument. We have built our instrument around a semiconductor metal oxide micro-sensor (MOx sensor) of NO2 and CO, the MiCS-4514, and evaluated its performance in controlled environments. The fourth chapter presents the two deployments of this instrument in the city of Toulouse in France, first with a bicycle rental association and then with bikers from our laboratory, and the dataset collected. Finally, we estimate the pollution levels in NO2 and CO in the city
Glandus, Lise-Marie. "Géographie de l'air et politiques urbaines : l'exemple de villes moyennes de l'ouest français : La Rochelle, Limoges et Clermont-Ferrand". Limoges, 2010. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/cddd1a77-0c10-428c-84aa-6a19492a265f/blobholder:0/2010LIMO2010.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrimaldi, Frédérique. "Etude de la qualité chimique de l'air à l'intérieur de locaux à Marseille et dans sa région". Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11036.
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