Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „L-635”

De nombreux sédiments glaciaires déposés à basses latitudes durant le Néoprotérozoïque ont mené à l'hypothèse d'un englacement complet du globe terrestre. La sortie de cet état climatique extrême aurait été engendrée par un effet de serre intense. Ce travail repose sur le croisement d'études sédimentologique, géochimique, magnétique et isotopique sur des sédiments de la plateforme carbonatée d'Araras contemporaine de la transgression postglaciaire Marinoenne. Les résultats révèlent une régression du niveau marin qui atteint son maximum à la fin du dépôt des cap-dolomies, qui est suivit par une période transgressive. Une étude des conditions redox de dépôt basée sur des analyses de concentrations en éléments traces, de minéralogie magnétique et de spéciation du fer, indique des conditions de dépôt oxydantes au sein du sédiment, qui deviennent progressivement réductrices quand la profondeur de dépôt augmente. Les compositions isotopiques en carbone et multi-isotopique du soufre suggèrent que la transgression postglaciaire s'accompagne d'un épuisement de la colonne d'eau en sulfate, du à une augmentation conjointe de la productivité primaire et de la sulfato-réduction bactérienne. Pour l'atmosphère post-Marinoenne, des analyses de compositions isotopiques du carbone des carbonates et de la matière organique qui y est associée ont permis d'estimer une concentration en CO2 maximale de 3200 ppmv. Cette concentration est bien inférieure à celle prédite par les modèles pour permettre la fonte des glaces mais est plus cohérente avec la pO2 atmosphérique attendue pour le Néoprotérozoïque et les conditions de pH des océans favorables à la précipitation des carbonates
The occurrence of low latitude glacial deposits in the Neoproterozoic is the basis of the Snowball Earth hypothesis, which postulates the planet had been completely covered by ice. The recovery from such an extreme climatic state would occur through an extreme greenhouse event. In this thesis we have combined sedimentological studies, geochemistry, magnetic methods and isotopic studies to investigate the Neoproterozoic carbonate platform of Araras, which is correlated to the Marinoan post-glacial successions. Five sections were sampled across the platform. Our results show that the dolomitic succession in the inner shelf sections is deposited in a progressive context, being then covered by transgressive limestones. Redox conditions were deduced from an integrated study, combining trace elements, magnetic mineralogy and iron speciation, which indicate oxic conditions in the shallower facies and relatively more reduced conditions at deeper facies. Multi-isotopic analyses of sulfur and carbon suggest that the end of the glacial event and the post-glacial transgression is accompanied by depletion in the sulfur reservoir, due to the increase in both primary productivity and bacterial sulfate reduction. Carbon isotopic composition of carbonate and associated organic matter in the cap carbonates indicate a maximum CO2 atmospheric concentration of 3200 ppmv. This concentration is coherent with Oa concentrations for the Neoproterozoic and with the ocean pH necessary for the widespread deposition of carbonate successions by that time. Yet, it is significantly lower than that predicted by numerical models of deglaciation

Limited water resources and legislation on water abstraction require the adoption of efficient irrigation techniques for sustainable crop production. Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a technique that allows water use to be optimised through alternate cycles of irrigation to a split root system. A PRD regime and its optimum time of initiation in potatoes that reduces water use and improves water use efficiency with minimal loss in yield were investigated. Hydraulic redistribution mechanism and in-situ root growth responses to PRD were also studied. Potatoes (cv. Estima) were exposed to different irrigation treatments with a control at tuber initiation under polytunnel and glasshouse conditions to identify a suitable PRD regime for potatoes. The treatment which performed most similarly to the control was alternate PRD to field capacity (APRDlOo); one half of the root system was irrigated to field capacity, the other half was allowed to dry to 42 - 45 % of Fe, when irrigation was alternated between the sides. The alternate irrigation was continued until termination of the experiment. There were no significant differences between this treatment and the control for plant growth, gas exchange, leaf water potential and yield. This treatment utilised 29% less water and increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 20% relative to the control. The optimum start time of PRD in potatoes was identified by starting it at two, four, six, eight and ten weeks�·after emergence (WAE). Vegetative growth and yield increased with the delay start of the APRDlOo. When the APRDlOo was started at 6 WAE, greater water savings were seen with increased WUE compared to starting at 8 and 10 WAE but with no yield loss relative to the control. This suggested that the start ofPRD at 6 \VAE was an appropriate time for potatoes. Hydraulic redistribution from wet roots to drying roots within a 24 h period and over three days was investigated using the stable isotope of hydrogen. Hydraulic redistribution occurred the most at night when stomatal conductance was considerably lower and leaf water potential was higher (less negative). The magnitude of the redistributed water did not exceed 3.5%, indicating limited water redistribution under PRD. In-situ root growth responses to PRD showed that PRD plants maintained their root system by slowing down root growth during drying periods but resumed active growth upon re-watering. PRD appears to offer a suitable water saving technique for potato production in glasshouse conditions. Transferring this technique to field conditions, however, will need further research.

Somatic embryogenesis is the mass production system of choice for date palm to increase the rates of vegetative propagation. However, the low rates of conversion to plants are common for somatic embryos. Up to 50% of plant productiqn in the Jimmah Tissue Culture Laboratory, Oman is lost during the stages of somatic embryo germination and conversion. Partial desiccation of date palm somatic embryos of the genotype Khalas Aldahra, either by dehydration for up to 4 hours or supplementation of the maturation Murashige and Skoog-based medium with sorbitol, sucrose and polyethylene glycol, increased significantly the percentage conversion to plants. In contrast, the addition of indol-3-butyric acid (IBA), a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), abscisic acid (ABA), flurprimidol or activated charcoal to the germination medium did not improve the conversion of embryos to plants compared to the control. A protocol for cryopreservation of somatic embryos and embryogenic cultures of the genotype Buhabisha was developed in the current study using the vitrification method (incorporating PVS2 solution) and pretreatment with glycerol, sorbitol and dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotectant prior to freezing. Despite the fact that, there was a low percentage of survival of somatic embryos, the results from this study provided evidence that it is possible to cryopreserve somatic embryos and embryogenic callus of Omani date palms. A cell suspension protocol from the genotype Buhabisha was established in this study in order to utlilise more efficient micropropagation methods and to overcome the problems of the large size of somatic embryos that may lead to an efficient cryopreservation technique. NAA gave the best regeneration frequency of somatic embryos compared to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or picloram. However, attempts to replace activated charcoal in the date palm cultures with either polyvinylpyrolidone or ascorbic acid were unsuccessful. The use of dialysis membrane to separate cell suspensions from activated charcoal was successful, but the generation of somatic embryos was low. Twenty one genotypes obtained from the Jimmah Research Station, Oman were screened and evaluated with microsatelIite markers to establish a DNA fingerprinting procedure. Simple Sequence Repeats (microsatellites) showed that date palm genotypes analysed had high genetic divergence. Importantly, somaclonal variation was not detected by DNA fingerprinting in tissue culture-derived plants of the genotype Khalas Aldahra.

The shelf-life of the sweet potato storage root under tropical marketing conditions limits its potential for marketing. This research aimed to identify the physiological characteristics that affect the shelf-life of sweet potato cultivars when they are exposed to tropical marketing conditions. Weight loss was the key limiting factor in storability under the conditions studied. The range in weight loss was large amongst the 39 cultivars tested, and varied between 5 to 15% per week. Weight loss related to the marketable appearance. It consisted mainly of water loss and only 10% was due to respiratory metabolism. Sweet potatoes with high rates of water loss were more susceptible to rotting. The role of periderm characteristics (thickness and permeability), root-size, root surface area/mass ratio and shape were investigated. Although significant differences were observed among cultivars, these characteristics could not account for the variation in storability. The level of damage severely affected the rates of weight loss, with transpiration rate through damaged areas many times higher than through undamaged periderm. Breakage was found to be the most severe form of damage, having a great impact on weight loss for 14 days. Cultivars differed in susceptibility to damage after standardised damage treatments. Susceptibility to breaks was greater for long thin roots. Skinning injury was negatively related to the periderm thickness. Wound healing ability was a major factor for the shelf-life of sweet potato cultivars. It was demonstrated that lignification of wounds as measured by phloroglucinol staining, correlates with reduced susceptibility to weight loss, water loss and microbial attack. A lignin index was used to express the probability that lignification occurs. Cultivars differed significantly in their lignin indices under tropical marketing conditions. A high dry matter content generally coincided with a low lignin index. This relationship was consistent for 19 cultivars tested. Sensory evaluation of five sweet potato cultivars resulted in five distinct sensory profiles. During storage some of the cultivars lost some of their flavour but little changes were observed for textural properties. It was concluded that changes in sensory aspects are not a limiting factor for storage of sweet potato.

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are the most important food crop in the world after rice and wheat. Potato tubers contain many types of essential nutrients. They contain high concentrations of carbohydrates and also vitamins, minerals and protein. They also contain toxic compounds called glycoalkaloids. Potato is classed as a protective vegetable because of its high vitamin C content. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different fertiliser types (composted cattle manure, mineral NPK fertiliser), pre-crop (beans, barley) crop protection protocols (organic, conventional) and growing season on the nutritional quality of vitamin C, glycoalkaloids and minerals and yield of different varieties of potato (Sante, Sarpo Mira, Nicola, Fontane, Agria and Cara). Field experiments were carried out during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons at Nafferton Farm (Newcastle University). The experiment was a split split split plot-design. The main plot was crop rotation, the sub-plot was crop protection, the sub-sub plot was fertility management and sub-sub-sub plot was variety. The vitamin C content was determined by two different methods of analyses; colorimetric titration and high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mineral content was assessed by the Dumas combustion method at Sabanci University, Turkey. Total glycoalkaloids were determined according to the AOAC method 997. 13. A significant effect of fertilisation was detected for potato yield for both of years. In plots treated with NPK fertilisers, higher yield, compared to compost was obtained for both seasons. In addition conventional crop protection increased yield in both years. Pre-crop significantly affected yield in both years, with higher yields being recorded after beans than barley in 2010 while, a pre-crop of barley resulted in the significantly higher yield than beans in 2011. However, no significant difference between varieties was detected. Also, no significant interactions were detected for tuber yield in 2010. However a significant 2-way interaction between crop protection and pre-crop was observed in 2011, with a pre-crop of beans resulting in the highest yields under conventional crop protection, while a pre-crop of barley resulted in the significantly higher yield under organic crop protection systems. Results of the second growing season (2011) were based on the NUE potato experiment and showed that there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in yield between varieties, fertilisation iii and crop protection. A significant interaction between fertilisation and variety was detected for the yield. There was a significant effect of variety on tuber vitamin C content (P < 0.001), in 2010 and 2011. The concentrations were higher in Sante than Sarpo Mira. There were no significant influences of other treatments (fertility, rotation, crop protection). However, a 2-way interaction between fertilisation and variety was detected in 2011. In 2011 there was a significant effect of varieties on vitamin C content, but no significant effect of fertility and crop protection treatments. However, a significant interactions between fertility, variety and crop protection treatments was detected but only for the titration analysis for vitamin C content. There were no significant effects (P > 0.05) of fertilisation, pre-crop and crop protection on glycoalkaloid concentrations. However, a significant 3-way interaction between fertilisation, variety and rotation was detected for alpha solanine in 2011. A significant 3-way interaction between crop protection, fertilisation and variety was detected for alpha chaconine in 2010. In 2010 the mineral content (N, P, K, Na and Ca) of potatoes was significantly affected by fertilisation treatments. N, P and Ca contents were significantly increased by NPK application while the K and Na contents were significantly increased by compost application. In 2011 Ca contents were affected by fertilisation treatments only. Effects of variety, rotation and crop protection and interactions between factors were also detected for macro mineral contents. However, in 2011 no effect of pre-crop on tuber macronutrient concentration was detected. There was a significant difference in micronutrient concentration between variety, fertilisation and crop protection. No significant effect of rotations was detected for micronutrient concentrations in both of seasons. In conclusion, in both years, 2010 and 2011, variety significantly affected vitamin C content of potato tubers, but there were no significant effects of fertility, pre-crop and crop protection treatments irrespective of the analytical method (titration and HPLC) analysis. Sante tubers contained about 20% more vitamin C than Sarpo Mira. Therefore, it appears that variety choice is a reliable means of manipulating vitamin C as a component of tuber quality compared with other agronomic treatments. In addition, mineral content was also affected by treatments (fertility, variety, rotation and crop protection) and was highly variable. iv For the two years, similar results were obtained in alpha solanine and alpha chaconine content. Significant interactions between rotation, fertilisation and variety were only detected on alpha solanine content during 2011. Also, significant interactions between variety, fertility and crop protection were observed on alpha chaconine content during 2010. The 2010 and 2011 growing seasons appeared to have a significant effect on alpha solanine, macro minerals and micro minerals but did not appear to affect yield, vitamin C and alpha chaconine contents.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most economically important crops worldwide for both consumers and farmers; however, it is subjected to huge losses as a result of bacterial, viral and fungal attacks. Therefore, genetic engineering is being used to generate potato crops that are resistant to herbicides, insects and pathogens. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the proteins of the plant cell wall play an important role in the defence of plants against pathogen attacks. Recent studies showed that overexpression of an extensin gene in Arabidopsis conferred considerable resistance to bacterial pathogen attacks. The key objective of this work was to transform Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree potato plants with the Arabidopsis extensin atExt1 gene under the transcriptional control of the strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. Stable transformation of the potato genotype Desiree with atExt1 genes was achieved by an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The current research also studied the defence response of the overexpressed atExt1 transgenic potato plants by infecting them with Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and Pectobacterium carotovorum pathogens; and, symptom development was monitored. To investigate if the expression levels of the atExt1 gene in transgenic potato lines have different responses to pathogen infection, two lines of atExt1 transgenic potatoes were tested: the high-level overexpressed atExt1 transgenic line (the transgenic H line) and the low-level overexpressed atExt1 transgenic line (the transgenic L line). This analysis of extensin proteins in plant defence responses provided further evidence to their real function. Pathogenesis analysis within the transgenic H lines showed that the formation of disease symptoms was restricted by inhibiting the colonisation of the pathogens compared with both wild-type potato plants and in the transgenic L line. Furthermore, basal defences and signal transduction pathways involved in plant defence were not perturbed in the transgenic potato lines, as shown by an analysis of the expression of PR-1 and defensin genes. These results show that extensin overexpression in transgenic H potato plants limits pathogen attacks. This is the first study to generate the overexpression of the atExt1 extensin gene in transgenic potato plants and to examine the response of these transgenic lines to bacterial pathogen invasion.

The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) is a polyphagous pest of Allium crops in the UK and considerable effort and expenditure is employed in its control. Despite this, overall understanding of the biology and behaviour of T. tabaci is poor and this project addresses some of these deficiencies in knowledge. The relationship between T. tabaci development and temperature was investigated using linear and non-linear descriptors. The most accurate descriptor was a non-linear logistic curve. A forecasting system was developed to predict population trends in the field using field temperature data to estimate the progression of development over time. It was not possible to predict field population trends accurately and possible reasons for this are discussed. The effect of temperature and of leaf quality on behaviour was examined. A range of different behaviours were identified, classified and shown to have a direct relationship with both temperature and leaf quality. The potential for such information to help to explain and predict patterns of behaviour seen in the field is discussed. The diel periodicity of the intra-plant distribution of T. tabaci was examined and a clear pattern identified. A high proportion of adults were located on exposed portions of host plants in the early afternoon. An experiment was conducted, focusing on this potential window of vulnerability, using a novel control technique involving irrigation. No significant control of thrips was achieved, but further investigations into the potential of such strategies are recommended. Field populations of T. tabaci were monitored between 2004 and 2008. Throughout this period thrips were most numerous in late summer and overwintered as adults. The monitoring data were examined in light of what has been learnt about T. tabaci biology and behaviour in this study. Recommendations are made about future work on forecasting and control.

Genetic studies aimed at onion improvement have been limited because of outcrossing, high heterozygosity and a very large genome size with a high level of repetitive DNA. Onion bulb initiation is photoperiod-dependent, which places a significant barrier to adapting new varieties for growth at different latitudes. In comparison to photoperiodic regulation of flowering, relatively little is known about genetic regulation of the bulbing process. This project aims to test the hypothesis that the genetic regulation of bulb formation in response to daylength is analogous to the daylength regulation of flowering and to identify genes involved in daylength adaptation in onion. A comprehensive set of developmental, diurnal and spatial mRNA and quantitative expression experiments were carried out to investigate the bulbing response. Bulbing ratios were used to measure the bulbing response of onion plants and the reversibility of the bulbing process under long day (LD) and short day (SD) conditions. RNA-Seq analysis provided a large number of differentially expressed transcripts in onion in response to daylength. Five FT and three COL genes were identified in onion including two novel COL sequences. AcFT1 was expressed in LD, which might induce bulb formation, while AcFT4 was expressed in SD, which might inhibit bulb formation. AcFT5 and AcFT6 were expressed in LD and might also be involved in bulb formation itself. FKF1, GI and COL2 showed good diurnal expression patterns consistent with photoperiod sensing and regulation of FT1. All FT genes exhibited different diurnal expression patterns peaking at different times of the day. FKF1, COL2, COL3, FT1, FT4, LFY and GA3ox1 genes showed distinctive patterns of tissue specific expression in onion. FT genes did not show any variation in expression that would account for the difference in critical daylength between the LD and SD varieties of onion.

Bambara groundnut is an indigenous African legume grown mainly in sub-Saharan Africa; it is an important source of protein to the rural majority. There are no established varieties and subsistence farmers grow locally adapted landraces which are generally low yielding. Bambara groundnut is a predominantly self-pollinating crop and is expected to exist as non-identical inbred lines, although the previous lack of co-dominant markers has prevented a formal assessment of heterozygosity within bambara groundnut genotypes. A total set of 75 microsatellites that were characterised in this study were used to investigate the genetic diversity of a set of 24 bambara groundnut landraces, to provide an evaluation of the markers for polymorphism and provide a link with DArT marker data that were previously analysed. Sixty eight microsatellites were identified that were found to be consistent and reproducible, from which a set of markers were selected and used for genetic variability studies of bambara groundnut, to compare the use of molecular markers with morphological markers, and to investigate using SSR markers in pure line selection. The genetic diversity of bambara groundnut was assessed based on morphological characters for two seasons; in a glasshouse experiment at the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, UK and in a field experiment that was conducted at the Botswana College of Agriculture (Notwane farm), Gaborone in a randomised block design with three replicates. The landraces were characterised for 24 quantitative and 13 qualitative characters. The results indicated considerable variation for quantitative characters, while significant morphological differences were also recorded for most characters. Multivariate data analysis was conducted using principal component analysis, cluster analysis and heritability estimates were developed. The low cost, simplicity and agricultural relevance of morphological characterisation makes it an important tool in germplasm genetic variation studies. Thirty four lines from field experiments were investigated for genetic diversity based on 20 microsatellites. The expected heterozygosity (He) had an average of 1 in agreement with the fact that bambara groundnut is predominantly self-pollinating. Both cluster analysis and principle component analysis (PCoA) grouped landraces based mainly on their areas of origin. A thorough molecular analysis of genetic and morphological variation in bambara groundnut was conducted to investigate the relationship between the two assessment techniques. This comparison will assist in breeders making informed decisions as to which approach is best to use in germplasm characterisation and plant breeding and how best to apply such knowledge in practical situations. DNA markers could then aid with the selection of germplasm for breeding, quality control within breeding programmes and, potentially, direct selection via Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Euclidean distance estimates for morphological data and (Nei’s 1972) genetic distance estimates for SSR data were strongly correlated (r = 0.7; P < 0.001) in the agronomy bay and (r = 0.6; P< 0.001) in the controlled growth room. These results suggest the two approaches are generating the same pattern of genetic diversity, and as such can be used as a surrogate for each other.

A national inventory of UK plant genetic resources carried out in 2003-4 covered surveys and documentation of landrace types, occurrences and threats. Among the local varieties found, those with longest histories of local cultivation occurred on the most remote Scottish islands: the Outer Hebrides and Tiree had bere (Hordeum vulgare L.), Small oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and rye (Secale cereale L.); bere and Small oat on Orkney and Shetland; and Shetland cabbage (B. olearacea L.) on Shetland. These landraces are not only geographically but also agriculturally marginal; they are confined to crofting agriculture and used in low-intensity pastoralism. Two of these, the oat and the cabbage, were chosen for a characterization study which formed the major part of this PhD thesis. The broad aims of the characterization study were first, to describe the existing diversity within Scotland; to document the ex situ collection of Scottish landraces; to better understand genetic structure and dynamics of the landraces; but also to explore the use of a characterization study to raise awareness about landraces. Morphological and microsatellite results showed distinct identities for both landraces in relation to the respective outgroups; in the oat distinct regional identities were found. High diversity was found, most of the genetic variation however, was within populations, for both inbreeder (oat) and outbreeder (cabbage). This can be attributed to frequent and widespread seed exchange and seed swapping within island groups, while the small but significant regional distinctness is maintained through isolation between the three islands groups. The morphological characterization of Small oats was carried out in situ, on a croft in the Southern Outer Hebrides, aiming at education and raising awareness about landraces among secondary school students, maintainers and the local public in general. The extension and education element of the study seemed useful in raising the issue of landraces locally. Carrying out the trial in the area of origin and amidst maintainers had the additional advantage of identifying and communicating with stakeholders groups. Integrated conservation of ex situ collection and maintainers has been achieved through the Scottish Landrace Protection Scheme. By retaining the link between landraces and maintainers during the characterization, a springboard may have been created for feedback of the genetic results into the local seed system and to discuss further support options for landraces and maintainers.

A partire dall’analisi dei concetti di ‘confine’ e di ‘frontiera’, lo studio indaga la letteratura siciliana e quella triestina, letterature nate su due terre liminali. La tesi si compone di tre parti: la prima parte riguarda la letteratura siciliana; la seconda la letteratura triestina; la terza tenta un possibile confronto tra le due letterature. Per quanto concerne la letteratura siciliana gli autori e le opere studiate sono: Le città del mondo di Elio Vittorini, l’Horcynus orca di Stefano D’Arrigo in cui tutta la vicenda è concentrata sullo stretto di Messina, tra Scilla e Cariddi, ed un capitolo sulla lingua di Leonardo Sciascia, chiara espressione della circolarità dell’isola. Per il versante triestino, nella seconda parte, gli autori e le opere studiate per il loro essere espressione della frontiera sono: Carlo Michelstaedter, La persuasione e la retorica ; Il capitano di lungo corso di Roberto Bazlen e infine Il richiamo di Alma Stelio di Mattioni che, come nel caso di Vittorini, traccia la mappa topografica di Trieste e si confronta con l’alterità.
Beginning from the concept of ‘border’ and ‘frontier’, work investigates sicilian letterature and Trieste’s one, both born on the two boundering’s lands. Thesis is made of three parts: the first part concerns with Sicilian letterature; the second part about Trieste’s letterature. The third one tries a possible comparison between the two letteratures. About Sicilian letterature the autors and the studied works are: Le città del mondo by Elio Vittorini, The Horcynus orca by Stefano D’Arrigo where all the plot is set in the Straits of Messina, between Scilla and Cariddi, and a chapter about Leonardo Sciascia’s language, clear expression of island’s circularity. About triestin letterature, on the second part, autors and studied works, because of their being expression of the frontier, are: Carlo Michelstaedter, La persuasione e la retorica ; Il capitano di lungo corso by Roberto Bazlen and eventually Il richiamo di Alma by Stelio Mattioni which, as Vittorini, draws the topographic map of Trieste and compares itself with alterity.

A partire dall’analisi dei concetti di ‘confine’ e di ‘frontiera’, lo studio indaga la letteratura siciliana e quella triestina, letterature nate su due terre liminali. La tesi si compone di tre parti: la prima parte riguarda la letteratura siciliana; la seconda la letteratura triestina; la terza tenta un possibile confronto tra le due letterature. Per quanto concerne la letteratura siciliana gli autori e le opere studiate sono: Le città del mondo di Elio Vittorini, l’Horcynus orca di Stefano D’Arrigo in cui tutta la vicenda è concentrata sullo stretto di Messina, tra Scilla e Cariddi, ed un capitolo sulla lingua di Leonardo Sciascia, chiara espressione della circolarità dell’isola. Per il versante triestino, nella seconda parte, gli autori e le opere studiate per il loro essere espressione della frontiera sono: Carlo Michelstaedter, La persuasione e la retorica ; Il capitano di lungo corso di Roberto Bazlen e infine Il richiamo di Alma Stelio di Mattioni che, come nel caso di Vittorini, traccia la mappa topografica di Trieste e si confronta con l’alterità.
Beginning from the concept of ‘border’ and ‘frontier’, work investigates sicilian letterature and Trieste’s one, both born on the two boundering’s lands. Thesis is made of three parts: the first part concerns with Sicilian letterature; the second part about Trieste’s letterature. The third one tries a possible comparison between the two letteratures. About Sicilian letterature the autors and the studied works are: Le città del mondo by Elio Vittorini, The Horcynus orca by Stefano D’Arrigo where all the plot is set in the Straits of Messina, between Scilla and Cariddi, and a chapter about Leonardo Sciascia’s language, clear expression of island’s circularity. About triestin letterature, on the second part, autors and studied works, because of their being expression of the frontier, are: Carlo Michelstaedter, La persuasione e la retorica ; Il capitano di lungo corso by Roberto Bazlen and eventually Il richiamo di Alma by Stelio Mattioni which, as Vittorini, draws the topographic map of Trieste and compares itself with alterity.

Es van mostrejar volàtils de pomera i noguer emesos per branques intactes en camp, rodejades
per bosses de plàstic, al matí i al crepuscle en diferents moments de la campanya. Aquestes mostres es
van analitzar per cromatografia de gasos-espectrometria de masses (GC-MS) i cromatografia de gasoselectroantenodetecció
(GC-EAD) fent servir antenes de mascles de Cydia pomonella. Es van detectar 44
compostos en pomera i 90 en noguer per mitjà de la GC-MS. Les emissions d'ambdues espècies van
variar clarament, tant quantitativament com qualitativa. Els compostos alifàtics eren majoritaris en les
emissions de pomera, mentre les terpens ho eren a les de noguer. Es va trobar activitat EAD per 5
compostos a les mostres de pomera i 10 a les de noguer. Posteriors proves d'electroantenografia (EAG)
amb mascles i femelles van revelar una forta activitat EAG per nombrosos volàtils emesos per pomera.
En aquests assajos la resposta dels mascles va ser sempre igual o superior a la de les femelles, excepte pel
β-mircè. Entre els compostos actius en les anàlisis de GC-EAD, el butanoat d'hexil era específic de
pomera, 3 compostos eren específics de noguer (al·loocimè, pinocarvona, i òxid de cariofil·lè) i la resta
eren comuns entre ambdues espècies de planta. La 2-ciclopentilciclopentanona, un compost emès per les
bosses de plàstic, també va provocar intenses respostes EAG en antenes d'ambdós sexes.
El (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoat d'etil (èster de pera), i el (E)-β-farnesè van ser completament atraients
en camp, però no van estimular contactes amb la font en túnel de vent, suggerint que d'altres estímuls
sensitius estan relacionats amb el seu funcionament en camp. La preexposició a la feromona sexual,
(E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, va disminuir la resposta dels mascles a aquesta en túnel de vent, però va
incrementar la resposta a l'èster de pera; i no va tenir cap efecte sobre les femelles. De forma semblant,
les captures en camp amb èster de pera van ser superiors sota confusió sexual. L'èster de pera va actuar
com antagonista de la feromona sexual en barrejar-se a altes quantitats. No obstant, l'antagonisme va
desaparèixer en presentar ambdós compostos en septes separats; i els mascles van ser incapaços de
discriminar entre la feromona sexual sola i la barreja antagonista quan ambdues es van oferir una al costat
de l'altra.
Assajos d'oviposició i aparellament van demostrar que la temperatura modula el moment del día
en que aquests comportaments tenen lloc. En camp, l'oviposició es va avançar a temperatures baixes; i va
ser màxima al 3r i 4t dies de vida. En laboratori, l'oviposició també es va avançar a temperatures més
baixes, però per la majoria de temperatures assajades, el pic d'oviposició va tenir lloc durant la primera
hora de l'escotofase. A 12ºC no hi va haver oviposició, i la fecunditat va ser màxima a 22 i 27ºC. Per un
dia determinat. L'activitat diària d'aparellament tenia lloc abans que la d'oviposició.
Paraules clau: Cydia pomonella, volàtils de planta hoste, comportament, EAG, GC-EAD, GC-MS,
Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, preexposició a la feromona, èster de pera, (E)-β-farnesè, vol orientat, feromona
sexual, noguer, pomera, variació diària, temperatura, activitat diària, intensitat lumínica.
Se recogieron colecciones de volátiles de manzano y de nogal emitidos por ramas intactas en
campo, con hojas y frutos, rodeadas por bolsas de plástico, por la mañana y en el crepúsculo en diferentes
momentos de la campaña. Estas muestras se analizaron mediante cromatografía de gases-espectrometría
de masas (GC-MS) y cromatografía de gases-electroantenodetección (GC-EAD) usando antenas de
machos de Cydia pomonella. Se detectaron 44 compuestos en manzano y 90 en nogal por GC-MS. Las
emisiones de ambas especies variaron ampliamente, tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente. Los
compuestos alifáticos fueron mayoritarios en las emisiones de manzano, mientras que los terpenos lo
fueron en las de nogal. Se observaron variaciones entre periodos tanto para la campaña como para el día.
Se encontró actividad EAD para 5 compuestos en las muestras de manzano y 10 en las de nogal.
Posteriores pruebas de electroantenografía (EAG) con machos y hembras revelaron una fuerte actividad
EAG para múltiples volátiles emitidos por manzano. En estos ensayos la respuesta de los machos fue
siempre igual o superior a la de las hembras, con la excepción del β-mirceno. Entre los compuestos
activos en los análisis de GC-EAD, el butanoato de hexilo fue específico de manzano, 3 compuestos
fueron específicos de nogal (aloocimeno, pinocarvona, y óxido de cariofileno) y los restantes eran
compartidos por ambas especies de planta. 2-Ciclopentilciclopentanona, un compuesto emitido por las
bolsas de plástico, también provocó intensas respuestas EAG en antenas de ambos sexos.
(E,Z)-2,4-Decadienoato de etilo (éster de pera), y (E)-β-farneseno fueron completamente
atrayentes en campo, pero no provocaron contactos con la fuente en túnel de viento, sugiriendo que otros
estímulos sensoriales están relacionados con su funcionamiento en campo. La preexposición a la
feromona sexual, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, disminuyó la respuesta a ella de machos en túnel de viento,
pero incrementó la respuesta al éster de pera; y no tuvo efecto alguno sobre las hembras. De forma
similar, las capturas en campo con éster de pera fueron superiores en confusión sexual. El éster de pera
actuó como antagonista de la feromona sexual al mezclarlo con ésta en cantidades elevadas. No obstante,
el antagonismo desapareció cuando ambos compuestos se presentaban en septos separados; y los machos
no discriminaron entre la feromona sexual sola y la mezcla antagonista cuando ambas se ofrecieron una al
lado de la otra.
Los ensayos de oviposición y apareamiento demostraron que la temperatura modula el momento
del día en que estos comportamientos tienen lugar. En campo, la oviposición se avanzó a temperaturas
más bajas; y fue máxima en el 3º y 4º días de vida. En laboratorio, la oviposición también se avanzó con
temperaturas más bajas, pero para la mayoría de temperaturas ensayadas, el pico de oviposición tuvo
lugar durante la primera hora de la escotofase. A 12ºC no hubo oviposición, y la fecundidad fue máxima a
22 y 27ºC. Para un día determinado. La actividad diaria de apareamiento tenía lugar antes que la de
oviposición.
Palabras clave: Cydia pomonella, volátiles de planta huésped, comportamiento, EAG, GC-EAD, GCMS,
Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, preexposición a la feromona, éster de pera, (E)-β-farneseno, vuelo
orientado, feromona sexual, nogal, manzano, variación diaria, temperatura, actividad diaria, intensidad
lumínica.
Volatile compounds from apple and walnut trees were collected in the field from attached
branches, bearing leaves and fruits, enclosed in plastic bags in the morning and at dusk, in different
periods of the season. Collections were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),
and gas chromatography-electroantennodetection (GC-EAD) using antennae of male Cydia pomonella.
Forty four compounds in apple and 90 in walnut were detected by GC-MS. Emissions of both plant
species widely differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Apple emissions were dominated by
aliphatic compounds, whereas walnut ones by terpenes. Diel and seasonal variations were found in
emissions of both plant species. GC-EAD revealed activity for 5 compounds in apple collections and 10
in walnut ones. Further electroantennographic (EAG) analyses with males and females revealed important
EAG-activity for many other volatiles emitted by apple. In these analyses male responses were equal to or
higher than those of female for all compounds, except for β-myrcene. Amongst the EAD-active
compounds in the GC-EAD analyses, hexyl butanoate was apple-specific, 3 compounds were walnutspecific
(alloocimene, pinocarrvone, and caryophyllene oxide), and the remaining were shared by both
plant species. 2-Cyclopentylcyclopentanone, a compound emitted by the plastic bags, also elicited strong
EAG responses in antennae of both sexes.
Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester), and (E)-β-farnesene were fully attractive for C.
pomonella in field trapping. However, they did not elicit source contacts in wind tunnel, suggesting that
other sensory cues are involved in their field attractiveness. Pre-exposure to the sex pheromone, (E,E)-
8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), decreased male upwind flight to itself in wind tunnel, but increased
pear ester attractiveness; and had no effect on females. Similarly, trap captures with pear ester were found
to increase under mating disruption. Pear ester acted as a codlemone antagonist when blended at large
amounts. However, this effect disappeared when both compounds were loaded onto different septa; and
males were unable to discriminate amongst codlemone and the antagonistic blend when offered side-byside.
Oviposition and mating assays showed that C. pomonella diel oviposition and mating timings are
modulated by temperature. In the field, oviposition activity was advanced by lower temperatures; and was
maximum in the 3rd and 4th days of life. In the laboratory, oviposition was also advanced by lower
temperatures, but for most of the assayed temperatures it peaked in the first hour of the scotophase.
Oviposition did not take place at 12ºC, and fecundity was maximum at 22 and 27ºC. Mating activity
occurred before than oviposition activity in a given day.
Keywords: Cydia pomonella, host-plant volatiles, behavior, EAG, GC-EAD, GC-MS, Lepidoptera,
Tortricidae, pheromone pre-exposure, pear ester, (E)-β-farnesene, upwind flight, sex pheromone, walnut,
apple, diel variation, temperature, diel activity, light intensity.

Intensive farming often leads environmental consequences. This is the case of the study area of this thesis: the Empordà, a region with a variety of intensive crops (fruits, cereals, forage,...) and manifest problems of groundwater pollution by nitrates whose origin points also to agricultural practices in the area. The work has focusen on monoculture production of corn for grain with furrow irrigation and mineral nitrogen fertilization. Within this framework, objectives has been defined as: (1) to evaluate the influence that irrigation and nitrogen fertilization have on production and environmental impacts (groundwater pollution by nitrates), and (2) to evaluate an implement simulation codes to deepen in knowledge of irrigation and crop management in the area. It has been defined an experimental test of two years on the same plot where five modules -with eight furrows each- of surface irrigation has been set for evaluating performance irrigation. On these modules has been sown corn and defined five different treatments -with three replicates each- resulting from the interaction of three doses of mineral nitrogen fertilizer (0, 210, and 500 kg N/ha) and two types of fertilizer: conventional (with two applications) an low release (with one application). The corn crop management was carried out according to standard practices in the study area. The experimental plot has been intensively monitored and sampled for monitoring and for quantifying all the variables that have influenced the behavior of irrigation and crop response to the treatments done. This information has also been used for to calibrate and/or to validate the RAIEOPT, EVASUP2, SIMRAIE, SIRMOD, HYDRUS, and STICS codes. The conclusions drawn from the results obtained on the irrigation system are: (1) first irrigation behaves very differently from other irrigations of the campaign, (2) the environment conditions where irrigation is developed are variable (furrow cross section, infiltration, soil compactation, and surface roughness) and influence on the behavior of irrigation, (3) the total dose of applied water did not exceed in any case 75% of the theoretical needs of the crop, (4) the simulation codes that best reflect observed irrigation behavior are RAIEOPT for calculating the average infiltration function and SIMRAIE for estimating doses of water infiltrated along the furrow, and (5) in the conditions experienced, the dose profiles of the infiltrated water along the furrows are practically flat. In terms of crop response to experimental scenarios tested is concluded that: (1) treatment with no application of nitrogen fertilizer has a grain yield of about 40% lower than the other treatments, (2) there are no differences in crop yield rates on treatments with some application of mineral fertilizer nitrogen, (3) the nitrogen leaching losses are associated with periods of drainage and are proportional to soil nitrogen content at the beginning of these periods, and (4) there has been no drainage during the two irrigation periods tested. Finally, on the simulation of soil-plant-atmosphere with STICS code is concluded that: (1) STICS is a useful tool for simulating the agricultural system in scenarios with and without crops, and (2) STICS tends to overestimate the risk of nitrate leaching observed in plot.
L’agricultura intensiva normalment porta associades conseqüències sobre el medi ambient. Aquest és el cas de l’àrea d’estudi de la present tesi doctoral: l’Empordà, una regió amb gran varietat de cultius intensius (fruiters, cereals, farratges,...) i amb problemes manifestos de contaminació d’aigües subterrànies per nitrats l’origen dels quals apunta, també, a les pràctiques agrícoles de la zona.El treball realitzat s’ha centrat en el monocultiu de blat de moro per a producció de gra amb reg per superfície en solcs i amb fertilització nitrogenada mineral. En aquest marc, s’han definit com a objectius (1) avaluar la influència que el reg i la fertilització nitrogenada tenen sobre la producció i l’impacte ambiental (contaminació subterrània per nitrats) i (2) avaluar i aplicar codis de simulació que permetin aprofundir en el coneixement del sistema de reg i el maneig del cultiu a la zona.S’ha plantejat un assaig experimental de dos anys de durada sobre la mateixa parcel•la experimental. En ella s’han configurat cinc mòduls de reg de 8 solcs cadascun per a l’avaluació del comportament del reg. Sobre aquests mòduls s’ha sembrat blat de moro i s’han definit cinc tractaments diferents (amb tres repeticions cadascun) fruit de la interacció de tres dosis de fertilitzant mineral nitrogenat (0, 210 i 500 kg N/ha) i dos tipus de fertilitzant: convencional (amb aplicacions de fons i de cobertora) i d’alliberació gradual (amb una aplicació de fons). El maneig del cultiu s’ha realitzat segons les pràctiques habituals de la regió.La parcel•la experimental s’ha monitoritzat i s’han pres mostres intensivament per a fer un seguiment i quantificar totes les variables que han influït en el comportament del reg i en la resposta agronòmica del cultiu als tractaments realitzats. Amb aquesta informació s’han calibrat i/o validat els codis de simulació RAIEOPT, EVASUP2, SIMRAIE, SIRMOD, LIXIM, HYDRUS i STICS.De l’anàlisi dels resultats obtinguts, sobre el sistema de reg per superfície es conclou que: (1) que el primer reg es comporta de forma molt diferent a la resta de regs de la campanya; (2) que les condicions del medi on es desenvolupa el reg són variables (secció transversal del solc, infiltració, compactació i rugositat del sòl) i influeixen en el comportament del reg; (3) que les dosis totals d’aigua aplicades no han superat en cap cas el 75% de les necessitats teòriques del cultiu; (4) que els codis de simulació que millor reflecteixen el comportament del reg observat són el RAIEOPT pel càlcul de la funció mitjana d’infiltració en solcs i el SIMRAIE per preveure les dosis d’aigua infiltrades al llarg del solc de reg; i (5) que, en les condicions experimentades, els perfils de les dosis d’aigua infiltrades al llarg dels solcs són pràcticament horitzontals.En quant a la resposta del cultiu als escenaris experimentals realitzats es conclou que: (1) el tractament sense aportació de fertilitzant nitrogenat té un rendiment en producció de gra de prop del 40% menor que la resta de tractaments; (2) no s’observen diferències en els índexs de rendiment del cultiu entre els tractaments amb alguna aportació de fertilitzant mineral nitrogenat; (3) les pèrdues de nitrogen per lixiviació van associades a períodes dedrenatge i són proporcionals al nitrogen present en el sòl a l’inici d’aquests períodes; i (4) no s’ha produït drenatge durant els períodes de reg assajats.Finalment, sobre la simulació del sistema sòl-planta-atmosfera amb el codi STICS es conclou que: (1) STICS és una eina útil de simulació del sistema agrícola en escenaris amb i sense cultiu; i (2) STICS tendeix a sobreestimar els risc de lixiviació de nitrats observat en parcel•la.

The classical ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) tomato mutant bushy root (brt) was studied using a homozygous near isogenic line (brtNIL) in the Micro-Tom (MT) genetic background. The mutation has a pleiotropic phenotype comprising slow seedling development, which may be a consequence of a maternally-inherited small seed phenotype, and a more compact, smaller but not bushier, root phenotype. The number of lateral roots, total root length and taproot size are all smaller in brtNIL than the WT. The BRT locus was mapped to a 137 kbp region containing 9 candidate genes on chr 12; an InDel in the promoter region of Solyc12g014590 – containing two highly conserved pirin domains (Pirin_C and Pirin), was detected. Different expression patterns were confirmed by transcriptomic results, supporting Solyc12g014590 as the gene responsible for the brt phenotype. A naturally occurring recessive mutant named bifuricate (bif) shows an increase in inflorescence (truss) branching in comparison to the wild type (WT) control line, LAM183. In addition, the number of flowers per truss was 235% higher in bif plants than WT. Low temperature is known to increase truss branching, and so a four day low temperature treatment was applied and it was demonstrated that flowering increased significantly more in bif than in LAM183. The BIF locus was mapped to a 2.01 Mbp interval of chromosome 12 containing 53 genes. All coding region polymorphisms in the interval were surveyed, and two genes Solyc12g019420 (a BTB/TAZ transcription factor) and Solyc12g019460 (a MAP kinase) contained one stop codon predicted to disrupt gene function; both genes are excellent candidates for inflorescence branching control based on literature evidence. A newly developed introgression browser was used to demonstrate that the origin of the bif mutant haplotype is Solanum galapagense.

El cànem (Cannabis sativa L.) és un cultiu que desperta en l'actualitat un gran interès per ser font de múltiples productes industrials renovables i tenir el perfil adequat per ajudar a establir sistemes agrícoles sostenibles, a més de ser un cultiu respectuós amb el medi ambient. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és estudiar agronòmicament diferents aspectes el cànem. En particular es pretén: i) estudiar l'efecte d'algunes tècniques culturals (adob nitrogenat, dosi sembra i data collita, així com culti-var) en el creixement del cultiu i la producció del cànem i ii) quantificar el possible efecte beneficiós del cànem com a precedent cultural del blat.


Es van dur a terme tres assaig de camp des de l'any 1995 al 1999 a Merlès (42o N, 1o 99' E; 525 m d'altitud; 700 mm), als secans frescals del nord-est d'Espanya on cànem i blat es cultiven habitualment en rotació, en un sòl franc-arenòs i bàsic (pH=8,2; M.O.=1,7%).


La densitat de cultiu del cànem va decréixer entre naixença i collita, més intensament a mida que adob N i dosi de sembra van augmentar. La densitat a naixença i l'autoaclarida van variar amb l'any, fet que pot resultar en una fibra de qualitat variable en secà. Adob N i dosi de sembra van afectar el creixement, rendiment i partició de la biomassa. El rendiment de biomassa (8814 kg ha-1) es va incrementar amb el N, si bé la dosi N òptima va variar amb l'any i la collita (30-50 kg N ha-1) i va ser superior per al cultiu per a gra i fibra, respecte al cultiu només per a fibra. El rendiment de biomassa i gra va decréixer a l'augmentar la dosi de sembra, mentre que la proporció de tija a la biomassa i de fibra cortical a la tija es van incrementar, si bé no justifiquen l'ús de dosis elevades, i uns 30 kg llavor ha-1 serien adequats per a la producció de gra i fibra en les condicions de l'assaig. Les culti-vars espanyoles Delta 405 i Delta-Llosa van tenir un rendi-ment de gra superior a Futura77 (francesa), però no es van diferenciar per als altres paràmetres. La presència de plantes mascle va ser important (10-35%), malgrat tractar-se de cv. monoiques.


El cànem seria un bon precedent per al blat. L'efecte rotació -increment de rendiment de gra del blat rere cànem respecte al blat monocultiu- va ser de 1368 kg ha-1(47%) de mitjana, el qual va sorgir de l'increment del número d'espigues m-2 i del pes de 1000 grans. L'efecte rotació es va estendre al segon any de blat rere cànem (156 kg ha-1) i es va esvair per al tercer any de blat rere cànem, on rotació i monocultiu van mostrar rendiments similars. L'efecte rotació va variar amb l'adobat aplicat al cànem precedent. No adobar-lo, o reduir-ne dràsticament la dosi N, va disminuir el rendiment del cànem, va limitar l'increment de rendiment del següent blat i no va reduir el N nítric residual en el sòl després de la collita del cànem, ni a filloleig ni després de la collita del següent blat. És a dir, el N nítric residual que va deixar el cànem no seria el responsable de l'efecte rotació, sinó que suggereix relacionar-se amb la quantitat de fulla caiguda al sòl, a través d'algun dels seus components, a més de l'augment de l'estabilitat dels agregats del sòl que va originar el cànem. Tanmateix, aquest treball no va permetre explicar completament com el cànem va incrementar el rendiment del blat. A diferència del blat, el cànem es va adaptar bé al monocultiu, ja que va mostrar resultats similars al cànem en rotació.


Es conclou que el cànem és un cultiu apropiat per als secans frescals, donat que va ser un bon precedent del blat, la producció de fibra va ser força estable i va destacar per tenir un rendiment de gra superior al que obtenen al centre i nord d'Europa, a més de no necessitar fitosanitaris i ajudar a suprimir les males herbes. I més en uns moments en què es parla de sostenibilitat, de rotacions de cultius i de reducció de fitosanitaris. No obstant, encara queda molt per investigar, com per exemple el motiu de l'increment de rendiment del blat rere cànem i si es poden obtenir culti-vars de cànem més ben adaptades a les condicions Mediterrànies.
El cáñamo (Cannabis sativa L) es un cultivo que despierta gran interés en la actualidad por ser fuente de múltiples productos industriales renovables y tener el perfil adecuado para ayudar a establecer sistemas agrícolas sostenibles, siendo un cultivo respetuoso con el medio ambiente. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar agronómicamente diferentes aspectos del cáñamo. En particular se pretende: i) estudiar el efecto de algunas técnicas culturales (abono nitrogenado, dosis siembra y fecha cosecha, así como cultivar) en el desarrollo del cultivo y la producción del cáñamo y ii) cuantificar el posible efecto beneficioso del cáñamo como precedente cultural del trigo.


Se llevaron a cabo tres ensayos de campo desde el año 1995 al 1999 en Merlès (Barcelona; 42º N, 1º 99' E; 525 m altitud; 700 mm), en los secanos frescales del nordeste de España donde cáñamo y trigo se cultivan habitualmente en rotación, en un suelo franco-arenoso y básico (pH= 8,2; M.O.=1,7%).


La densidad de cultivo del cáñamo disminuyó entre la nascencia y la cosecha, de forma más intensa al aumentar la dosis de N y de siembra. La densidad a nascencia y el autoaclareo variaron con el año, lo que puede resultar en una fibra de calidad variable en secano. Abono N y dosis de siembra afectaron al crecimiento, rendimiento y partición de la biomasa. El rendimiento de biomasa (8814 kg ha-1) se incrementó con el abono N, aunque la dosis óptima varió con el año y el momento de la cosecha (30-150 kg N ha-1) y fue superior para el cultivo para grano y fibra, respecto al cultivo solo para fibra. El rendimiento de biomasa y grano decreció al aumentar la dosis de siembra, mientras que la proporción de tallo en la biomasa y de fibra cortical en el tallo incrementaron, si bien no justifican el uso de dosis de siembra elevadas, y unos 30 kg semilla ha-1 serían adecuados para la producción de grano y fibra en las condiciones del ensayo. Los cultivares españoles Delta 405 y Delta-Llosa presentaron un rendi-miento de grano superior a Futura 77 (francesa), pero no se diferenciaron para el resto de parámetros. La presencia de plantas macho fue importante (10-35%), a pesar de ser cultivares monoicos.


El cáñamo sería un buen precedente para el trigo. El efecto rotación -incremento de rendimiento de grano de trigo después de cáñamo respecto al trigo monocultivo- fue de 1368 kg ha-1 (47%) de media, el cual surgió del incremento del número de espigas m-2 y del peso de 1000 granos. El efecto rotación se extendió al segundo año de trigo después de cáñamo (156 kg ha-1) y desapareció para el tercer año de trigo después de cáñamo, donde rotación y monocultivo presentaron rendimientos similares. El efecto rotación varió con el abono aplicado al cáñamo precedente. No abonarlo, o reducir drásticamente la dosis de N, disminuyó el rendimiento del cáñamo, limitó el incremento del rendimiento del siguiente trigo y no disminuyó el N nítrico residual en el suelo después de la cosecha del cáñamo, ni en el ahijado ni después de la cosecha del siguiente trigo. O sea, el N nítrico residual que deja el cáñamo no sería el responsable del efecto rotación, sino que sugiere estar relacionado con la cantidad de hoja caída al suelo, a través de alguno de sus componentes, además del aumento de la estabilidad de los agregados del suelo que originó el cáñamo. Sin embargo, este trabajo no permitió explicar completamente como el cáñamo incrementó el rendimiento del trigo. A diferencia del trigo, el cáñamo se adaptó bien al monocultivo, dado que mostró resultados similares al cáñamo en rotación.


Se concluye que el cáñamo es un cultivo apropiado para los secanos frescales, ya que fue un buen precedente del trigo, la producción de fibra fue bastante estable y tuvo un rendimiento de grano superior al que obtienen en el centro y norte de Europa, además de no necesitar fitosani-tarios y ayudar a suprimir malas hierbas. Y más aún en estos momentos en los que se habla de sostenibilidad, de rotaciones de cultivos y de reducción de fitosanitarios. No obstante, aún queda mucho por investigar, como por ejemplo el motivo del incremento de rendimiento del trigo y si se pueden obtener cultivares de cáñamo mejor adaptados a las condiciones mediterráneas.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently awakening great interest as a source of many renewable industrial products with a suitable profile to fit into sustainable farming systems, being an environmentally friendly crop. The main aim of this thesis was to study some hemp features agronomically. The specific objectives were: i) to study the effect of some cultural techniques (nitrogen fertilization, seeding rate, harvest date and cultivar) on crop development and hemp production and ii) to quantify the possible beneficial effect of hemp as a cultural precedent to wheat.

Three field trials were carried out between 1995 and 1999 in Merlès (420 N, 10 99' E; 525 m above sea level; 700 mm average rainfall) in rainfed Temperate Mediterranean areas of northeastern Spain, where hemp and wheat are traditionally grown in rotation, in a sandy-loam, basic soil (pH=8.2; O.M.=1.7%).


Plant density of hemp decreased between emergence and harvest especially when N dose and seeding rate increased. Plant density at emergence and self-thinning varied according to the year, which may result in a variable fibre quality under rainfed conditions. N fertilization and seeding rate affected growth, and yield and partitioning of biomass dry matter. The biomass yield (8814 kg ha-1) increased with N fertilizer, although the optimum N rate varied with the year and harvest date (30-150 kg N ha-1) and was higher when hemp was grown for seed and fibre rather than fibre alone. Both biomass and grain yield decreased when seeding rate increased, while proportion of stem in the biomass and bark fibre in the stem increased. Nevertheless, this does not justify using high seeding rates and about 30 kg seed ha-1 should be adequate for seed and fibre production. The Spanish cultivars Delta 405 and Delta-Llosa produced higher seed yield than Futura 77 (French), but no significant differences were found for other parameters. The male plants ratio was important (10-35%) although cultivars used are monoecious.


Hemp is a good precedent for wheat. The rotation effect, expressed as the increase in grain yield of wheat after hemp compared to wheat monoculture, was 1368 kg ha-1 (47%) on average, which came from an increase in the number of spikes m-2 and from 1000 kernel weight. The rotation effect extended to a second year of wheat after hemp (156 kg ha-1) and disappeared in the third year of wheat after hemp, where rotation and monoculture showed similar yields. The rotation effect varied with the fertilizer applied to hemp. Non-fertilizing or drastically reducing the N rate applied to hemp decreased hemp yield, limited the yield of the following wheat and did not reduce residual soil NO3- after hemp harvest, at tillering or after the harvest of the following wheat. Thus, the residual soil NO3- left by hemp should not be responsible for the rotation effect, but seems to be related to the amount of leaf left in the soil through some of its components, apart from the increase in the stability of soil aggregates caused by hemp. However, this study did not allow a complete explanation of how hemp increased the yield of wheat. Unlike wheat, hemp proved to be well adapted to monoculture, since no significant differences with hemp rotation were found.


It is concluded that hemp is a suitable crop for the rainfed Temperate Mediterranean areas as it was an excellent precedent to wheat, the production of fibre was quite stable and it gave higher grain yields than those obtained in the centre and north of Europe, moreover, hemp does not need biocides and helps to suppress weeds. It is even more appropriate nowadays when it is agreed that farming systems should become more sustainable, using appropriate crop rotations and applying less biocides. Nevertheless, there is still much research to be done, such as the cause of the increase in wheat yield after hemp and whether it is possible to obtain hemp cultivars better adapted to Mediterranean conditions.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a maturação e germinação de embriões somáticos do mamoeiro ‘Golden THB’. Para a obtenção dos embriões somáticos, folhas cotiledonares de plântulas de mamoeiro obtidas da germinação in vitro, em meio MS basal, foram inoculadas em meio de indução contendo sais de MS; myo-inositol (0,55 mM), sacarose (87,5 mM), ágar-ágar Vetec® (8 g L-1) e suplementado com 4-CPA (ácido p-clorofenoxiacético) (25 μM). Após 50 dias, os calos embriogênicos foram transferidos para os meios de maturação: Experimento 1 (MM1) constituído de meio MS, ABA (0,5 μM, CA (15 g L-1) e os tratamentos suplementados com diferentes concentrações de PEG 6000 (0; 40; 50; 60 e 70 g L-1) durante 45 dias; Experimento 2 (MM2) constituído de meio MS, ABA (0,5 μM), CA (15 g L-1) e os tratamentos suplementados com diferentes concentrações de extrato de malte (0,0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 e 0,4 g L-1) durante 45 dias. Os tratamentos foram compostos com quatro repetições de três placas de Petri de 100 mm × 20 mm, contendo quatro calos embriogênicos. Os embriões cotiledonares normais gerados no MM2 suplementado com ABA (0,5 μM), CA (15 g L-1) e extrato de malte (0,2 g L-1) foram transferidos para os meios de germinação (MG) formado pelo meio MS concentração total de sais, sacarose (87,5 mM), myo-inositol (0,0; 0,275; 0,550 e 0,825 mM) e ágar-ágar Vetec® (8 g L-1). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias estudadas por análise de regressão. Os tratamentos com PEG foram inferiores e prejudicaram o processo de formação dos embriões e sua utilização na concentração de 70 g L-1 reduz em 31,85% a produção de embriões somáticos total e normais do mamoeiro ‘Golden THB’. Portanto, para a embriogênese somática do mamoeiro ‘Goden THB’ não se recomenda a maturação em meio contendo PEG 6000. A adição de extrato de malte (0,17 g L-1), no meio de maturação potencializou o desenvolvimento embrionário de mamoeiro ‘Golden THB’, 45,40 ES calo-1. Identificou-se a ocorrência de embriogênese somática secundária e a formação de embriões somáticos anormais. A suplementação de myo-inositol (0,45 mM) no meio MS proporcionou ganhos significativos na porcentagem de germinação de embriões somáticos e posterior conversão em plântulas de mamoeiro ‘Golden THB’.
This work aimed to evaluate the maturation and germination of somatic embryos of papaya 'Golden THB'. To obtain the somatic embryos, cotyledons of seedlings of papaya obtained from in vitro germination in MS basal medium, were inoculated into induction medium containing MS salts; myo-inositol (0.55 mM), sucrose (87.5 mM), agar Vetec ® (8 g L-1) supplemented with 4 -CPA (p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) (25 mM). After 50 days, the calli were transferred to maturation medium: Experiment 1 (MM1) consisting of MS medium, ABA (0.5 mM, CA (15 g L-1) and the treatments supplemented with different concentrations of PEG 6000 (0, 40, 50, 60 and 70 g L-1) for 45 days; Experiment 2 (MM2), consisting of MS medium, ABA (0.5 mM), CA (15 g L -1) and the supplemented treatments different concentrations of malt extract (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g L-1). During 45 days the treatments consisted of four replicates of three Petri dishes of 100 mm × 20 mm, containing four calli. The normal cotyledonary embryos generated in MM2 supplemented with ABA (0.5 mM), CA (15 g -1) and malt extract (0.2 g L-1) were transferred to the germination medium (GM) L formed by the total concentration of medium MS salts, sucrose (87.5 mM), myo- inositol (0.0, 0.275, 0.550 and 0.825 mM) and agar Vetec ® (8 g L-1). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means studied by regression analysis. Treatment with PEG were lower and harmed the process of formation of embryos and their use at a concentration of 70 g L-1 reduces by 31.85% of the total production and normal somatic embryos of papaya 'Golden THB'. So for somatic embryogenesis of papaya 'Goden THB' not recommended in the maturation medium containing PEG 6000. Adding malt extract (0.17 g L-1) in the maturation medium potentiated the embryonic development of papaya 'Golden THB', 45.40 ES callus-1. Identify the occurrence of secondary somatic embryogenesis and the formation of abnormal somatic embryos. The supplementation of myo-inositol (0.45 mM) in MS medium yielded significant gains in the percentage of germination of somatic embryos and conversion into plantlets papaya 'Golden THB'.

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Capes
O mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) é uma das culturas mais importantes e amplamente distribuídas nos países tropicais e subtropicais. Dos problemas que afetam o cultivo do mamoeiro está relacionado o baixo número de variedades e híbridos explorados comercialmente, que atendam às exigências dos mercados interno e externo. Uma alternativa e solução viável para estes problemas é a de recorrer à ampliação da base genética do mamoeiro, por meio de programas de melhoramento utilizando hibridações. Nesse contexto desenvolveram-se três trabalhos: o primeiro e o segundo objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento de 11 e 10 novos híbridos obtidos na Caliman Agrícola S.A. quanto aos caracteres morfológicos de planta e biométrico de frutos; no terceiro trabalho procedeu-se à avaliação sensorial e físico-química de frutos bem como a correlação linear em 23 cultivares. Os resultados obtidos com a análise de variância e posterior teste de média de todos os caracteres avaliados mostraram diferenças significativas entre as cultivares avaliadas. Com base nos resultados, detectou a presença de híbridos com caracteres morfológicos de planta, produtivos e qualidade de frutos interessantes, sugerindo que os mesmos sejam avaliados para outros caracteres de interesse agronômico para futuros lançamentos comerciais. A aceitação das cultivares pelo consumidor pode ser basicamente ix executada a partir das classificações quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis totais por ser um método mais prático, barato e eficiente que a avaliação pela escala hedônica e apresentar alta correlação positiva com esta.
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most important and widely distributed crops in tropical and subtropical countries. The problems affecting the cultivation of papaya involve the low number of commercially explored varieties and hybrids, that meet the requirements of national and international markets. An alternative and viable solution to these problems is to use the expansion of the genetic basis of papaya through improvement programs using hybridizations. In this context, three Works were developed: the first and the second aimed to evaluate the behavior of 11 and 10 new hybrids obtained in Caliman Agrícola S.A. as for the plant morphological characteristics and fruit biometric; the third work proceeded to sensory and physicochemical evaluation of fruit as well as the linear correlation in 23 cultivars. The results obtained with the variance analysis and subsequent average test of all characteristics evaluated showed significant differences among the cultivars. Based on the results, it was detected the presence of hybrid with plant morphological characteristics, productive aspects and interesting fruit quality, suggesting that they are assessed to other agronomically important characteristics for future commercial launches. The acceptance of the cultivars by the consumer can basically be performed from the ratings on the content of total soluble solids, since it is a method xi that is more practical, cheap and efficient than the evaluation by hedonic scale and it presents high positive correlation with the hedonic scale method.

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As sementes de maracujazeiro amarelo apresentam problemas relacionados à sua qualidade fisiológica, como a desuniformidade na germinação, o que compromete o vigor e a formação das mudas. Tratamentos por embebição das sementes aceleram e uniformizam a germinação. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho estudar o efeito de reguladores vegetais na germinação, no vigor e na mobilização de reservas de sementes de maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.). Foram utilizadas sementes provenientes de frutos maduros obtidos em lavouras comerciais. O beneficiamento das sementes foi realizado em laboratório, e acompanhado dos testes para avaliações da qualidade física e fisiológica e bioquímica. No experimento 1, Capítulo 1 - Efeito do etileno na germinação de sementes de maracujá amarelo, as sementes foram embebidas em diferentes concentrações de ácido 2-cloroetil fosfônico (ethrel) para a avaliação da qualidade fisiológica do lote de sementes. Os tratamentos foram: T0- Água destilada (controle); T1- 100 mg L-1; T2- 200 mg L-1; T3- 300 mg L-1; T4- 400 mg L-1; T5- 500 mg L-1; T6- 600 mg L-1; T7- 700 mg L-1; T8- 800 mg L-1 e T9- 900 mg L-1. As sementes embebidas na concentração de 600 mg L-1 apresentaram maiores valores para germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento de raiz e parte aérea, massa fresca e seca. No experimento 2, Capítulo 2 - Reguladores de crescimento na germinação de sementes de maracujá, foram realizados os seguintes tratamentos: T0- água destilada; T1- 600 mg L-1 de ethrel; T2- 500 mg L-1 de 6-benzilamina 6-purina; T3- 500 mg L-1 de ácido 4-(3-indolil) butírico; T4- 500 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico; T5- 250 mg L-1 de espermina; T6- 750 mg L-1 de espermina; T7- 750 mg L-1 de espermidina; T8- 1250 mg L-1 de espermidina. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos, e quatro repetições de 50 sementes. A poliamina espermidina na concentração de 750 mg L-1 fez com que as sementes apresentassem maior porcentagem de germinação, maior germinação no teste de primeira contagem e maior índice de velocidade de germinação. Verificou-se ainda aumento significativo nos comprimentos da parte aérea e raiz nos tratamentos com espermina e espermidina. No experimento 3, Capítulo 3. Reguladores vegetais e mobilização de reservas nas fases de embebição das sementes de maracujá amarelo foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 8 x 4, sendo oito reguladores vegetais e quatro tempos de embebição, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Avaliou-se a composição bioquímica das sementes quanto às concentrações de lipídeos, açúcares solúveis e amido. As sementes apresentaram acúmulo de lipídeos na fase III da embebição; o teor de açúcares solúveis e de amido aumentaram na fase I e apresentaram redução a partir da fase II, à exceção dos açúcares no tratamento controle (T1). Palavras-chave: Passiflora edulis L., citocinina, auxina, giberelina, etileno, poliaminas, lipídeos, amido, açúcares solúveis.
The passion fruit seeds have related to their physiological quality problems such as uneven germination, which undermines the vigor and seedling formation. Treatments by soaking the seeds accelerate and standardize germination. The objective of this work was to study the effect of plant growth regulators on germination, vigor, and in the mobilization of seed reserves of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. Flavicarpa). Seeds from ripe fruits obtained from commercial crops were used. The processing of the seeds was performed in the laboratory, and accompanied by the tests for physical assessments of quality and physiological and biochemical. In experiment 1, Chapter 1 - Effect of ethylene on the germination of yellow passion fruit, the seeds were soaked in different concentrations of 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (Ethrel) to evaluate the physiological quality of the seed lot. The treatments were: T0- Água destilada (controle); T1- 100 mg L-1 ; T2- 200 mg L-1 ; T3- 300 mg L-1 ; T4- 400 mg L-1 ; T5- 500 mg L-1 ; T6- 600 mg L-1 ; T7- 700 mg L-1 ; T8- 800 mg L-1 ; T9- 900 mg L-1 . The seeds soaked in concentration of 600 mg L-1 showed higher values for germination, germination velocity index, root length and shoot, fresh and dry. In experiment 2, Chapter 2 - growth regulators on seed germination of passion, the following treatments were performed: T0- distilled water, T1- 600 mg L-1 ethrel, T2- 500 mg L-1 -6-6-benzylamine purine, T3- 500 mg L-1 of 4 - (3-indolyl) butyric acid, T4- 500 mg L-1 gibberellic acid, T5- 250 mg L-1 spermine, T6- 750 mg mg L-1 spermine, T7- 750 mg L-1 spermidine, T8- 1250 mg L-1 spermidine. The design was completely randomized with eight treatments and four replications of 50 seeds. The polyamine spermidine concentration of 750 mg L-1 caused the seeds presented higher germination percentage, the highest germination first count and a higher rate of speed germination. There was also a significant increase in the lengths of shoot and root in the treatments with spermine and spermidine. In experiment 3, Chapter 3. Growth regulators and reserve mobilization phases of imbibition passion fruit was conducted in a completely randomized design in a factorial 4 x 8, eight-four plant growth regulators soaking times, with four replications of 25 seeds. We evaluated the biochemical composition of seeds as the concentrations of lipids, soluble sugars and starch. The seeds showed accumulation of lipids in phase III of soaking, the content of soluble sugars and starch increased in stage I and decreased from stage II, except for sugars in control treatment (T1).

During post-alighting behaviour gravid female turnip root fly, D.jloralis, select a plant for oviposition predominantly during the initial landing phase; the cabbage root fly, D.radicum, also utilise the leaf resting phase. The post-alighting behaviour exhibited by D.radicum and D.floralis infers that oviposition site selection is primarily based upon positive stimuli present on the leaf surface. Ranking of four genotypes of plants for antixenotic resistance to oviposition by D.radicum and D.jloralis was found to be the same for both fly species, tested in the laboratory (swede cv Doon Major, most susceptible; kale cv Fribor, most resistant) and varied x80 (D.floralis) and x5 (D.radicum). Field experiments showed that oviposition (which was dominated by D.radicum) varied x2 between plant genotypes (swede cv Doon Major, most susceptible; swede cv GRL aga, most resistant). Testing of Brassica leaf surface extracts, applied to surrogate plants, indicated that leaf surface chemicals strongly influence the site of oviposition of D.floralis. Methanol soluble polar compounds are the most stimulatory element for D.floralis and a fraction which contained aliphatic glucosinolates stimulated oviposition strongly although glucosinolates were not the primary oviposition stimulant. Collaborative experiments indicate that "CIF" (cabbage identification factor) is probably present in this fraction. The concentrations of Brassica root sugars are generally reduced by the damage of both D.radicum and D.floralis and appear to influence larval development. The percentages of plant fibre and lignin in the roots of Brassicas rise following the damage of D.floralis. The concentrations of individual glucosinolates in Brassica roots arc radically altered by the damage of D.floralis and D.radicum. D.floralis damage resulted in a rise in the concentration of aromatic glucosinolates and a fall in the concentration of aliphatic glucosinolates. D.radicum damage generally resulted in an elevated concentration of both aliphatic and aromatic glucosinolates. There was no clear evidence that glucosinolatc profiles were associated with different levels of antibiotic resistance to D.radicum and D.floralis. GRL aga (SCRI breeding line) was consistently resistant to the oviposition and larval feeding of D.radicum and D.floralis both in the laboratory and in the field. It was shown that the use of end-of-season chemical analysis to assess the influence of plant chemistry on insect development or host plant resistance in field experiments and the use of damage indexes based on the percentage of a plant root damaged by D.radicum may be flawed.

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FAPES
O feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é um dos principais alimentos consumidos no Brasil, rico em vitaminas, carboidratos e minerais. É crescente o número de pesquisas que integram desde o melhoramento de plantas e o manejo da adubação para incrementar nutrientes nas partes comestíveis, desenvolvendo plantas com maiores teores de vitaminas e micronutrientes. A introdução de alimentos biofortificados como o feijão, complementa a nutrição humana que sofre com desnutrição. Sendo assim, é importante conhecer como as condições de cultivo influenciam na qualidade do grão e na importância para obtenção de um alimento com maior valor nutricional. Além de conhecer até que ponto a influência de planta daninha afeta a produção e a absorção de nutrientes pelo feijoeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as características agronômicas e nutricionais influenciadas pela interferência de planta daninha, efeito da adubação e do solo, nas cultivares de feijão. Foi avaliado o teor de clorofila, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, número de vagem por planta, índice de colheita por planta, massa seca da trapoeraba, relação grão e lócus, peso médio de sementes e análise de ferro e zinco nas folhas e nos grãos. Os resultados obtidos no estudo apontaram que a competição com trapoeraba afetou algumas características agronômicas, devido à competição por nutriente. O solo para cultivo também interferiu na produção, o solo eutrófico proporcionou melhores resultados das cultivares. A adubação não interferiu nos teores de ferro e zinco nos grãos do feijoeiro. As cultivares BRS Agreste, BRS Ametista e BRS Estilo apresentaram melhores resultados na maioria das características analisadas. Por fim, conclui-se que a produção do feijoeiro, necessita de um solo com uma boa nutrição, um bom teor de matéria orgânica, manejo da adubação e de plantas daninhas para aumentar a produção.

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CAPES
O estado do Espírito Santo se destaca por ser o terceiro maior produtor de Coffea arabica L., sendo seu cultivo predominantemente realizado em grande parte por agricultores familiares. Em algumas situações a baixa produtividade está relacionada ao déficit hídrico. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado a importância da irrigação para o incremento da produtividade, bem como para a melhoria da qualidade do café. Objetivou-se com esse estudo, avaliar o comportamento de quatro cultivares de cafeeiro arábica sob os sistemas de irrigação por aspersão e microjet. Foram conduzidos no Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER) dois experimentos para cada uma das quatro cultivares, um no sistema de irrigação convencional e o outro sistema de irrigação localizada microjet, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 2 x 4, sendo as parcelas representadas pela irrigação em dois níveis (irrigado e não irrigado) e as subparcelas, pelas cultivares Catuaí Amarelo IAC 86, Rubi MG 1192, Paraíso MG 419-1 e Obatã IAC 1669 20, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo cinco plantas por parcela. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o cafeeiro apresentou produtividade acentuada para os sistemas de cultivo. Os resultados foram comparados em nível de 5% de probabilidade, pelo teste “t” de Student para as variáveis vegetativas, produtivas e parâmetros de qualidade. Para as características vegetativas como altura da planta, número de ramos produtivos e número de rosetas por ramos não foram verificadas diferenças significativas para os sistemas de irrigação (localizada microjet e aspersão). Dessa forma, os resultados podem ter sido influenciados pelos altos índices pluviométricos ocorridos na região, induzindo semelhança entre os cultivos nos sistemas.
The Espírito Santo state stands out for being the third largest producer of Coffea arabica L., and its cultivation predominantly done largely by farmers. In some situations the low productivity is related to water deficit. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of irrigation to increase productivity and to improve the quality of coffee. Several studies have been demonstrating the importance of irrigation to increase productivity and to improve the quality of coffee. The objective with this study was to evaluate the behavior of four cultivars of Arabica coffee systems under sprinkler and microjet irrigation. Were conducted at Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural Two experiments for each of the four cultivars, one of the conventional irrigation system and another microjet irrigation system located in split plot layout 2 x 4, being in the plots in two irrigation levels (irrigated and non-irrigated) and cultivars (Catuaí Amarelo IAC 86,Rubi MG 1192, Paraíso MG 419-1 and Obatã IAC 1669 20) as subplot a randomized block design with four replications, five plants per plot. According to the results, the coffee showed an increased productivity for cropping systems, though not differing from the non-irrigated and irrigated system. The results were compared to the 5% level of probability, the "t" of student for the vegetative, productive and quality parameters variables. For vegetative traits as plant height, number of branches and number of rosettes by branches no significant differences for the irrigation system were verified microjet located, but also to the sprinkler irrigation system. Thus allow the results justify due to heavy rainfall in the area similarity between systems.

Asistimos en la actualidad a una constante pérdida de la diversidad genética de los cultivos. Paralelamente en muchas zonas del mundo, especialmente en los países más desarrollados, se produce una regresión de la agricultura que conlleva problemas medioambientales. Algunas variedades tradicionales han sido seleccionadas históricamente por sus elevadas propiedades gastronómicas lo cual ha ayudado a su persistencia, incluso compitiendo localmente con las variedades mejoradas. Dado que los consumidores de los países desarrollados están dispuestos a pagar precios superiores por la calidad sensorial de los productos, la recuperación de variedades tradicionales organolépticamente destacadas puede ayudar tanto al mantenimiento de la diversidad biológica como a la recuperación de algunas zonas de cultivo. En este contexto la delimitación de Denominaciones de Origen Protegidas (DOPs) y la descripción objetiva de las propiedades de los productos en ellas cultivados, debe considerarse una actividad prioritaria.
La Tesis Doctoral que se presenta aborda esta cuestión al estudiar la interacción genotipo x ambiente en variedades tradicionales de judía (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) históricamente cultivadas en Catalunya, referente al contenido de proteína, almidón, amilosa, amilopectina, sacarosa, ácido málico y ácido cítrico en el grano. Se han escogido dichas moléculas porque la bibliografía indica que están relacionadas con atributos sensoriales de la judía una vez cocinada.
Para delimitar los efectos genéticos, ambientales y de interacción se efectuaron ensayos de campo en cinco zonas de Catalunya con tradición de cultivo de judía (Garrotxa, Vallès Occidental, Vallès Oriental, Maresme y Baix Llobregat), durante dos años consecutivos. Como germoplasma se emplearon cuatro tipos varietales catalanes (Ganxet, Genoll de Crist, Tavella Brisa y Castellfollit del Boix), y cuatro variedades testigos (Faba, Navy, Canela y White Kidney).
Todos los efectos principales (localidad, año y variedad) resultaron significativos para la mayoría de los carácteres. Las máximas diferencias se presentaron entre las localidades de Santa Pau y el Vallès, representativas de condiciones extremas dentro de la variación ambiental que abarca el estudio. El análisis multivariante confirma el alejamiento de la localidad Santa Pau del resto. Suelos volcánicos, elevada capacidad de intercambio catiónico, y cultivo en secano, hacen de esta localidad una peculiaridad interesante con una producción de composición química bien diferenciada.
Las variedades tradicionales Ganxet (Montcau) y Genoll de Crist se sitúan en grupos de significación extremos para la mayoría de los compuestos estudiados mientras que los testigos se sitúan habitualmente en grupos de significación intermedios.
Se han detectado numerosas interacciones significativas genotipo x localidad lo cual es importante para justificar la elección de determinados tipos varietales en cada zona si pretendemos maximizar o minimizar alguno de los componentes químicos. A menudo las interacciones más significativas coinciden con combinaciones consolidadas históricamente de variedad x ambiente y que tienen ya prestigio (p.e. Ganxet en el Vallès y Maresme; Genoll de Crist en el Maresme, Navy y Tavella Brisa en Santa Pau).
De confirmarse también en el ámbito sensorial este abanico de características químicas causado por efectos genéticos, ambientales y de interacción, la definición objetiva de al menos dos denominaciones de origen en Catalunya parece una tarea posible y que merece impulsarse. Además, todo parece indicar, que este enfoque podría utilizarse de manera general para la delimitación de DOPs en judía.
We attended at the present time a constant loss of the genetic diversity of the cultures. Parallelly in many zones of the world, specially in the developed countries, a regression of the agriculture takes place that entails environmental problems. Some traditional varieties have been selected historically by their high gastronomical properties which has helped its persistence, even competing locally with the improved varieties. Since the consumers of the developed countries are arranged to pay superior prices by the sensorial quality of products, the recovery of outstand ing traditional varieties can help the maintenance of the biological diversity as to the recovery of some zones of culture as much. Against this background the boundary of Protected Denominations of Origin (DOPs) and the objective description of the properties of products in cultivated them, is an activity that must be considered high-priority.
The Doctoral Thesis that appears approaches this question when studying the interaction genotype x environment in traditional varieties of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) historically cultivated in Catalunya, referring to the content of protein, starch, amylose, amylopectin, sucrose, malic acid and citric acid in the grain. These molecules have been chosen because the bibliography indicates that they are related to sensorial attributes of the bean once cooked.
In order to delimit the genetic, environmental effects and of interaction tests of field in five zones of Catalunya with tradition of bean culture took place (Garrotxa, Vallès Oriental, Vallès Occidental, Maresme and Baix Llobregat), during two consecutive years (2002, 2003). As germoplasma four Catalan varietales types were used (Ganxet, Genoll de Crist, Tavella Brisa and Castellfollit del Boix), and four varieties witnesses (Faba, Navy, Canela and White Kidney).
All the main effects (locality, year and variety) were significant stops for most of the characters. The maximum differences appeared between the localities of Santa Pau and the Vallès, representative of extreme conditions within the environmental variation that includes the study. The multivariant analysis confirms the distance of the locality Santa Pau of the rest. Volcanic grounds, high capacity of cationic interchange, and culture in dry land, makes of this locality an interesting peculiarity with a production of a differentiated chemical composition.
The traditional varieties Ganxet (Montcau) and Genoll de Crist are located in extreme groups of meaning for most of the studied compounds whereas the witnesses locate themselves habitually in intermediate groups of meaning.
Numerous significant interactions genotype x locality have been detected which is important to justify the election of certain varietal types in each zone if we try to maximize or to diminish some of the chemical components. Often the most significant interactions agree with consolidated combinations historically of variety x environment and that have prestige already (e.g. Ganxet in the Vallès and Maresme; Genoll de Crist in the Maresme, Navy and Tavella Brisa in Santa Pau).
If also in the sensorial scope this fan of chemical characteristics caused by genetic, environmental effects and of interaction is confirmed, the objective definition of at least two denominations of origin in Catalunya it seems a possible task and that it deserves to impel itself. In addition, everything seems to indicate, that this approach could be used of general way for the boundary of DOPs in bean.

El meló (Cucumis melo L.) és una espècie vegetal de gran importància econòmica, amb la que s'han establert nombrosos programes de millora. Dins d'ells, és de gran importància la utilització de línies pures, la seva obtenció ha avançat en gran mesura per la utilització de tècniques de biotecnologia, entre les que es troben, l'obtenció de poblacions de línies diphaploids i els marcadors moleculars.
La producció de línies haploids diploiditzades, disminueix el temps de generació necessari per a obtenir individus completament homozigots a una mateixa generació. Així mateix, la naturalesa homozigòtica d'aquestes línies i el seu potencial per a ser perpetuades il·limitadament per llavor, fan de les poblacions de línies dihaploids, siguin molt útils per a estudis genètics com la generació de mapes genètics, on els marcadors dominants i codominants poden ser mapats amb idèntica precisió. Així mateix, la disponibilitat de material vegetal, genèticament idèntic de manera il·limitada, fa possible que es puguin afegir nous marcadors a mesura que es vagin generant i que aquestes poblacions siguin molt útils per a la localització de gens majors i QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci), podent-se estudiar, al mateix temps, genotips en diferents localitzacions i estudiar-se la interacció genotip per ambient (GxE).
En aquest treball es va estudiar la resposta partenogènica de varis genotips de meló, donat que s'havia descrit la importància del genotip en l'obtenció de LDHs. Després d'aquest estudi es va poder descriure 3 passos limítrofs en el procés d'obtenció de LDHs: Eficàcia en l'obtenció d'embrions a partir de llavors de fruits partenocàrpics, supervivència dels embrions en el procés de cultiu in vitro i obtenció de línies diploiditzades, perpetuades per llavor a partir d'aquests embrions. Es va observar diferent comportament en els genotips estudiats en cadascun dels passos limítrofs definits per a el procés. Posteriorment es va generar, per partenogènesis induïda in situ per polinització amb pol·len irradiat, una població de 95 línies dihaploids (LDHs) a partir del creuament de dos línies de meló, PI161375 x T111. Aquestes dos línies es van escollir per presentar característiques agronòmiques importants. La línia T111 pertany a la varietat botànica inodorus, del tipus "Piel de Sapo" és una de les línies més consumides a Espanya, mentres que PI161375 "Sogwhan Charmi", pertany a la varietat botànica chinensis, presenta nombroses resistències a malalties. Les línies de la població van ser analitzades per marcadors moleculars del tipus codominant (RFLPs i SSRs) per a determinar la seva homozigòsis i es va determinar el seu nivell de ploidia per citometria de flux. A partir de la població de LDHs es va realitzar un mapa genètic, transferint marcadors moleculars codominants d'alta qualitat del tipus RFLPs i SSRs que ja havien estat posicionats en el mapa F2 obtingut a partir del mateix creuament i es van incloure 54 nous marcadors del tipus SSR. Es va obtindre un mapa amb 169 marcadors moleculars codominants de grups de lligament, cobrint una distància de 1289.6cM. La densitat de mapa va ser de 7.6cM/marcadors. L'ordre dels marcadors es va mantenir al comparar-lo amb altres mapes de meló existents i amb el mapa realitzat a partir d'una població F 2, el que demostra la consistència del mapa genètic obtingut, permet utilitzarlo com a mapa de referència per a posteriors estudis amb aquesta espècie i la integració dels dos mapes obtinguts a partir del creuament PI161375 x T111. Integrant es va obtenir un mapa altament saturat amb 331 marcadors codominants que es van distribuir en dotze grups de lligament, cobrint tot el genoma de meló, amb una densitat de 3.02cM/marcador i que van cobrir una distància de 1061cM.
Es va estudiar, també, la segregació de les freqüències aléliques dels marcadors utilitzats en la generació del mapa de la població de LDHs per a identificar zones distorsionades que poguessin estar implicades en el procés d'obtenció d'haploids. Es van observar 6 zones que van presentar distorsió de les freqüències aléliques. Aquestes zones serien candidates a incloure gens que són seleccionats en el procés de generació de LDHs. En 2 d'aquestes zones la segregació va ser favorable a l'al.lel del parental PI161375 i en altres 4 la distorsió va ser favorable a l'al.lel
de T111, el que indicaria que els dos parentals influeixen en el procés de generació de les línies dihaploids.
Finalment, es van estudiar diferents caràcters quantitatius implicats en la morfologia floral, morfologia del fruit i la germinació, localitzant 71 QTLs, per a tots els caràcters analitzats. L'alta correlació observada entre la forma de l'ovari i el fruit i la co-localització dels QTLs implicats en aquest caràcters, suggereix que la forma del fruit ve determinada per la forma de l'ovari, és a dir, que els mateixos gens controlen ambdós caràcters, i la forma del fruit ve determinada en les primeres etapes de desenvolupament. També va permetre dividir el caràcter d'herència poligènica, el que explicaria l'aparició de genotips intermitjos en les classificacions taxonòmiques realitzades. Es van trobar, així mateix, QTLs relacionats amb la germinació de les LDHs que ens indiquen que els gens que intervenen en els processos relacionats amb la germinació s'expressen en les primeres etapes del procés, que existeixen al.lels de PI161375 amb efectes favorables a la germinació i que existeix un important efecte ambiental relacionat amb la llum, observant que amb presència de llum un major porcentatge de germinació.
El melón (Cucumis melo L.) es una especie vegetal de gran importancia económica, en la que se han establecido numerosos programas de mejora. En ellos es de gran importancia la utilización de líneas puras, cuya obtención ha avanzado en gran medida por la utilización de técnicas de biotecnología entre las que se encuentran la obtención de poblaciones de líneas dihaploides y los marcadores moleculares.
La producción de líneas haploides diploidizadas disminuye el tiempo de generación necesario para obtener individuos completamente homocigotos a una generación. Así mismo, la naturaleza homocigótica de estas líneas y su potencial para ser perpetuadas ilimitadamente por semilla, hacen a las poblaciones de líneas dihaploides muy útiles para estudios genéticos como la generación de mapas genéticos, donde los marcadores dominantes y codominantes pueden ser mapados con igual precisión. Así mismo, la disponibilidad de material vegetal genéticamente idéntico de forma ilimitada hace posible que se puedan añadir nuevos marcadores a medida que se vayan generando y que estas poblaciones sean muy útiles para la localización de genes mayores y QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci), pudiendo estudiarse el mismo genotipo en diferentes localizaciones y estudiarse la interacción genotipo por ambiente (GxE).
En este trabajo se estudió la respuesta partenogénica de varios genotipos de melón, ya que se había descrito la importancia del genotipo en la obtención de LDHs. Tras este estudio se pudieron describir 3 pasos limitantes en el
proceso de obtención de LDHs: Eficacia en la obtención de embriones a partir de semilla de frutos partenocárpicos, supervivencia de los embriones en el proceso de cultivo in vitro y obtención de líneas diploidizadas, perpetuadas por
semilla a partir de estos embriones. Se observó diferente comportamiento de los genotipos estudiados en cada uno de los pasos limitantes definidos para el proceso. Posteriormente se generó, por partenogénesis inducida in situ por
polinización con polen irradiado, una población de 95 líneas dihaploides (LDHs) a partir del cruzamiento de dos líneas de melón, PI161375 x T111. Estas dos líneas se eligieron por presentar características agronómicas importantes. La línea T111 perteneciente a la variedad botánica inodorus, de tipo 'Piel de Sapo' es una de las líneas más consumidas en España mientras que PI 161375 'Sogwhan Charmi', perteneciente a la variedad botánica chinensis, presenta numerosas resistencias a enfermedades. Las líneas de la población fueron analizadas por marcadores moleculares de tipo codominante (RFLPs y SSRs) para determinar su homocigosis y se determinó su
nivel de ploidía por citometría de flujo.
A partir de la población de LDHs se realizó el mapa genético, transfiriendo marcadores moleculares codominates de alta calidad de tipo RFLPs y SSRs que ya habían sido posicionados en el mapa F 2 obtenido a partir del mismo cruce y se incluyeron 54 nuevos marcadores de tipo SSR. Se obtuvo un mapa con 169 marcadores que se
distribuyeron en 12 grupos de ligamiento, cubriendo una distancia de 1289.6cM. La densidad de mapa fue de 7.6cM/marcador. El orden de los marcadores se mantuvo al compararlo con otros mapas de melón existentes y con el mapa realizado a partir de una población F2, lo que demuestra la consistencia del mapa genético obtenido, permitiendo emplearlo como mapa de referencia para posteriores estudios en esta especie y la integración de los dos mapas obtenidos a partir del cruce PI161375 x T111. Integrando se obtuvo un mapa altamente saturado con 331 marcadores codominantes que se distribuyeron en doce grupos de ligamiento cubriendo todo el genoma de melón, con una densidad de 3.02cM/ marcador y que cubrieron una distancia de 1061cM.
Se estudió también la segregación de las frecuencias alélicas de los marcadores utilizados en la generación del mapa de la población de LDHs para identificar zonas distorsionadas que pudieran estar implicadas en el proceso de obtención de haploides. Se observaron 6 zonas que presentaron distorsión de las frecuencias alélicas. Estas zonas serían candidatas de incluir genes que son seleccionados en el proceso de generación de LDHs. En 2 de estas zonas la segregación fue favorable al alelo del parental PI161375 y en las otras 4 la distorsión fue favorable al alelo de T111, lo que indicaría que los dos parentales influyen en el proceso de generación de las líneas dihaploides.
Finalmente, se estudiaron diferentes caracteres cuantitativos implicados en la morfología floral, morfología de fruto y la germinación, localizando 71 QTLs, para todos los caracteres analizados. La alta correlación observada
entre la forma de ovario y fruto y la co-localización de los QTLs implicados en estos caracteres sugiere que la forma del fruto esta determinada por la forma del ovario, es decir, que los mismos genes controlan ambos caracteres, y la
forma de fruto se determina en etapas tempranas del desarrollo. También permitió dividir el carácter de la pubescencia del ovario en dos componentes, longitud y densidad, confirmando que se trata de un carácter de herencia poligénica lo que explicaría la aparición de fenotipos intermedios en las clasificaciones taxonómicas
realizadas. Se encontraron, así mismo, QTLs relacionados con la germinación de las LDHs que nos indican que los genes que intervienen en los procesos relacionados con la germinación se expresan en las primeras etapas del proceso, que existen alelos de PI161375 con efectos favorables a la germinación y que existe un importante efecto ambiental relacionado con la luz, observándose en presenc ia de luz un mayor porcentaje de germinación.
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important vegetal crop; with large number of breeding programs already established. In these programs, the use of inbred lines is very important; the process to obtain these lines can be enhanced with the use of biotechnology techniques as the generation of dihaploid lines population and molecular markers.
DHLs production decreased the generation time needed to obtain complete homocigous plants to one generation.
The homocigosity potential to be perpetuated by seed, make DHLs populations an useful tool for genetics studies, as genetic map construction, where the dominants and codominants markers can be mapped with the same precision.
Also, the possibility to dispose unlim ited material genetically identical make possible to add news markers as soon as they are generated, the localization of major genes and QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) and study the genotype by environment (GxE) interaction by evaluating the same genotype in different locations.
The parthenogenetic response of several melon genotypes was studied. As reported by other authors the genotype had an important effect on the production of DHLs. Three limiting steps were found in the DHLs production process: (1) the parthenogenic embryo production efficiency from parthenocarpic fruits; (2) the in vitro rescue
efficiency of parthenogenic embryos; and (3) the production of diploid lines, perpetuated by seed, out of the rescued embryos. For each of these limiting steps, different behaviours were observed on the studied genotypes. Moreover, a
population of 95 DHLs was generated from the PI161375 x T111 hybrid, utilizing the in situ induction of parthenogenic embryos through pollination by gamma-irradiated pollen. The two parents were chosen for their important agronomic traits. The T111 line, pertaining to inodorus botanic variety, of fruit type 'Piel de Sapo', is one of the most consumed in Spain. Whereas, PI 161375 or 'Sogwhan Charmi', pertaining to the chinensis botanical variety, has a large number of disease resistances. Presumed parthenogenic lines were analyzed by codominants molecular markers (RFLPs and SSRs) to confirm their homocigosity, and by flow citometry to determine their ploidy level.
A molecular markers map, involving RFLP and SSRs mapped previously in a F2 population from the same cross, was constructed using the DHL population. 54 new SSRs markers were added to the DHL map. A map with 169 markers distributed in twelve linkage groups was obtained with a distance coverage of 1286 cM. The map density was 7.6cM/marker. The order of markers was maintained when compared with other melon maps and with the F2 map. This fact proved the consistence of obtained genetic map, allowing their use as a reference map for later studies in this specie and permitting the integration of the two maps obtained from the cross PI161375 X T111. After integration, a highly saturated map with 331 codominats markers, covering the whole genome was obtained. Markers
were distributed in twelve linkage groups with a density of 3.02cM/marker covering a distance of 1061cM.
Allelic frequency segregation of markers in DHLs population map was studied to identify genomic regions with segregation distortion. Six regions were observed which could include genes selected during DHLs generation process. Two of the regions showed favourable segregation towards PI 161375 alleles and in the other four the segregation was favourable towards T111 alleles. This confirms the influence of both parentals in the DHLs generation process.
Finally, a study of several quantitative traits involved in floral and fruit morphology and germination of melon was realized. Seventy-one QTLs were localized for all analysed traits. The high correlation observed between ovary and
fruit shape and the co-localization of QTLs involved in these traits suggests that the fruit shape was determined by ovary shape, i.e., the same genes control both traits and the fruit shape is determinated in the early period of development. Also, this analysis allowed to divide ovary pubescence trait in two components, hair length and density, and also confirming that this trait is under polygenic control. This could explain the apparition of intermediate phenotypes in the taxonomic classifications by others authors. In addition, QTLs related with germination were found, indicating that the genes involved in germination are expressed in the first steps of the process. PI161375 alleles with
favourable effect in germination were uncovered. Light intensity during germination has a major effect on the percentage of seed germination, being higher light intensity associated with higher percentage of germination.

Die phytotoxisch wirkende Trichloressigsäure (TCA) wurde bis in die 1980er Jahre in Form von Natriumtrichloracetat (TCAA- Na) als Herbizid in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft eingesetzt. Mittlerweile ist die Verwendung von TCA als Herbizid aufgrund unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen auf Nutzpflanzen in den meisten europäischen Ländern und vielen weiteren Staaten der Erde untersagt. Tetrachlorethen (PER) gehört zur Stoffgruppe der leichtflüchtigen Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe (LCKW) und findet weltweit hauptsächlich als Entfettungs- und Reinigungsmittel in der metallverarbeitenden sowie chemischen Industrie Anwendung. Darüber hinaus kommen Altlasten, wie z.B. die im Landkreis Bitterfeld (Sachsen- Anhalt) gelegene Deponie Grube Antonie als anthropogene Flächenquelle von PER- Emissionen in Betracht. Die Grube Antonie verfügt über ein sehr großes Inventar sowohl an LCKW als auch an TCA und ist u.a. von Pioniergehölzen, wie der Birke (Betula pendula ROTH), besiedelt. PER wird unter bestimmten physikochemischen Bedingungen in der Atmosphäre zu TCA abgebaut. Darüber hinaus ist mittlerweile bekannt, daß PER nach stomatärer bzw. cuticulärer Resorption in der Blatt- bzw. Nadelmatrix von Pflanzen in Anwesenheit von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) u.a. zu phytotoxischer TCA metabolisiert werden kann. Aufgrund dieser biogenen TCA- Bildung wird PER auch in Verbindung mit neuartigen Waldschäden gebracht. Sowohl regionale als auch weltweit durchgeführte Untersuchungen zeigten, daß besonders Nadelgehölze, wie die Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) z.T. hohe TCA- Gehalte in den Nadeln akkumulieren. Während in den letzten Jahren der Kenntnisstand hinsichtlich der natürlichen und anthropogenen TCA- Quellen immer mehr zunahm, ist über die schädigende Wirkung von TCA sowie ihrer Präcursoren (wie z.B. PER) auf Wild- und Forstpflanzen bisher nur wenig bekannt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, anhand von ökotoxikologischen Untersuchungen sowie pflanzenphysiologischen (Chl a - Fluoreszenz), dendrologischen und biochemischen Meßmethoden zu prüfen, ob von Tetrachlorethen (PER) und dessen Metabolit Trichloressigsäure (TCA) ein phytototoxisches Risiko, insbesondere für die Baumarten Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) und Birke (Betula pendula ROTH), ausgeht. Zur Erfüllung der Zielstellung wurden Monitoringuntersuchungen an PER/TCA- belasteten Birken, Untersuchungen zur Aufnahme, Akkumulation und Wirkung von über den Boden/Wurzel- Pfad appliziertem TCAA bei Kiefer sowie mehrjährige Untersuchungen zur PER- Applikation über den Luftpfad in Expositionskammern, zur Bildung und Akkumulation von TCA und zu PER/TCA- induzierten Wirkungen an Birken und Kiefern durchgeführt.

Pour cette étude, dans un premier temps, une caractérisation physico-chimique et rhéologique des amidons natifs de deux cultivars locaux de pomme de terre (Sipiera et Tselefou) et de trois de manioc (2425, 4115 et Seedling) a été faite avant leur incorporation dans du pâté de bœuf à 20, 30, 40 et 50g/kg de mêlée. L’influence du type d’amidon et de leur taux d’incorporation sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et texturales des pâtés a été évaluée. Les résultats ont montré que les propriétés physiques, fonctionnelles et rhéologiques des amidons sont étroitement liées à leur origine botanique. L’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) laisse paraître que de tous les amidons natifs, celui du cultivar de pomme de terre Sipiera se rapproche le plus du témoin. Une fois incorporé dans les pâtés ; l’ACP de tous les paramètres texturaux des pâtés aux amidons natifs indique que le pâté à l’amidon du cultivar de manioc Seedling à de 40g/kg de mêlée (PS40), est celui qui se rapproche le plus du pâté témoin. Dans un deuxième temps, les amidons de pomme de terre (Sipiera) et de manioc (2425) ont été sélectionnés pour la modification (acétylation). Ces amidons acétylés ont par la suite fait l’objet des mêmes analyses que les amidons natifs et incorporés dans les pâtés aux mêmes taux que les amidons natifs. Des résultats, il ressort que les propriétés fonctionnelles des amidons natifs sont fortement influencées par l’acétylation et le temps d’acétylation. Les essais d’incorporation des amidons acétylés dans les pâtés montrent que l’amidon Sipiera/20 à un taux d’incorporation de 40g/kg de mêlée ne se distingue pas significativement (p>0,05) du pâté témoin
The first part of this work deals with the physico-chemical and rheological characterisation of native starches of two local cultivars of Irish potatoes (Sipiera and Tselefou) and three cultivars of cassava (2425, 4115 and Seedling) before they are incorporated into beef patty at 20, 30, 40 and 50g/kg ground meat. The influence of the type of starch and the amount of incorporation on the physico-chemical and textural properties of patties was evaluated. Results show that the physical, functional and rheological properties of starches are closely related to their botanical origin. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that Irish potato cultivar Sipiera had properties that were close to reference. The PCA of all the textural properties of patties with native starches show that patty from starch of cassava cultivar Seedling at 40g/kg (PS40) was closest to the reference. In the second part of the work, the starch Sipiera and 2425 were selected for modification. These two starches were then acetylated for 10 and 20min. and this permitted us to have Sipiera/10, Sipiera/20, 2425/10 and 2425/20. The functional properties of the native starches were however strongly influenced by acetylation and the time of acetylation. Incorporation trials of this acetylated starches at different amounts in patty showed that Sipiera/20 starch at an incorporation rate of 40g/kg ground meat is not significantly different from the reference patty

Aquesta tesi es va plantejar per obtenir informació sobre l'efecte de l'edat al deslletament i la suplementació durant la lactació, sobre els rendiments tècnic-econòmics de vedells en condicions de producció mediterrànies. Es van estudiar, les pautes de creixement i desenvolupament dels vedells durant la lactació y l'engreix, les característiques de la canal i la carn, els resultats econòmics, la resposta fisiològica al deslletament i la reactividad enfront d'humans.
L'Assaig 1 es va dur a terme amb vedells de raça PM nascuts a la primavera, deslletats amb 90 (precoç) o 180 dies (tradicional), aquests últims pastaren en ports de muntanya durant l'estiu (90 a 180 d). L'edat al deslletament va modificar les pautes de creixement, ja que entre deslletaments, els vedells deslletats precoçment van presentar un guany de pes mès alt mentre que des de 180 d al sacrifici els vedells deslletats tradicionalment van mostrar creixement compensador, arribant al mateix pes al sacrifici. El deslletament precoç va millorar el rendiment canal però va allargar la durada del engreix i va incrementar la ingestió total de pinso i per tant, els costos d'alimentació.
En l'Assaig 2, es va avaluar l'efecte de la suplementació del vedell durant la lactació (amb vs. sense) en vedells nascuts a la tardor, de raça PM, deslletats precoç (90 d) i tradicionalment (150 d). La suplementació va millorar el guany de pes del vedells deslletats tradicionalment durant la lactació però no el dels vedells deslletats precoçment. El rendimient en la finalització (d 150-sacrifici) no es va veure afectat per cap dels efectes. El deslletament precoç va millorar el rendiment canal. La suplementació en els vedells deslletats tradicionalment va reduir la durada del engreix i va millorar el marge economic. Els vedells deslletats tradicionalment i sense suplementació van ser els quals menor marge econòmic van obtenir.
En l'Assaig 3, es van utilitzar vedells deslletats precoç i tradicionalment de les races PM i Pi nascuts a la tardor. L'edat al deslletament únicament va modificar el guany de pes en el període entre deslletaments. No va modificar el marge econòmic. Pel que fa a l'efecte de la raça, els vedells de raça PM van presentar un major pes al dia 90 i 150 que els de raça Pi. Durant la finalització, els rendiments van ser similars. No obstant això, la raça va afectar a les característiques de la canal, sent millors les de la raça Pi, i a algunes característiques de la carn, i al marge econòmic, que va ser superior per a la raça Pi.
En l'Assaig 4, es va estudiar en els mateixos vedells de l'Assaig 3 la resposta fisiològica a l'estrès i la por enfront d'humans. Mentre que l'edat al deslletament no va tenir efectes importants en la resposta a l'estrès, la raça si va influir al ser els vedells de raça Pi més reactius a l'estrès produït pel deslletament i a la presència humana.
Aquests resultats dels efectes dels diferents manejos del vedell (edat al deslletament i suplementació) proporcionen les bases tècniques per a la presa de decisions en l'explotació de boví de carn, per a adaptar-se a situacions canviants de mercat.
En la presente Tesis se han analizado los efectos de la edad al destete y la suplementación de concentrado al ternero durante la lactación sobre los rendimientos técnico-económicos de terneros en condiciones de producción mediterráneas. Se estudiaron las pautas de crecimiento y desarrollo de los terneros durante la lactación y el cebo intensivo, y las características de la canal y de la carne. También se evaluó la respuesta fisiológica al destete y la reactividad frente a humanos, y, por último, se analizaron los resultados económicos derivados de las diferentes estrategias de manejo.
En el Ensayo 1 se analizó el efecto del destete precoz (90d) o tradicional (180d) en terneros de raza Parda de Montaña (PM) nacidos en primavera. Entre destetes (90-180d), los terneros destetados precozmente presentaron mayores ganancias de peso en cebo que los destetados tradicionalmente, que pastaron junto a sus madres en puertos de montaña. Estos, sin embargo, experimentaron un crecimiento compensador desde 180d al sacrificio, alcanzando el mismo peso al sacrificio a la misma edad. El destete precoz mejoró el rendimiento canal, aunque motivó un mayor consumo de pienso total, debido a la mayor duración de la fase de cebo intensivo, y por lo tanto mayores costes de alimentación que en los terneros destetados tradicionalmente.
En el Ensayo 2 se evaluó el efecto de la edad al destete (90 vs. 150 d) y la suplementación del ternero durante la lactación (con vs. sin) en terneros de raza PM nacidos en otoño. La suplementación afectó a las ganancias de peso previas al destete en los terneros destetados tradicionalmente, pero no a las de los destetados precozmente. El rendimiento en la finalización (150d-sacrificio) no se vio afectado por ninguno de los efectos evaluados. Sin embargo, el destete precoz mejoró el rendimiento canal, mientras que la suplementación en los terneros destetados tradicionalmente redujo la duración de la fase de finalización y mejoró los resultados económicos. Los terneros destetados tradicionalmente sin suplementación generaron el margen económico más bajo.
En el Ensayo 3 se estudió el efecto de la edad al destete (90 vs. 150 d) y la raza (PM y Pirenaica, Pi) en terneros nacidos en otoño. El destete precoz mejoró la ganancia de peso en el periodo entre destetes y la conformación de la canal, aunque no afectó al margen económico. Con respecto al efecto de la raza, los terneros de raza PM presentaron mayor peso a d 90 y 150 que los de raza Pi. Durante la fase de finalización, los rendimientos globales fueron similares, pero al sacrificio la raza Pi presentó una calidad de la canal superior, que generó un mayor margen económico que la raza PM.
En el Ensayo 4 se estudiaron en los mismos terneros del Ensayo 3 la respuesta fisiológica al estrés y la reactividad frente a humanos. Mientras que la edad al destete no tuvo efectos importantes en la respuesta al estrés, la raza sí influyó, al ser los terneros de raza Pi más reactivos al estrés producido por el destete y también a la presencia humana.
Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo proporcionan las bases técnicas para la toma de decisiones en las explotaciones de vacuno de carne, con el objeto de adaptarse mejor a situaciones cambiantes de mercado.
The objective of this thesis was to assess the effect of early weaning and concentrate feeding during the pre-weaning period on calf performance during lactation and fattening in Mediterranean conditions. Calf growth, carcass and meat quality, economic performance and the physiological response to weaning and fear to humans were studied.
In Experiment 1, Parda de Montaña (PM) spring-born calves were either early (EW, 90 d of age) or normal weaned (NW, 180 d of age). From day 90 to 180, NW calves were turned out with their dams to high mountain pastures. Age at weaning modified growth paths, because EW calves gained faster between weaning dates, but during the finishing phase NW calves showed compensatory growth, and reached similar weight at slaughter at the same age. On the other hand, early weaning improved the dressing percentage, although it increased the length of the feedlot phase and total concentrate intake, with a concomitant increase of feeding costs.
In Experiment 2, the effect of age at weaning (EW, d90, vs. TW, 150 d) and pre-weaning concentrate feeding (supplemented vs. non supplemented) was evaluated in PM autumn-born calves. Pre-weaning concentrate feeding increased weight gains of TW calves during lactation but not those of EW calves. Overall performance in the finishing phase (150-slaughter) was not affected by any effects. However, early weaning increased the dressing percentage whereas pre-weaning concentrate feeding shortened the length of the finishing phase and increased the economic margin. Non-supplemented, TW calves had the lowest economic margin.
In Experiment 3, the effect of age at weaning and breed were studied in autumn-born PM and Pirenaica (Pi) calves, that were either early (d 90) or traditionally weaned (d 150). Age at weaning improved weight gains between weaning dates, and carcass conformation score, but it did not affect the economic margin. Concerning the breed effect, PM calves were heavier at 90 and 150 d. However, overall performance in the finishing period did not differ between breeds. On the other hand, carcass quality and some meat characteristics were affected by the breed, with Pi calves presenting better carcass quality, which led to a higher economic margin.
In Experiment 4, PM and Pi calves involved in Experiment 3 were used to study the stress response of calves to weaning and their reactions to humans. Age at weaning had no major effects on the stress response to weaning or fear to humans. On the other hand, Pi calves were more reactive than PM calves to the stress of weaning and human presence.
The technical and economical results obtained with the different management strategies (age at weaning and pre-weaning concentrate feeding) tested in this thesis can provide technical basis to help the beef cattle farmer in decision-making, in order to adapt farm management to changing conditions.

Sensory and nutritional quality are key elements for consumers, providing added value to agri-food products. However, there is a general perception that horticultural products have lost their quality, especially their taste. Landraces have an identity associated with a specific area and historical origin, and are adapted to local conditions, both environmental (soil and climate) and crop management (generally low inputs). Nevertheless, they present a medium-low yield, resulting in a progressive replacement by improved varieties with high yields when cultivated in high-input systems. The landraces that remain in commerce are those which have found a high-quality niche market where consumers’ interests go beyond the price. The survival of landraces depends on their distinctive qualities, as in the case of calçots (the immature floral stems of second-year sprouts of onions (Allium cepa L.)). Calçots are typical of Catalonia, specifically from counties in the province of Tarragona where the European Union has designated them with the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI): Calçot de Valls. The calçot market is in constant evolution and expansion, and its cultivation extended beyond its traditional area many years ago. The quality attributed to a product should be objective and measurable, in order to make its control a routine. The determination of food sensory and nutritional qualities (the most relevant qualities for consumers) presents some limitations, especially when a large number of samples needs to be tested. This necessitates the search for alternative methodologies to measure food quality in the fastest and most efficient way. For example, NIR (Near Infrared) spectroscopy presents some advantages in comparison with conventional analytical methods: multi-analyte, speed, low cost, no reagents, etc. The objective of this thesis, structured around four articles, is to develop knowledge and tools to improve and control the nutritional and sensory qualities of calçots, with the aim of providing an identification based on those two characteristics in the Calçot de Valls. Nutritional properties of calçots are similar to those previously reported in onion bulbs, despite the fact that the part of the plant consumed is different. As happens with other vegetables, the cooking process has an important impact on the calçots’ composition, increasing most of the parameters tested, and decreasing others like total phenols or, more drastically, flavonoids, with an 85% loss. The environmental influence was found to be higher than genetic influence when only considering accessions from the Blanca Tardana de Lleida onion landrace (the only one authorized by the PGI). This result suggests to prioritize management optimization over plant breeding programs to increase quality. However, when considering three other onion varieties, the genetic variability sharply increases, as do the expected advances in plant breeding introducing new variability via cross-breeds between varieties. It would be feasible to use NIR spectroscopy to test the nutritional and sensory properties of calçots, while facilitating the management of a large number of samples. The accuracy of models developed to estimate chemical properties was between good and excellent (RPD (Ratio of Performance to Deviation) between 1.99 and 8.07). Although the developed models to estimate sensory attributes are less accurate (RPD between 1.41 and 1.78), NIR spectroscopy can help to detect those samples that differ substantially from the ideotype (high sweetness, low fiber perception and the absence of off-flavors), as a first screening in plant breeding programs or in the elimination of outliers in quality control.
La qualitat sensorial i nutricional són aspectes importants per al consumidor actual i donen valor afegit als productes agroalimentaris. Hi ha però, una percepció generalitzada que la qualitat, especialment el gust, dels productes hortofructícoles s’ha anat deteriorant. Les varietats tradicionals tenen una identitat reconeguda associada a una localització específica i un origen històric, amb una bona adaptació a condicions locals (tant a les edafoclimàtiques, com als sistemes tradicionals de cultiu, que solen ser de baixos inputs). Aquestes tenen però, un rendiment mitjà-baix, el que ha provocat la seva progressiva substitució per varietats millorades, molt més productives en cultius amb elevats inputs. Per això, la majoria de les varietats tradicionals que romanen en el comerç són aquelles que han trobat un nínxol de mercat amb demandes de característiques especials, mes enllà del preu. La seva supervivència passa doncs per tenir qualitats distintives, com és el cas dels calçots (tiges florals immadures de la ceba (Allium cepa L.)). Els calçots són un cultiu típic de Catalunya, en concret de les comarques de Tarragona, on hi tenen atorgada una marca de qualitat europea: la Indicació Geogràfica Protegida (IGP) Calçot de Valls. El mercat del calçot està en constant evolució i expansió, i fa anys que la seva producció s’ha estès també fora de la zona tradicional del cultiu. La qualitat que s’atribueix a un producte, hauria de ser objectiva i mesurable, per poder convertir el seu control en rutinari. La determinació del valor sensorial i nutricional dels aliments (dues de les qualitats més rellevants pels consumidors) presenta però una sèrie de limitacions, en especial quan el nombre de mostres a avaluar és elevat. Això fa necessari buscar mètodes alternatius que permetin quantificar la qualitat de manera més ràpida i eficient. Per exemple, l’espectroscòpia d’infraroig proper (NIR, Near Infrared) presenta avantatges en comparació amb els mètodes analítics convencionals: multi-analit, rapidesa, baix cost, sense reactius, etc. Amb la finalitat que el Calçot de Valls es pugui identificar tant per les seves característiques sensorials com nutricionals, aquesta tesi, estructurada en quatre articles, té l’objectiu de desenvolupar coneixement i eines per a la millora i control d’aquestes dues qualitats en els calçots. Les característiques nutricionals del calçot han resultat ser similars a les descrites en ceba, malgrat la part que s’aprofita de la planta sigui diferent. Com passa amb altres vegetals, la cocció té un fort impacte sobre la composició del calçot, incrementant el contingut de molts dels compostos estudiats, però disminuint d’altres com els fenols totals o, de manera dràstica, els flavonoides amb una pèrdua d’un 85%. La variabilitat fenotípica atribuïble a l’ambient ha estat superior a la genètica dins del tipus varietal ceba Blanca Tardana de Lleida (l’única autoritzada per la IGP). Això suggereix prioritzar la millora del maneig a la millora genètica intra-varietal si es vol incrementar la qualitat. No obstant, si considerem tres altres varietats de ceba, la variabilitat genètica s’amplia molt i, per tant, també les possibilitats de fer millora introduint nova variabilitat a través d’encreuaments. L’espectroscòpia NIR s’ha mostrat com una alternativa viable en l’avaluació de la qualitat nutricional i sensorial del calçot, facilitant l’anàlisi d’un nombre elevat de mostres. Per a els caràcters químics el nivell de predicció dels models ha estat entre bona i excel·lent (RPD (Ratio of Performance to Deviation) entre 1,99 i 8,07). Pel que fa a la predicció de caràcters sensorials, malgrat els models desenvolupats presenten un nivell de predicció inferior (RPD entre 1,41 i 1,78), aquets són capaços de discernir les mostres que més s’allunyen de l’idiotip establert (dolçor elevada, baixa fibrositat i absència de gustos estranys) facilitant un primer cribatge en millora, o eliminació de fora-tipus en el control de qualitat.

La nutrition est l'ensemble des processus par lesquels un être vivant transforme des aliments pour assurer son fonctionnement. Etudier la nutrition d’un organisme permet de comprendre les rapports entre la nourriture consommée et la santé de l’individu. L'ensemble des organes assurant l'extraction d'énergie est le système digestif, qui transforme les sucres en glucose, les corps gras en acides gras, et les protéines en acides aminés. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’influence que peut avoir la nutrition pollinique sur la santé de l’abeille domestique, Apis mellifera L.. Pour assurer cette nutrition, l’abeille est inféodée aux ressources florales. Du pollen récolté sur les plantes à fleurs, l’organisme puise les corps gras (ou lipides), les vitamines et les protéines. Or l’accès à ces ressources est variable en qualité, en quantité, et en diversité selon le temps et le milieu. Des problèmes de mortalités et affaiblissements des colonies sont observés depuis une vingtaine d’années, et l’une des causes suspectées est le manque de disponibilité et la faible valeur nutritionnelle des ressources polliniques en zones agricoles céréalières. Nous avons donc testé en conditions contrôlées les effets de la quantité, la qualité et la diversité pollinique sur la physiologie d’abeilles nourrices, sur leur immunité, ainsi que sur leur survie. La nutrition jouant un rôle essentiel dans la prévention de nombreuses maladies, les effets de l’alimentation pollinique ont été déterminés en présence ou non d’un stresseur biotique, Nosema ceranae, dont la prévalence dans les colonies est très élevée. Il s’agit d’une microsporidie invasive qui se développe dans l’intestin de son hôte, provoquant divers effets sublétaux et létaux. Etant donné que la valeur nutritionnelle d’un aliment dépend de sa composition mais aussi de sa digestibilité, une troisième partie porte sur l’influence que peut avoir le stresseur sur les capacités de digestion des protéines contenues dans le pollen par l’abeille. Nos résultats apportent des connaissances sur l’impact d’une déplétion en pollen que peuvent subir les colonies dans un paysage d’agriculture intensive. En effet, des abeilles carencées à plus ou moins 60 %, comme cela peut être observé entre deux cultures à floraison massives, subissent des perturbations au niveau individuel (perturbations du développement physiologique des abeilles nourrices, diminution de leur survie), ce qui peut les rendre moins performantes et plus sensibles aux stress présents dans l’environnement. De plus, nous avons pu démontrer que la valeur nutritionnelle des pollens, influence la tolérance des abeilles à Nosema ceranae. La qualité d’un pollen se définit par sa composition chimique totale (protéines, acides aminés, lipides, vitamines, sucres, etc…), et non pas uniquement par sa teneur en protéines ou acides aminés essentiels. Notre étude met d’ailleurs en évidence l’effet négatif d’une alimentation à base de pollen de maïs sur le développement des glandes hypopharyngiennes, l’expression du gène de la vitellogénine, et la survie des abeilles. Au regard de la présence élevée de cette culture dans les zones d’agriculture intensive et sa haute exploitation par les butineuses, nos résultats sont discutés en fonction des répercussions envisagées sur les colonies. Dans ces milieux, la diversité des ressources polliniques, par l’apport de pollens de qualité, compense la pauvreté nutritionnelle d’autres pollens. Dans nos conditions, nous pouvons observer la plus-value d’une alimentation pollinique polyflorale chez des abeilles infestées par Nosema. Les mesures agro-écologiques œuvrant pour régulariser dans le temps les apports polliniques aux colonies, et pour leur offrir une diversité alimentaire participent donc à renforcer leur capacité à lutter contre les stress présents dans l’environnement
Nutrition is the set of processes by which a living organism transforms food for its functions. Studying nutrition allows to understanding the relationship between food intake and health of the individual. All organs for extracting energy are the digestive system, which converts sugars into glucose, fats into fatty acids, and proteins into amino acids. The objective of this study is to determine the possible influence of pollen nutrition on the honeybee health, Apis mellifera L. To ensure that nutrition, the bee is subservient to floral resources. Of pollen collected from the flowering plants, the body draws fats (or lipids), vitamins and proteins. Access to these resources is variable in quality, quantity, and diversity depending on the time and the environment. Problems of mortality and weakening of colonies are observed for some twenty years, and one of the suspected causes is the lack of availability and low nutritional value of pollen resources in agricultural areas. We therefore tested under controlled conditions the effects of quantity, quality and diversity of pollen on nurse worker physiology and on their immunity, as well as their survival. Nutrition plays a vital role in the prevention of many diseases, the effects of pollen diet were determined in the presence or absence of a biotic stressor, Nosema ceranae, whose prevalence in the colonies is very high. It is an invasive microsporidia that develops in the intestine of its host, causing various sublethal and lethal effects. Since the nutritional value of a food depends on its composition but also its digestibility, a third part focuses on the possible influence of the stressor on bee ability digestion of the proteins provided by the pollen.Our results provide knowledge on the impact of pollen depletion that may undergo the colonies in an intensive agricultural landscape. Indeed, bees starved to roughly 60%, as can be observed between two cultures massive flowering undergo disturbances at individual level (disturbances of nurse worker physiological development, reduced survival), which may make them less efficient and more susceptible to stress from the environment. In addition, we demonstrated that the nutritional value of pollen influences the Nosema ceranae‘s bee tolerance. The pollen quality is determined by the total chemical composition (proteins, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, sugars, etc ...), not only by its content of essential amino acids or proteins. Our study also demonstrated the negative effect of a diet based on maize pollen on hypopharyngeal glands development, the vitellogenin gene expression, and the bee survival. In view of the high presence of this culture in intensive agriculture areas and high exploitation by foragers, our results are discussed in terms of their impact on the proposed settlements. In these environments, the diversity of pollen resources by providing pollen of quality compensates nutritional poverty of other pollens. In our conditions, we can observe the gain of power of a polyfloral pollen in Nosema infested bees. Agro-ecological measures working to regularize, in time, the pollen contributions to the colonies, and to provide them with food diversity thus participate in building their capacity to fight against stress in the environment

Motiviert durch die Zunahme der weltweiten Nachfrage nach hochwertigen Humusstoffen wurde am Institut für Holz- und Pflanzenchemie ein neuartiger Humusersatzstoff entwickelt. Dieses N-modifizierte Produkt wird auf Basis eines patentierten Normaldruckverfahrens der oxidativen Ammonolyse (OA) aus ligninhaltigen Ausgangssubstanzen, im vorliegenden Fall Lausitzer Braunkohle, hergestellt. Ziel war, die bisher vorliegenden Erkenntnisse der strukturellen Eigenschaften solcher Humusstoffe zu erweitern. Im Fokus standen die Gehalte und Charakteristik der Huminstofffraktionen (Humine, Humin- und Fulvosäuren). Der Stickstoff und die Art seines Einbaus in die organische Substanz spielt hierbei eine besondere Rolle. Für die Huminstoffisolierung kam die hinsichtlich der Ausbeuten und des Zeitaufwandes optimierte IHSS-Methode zum Einsatz. Wesentliche Merkmale N-modifizierter Substanzen sind erhöhte Huminsäurengehalte, zeitlich differenziert wirksame N-Bindungsformen und damit eine Diversifizierung der Funktionalität. Zusätzlich mit dem geringen Aschegehalt unterscheidet dies N-modifizierte Lausitzer Braunkohle von anderen auf Braunkohlebasis erzeugten Bodenverbesserungsmitteln des Marktes. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Huminsäuren hinsichtlich der Bereitstellung von Stickstoff und Funktionalität (z.B. Austauscherplätze) eine Schlüsselrolle einnehmen. Die Veränderungen durch die OA basieren stofflich auf der Bildung regenerierter Huminsäuren und chemisch u.a. auf der oxidativen Ringspaltung von Aromaten an nicht veretherten phenolischer OH-Gruppen von Methoxyphenolstrukturen. Dabei ist diese Reaktion entgegen früherer Annahmen nicht an eine Demethoxylierung gebunden und erfordert auch keine verschärften Reaktionsbedingungen (z.B. erhöhter Druck). Diese und weitere Reaktionsmechanismen führen zu ammoniumartig, amidartig und fest organisch gebundenen N-Bindungsformen. 15N-NMR-Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an einem 15N-angereicherten Produkt, Py-GC/MS-Untersuchungen und nasschemische Experimente zeigen, dass in der Vergangenheit die Bedeutung heterocyclischer, insbesondere heteroaromatischer N-Bindungsformen überschätzt wurde. Amidartiger Stickstoff präsentiert sich dabei als außerordentlich heterogen hinsichtlich seiner Hydrolysestabilität bzw. Pflanzenverfügbarkeit. Für die effektive Beurteilung möglicher Ausgangssubstanzen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für die Herstellung von Humusdüngestoffen nach dem Prinzip der OA kann der Huminsäurengehalt herangezogen werden. Er wird mit Hilfe eines degradativen Verfahrens ermittelt. Die mit dem Huminsäurengehalt in Verbindung stehenden Stoffeigenschaften von Kohlen korrelieren gut mit dem N-Einbau. Aus Sicht der Verfahrensführung hängt die Intensität des N-Einbaus eng mit dem Oxidationsregime zusammen. Durch Anwendung von reinem Sauerstoff anstelle von Luft als sehr einfach und günstig zu realisierende Maßnahme kann die Reaktionszeit halbiert werden.
The development of a novel artificial humus material at the Institute of Wood- and Plant Chemistry was accounted by the increasing demand for high grade humic matter. This N-modified product base on a patented ambient pressure technology of the oxidative ammonolysis. of lignin containing substances, in particular Lusitian lignite. Objective of the work was to broadening the current knowledge of structural properties with focus on the contents and characteristics of humic substances fractions (humins, humic acids, fulvic acids). Especially attention was given to nitrogen and its way of incorporation into organic matter. For isolating humic substances the IHSS method was used. The procedure was adapted in order to increase the yield of humic acids and decrease time needed. Main characteristics of N-modified substances are higher contents of humic acids and subtly differenciateted effective N-binding forms with leads to higher diversity of the chemical functionality. This and the low ash content makes the differences to other brown coal based soil improving agents available on the marked. It has been shown that humic acids give the main part providing nitrogen and functionality (e.g. cation exchange capacity). The oxidative ammonolysis leads to regenerated humic acids as well as e.g. the clevage of aromatic structures by reactions of free phenolic groups. In contrast to former assumptions the cleavage is not strongly related to demethoxylation or strong reaction conditions like high pressure. This and other reactions lead to short, middle, and long lasting N-binding forms. 15N-NMR-spectroscopic investigations on a 15N-enriched product, Py-GC/MS-investigations and conventional investigations show an overestimation of heterocyclic, in particular heteroaromatic N-binding forms up to now. Consequently amide like nitrogen reveals as extraordinary according to its persistent behaviour to hydrolysis and plant availability respectively. Corresponding the correlation of the N-incorporation and humic acid content of raw materials the latter can be used for evaluating possible raw material for its usage for N-modification. It can be easy obtained in a degratadive way. From the process engineering point of view the success of N-incorporating is strongly correlated to the oxidation conditions during processing. Using pure oxygen instead of air shorts the needed reaction at 50%.

Die phytotoxisch wirkende Trichloressigsäure (TCA) wurde bis in die 1980er Jahre in Form von Natriumtrichloracetat (TCAA- Na) als Herbizid in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft eingesetzt. Mittlerweile ist die Verwendung von TCA als Herbizid aufgrund unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen auf Nutzpflanzen in den meisten europäischen Ländern und vielen weiteren Staaten der Erde untersagt. Tetrachlorethen (PER) gehört zur Stoffgruppe der leichtflüchtigen Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe (LCKW) und findet weltweit hauptsächlich als Entfettungs- und Reinigungsmittel in der metallverarbeitenden sowie chemischen Industrie Anwendung. Darüber hinaus kommen Altlasten, wie z.B. die im Landkreis Bitterfeld (Sachsen- Anhalt) gelegene Deponie Grube Antonie als anthropogene Flächenquelle von PER- Emissionen in Betracht. Die Grube Antonie verfügt über ein sehr großes Inventar sowohl an LCKW als auch an TCA und ist u.a. von Pioniergehölzen, wie der Birke (Betula pendula ROTH), besiedelt. PER wird unter bestimmten physikochemischen Bedingungen in der Atmosphäre zu TCA abgebaut. Darüber hinaus ist mittlerweile bekannt, daß PER nach stomatärer bzw. cuticulärer Resorption in der Blatt- bzw. Nadelmatrix von Pflanzen in Anwesenheit von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) u.a. zu phytotoxischer TCA metabolisiert werden kann. Aufgrund dieser biogenen TCA- Bildung wird PER auch in Verbindung mit neuartigen Waldschäden gebracht. Sowohl regionale als auch weltweit durchgeführte Untersuchungen zeigten, daß besonders Nadelgehölze, wie die Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) z.T. hohe TCA- Gehalte in den Nadeln akkumulieren. Während in den letzten Jahren der Kenntnisstand hinsichtlich der natürlichen und anthropogenen TCA- Quellen immer mehr zunahm, ist über die schädigende Wirkung von TCA sowie ihrer Präcursoren (wie z.B. PER) auf Wild- und Forstpflanzen bisher nur wenig bekannt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, anhand von ökotoxikologischen Untersuchungen sowie pflanzenphysiologischen (Chl a - Fluoreszenz), dendrologischen und biochemischen Meßmethoden zu prüfen, ob von Tetrachlorethen (PER) und dessen Metabolit Trichloressigsäure (TCA) ein phytototoxisches Risiko, insbesondere für die Baumarten Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) und Birke (Betula pendula ROTH), ausgeht. Zur Erfüllung der Zielstellung wurden Monitoringuntersuchungen an PER/TCA- belasteten Birken, Untersuchungen zur Aufnahme, Akkumulation und Wirkung von über den Boden/Wurzel- Pfad appliziertem TCAA bei Kiefer sowie mehrjährige Untersuchungen zur PER- Applikation über den Luftpfad in Expositionskammern, zur Bildung und Akkumulation von TCA und zu PER/TCA- induzierten Wirkungen an Birken und Kiefern durchgeführt.

Das Wurzelwachstum von Winterweizen wurde erfasst und modelliert, um teilflächenspezifisches Boden- und Düngemanagement zu verbessern. Die Variation von Wurzellängendichten im Feld wurde über zwei Vegetationsperioden hinweg an zwei unterschiedlichen Standorten in Ostdeutschland untersucht. Zur Auswertungserleichterung der hohen Anzahl an Wurzelproben, wurde eine halbautomatische Methode zur Bildanalyse von Wurzeln entwickelt. Der Einfluss von Änderungen bezüglich Bodenwasserstatus und Bodendichte bzw. Durchdringungswiderstand auf das Wurzelwachstum wurde untersucht. Die erhobenen Felddaten dienten gleichzeitig dazu, die Bodenwasser- und Wurzelwachstumsberechnung des Modells CERES-Wheat zu validieren. Das Modell simulierte die unterschiedlichen Bodeneigenschaften sowie die Wurzellängendichten und Bodenwassergehalte nur unzureichend. Der Effekt von Änderungen der Niederschlagsmengen auf die Simulationen von Wurzellängendichten und Bodenwassergehalten wurde anhand einer Unsicherheitsanalyse getestet und war extrem gering. Des Weiteren wurde eine Methode für praktische Zwecke entwickelt, mit der die Generierung von räumlich hoch aufgelösten Bodeninformationen unter Verwendung limitierter Eingangsdaten möglich ist. Die Modellkalkulationen basieren auf der Dempster-Shafer-Theorie. Anhand von multitemporal und multimodal erfassten Bodenleitfähigkeitsdaten, die Eingangsdaten für den Modellansatz sind, wurden Bodentypen und Texturklassen bestimmt. Das Modell generiert eine digitale Bodenkarte, die flächenhafte Informationen über Bodentypen und Bodeneigenschaften enthält. Die Validation der Bodenkarte mit zusätzlich erhobenen Bodeninformationen ergab gute bis sehr gute Ergebnisse.
Winter wheat root growth was measured and modelled to improve site-specific soil and fertilizer management in commercial wheat fields. Field variations in root length densities were analysed at two contrasting sites in East-Germany during two vegetation seasons. A semi-automated root analysing method was developed to facilitate analyses of large numbers of samples. Influences of variations in soil water states, bulk densities and penetration resistances on spatial distributions of roots were quantified. Differences in soil characteristics were large between the two sites and affected root growth considerably. The same field data was used for validating the soil moisture and root growth calculations of the widely applied growth model CERES-Wheat. Simulations of root length densities, soil physical properties and soil water contents were inadequate. The effects of changes of rainfall variabilities on simulated root length densities and soil water contents were tested by uncertainty analysis but were negligible low. A methodology for generating soil information for practical management purposes at a high degree of spatial resolution using limited input information was developed. The corresponding model calculations were carried out based on the Dempster and Shafer theorem. Soil types and texture classes were determined with multimodally and multitemporally captured data of soil electrical conductivities which are required input data of the new model approach. The model generates a digital map with extensive information of spatial variations in soil properties. The validation of the generated soil map with soil data from independent measurements yielded close correlation between measured and calculated values.

In Deutschland nimmt der Anbau von Bleichspargel (Asparagus officinalis L.) sechzehn Prozent der Gesamtgemüseanbaufläche ein. Die Qualitätssicherung von Spargel, insbesondere aber von geschältem (Convenience-) Spargel stellt wegen der hohen Stoffwechselaktivität nach der Ernte eine Herausforderung dar. Insbesondere gilt es, die Textur und die Inhaltsstoffe vor qualitätsmindernden Veränderungen und verderbsförderndem Pilzbefall zu bewahren. Als Verpackung dienen in der Regel Folienverpackungen, die aber oft für das empfindliche Gemüseprodukt nicht geeignet sind. Daher wurde der Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Folienverpackungen (vier Polypropylenfolien, zwei biologisch abbaubare Folien und ein Oberflächencoating) mit unterschiedlicher Permeabilität für Sauerstoff und Kohlendioxid auf die Veränderungen der Qualitätsparameter ( Farbe, Textur, Frischmasse, Trockensubstanz, Gerüstkohlenhydrate ( Pectine, Lignin, Hemicellulose, Cellulose, Saccharose, Fructose, Glucose) von nicht geschälten und geschälten Spargel unmittelbar nach der Ernte und nochmals nach drei (bzw. vier) Lagertagen (2°C, 10°C, 20°C Lagertemperatur) ermittelt. Direkt nach der Ernte und nach drei Lagertagen wurde bei 10°C und 20°C Lagertemperatur die Kontamination mit Pilzen und der eventuell damit verbundene Gehalt an Fumonisin B1 geprüft. Die Lagertemperatur von 10°C (2 d Lagerdauer) erwies sich als geeignet zur Qualitätserhaltung von Convenience – Spargel. Bei 2°C und 20°C geschältem Spargel waren die Pectinfraktionen, bei nicht geschältem Spargel war der Hemicellulosegehalt Veränderungen unterworfen. Die Veränderungen dieser Qualitätsparameter waren mit den Veränderungen der Textur korreliert. Die Spargelspitze ist bei der Lagerung (2°C und 20°C) stoffwechselaktiver, als die restliche Spargelstange. Es zeigte sich, dass das Verhältnis von O2 zu CO2 (RQ) in der Verpackungsfolie signifikanten Einfluss auf die Qualitätsparameter von geschältem Spargel ausübte. Die geringsten stoffwechselphysiologischen Veränderungen wurden bei einem RQ von 0,65 festgestellt. Folienverpackungen mit RQ von 0,03-0,65 hatten sich für das endophytische Pilzwachstum als hemmend erwiesen. Das Mykotoxin Fumonisin B1 wurden in gesundheitlich unbedenklichen Mengen (< 1,67 mg * kg TS-1) in nicht gelagerten und in gelagerten Spargelstangen nachgewiesen.
The production area of white asparagus comprises 16 % of all vegetable crops in Germany. The economic important asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is known for its high quality loss in postharvest. In order to protect convenience asparagus, i.e. fresh-cut peeled white asparagus from rapid deterioration in respect to phytopathological fungi, nutritive and sensory compounds the commercial use of film packaging might be an important tool. However, the film packaging materials used commercially do often not fulfil product physiological concerns. Therefore, the influence of different film packaging materials (four polypropylene-films, two biological degradable films and one coating) with different permeabilities for CO2 and O2 was investigated for unpeeled and peeled white asparagus during storage (2, 3, and 4 days) at temperatures of 2°C, 10°C, 20°C. Changes in the following quality attributes were studied: colour, texture, fresh weight, dry weight, structural carbohydrates (pectic substances, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose), mono- and disaccharides (fructose, glucose, sucrose). Moreover, at harvest and after three days of storage the contamination with fungi and the content of the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 was observed. The tests for contamination of fungi were conducted with slight nutrient agar (SNA) for seven days at 20°C under 14 h UV light and 10 h darkness (Nirenberg, 1976) Quality changes were most inhibited at a storage temperature of 10°C for two days. The ratio of O2 to CO2 (RQ) within the film packaging had a pronounced effect on the quality attributes of peeled asparagus. Changes in dry weight, fresh weight, lignin content were low at a RQ of 0,65 (P-Plus 2 film), whereas the water-soluble/insoluble pectin ratio (1 : 0,8) remained constant during the entire storage period. A low correlation was found between texture and hemicellulose, glucose, sucrose and the ratio of water-soluble to insoluble pectin. The meristematic zone of the asparagus tip revealed a higher metabolic activity than other morphological parts of the spear. Endophytic fungi, e.g. Fusarium spp., a precursor of mycotoxin, was found in control asparagus spears. During storage, the development of Fusarium spp. could be inhibited by all film packaging revealing a RQ of 0,003 - 0,65. The mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 occurred in all asparagus spears (control and stored spears), however the content (< 1,67 mg * kg TS -1) did not reach health risk threshold values.

Motiviert durch die Zunahme der weltweiten Nachfrage nach hochwertigen Humusstoffen wurde am Institut für Holz- und Pflanzenchemie ein neuartiger Humusersatzstoff entwickelt. Dieses N-modifizierte Produkt wird auf Basis eines patentierten Normaldruckverfahrens der oxidativen Ammonolyse (OA) aus ligninhaltigen Ausgangssubstanzen, im vorliegenden Fall Lausitzer Braunkohle, hergestellt. Ziel war, die bisher vorliegenden Erkenntnisse der strukturellen Eigenschaften solcher Humusstoffe zu erweitern. Im Fokus standen die Gehalte und Charakteristik der Huminstofffraktionen (Humine, Humin- und Fulvosäuren). Der Stickstoff und die Art seines Einbaus in die organische Substanz spielt hierbei eine besondere Rolle. Für die Huminstoffisolierung kam die hinsichtlich der Ausbeuten und des Zeitaufwandes optimierte IHSS-Methode zum Einsatz. Wesentliche Merkmale N-modifizierter Substanzen sind erhöhte Huminsäurengehalte, zeitlich differenziert wirksame N-Bindungsformen und damit eine Diversifizierung der Funktionalität. Zusätzlich mit dem geringen Aschegehalt unterscheidet dies N-modifizierte Lausitzer Braunkohle von anderen auf Braunkohlebasis erzeugten Bodenverbesserungsmitteln des Marktes. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Huminsäuren hinsichtlich der Bereitstellung von Stickstoff und Funktionalität (z.B. Austauscherplätze) eine Schlüsselrolle einnehmen. Die Veränderungen durch die OA basieren stofflich auf der Bildung regenerierter Huminsäuren und chemisch u.a. auf der oxidativen Ringspaltung von Aromaten an nicht veretherten phenolischer OH-Gruppen von Methoxyphenolstrukturen. Dabei ist diese Reaktion entgegen früherer Annahmen nicht an eine Demethoxylierung gebunden und erfordert auch keine verschärften Reaktionsbedingungen (z.B. erhöhter Druck). Diese und weitere Reaktionsmechanismen führen zu ammoniumartig, amidartig und fest organisch gebundenen N-Bindungsformen. 15N-NMR-Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an einem 15N-angereicherten Produkt, Py-GC/MS-Untersuchungen und nasschemische Experimente zeigen, dass in der Vergangenheit die Bedeutung heterocyclischer, insbesondere heteroaromatischer N-Bindungsformen überschätzt wurde. Amidartiger Stickstoff präsentiert sich dabei als außerordentlich heterogen hinsichtlich seiner Hydrolysestabilität bzw. Pflanzenverfügbarkeit. Für die effektive Beurteilung möglicher Ausgangssubstanzen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für die Herstellung von Humusdüngestoffen nach dem Prinzip der OA kann der Huminsäurengehalt herangezogen werden. Er wird mit Hilfe eines degradativen Verfahrens ermittelt. Die mit dem Huminsäurengehalt in Verbindung stehenden Stoffeigenschaften von Kohlen korrelieren gut mit dem N-Einbau. Aus Sicht der Verfahrensführung hängt die Intensität des N-Einbaus eng mit dem Oxidationsregime zusammen. Durch Anwendung von reinem Sauerstoff anstelle von Luft als sehr einfach und günstig zu realisierende Maßnahme kann die Reaktionszeit halbiert werden
The development of a novel artificial humus material at the Institute of Wood- and Plant Chemistry was accounted by the increasing demand for high grade humic matter. This N-modified product base on a patented ambient pressure technology of the oxidative ammonolysis. of lignin containing substances, in particular Lusitian lignite. Objective of the work was to broadening the current knowledge of structural properties with focus on the contents and characteristics of humic substances fractions (humins, humic acids, fulvic acids). Especially attention was given to nitrogen and its way of incorporation into organic matter. For isolating humic substances the IHSS method was used. The procedure was adapted in order to increase the yield of humic acids and decrease time needed. Main characteristics of N-modified substances are higher contents of humic acids and subtly differenciateted effective N-binding forms with leads to higher diversity of the chemical functionality. This and the low ash content makes the differences to other brown coal based soil improving agents available on the marked. It has been shown that humic acids give the main part providing nitrogen and functionality (e.g. cation exchange capacity). The oxidative ammonolysis leads to regenerated humic acids as well as e.g. the clevage of aromatic structures by reactions of free phenolic groups. In contrast to former assumptions the cleavage is not strongly related to demethoxylation or strong reaction conditions like high pressure. This and other reactions lead to short, middle, and long lasting N-binding forms. 15N-NMR-spectroscopic investigations on a 15N-enriched product, Py-GC/MS-investigations and conventional investigations show an overestimation of heterocyclic, in particular heteroaromatic N-binding forms up to now. Consequently amide like nitrogen reveals as extraordinary according to its persistent behaviour to hydrolysis and plant availability respectively. Corresponding the correlation of the N-incorporation and humic acid content of raw materials the latter can be used for evaluating possible raw material for its usage for N-modification. It can be easy obtained in a degratadive way. From the process engineering point of view the success of N-incorporating is strongly correlated to the oxidation conditions during processing. Using pure oxygen instead of air shorts the needed reaction at 50%

El presente trabajo está justificado por la necesidad real constatada por las empresas hortofrutícolas de mejorar la calidad de la lechuga Iceberg en vistas a su exportación a los países de la Unión Europea y, también, con el propósito de conocer el comportamiento fisiológico de esta hortaliza cultivada en la comarca del Campo de Cartagena de la Región de Murcia (España). La mejora de la calidad hace referencia a conseguir mantenerla desde la cosecha hasta el lugar de consumo, ya que la calidad del producto cosechado suele ser bastante buena. Respecto al comportamiento fisiológico, se ha pretendido conocer el potencial de conservación de la lechuga y el efecto del preenfriamiento y uso de las atmósferas modificadas en el mantenimiento de la calidad. También se han estudiado las alteraciones fisiológicas y microbianas que aparecen en las lechugas del Campo de Cartagena y el efecto de la refrigeración y coadyuvantes durante su almacenamiento. Como un complemento necesa rio al estudio de la calidad, se han determinado las características de permeación a los gases metabólicos de los envases plásticos destinados a la conservación de los productos vegetales en atmósferas modificadas y el comportamiento respiratorio de la lechuga con el fin de obtener una estrategia de diseño de envase que permita conocer las exigencias de este producto en relación al tipo de envasado que requiere. Los resultados han puesto de manifiesto que la lechuga Iceberg cultivada en el Campo de Cartagena es muy sensible a las alteraciones fisiológicas de nervaduras rosáceas y mancha canela sin mediación del etileno, que constituyen los principales problemas en su exportación. La solución planteada pasa por sustituir el envase actual, polipropileno macroperforado, por polipropilenos no perforados, biorientados o de tipo estándar, que han permitido reducir de forma drástica la incidencia de estas dos alteraciones y mantener un mejor aspecto visual incluso tras dos semanas de almacenamiento refrigerado. Si embargo, se debe controlar correctamente la temperatura y mantener la cadena de frío, ya que el envasado de la lechuga en estos polímeros no perforados presenta riesgos de incidencia de otras alteraciones fisiológicas como la mancha parda y el daño del cogollo interior. La reducción de las alteraciones en atmósfera modificada se ha atribuido a los niveles favorables de O2 (no menos del 10% y no más del 15%) y de CO2 (entre el 1 y el 4%) y su efecto beneficioso para frenar el metabolismo combinado con la reducción de la temperatura de refrigeración.
This study was accomplished because of horticultural Spanish companies needed to improve Iceberg lettuce quality to be exported towards the European Community countries and, at the same time, to know the physiological behaviour of this vegetable grown in the Campo de Cartagena area of the Murcia Region (Spain). The quality improvement consists of maintaining the lettuce quality from harvest to consumption, since the lettuce quality was usually quite good at harvest. Regarding to physiological behaviour, in this work it was searched both the lettuce shelf life and the effect of cooling and modified atmosphere packaging on maintaining quality. In the same way, the physiological and microbiological disorders which appeared in the lettuces grown in the Campo de Cartagena and the effect of chilling storage and other techniques were studied. In addition to this quality study, lettuce respiration and metabolic gas permeation throughout polymeric packages for using in modifi ed atmosphere packaging were studied. The data obtained permit to know the film requirements and to design an optimum modified atmosphere packaging for Iceberg lettuce. The results demonstrated that Iceberg lettuce grown in Campo de Cartagena is very sensitive to physiological disorders ‘pink rib’ and ‘russet spotting’ this last one without ethylene releasing. These are the main problems when lettuces are exported. Both non-perforated bioriented polypropylene and standard polypropylene were proposed as alternatives to substitute the conventional macroperforated polypropylene. The gas composition reached within packages with these films permitted to reduce drastically the above mentioned disorders and to maintain the overall quality for periods longer than two weeks under chilling. Both temperature and cold chain must be correctly kept so that no risks of either ‘brown stain’ or ‘heart-leaf injury’ can appear due to an inadequate use of non-perforated films. The disorders red uction was attributed to levels of O2 (between 10 to 15%) and CO2 (between 1 and 4%) within the packages and the favourable effects of those atmospheres combined with the use of chilling storage temperatures on restraining lettuce metabolism.

Klimawandelmodelle sagen für Deutschland sowohl höhere Jahresdurchschnittstemperaturen als auch eine Abnahme von Niederschlägen in den Sommermonaten voraus. Mögliche Konsequenzen für Bäume sind eine verlängerte Vegetationsperiode, ein erhöhtes Spätfrostrisiko und mehr Trockenstress während des Sommers. Diese veränderten Umweltbedingungen könnten zu Veränderungen der Konkurrenzverhältnisse zwischen Baumarten führen. Die Rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica L.) ist eine der wichtigsten Laubbaumarten Mitteleuropas. Daher ist das genetische Anpassungspotential dieser Baumart an den Klimawandel von großem Interesse. In dieser Studie wurden sowohl die neutrale als auch die adaptive genetische Variation der Buche untersucht. Dafür wurde ein Translokationsexperiment mit Nachkommen von Buchenpopulationen, die unter verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen in Norddeutschland wachsen, etabliert. Wiederholte Aufnahmen wichtiger phänotypischer Merkmale (Höhe, Austrieb, Trockenstresssensitivität, Sterblichkeit) zeigten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Populationen. Interessanterweise zeigten Populationen mit einer größeren geographischen Distanz teilweise ähnlichere Phänotypen als benachbarte Populationen. Die neutrale genetische Variation der untersuchten Sämlingspopulationen wurde anhand neun verschiedener Mikrosatellitenmarker analysiert. Zwischen den analysierten Buchenpopulationen wurde nur eine geringe genetische Differenzierung ermittelt. Die genetische Diversität war hoch und statistisch nicht signifikant unterschiedlich von den Altbeständen, aus denen sie stammten. Die hohe genetische Diversität ist eine gute Basis für Adaption, allerdings könnte sie wahrscheinlich nur eine kurzfristige Anpassung an den Klimawandel ermöglichen. Daher ist es wichtig, Einblicke in die genetische Basis von klimawandelrelevanten Merkmalen zu gewinnen. Deshalb wurden in dieser Studie Kandidatengene für das Austriebsverhalten untersucht. Bei der Analyse von Fragmenten von zehn verschiedenen Kandidatengenen wurden 20 Indels und 116 SNPs identifiziert. Insgesamt wurden 46 SNPs erfolgreich zur Genotypisierung von über 1.400 Individuen, die aufgrund ihres Austriebsverhaltens ausgewählt wurden, verwendet. Assoziationsanalysen wurden durchgeführt, um potentiell adaptive SNP-Marker zu identifizieren. Diese ergaben unter einem „generalisierten linearen Modell“ 23 signifikant mit dem Austrieb assoziierte SNPs. Ein zusätzlich verwendetes „gemischtes lineares Modell“ ergab nahezu gleiche Ergebnisse. Die phänotypische Variation, die durch signifikant mit dem Austrieb assoziierte SNPs erklärt wird, war niedrig (R2 < 2,2), aber in Übereinstimmung mit anderen Studien mit Waldbaumarten. Zusätzlich zu den Assoziationsanalysen wurden auch FST-Outlier-Analysen durchgeführt. Diese ergaben sieben verschiedene SNPs, die potentiell unter ausgleichender oder gerichteter Selektion stehen. Insgesamt wurden vier potentiell adaptive SNPs gleichzeitig durch Assoziations- und Outlier-Analysen identifiziert. Diese könnten die höchste Wahrscheinlichkeit aufweisen, an der Ausprägung des Austriebsverhaltens beteiligt zu sein. Allerdings sind viele potentiell adaptive SNPs, die in dieser Studie identifiziert wurden, nicht-kodierend oder synonym und somit nicht die kausativen SNPs, sondern eher gelinkt mit ihnen. Allerdings wurde in dieser Studie ein geringes Kopplungsungleichgewicht (linkage disequilibrium) gefunden. Somit könnten die kausativen SNPs in naher Umgebung liegen. Die in dieser Studie identifizierten potentiell adaptiven SNPs sollten in weiteren Studien mit zusätzlichen Populationen bestätigt werden.

Dott.sa Giovanna Lo Monaco Abstract della tesi di dottorato: Dalla scrittura al gesto: gli scrittori della Neoavanguardia e il teatro Università La Sapienza -Dottorato di ricerca in Italianistica (XXIX ciclo) Il lavoro di ricerca Dalla scrittura al gesto: gli scrittori della Neoavanguardia e il teatro dimostra come il teatro si costituisca come un importante terreno di sperimentazione per la Neoavanguardia italiana e individua gli elementi che compongono il quadro di una comune poetica teatrale al suo interno, con riferimento specifico al Gruppo 63 e a quegli scrittori che non hanno fatto dell’attività teatrale il loro campo operativo principale, ma che dal punto di vista del poeta o del “narratore” si sono posti il problema della scrittura per il teatro. Il periodo preso in considerazione va di conseguenza dal 1959 fino al termine delle attività collettive del Gruppo 63. Nel Capitolo 0 della tesi, che si costituisce come una sorta di preambolo storico al complesso del lavoro, viene presentata una panoramica generale degli spettacoli in cui sono stati messi in scena testi degli scrittori del Gruppo 63 in collaborazione con i protagonisti del Nuovo teatro e si evidenziano i rapporti di attrazione reciproca, ma spesso di difficile collaborazione, tra le due avanguardie, quella letteraria e quella teatrale, attraverso gli studi di storia del teatro e i materiali rinvenuti nei fondi consultati, tra i quali il fondo Giuliani presso il Centro di ricerca di Pavia, il fondo Porta presso l’APICE di Milano, l’archivio Filippini e l’archivio Pagliarani. Viene inoltre evidenziato il ruolo del lavoro critico svolto sulle riviste legate alla Neoavanguardia dimostrando come l’apporto del Gruppo 63 rispetto al dibattito sul teatro in corso negli anni Sessanta sia stato di notevole rilevanza per quel che riguarda i problemi legati al testo drammatico e le modalità della messa in scena. Nel capitolo 1 si delinea in che misura gli scrittori presi in esame si siano posti il problema dello specifico teatrale, e, dunque, il problema della fruizione dell’“opera”, poiché la dimensione teatrale implica, come sottolineato da Pagliarani, la presenza dello spettatore e una dimensione esperienziale e collettiva della fruizione che non si riscontra in altre discipline artistiche. Vengono quindi individuati i principi teorici che strutturano l’elaborazione di un nuovo modello fruitivo, partendo da quello stabilito da Eco in Opera aperta, e analizzata in seguito la forte influenza in questo senso delle poetiche di Brecht e di Artaud, mettendo in evidenza come da un lato lo straniamento e dall’altro la gestualità vocale, dopo essere state preliminarmente assimilate all’interno del lavoro poetico, siano state in un certo senso “riapplicate” al teatro dagli autori del Gruppo, costituendosi come le strategie privilegiate attraverso cui si struttura una nuova forma della comunicazione artistica che punta al coinvolgimento massimo del pubblico stimolando al contempo una risposta critica e attiva da parte dello spettatore, e in opposizione al modello passivo e ipnotico della spettacolarità. Viene indefinitiva dimostrato come la sperimentazione teatrale si sviluppi all’interno del programma di rinnovamento culturale portato avanti dal Gruppo 63 nel senso di una vera e propria verifica delle poetiche già sperimentate nel campo propriamente letterario. Sulla base di queste premesse vengono in seguito esposte le modalità di intersezione interdisciplinare che ne derivano permettendo di comprendere come le sperimentazioni teatrali del Gruppo si inseriscono all’interno di una più generale teoria dell’“opera d’arte totale” che presuppone l’autonomia reciproca tra le discipline in gioco. Il problema delle modalità dai rapporti interdisciplinari si pone non solo nel momento in cui l’opera viene realizzata sulle scene, ma anche nel momento in cui viene propriamente progettata e scritta dall’autore: una delle questioni principali del lavoro consiste infatti nel capire come si pone la letteratura nei confronti della scena, ovvero nel comprendere fino a che punto e in quali termini questi scrittori si vedano e agiscano nei panni del drammaturgo, in un periodo in cui il rapporto tra testo e scena subisce delle forti modificazioni, inserendosi in quel processo definito da Bartolucci come scrittura scenica, che implica la collaborazione e l’interazione tra i diversi “attori” della produzione drammatica, scardinando il primato della drammaturgia resistito fino a quel momento nella pratica teatrale. L’analisi dei testi, condotta nel capitolo 2, mira dunque a evidenziare quale tipo di rapporto il testo voglia istaurare con la scena, analizzando nello specifico le scritture teatrali di alcuni singoli autori e quelle del Gruppo nel suo complesso per metterne in risalto le caratteristiche precipue e gli aspetti comuni sotto questo punto di vista. È stata individuata la natura della proposta drammaturgica mettendo in evidenza l’affinità con la nuova ritmica attuata dai Novissimi e con l’istanza antinaturalistica del romanzo sperimentale, oltre che l’influenza del modello teatrale di Beckett. La ricerca si sofferma in particolare su Pagliarani, Giuliani, Sanguineti, Manganelli e Filippini, ma emerge nel corso del lavoro anche l’importanza della figura di Balestrini, come promotore di un nuovo teatro non tanto e non solo a partire dal proprio specifico di letterato, ma anche come artista “totale”. A partire dal presupposto che l’interartisticità si costituisce come la chiave interpretativa necessaria per affrontare la questione teatrale a proposito della Neoavanguardia, nel capitolo 3 viene approfondito il paradigma dell’intersezione artistica nei suoi aspetti costitutivi attraverso l’analisi delle opere per il Teatro musicale di Pagliarani, Sanguineti e Balestrini, realizzate in collaborazione con importanti rappresentanti della musica atonale come Berio, Fellegara, Gelmetti, Clementi e Paccagnini; la seconda parte del capitolo è invece dedica all’analisi delle modalità di collaborazione con i protagonisti dell’avanguardia teatrale - in particolare Quartucci, Ricci, Gozzi e Dewey - e con alcuni pittori esponenti della Nuova figurazione - Scialoja, Perilli e Novelli - attraverso la ricostruzione dettagliata degli spettacoli collettivi del Gruppo 63 e di alcuni singoli spettacoli tra i più rilevanti, mettendo in evidenza le affinità e le differenze con esperienze internazionali come il Living Theatre o le varie forme dell’happening. Si mette in evidenza, portando a conclusione le premesse del lavoro, come queste sperimentazioni teatrali rispondano in definitiva a una profonda istanza relazionale che riguarda non solo i rapporti tra i letterati e gli artisti, ma anche tra la letteratura e il suo pubblico. Una tabella cronologica degli spettacoli inserita in appendice permette di restituire in maniera sintetica e immediata la mole e la frequenza delle rappresentazioni; in appendice sono state inerite anche le schede teatrografiche dei singoli spettacoli - contenenti informazioni sui testi rappresentati, sugli interpreti, la bibliografia e le fotografie relative - e alcuni testi inediti, teatrali e di poetica autoriale, rinvenuti negli archivi.