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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Kurdish Tales"

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Ababakr, Bahar Saleh, i Mawlud Ibrahim Hassan. "The Justice value in Kurdish folkloric tales". Halabja University Journal 6, nr 3 (30.09.2021): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10390.

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The present study which is entitled “The Justice Value in Kurdish Folkloric Tales” aims to explore the effect of justice in folkloric tales. It attempts to unfold different concepts and aspects pertaining to life through Kurdish folkloric tales. It also tries to find the different types of Kurdish tales, paying special attention to the social values underlying them. The study confirms that tales are an important source of information that serves pedagogical purposes. It also highlights the superiority of justices in social relations as it organizes individuals’ life in the society. The absence of justice is one of the main reasons behind the collapse of the social system in the society.
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qadr Kaka Muhamad, Bushra, i Muhamad Ahmad Saeed. "Aestheticism of narration in Kurdish tales". Halabja University Journal 6, nr 1 (1.04.2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10358.

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Ameen, Sirwan Jabar, i Hunar Anwar Mam sofy. "Analyzing the structure of Kurdish story based on Vladimir Prop's story theory "Chl Kazy" story as an example". Twejer 5, nr 1 (czerwiec 2022): 367–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2251.9.

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Abstract The beginning of theoretic zing the structure of tale roots back to Vladimir Propp. Propp’s theory basis contains a range of unchangeable structure for studying all the stories. In the result of reading a hundred of tales, propp has reached to the result that the tales characters are varied with hailing various actions (Functions). Despite of that, there is a shared structure in the stories. Prop also believes that the activities (functions) of the characters are limited, and according to his estimation are around 31 duties (functions). This study is an attempt for analyzing the structure of Kurdish tale based on the Vladimir propp’s theory. Moreover, this study is attempts to demonstrate the position of Kurdish tale on the basis of the global principles of story. The acquired sample of this study is a story from “Chl cazy”.
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ROSE, Lynn, i Goshan Mohammed KARADAGHı. "Tales From the Dead: Women and Health in a Kurdish Women’s Prison". Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences 21 (31.12.2021): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epess.1040447.

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We conducted interviews with nine women incarcerated in the Sulaimani prison for women. We asked them about their past and present lives, and about their physical and mental health. Neither the prison itself nor the women’s lives bear any resemblance to the way in which prisons, especially Middle Eastern prisons, are portrayed in popular culture and in the media: the inmates had only praise for the prison food, housing, grounds, staff, and policies, they suffered deeply from their severance from kinship; many expressed their suffering somatically. The importance of one’s family role and family identity in Kurdish tradition cannot be overstated, and stripped this identity, the women live in a state of resigned limbo. Relationships between inmates were civil but shallow, and no interviewee revealed any sense of individualism or self-determination that would allow her to start over, remake herself, or build a new life.
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Suleiman, Fehri Omer. "Morphological analysis of the Kurdish legend "Tomatin and Narina Gulbarin" Based on the theory of Vladimir Propp". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, nr 4, 2 (31.07.2023): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.4.2.25.

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Structuralists, in the last century, have sought to obtain narrative maps and specific narrative patterns that can be used to examine folk tales, fairy tales, and legends of nations. After a lot of effort and presentation of various models, among them, Vladimir Propp was able to discover and present a diagram and model by analyzing a hundred Russian fairy tales and legends, which can be used to describe most of the folk tales and stories. Russian and even world fairies were adapted to it. This model and method attracted the attention of many researchers and became the basis of many investigations and researches after him. The story collection Narina Gulbarin is one of the Kurdish folk works that contains ten stories. In this article, an attempt has been made to apply Vladimir Propp's autobiography diagram and his morphological model to the story "Tomatin and Narin Golbarin", which is one of the stories in this collection, in order to determine how Propp's theory is applicable to this story. After the analysis of this story, it was found that the method and pattern of the prop are generally consistent with the diagram of the actions of this story. What is certain is that this legend is consistent with Propp's method and model, and a large number of actions. The actions in the mentioned story are identical to Propp's morphological model. And the main goal of this article is, the adaptation of the prop’s pattern to prove that it is applicable to the legend of "Tomatin and Narina Gulbarin". Another goal of this research is to make more students and researchers familiar with this book and its collection of legends.
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Campos, Pedro Olavo Carregosa. "Nacionalismo e confederalismo democrático no Curdistão: a disputa pelo movimento curdo através do caso do distrito de Shingal | Nationalism and democratic confederalism in Kurdistan: The dispute for the kurdish movement in the Shingal district". Mural Internacional 12 (31.12.2021): e60102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2021.60102.

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Este artigo apresenta um breve panorama da atual disputa pela liderança do movimento nacional curdo entre o KDP iraquiano e o PKK de origem turca, um histórico das organizações, suas profundas diferenças ideológicas e um apresenta como a disputa que se dá no distrito de Shingal ilustra o maior conflito interno da política curda. Palavras-chave: Curdos; Nacionalismo; confederalismo democrático. ABSTRACTThis article presents a brief overview of the current dispute for the leadership of the Kurdish national movement between the Iraqi KDP and the Turkish PKK, a history of the organizations, their deep ideological differences and one presents how the dispute that takes place in the Shingal district illustrates the the greatest internal conflict in Kurdish politics. Keywords: Kurds; Nationalism; democratic confederalism. Recebido em: 30 mai. 2021 | Aceito em: 18 out. 2021.
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Gunter, Michael M. "Constructing Kurdish Statehood in Northern Iraq: The Primacy of Traditional Statecraft over International Law". Maghreb Review 49, nr 1 (2024): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2024.a915899.

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ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the long-running debate between the oft-opposed international legal/political doctrines of self-determination (maintained by the Kurds) and territorial integrity (advocated by Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria) to conclude that the latter trumps the former. The author examines international legal practice regarding the UN, the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, various ICJ decisions regarding former Yugoslavia and Africa, the international legal doctrines of sovereignty, succession and uti possidetis, among others, to reach this conclusion. However, there is nothing in international law that prohibits successful secession as the cases of Eritrea and Kosovo, among others, illustrate. Nevertheless, either the secession must be won in war or accepted peacefully by the original mother state. Neither has occurred in the case of the Kurds. Remedial secession and internal self-determination also offer more flexible interpretations of the applicability of self-determination, but do not constitute international law or detract in any way from the conclusion that territorial integrity takes precedence over self-determination. Thus, international law only plays a secondary role in attempts to solve the Kurdish predicament. Traditional power politics remains the primary solution to the Kurdish predicament. However, by successfully building rudimentary state institutions, the KRG has managed to stake a claim to autonomy and even nascent statehood.
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Weiss, Nerina. "The Many Layers of Moral Outrage". Conflict and Society 4, nr 1 (1.06.2018): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2018.040105.

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This article takes the expressions of moral outrage in an illegal demonstration in Norway as a point of entry to explore how the political unfolds in Kurdish diasporic spaces. The premise for this analysis is that moral outrage among pro-Kurdish activists is an enduring, intergenerational process, the expression of which displays a multitemporality and multidirectionality. In order to explore the many layers of moral outrage this article proposes an analysis along the literature of political ritual and performance, which focuses on signification, symbolism, identity constructions, and the importance of audiences. I argue that Kurdish activists consciously perform their moral outrage to position themselves in relation to their host country, other Kurdish activists in Norway, and the larger transnational Kurdish community in Europe. As such, moral outrage turns out to be central in the enactment of Kurdish diaspora politics.
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Çabuk, Sakine. "A note on the contact between Kurmanji Kurdish and Turkish at lexical and morphological level". International Journal of Bilingualism 23, nr 4 (21.04.2017): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703459.

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Turkish-Kurdish social setting where the Turkish and Kurdish languages are in contact for a long time induces borrowing and change at different levels.This study explores the contact between Kurmanji Kurdish and Turkish that take place at both morphological and lexical level. The data consist of three hours of recordings of family talks on the phone. Corpus analysis of data obtained from audio and video recordings of a family talk on the phone was done. Preliminary findings revealed that verbs are borrowed from Turkish and then integrated into Kurdish. The changes that Turkish borrowed verbs undergo include the integration process of morphological elements and the combination of verbs with light verbs (kirin, bûn) in Kurdish. The change that takes place in the integration process can be explained by interference and long-lasting contact between the two languages. The results are in line with the findings reported by Dorleijn and Bulut who suggested that the influence is mostly unidirectional, which in turn suggests that external language change results in borrowing of some particles and grammatical chunks from Turkish.
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Yesiltas, Ozum. "Understanding Rojava". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 18, nr 3 (1.11.2022): 337–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-10022118.

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Abstract This study critically analyzes representations of Kurdish women fighters in US mainstream media from January 2014 to December 2018. The article argues that the narrative articulated through the presentation of Kurdish women in the US media as “badass” soldiers fighting against the violence and extremism of the Islamic State serves to eschew a deeper understanding of their political and ideological motivations. Although they do not fit into the stereotypical category of oppressed Muslim women in need of saving, Kurdish women too are the subject of misrepresentation in US media in ways similar to the monolithic and essentialized representations of Afghan women in the post-9/11 era or Iranian women following the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The present work questions why this misrepresentation takes place and what renders the representation of Kurdish women Orientalist despite its differences from the previous discursive constitutions of Muslim women in US media.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Kurdish Tales"

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Zadah, Sherin. "Money Talks: Turkey, The Kurdish Regional Government, and the Shaping of a Future Kurdish State". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1566.

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In “Money Talks: Turkey, The Kurdish Regional Government, and the Shaping of a Future Kurdish State”, I aim to explore the puzzle of why Turkey is establishing economic and diplomatic relations with the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) considering its violent conflict with its Kurdish population. I was able to solve this puzzle by collecting and analyzing various works of literature surrounding Turkish foreign policy towards the KRG. Through my research, I learned about the complex and nuanced partnership between the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) and Ankara, and the potential effect this partnership will have on Kurdish statehood. This issue is important because it highlights a controversial debate surrounding minority groups’ right to statehood in the Middle East and points to shifting economic and political dynamics in the Middle East.
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Sulaiman, Ahmed Qahraman. "Enseigner le lexique par les genres de discours : le cas des étudiants de l’Université Salahaddin au Kurdistan d’Irak". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0178.

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En partant d’une question de recherche visant à savoir comment exploiter les genres textuels pour apprendre aux apprenants le lexique français, nous nous affrontons à une problématique centrale en linguistique. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective de recherche en Sciences du langage et en Didactique du Français Langue Étrangère (FLE). En effet, la question de l’apprentissage du lexique par les genres textuels n’a pas encore la place qu’elle mérite dans le cadre des recherches en didactique des langues étrangères, malgré l’intérêt que suscite cette catégorie dans les recherches textuelles et discursives. Notre objectif consiste à étudier la problématique liée à l’apprentissage du lexique français par le biais de la notion de genre textuel avec des apprenants kurdes à l’université au Kurdistan d’Irak. L’analyse textuelle de notre corpus, genre des contes, nous permettra d’envisager les organisations, structures, champs actantiels, sémantiques et lexicaux de l’ensemble de nos contes. En effet, l’objectif de cette analyse consistera à passer d’une analyse textuelle de tous les contes de notre corpus à une analyse de leurs séquences choisies. L’intérêt de cette dernière analyse consistera à réunir un stock d’informations des séquences en question que nous voudrons tester, sous une étude de terrain c’est-à-dire par nos questionnaires ainsi que par notre observation dans les classes de français langue étrangère dans le cadre de l’université du Kurdistan irakien. Le but de cette étude empirique consiste à montrer les liens entre lexique et genres textuels, des liens incontournables pour l’apprentissage du FLE
Starting this research with a question that aims at discovering how to exploit genres of discourse to teach students French vocabulary, we are facing a vital issue in linguistics. This thesis falls within a research perspective of the field of Linguistic Science and Didactics of French as a Foreign Language (FLE). Undeniably, the query of vocabulary learning through literary genres does not draw the focus that it merits within the research of foreign languages didactics, despite the interest that it sparks in literary and discursive research. Our aim is to study the issues related to French vocabulary learning by means of literary genre notion with Kurdish students at a university in Iraqi Kurdistan. Textual analysis of our corpus, the genre of tales, will allow us to consider organizations, structures, actantial, semantic and lexical models of all of the tales. Certainly, the aim of this analysis is to progress from a textual analysis of all of the tales of our corpus to the analysis of their chosen sequences. The interest of the latter will be to compile a stock of information in a field study, about the sequences in question, that we want to test, i.e. through our questionnaires as well as through observation of French as a foreign language classes, at the university in Iraqi Kurdistan. The aim of this empirical study is to show the links between lexicon and textual genres, essential links for the learning of French as a foreign language
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Sulaiman, Ahmed Qahraman. "Enseigner le lexique par les genres de discours : le cas des étudiants de l’Université Salahaddin au Kurdistan d’Irak". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0178.

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En partant d’une question de recherche visant à savoir comment exploiter les genres textuels pour apprendre aux apprenants le lexique français, nous nous affrontons à une problématique centrale en linguistique. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective de recherche en Sciences du langage et en Didactique du Français Langue Étrangère (FLE). En effet, la question de l’apprentissage du lexique par les genres textuels n’a pas encore la place qu’elle mérite dans le cadre des recherches en didactique des langues étrangères, malgré l’intérêt que suscite cette catégorie dans les recherches textuelles et discursives. Notre objectif consiste à étudier la problématique liée à l’apprentissage du lexique français par le biais de la notion de genre textuel avec des apprenants kurdes à l’université au Kurdistan d’Irak. L’analyse textuelle de notre corpus, genre des contes, nous permettra d’envisager les organisations, structures, champs actantiels, sémantiques et lexicaux de l’ensemble de nos contes. En effet, l’objectif de cette analyse consistera à passer d’une analyse textuelle de tous les contes de notre corpus à une analyse de leurs séquences choisies. L’intérêt de cette dernière analyse consistera à réunir un stock d’informations des séquences en question que nous voudrons tester, sous une étude de terrain c’est-à-dire par nos questionnaires ainsi que par notre observation dans les classes de français langue étrangère dans le cadre de l’université du Kurdistan irakien. Le but de cette étude empirique consiste à montrer les liens entre lexique et genres textuels, des liens incontournables pour l’apprentissage du FLE
Starting this research with a question that aims at discovering how to exploit genres of discourse to teach students French vocabulary, we are facing a vital issue in linguistics. This thesis falls within a research perspective of the field of Linguistic Science and Didactics of French as a Foreign Language (FLE). Undeniably, the query of vocabulary learning through literary genres does not draw the focus that it merits within the research of foreign languages didactics, despite the interest that it sparks in literary and discursive research. Our aim is to study the issues related to French vocabulary learning by means of literary genre notion with Kurdish students at a university in Iraqi Kurdistan. Textual analysis of our corpus, the genre of tales, will allow us to consider organizations, structures, actantial, semantic and lexical models of all of the tales. Certainly, the aim of this analysis is to progress from a textual analysis of all of the tales of our corpus to the analysis of their chosen sequences. The interest of the latter will be to compile a stock of information in a field study, about the sequences in question, that we want to test, i.e. through our questionnaires as well as through observation of French as a foreign language classes, at the university in Iraqi Kurdistan. The aim of this empirical study is to show the links between lexicon and textual genres, essential links for the learning of French as a foreign language
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Savran, Arin Y. "Why Peace Processes Fail: A Conceptual Analysis of the Peace Talks between Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 2009-2015". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17239.

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"Refugiados kurdos en Alemania: Problema de integración y adaptación a la cultura y sociedad de la República Federal Alemana". Tesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2005. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lri/salinas_m_a/.

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Książki na temat "Kurdish Tales"

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Edgecomb, Diane. A fire in my heart: Kurdish tales. Westport Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2008.

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Benek, Abdurrahman. Gotinên pêşiyan, çîrokên dawiyan. Fatih, İstanbul: Nûbihar, 2014.

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Goran, Yasîn Ḧesen. Pendî pêşînan u beserhatî Kurdî le nawçey u Goran u Dolemerî kokiraytewe. Hewlêr [Kurdistan, Iraq]: Wezaretî Roşinbîrî, Ber̄êweberayetîy Giştîy Çap u Biławkirdinewe, 2006.

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Akar, Mehmet. Fabl bi Kurdî xweş in: Çi hebû çi tunebû. Taksim, İstanbul: Weşanên Do, 2015.

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Sweetnam, Denise L. Kurdish culture: A cross-cultural guide. Wyd. 2. Bonn: Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, 2004.

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Sweetnam, Denise L. Kurdish culture: A cross-cultural guide. Bonn: Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, 1994.

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Aslan, Mistefa. Baqek ji folklora berîya Mêrdînê. Tesisler, Diyarbakır: Wardoz, 2019.

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Deştekî, ʻUmer Şêxełła. Pendî Kurdî: Çîrokekey. Hewlêr [Kurdistan, Iraq]: Wezaretî Roşinbîrî, Ḧikumetî Herêmî Kurdistan, 2006.

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MacKenzie, D. N. Gułekenimî zêr̄în: Golden ears of corn. Hewlêr, Herêmî Kurdistanî ʻÊraq: Dezgay Çap u Biławkirdinewey Aras, 2011.

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Jaʻfar, Ḥajjī, red. Carekê ji cara: Hindik ji çîrokên folklorê zarokan li Devera Badînan. Dihok [Kurdistan, Iraq]: Enstityuta Kelepûrê Kurd, 2007.

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Części książek na temat "Kurdish Tales"

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Arsanios, Marwa. "Who’s Afraid of Ideology?" W War-torn Ecologies, An-Archic Fragments, 67–83. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-27_3.

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Artist Marwa Arsanios shares textual fragments from research she conducted for the first and second parts of a video trilogy titled Who’s Afraid of Ideology? Meditating on the voiding effects of war, and the ecological and affective texture of communal resistance and eco-feminist praxis as they emerge in Iraqi Kurdistan, Lebanon, and northern Syria, the text takes us to ecological milieux made of wild medicinal plants, fig trees, Kurdish guerrillas, and farmers in a women-only commune.
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Alsancakli, Sacha. "Tales of Woe, Ruthless Foes, and Patriotic Heroes: A Historical-Literary Study of Kurdish (Dis)unity in the Early Modern Era". W Essays on Modern Kurdish Literature, 39–96. De Gruyter, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110634686-004.

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"List of Tables". W The Kurdish Quasi-State, xi—xii. Syracuse University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1j5dg75.4.

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Yanarocak, Hay Eytan Cohen. "A Tale of Political Consciousness: The Rise of a Nonviolent Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey". W Kurdish Awakening, 137–54. University of Texas Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/758131-011.

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"Figures, Maps and Tables". W The Kurdish Nobility in the Ottoman Empire, vii. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781399508636-001.

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Özok-Gündoğan, Nilay. "Figures, Maps and Tables". W The Kurdish Nobility in the Ottoman Empire, vii. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399508612.002.0007.

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Nucho, Joanne Randa. "All That Endures from Past to Present". W Everyday Sectarianism in Urban Lebanon. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691168968.003.0001.

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This chapter takes a closer look at the way in which political actors and popular discourses mobilize sectarianism as an explanation for conflict as well as justification for actions taken in the aftermath of violence, creating a sectarian narrative that appears rigid, intractable, and deeply historical. Moreover, the sectarian explanation appears to give it a sense of unending repetition. The aftermaths of three violent incidents that took place in Beirut in recent years shape the analysis: a 2009 fatal shooting in a Beirut neighborhood that was quickly forgotten; a larger street clash in Beirut in 2010 that was perceived as a harbinger of political instability; and a fight in 2011 in Bourj Hammoud that launched a large-scale eviction of Kurdish and Syrian migrant workers. This final example is explored in the most ethnographic detail and reveals just how a wholly new kind of “sectarian conflict” (between Armenians and Syrian-Kurds) emerges as an explanation in the aftermath of a violent incident.
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"List of Tables". W Kurds in Dark Times, xi—xii. Syracuse University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv34j7m8c.4.

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McLauchlin, Théodore. "The Crumbling of Armies in Contemporary Syria". W Desertion, 163–88. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752940.003.0009.

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This chapter talks about the Syrian Civil War that has been ongoing since 2011, comparing the regime's Syrian Arab Army, the Free Syrian Army umbrella, Jabhat al-Nusra, Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), and the Kurdish People's and Women's Protection Units. It discusses how the forces of the Syrian Civil War was able to maintain their cohesion like their counterparts in Spain's militias that grew out of long-standing armed networks and maintained tight standards for recruitment. It also uses the Syrian case to demonstrate the ambiguous effects of threats of punishment to keep soldiers fighting. The chapter argues that problems of fighting desertion while fighting a civil war are neither particularly new nor particularly old. It reframes an important debate about why soldiers keep on fighting against the odds.
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Bargu, Banu. "Another Necropolitics". W Turkey's Necropolitical Laboratory, 209–31. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450263.003.0010.

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Necropolitics is often used to denote how the living is subjected to the power of death and destruction. Omitted from this conceptualisation is the violence that takes as its object the realm of the dead – the corpse, the act of burial, funerary rituals, the graves and cemeteries as sites of burial and commemoration, and forms of mourning and reverence. In this chapter, I examine different forms of postmortem violence directed at insurgent bodies. I focus on the image of the naked and bloody corpse of a woman, later revealed to be a Kurdish militant and guerrilla fighter known as Ekin Wan, leaked to the press in the period of Turkey’s hung parliament in the summer of 2015. I argue that the circulation of her denuded image after being killed in combat with the state’s security forces was a symptom of the end of the peace process and the beginning of Turkey’s new authoritarianism. I theorise violence that targets the realm of the dead as a distinctive and neglected form of necropolitics and necropolitical violence as the entire ensemble of practices that target the dead as a surrogate for, and means of, controlling the living.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Kurdish Tales"

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سلمان عيسى, صديق, i وليد محمد عمر. "Anfal operations in Iraqi Kurdistan". W Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/31.

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"ABSTRACT Anfal Campaign and Kurdish Genocide The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period, the word Anfal has come to represent the entire genocide over decades Hundreds of thousands of men, women and children were executed during a systematic attempt to exterminate the Kurdish population in Iraq in the Anfal operations in the late 198s. Their towns and villages were attacked by chemical weapons, and many women and children were sent to camps where they lived in appalling conditions. Men and boys of 'battle age' were targeted and executed en masse. The campaign takes its name from Suratal-Anfal in the Qur'an. Al Anfal literally means the spoils (of war) and was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting commanded by Ali Hassan al-Majid. The Ba'athists misused what the Qur'an says. Anfal in the Qur'an does not refer to genocide, but the word was used as a code name by the former Iraqi regime for the systematic attacks against the Kurdish population.. "
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ابراهيم عزيز حسين, لمى. "Genocide in Halabja". W Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/8.

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"Halabja: It is an Iraqi city located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, near the Iranian border, about 8-10 miles away, 150 miles away from Baghdad and located in the southeast of the city of Sulaymaniyah. It is one of the important cities that contains many mosques, shrines and shrines. In 1985, this city was subjected to the former regime's aerial bombardment, where more than 450 Kurdish villages were bombed, 300 citizens executed within one month, and internationally prohibited chemical weapons were used. The Iraqi regime’s violations of human rights continued to reach their climax in 1988, which was known as the Halabja events, which will be the subject of our research, the Halabja massacre, which took place at the end of the first Gulf War or what is known as the Iran-Iraq war from 16-17 March 1988, the killing of Kurdish civilians and the use of chemical weapons against them and the effects of a war The first Gulf and the breach of the international treaty through the use of chemical weapons that are banned internationally, as well as international reports on human rights violations in Halabja, which left about 5,000 martyrs, most of whom are residents of the region, and we will also clarify who is responsible for the events of Halabja, and the truth can be highlighted through documents and evidence The editorial in the Halabja case, where these documents included information about chemical weapons in handwriting and not in a printer to evade responsibility. The document talks about the production and accumulation of chemical agents by the former regime and the intention of the former regime to strike them when necessary, in addition to other documents that we will address through the research, There is also an appendix with the names of a number of companies involved in supplying the government at that time with unconventional weapons, including missile weapons and other weapons Chemical materials and advanced technology, and this is very clear in the violation of human rights by extremely barbaric repressive methods and means, and northern Iraq has become the scene of these crimes that have been circulated between international press agencies and television screens, articles, photos and documentaries expressing the horror of the calamity and the magnitude of the tragedy. Well-known international documents and documents and what Halabja has been exposed to are classified within the concept of genocide wars. This type of war is not attended by all international laws and segments only, but also the simplest rules of behavior and human and civilized interaction between people belonging to the human race. We will also show the issue of Halabja in the corridors of the Iraqi Parliament, which was during the session on 7/3/2011 of the second electoral cycle, the first legislative year, the second legislative term in the Iraqi Council of Representatives, held in Baghdad, by submitting a proposal to the Council of Representatives regarding the position of the House of Representatives regarding the crime of bombing Halabja with chemical weapons. In conclusion, I hope you will like this summary."
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