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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Krypton”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2024

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1

Mitroy, Jim. "The Momentum Transfer Cross Section for Krypton". Australian Journal of Physics 43, nr 1 (1990): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph900019.

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A form of modified effective range theory (MERT) has been used to analyse drift velocity data for both pure krypton and molecular hydrogen-krypton mixtures. The present momentum transfer cross section reproduces the data to within 4% for pure krypton and to within 1 �0% for the H2-Kr mixtures.

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2

Kharlamov, G. V. "Simulating diffusion in the conditions of vapor-liquid phase transition by the molecular dynamics method". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2057, nr 1 (1.10.2021): 012114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2057/1/012114.

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Abstract The molecular dynamics calculations of diffusion coefficients in binary Lennard-Jones systems have been carried out. The parameters of Lennard-Jones potentials correspond to argon and krypton atoms. The universal dependence of the reduced diffusion coefficient of krypton atoms on density for the homogeneous systems of low and middle densities is found. The deviations of the diffusion coefficients from the universal function are observed for the systems in the vapor – liquid phase transition region. The simulations have shown that almost all krypton atoms have situated inside the liquid phase of argon. Special numerical experiments have shown that the nanodroplets of argon are formed as a result of homogeneous nucleation and then the krypton atoms are captured by these droplets. This phenomenon decreases the diffusion coefficient of krypton atoms greatly.

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3

Clapp, J. T., R. C. Mancini, E. C. Harding, M. A. Schaeuble i A. J. Harvey-Thompson. "Observation and diagnostic application of Kr K-shell emission in magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments at Z". Review of Scientific Instruments 93, nr 10 (1.10.2022): 103532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101860.

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In a series of Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments performed at the Z pulsed power accelerator of Sandia National Laboratories, beryllium liners filled with deuterium gas pressures in the 4–8 atm range and a tracer amount of krypton were imploded. At the collapse of the cylindrical implosion, temperatures in the 1–3 keV range and atom number densities of ∼1023 cm−3 were expected. The plasma was magnetized with a 10 T axial magnetic field. Krypton was added to the fuel for diagnosing implosion plasma conditions. Krypton K-shell line emission was recorded with the CRITR time-integrated transmission crystal x-ray spectrometer. The observation shows n = 2 to n = 1 line emissions in B-, Be-, Li-, and He-like Kr ions and is characteristic of the highest electron temperatures achieved in the thermonuclear plasma. Detailed modeling of the krypton atomic kinetics and radiation physics permits us to interpret the composite spectral feature, and it demonstrates that the spectrum is temperature sensitive. We discuss temperatures extracted from the krypton data analysis for experiments performed with several filling pressures.

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4

Campeanu, R. I., R. P. McEachran i A. D. Stauffer. "Positron impact ionization of krypton and xenon". Canadian Journal of Physics 77, nr 10 (15.02.2000): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p99-066.

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Several distorted-wave models for positron ionization of krypton and xenon are investigated. Our previous CPE (Coulomb plus Plane waves -- full Energy range) model produces reliable cross sections for krypton. For xenon, at high positron energies, the CPE results fall below experiment. We have proposed an alternate model DCPE4 that works well for both krypton and xenon. A common feature of both of these models is that the free electron and positron are treated differently.PACS No.: 34.90.+q

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5

Skorek, Richard, Serge Maillard, Amélie Michel, Gaëlle Carlot, Eric Gilabert i Thomas Jourdan. "Modelling Fission Gas Bubble Distribution in UO₂". Defect and Diffusion Forum 323-325 (kwiecień 2012): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.323-325.209.

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The Cluster Dynamics method is assessed for the investigation of fission gas behaviour in a krypton-implanted and annealed UO2sample. The simulation results are then compared to Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) data. A release mechanism is proposed: the initial burst is related to krypton migration via an interstitial mechanism, while the second stage of the release process can be accounted for by the diffusion of krypton in a substitutional position. This latter mechanism is compatible with a diffusion coefficient of 4.10-21m²/s.

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6

Kurzyna, Jacek, Maciej Jakubczak, Agnieszka Szelecka i Käthe Dannenmayer. "Performance tests of IPPLM's krypton Hall thruster". Laser and Particle Beams 36, nr 1 (27.02.2018): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034618000046.

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AbstractThe Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion's (IPPLM) Hall effect thruster (Krypton Large IMpulse Thruster, KLIMT) is a 500 W class plasma engine with a mean diameter of discharge channel of 42 mm. KLIMT was developed within ESA/PECS project aiming to provide relatively small thruster for satellites that would be able to effectively operate with krypton propellant. Being several times less expensive than xenon, which is regarded as a propellant of choice for electric propulsion of electrostatic type, krypton since years has been suggested as an attractive alternative. In this paper, a design as well as performance tests of the laboratory model of KLIMT are discussed. It is shown that precise adjustment of magnetic field topography results in the stable operation of the thruster in wide range of operating conditions providing similar thrust and specific impulse production for both propellants. Maximum thrust produced with the use of xenon and krypton reached about 16–17 mN for mass flow rate of 1.15–1.2 mg/s resulting in specific impulse in the range of 1300–1500 s (13–15 km/s). However, for krypton the anode efficiency drops by ~10% in comparison with xenon. For krypton plasma beam divergence as measured by an average half-angle with respect to the beam axis was found to remain within the range of 19–23° for the whole set of the examined operating conditions. The reported characteristics are reasonable for Hall thruster of the discussed size and power.

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7

Goharshadi, Elaheh K., Mina JamiAlahmadi i Bijan Najafi. "Determination of potential energy functions of argon, krypton, and xenon via the inversion of reduced-viscosity collision integrals at zero pressure". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, nr 7 (1.07.2003): 866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-095.

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The pair potential energy functions of argon, krypton, and xenon have been determined via the inversion of reduced-viscosity collision integrals at zero pressure. A comparison of the potentials with the previously determined potentials are included. The viscosity and thermal conductivity of argon, krypton, and xenon at different temperatures and pressures have been calculated and compared with experimental values. The present potentials for argon, krypton, and xenon provide a good overall account of the experimental properties of these compounds, considering the stated uncertainty in the measurements.Key words: potential energy function, collision integral, viscosity, thermal conductivity.

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8

Zhou, Bo, Rui Yan, Xiaohan Yu, Yang Zou, Shihe Yu, Pu Yang i Yafen Liu. "Study on Kinetic Characteristics of Krypton and Xenon radioactive source term in molten salt reactor". EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 22005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023922005.

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A numerical simulation program for the dynamic distribution of krypton and xenon with flow and on-line removal function was established for primary loop system of molten salt reactor(MSR) Based on Mathe-matica7.0.The simulation results of the static burnup was compared with ORIGEN-S program, and the deviation is less than 10%, which is in good agreement.The distribution and dynamic characteristics of krypton and xenon in the primary loop system were analyzed under the flow regionalization and online removal model.The results show that,the static burnup model underestimates the total 135Xe activity about 6.61% in the system, and the total activity of krypton and xenon in the system is underestimated by about 1.46%.Under the maximum removal fraction, the total activity of krypton and xenon in the exhaust gas system is 1.84×1016Bq, of which 83mKr, 85mKr, 87Kr, 88Kr, 133Xe, 135Xe and 138Xe account for about 95.6%.The total activity of krypton and xenon in the primary loop system is 2.64×1014Bq, of which 138Xe, 135mXe, 134mXe, 87Kr and 83mKr account for about 93.6%.The numerical simulation method and the conclusion consistent with the actual physical laws.Dynamic distribution, evolution and migration characteristics of krypton, xenon and these precursor in the primary loop in the molten salt can be simulated more accurately compared to static burnup model.The analysis results can provide a theoretical basis for the management scheme of airborne source termsthe cooling design of the radioactive exhaust system and the source term analysis in accident conditions for the molten salt reactor.

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9

Ordookhanians, Allen, Xin Li, Supun Nakandala i Arun Kumar. "Demonstration of Krypton". Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 12, nr 12 (sierpień 2019): 1894–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3352063.3352093.

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10

Akimov, D. Yu, A. I. Bolozdynya, D. L. Churakov, A. V. Koutchenkov, V. F. Kuzichev, V. N. Lebendenko, I. A. Rogovsky, M. Chen, V. Yu Chepel i V. V. Sushkov. "Condensed krypton scintillators". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 327, nr 1 (marzec 1993): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)91433-n.

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11

Schmitt, J., B. Seth, M. Bock, C. van der Veen, L. Möller, C. J. Sapart, M. Prokopiou, T. Sowers, T. Röckmann i H. Fischer. "On the interference of Kr during carbon isotope analysis of methane using continuous-flow combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, nr 5 (27.05.2013): 1425–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1425-2013.

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Abstract. Stable carbon isotope analysis of methane (δ13C of CH4) on atmospheric samples is one key method to constrain the current and past atmospheric CH4 budget. A frequently applied measurement technique is gas chromatography (GC) isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) coupled to a combustion-preconcentration unit. This report shows that the atmospheric trace gas krypton (Kr) can severely interfere during the mass spectrometric measurement, leading to significant biases in δ13C of CH4, if krypton is not sufficiently separated during the analysis. According to our experiments, the krypton interference is likely composed of two individual effects, with the lateral tailing of the doubly charged 86Kr peak affecting the neighbouring m/z 44 and partially the m/z 45 Faraday cups. Additionally, a broad signal affecting m/z 45 and especially m/z 46 is assumed to result from scattered ions of singly charged krypton. The introduced bias in the measured isotope ratios is dependent on the chromatographic separation, the krypton-to-CH4 mixing ratio in the sample, the focusing of the mass spectrometer as well as the detector configuration and can amount to up to several per mil in δ13C. Apart from technical solutions to avoid this interference, we present correction routines to a posteriori remove the bias.

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12

Chen, Ji Dong, Jian Bing Zhu, Ji Peng Zhao, Sen Dong Gu, Bin Yu i Yu Qi Yuan. "Study on the Self-Pressurization Laws of Cryogenic Liquid Krypton Tank for the Electric Propulsion System". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2458, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2458/1/012048.

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Abstract To meet the application requirements of zero boil-off storage of cryogenic liquid krypton propellant in the process of completing deep space exploration missions by electric propulsion system, it is important to study the thermodynamic changes in cryogenic liquid krypton tanks under different environments. The gas phase and liquid phase material model of krypton working fluid, the gas-liquid phase change model at the interface layers, and the heat transfer process between the wall and the internal fluid are established by ANSYS-Fluent. The energy source term, gas phase, liquid phase mass source term, and phase change saturation temperature in the liquid krypton cryogenic tank are defined. This paper’s three influencing factors of gravity, initial liquid filling rate, and wall heat leakage are simulated and analysed. The results show that: (1) The self-pressurization rate significantly rises as the wall heat flux rises, and the gas-liquid interface drops less quickly. The pressure and temperature in the tank are also increasing at the same liquid level. (2) In the normal gravity environment, the bigger the filling rate, the lower the corresponding self-pressurization rate. (3) In the process of variable gravity, the gas pressurization rate in the cryogenic liquid krypton tank falls with the decrease of gravity.

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13

Chen, Jidong, Jianbing Zhu, Jie Chen, Luobin Duan i Guowen Xu. "Study of long-term in-orbit pressure control of liquid krypton cryogenic storage tank". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2756, nr 1 (1.05.2024): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2756/1/012052.

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Abstract Due to its high specific impulse, low toxicity, contamination, safety, and cost, krypton has gradually replaced other propellants as the primary choice for electric thrusters on deep-space exploration and large-orbit transfer missions with long-range, long-duration, and large-thrust requirements. However, due to the cryogenic propellant itself having a low boiling point, controlling the pressure change of krypton cryogenic propellant during the process of long-term cryogenic storage has emerged as one of the most important issues that must be resolved and proven to achieve non-destructive storage of cryogenic propellant. This paper examines the necessity and viability of a cryogenic gas propellant liquefaction storage scheme and quantifies the effectiveness of tank pressure control of the supercooled liquid krypton injection mixing scheme to solve the problem at present. Its purpose is to offer scheme examples for the design of a krypton thruster propellant storage unit and the in-tank pressure control during the long-term application process.

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14

Szelecka, Agnieszka, Jacek Kurzyna i Loic Bourdain. "Thermal stability of the krypton Hall effect thruster". Nukleonika 62, nr 1 (1.03.2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2017-0002.

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Abstract The Krypton Large IMpulse Thruster (KLIMT) ESA/PECS project, which has been implemented in the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) and now is approaching its final phase, was aimed at incremental development of a ~500 W class Hall effect thruster (HET). Xenon, predominantly used as a propellant in the state-of-the-art HETs, is extremely expensive. Krypton has been considered as a cheaper alternative since more than fifteen years; however, to the best knowledge of the authors, there has not been a HET model especially designed for this noble gas. To address this issue, KLIMT has been geared towards operation primarily with krypton. During the project, three subsequent prototype versions of the thruster were designed, manufactured and tested, aimed at gradual improvement of each next exemplar. In the current paper, the heat loads in new engine have been discussed. It has been shown that thermal equilibrium of the thruster is gained within the safety limits of the materials used. Extensive testing with both gases was performed to compare KLIMT’s thermal behaviour when supplied with krypton and xenon propellants.

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15

Шумов, И. В., В. В. Антонова, Е. А. Боева, В. Т. Долгих i О. А. Гребенчиков. "NEUROPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF KRYPTON IN PHOTO-INDUCED CEREBRAL INFARCTION IN RATS". Vestnik SurGU. Meditsina 16, nr 3 (2023): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35266/2304-9448-2023-3-89-96.

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The study aims to assess the effect of a two-hour inhalation with a krypton and oxygen mixture following the photo-induced cerebral infarction simulation on the manifestation of neurological deficits and the degree of brain injury in rats. The tests were conducted on male Wistar rats weighting 250 to 300 g (n = 20). Following photo-induced cerebral infarction simulation, the rodents underwent inhalation with a nitrogen and oxygen mixture N2 70%/O2 30% (group Nitrogen; n = 10) or a krypton and oxygen gas mixture Kr 70%/O2 30% (group Krypton; n = 10) for two hours. For the next 14 days, the rats were examined. On the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days, the authors performed a neurological test Limb placement, as well as euthanasia and brain removal for histological and mmunohistochemical examinations. It was determined that a two-hour inhalation with a krypton and oxygen gas mixture substantiated more prominent rehabilitation of rats’ neurological states by the seventh day, as well as increased the reparation and regeneration of their injured brains.

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16

Bhandari, Dipendra, i N. P. Adhikari. "Molecular dynamics study of diffusion of krypton in water at different temperatures". International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, nr 11 (28.04.2016): 1650064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216500648.

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Molecular dynamics study of diffusion of two krypton atoms in 300 SPC/E water molecules at temperatures 293, 303, 313, 323 and 333 K has been carried out. Self-diffusion coefficient of krypton and water along with their mutual diffusion coefficients are estimated. Self-diffusion coefficient for krypton is calculated by using Mean Square Displacement (MSD) method and Velocity Autocorrelation (VACF) method, while that for water is calculated by using MSD method only. The mutual diffusion coefficient is estimated by using the Darken’s relation. The diffusion coefficients are found to follow the Arrhenius behavior. The structural properties of the system have been estimated by the study of solute–solute, solvent–solvent, and solute–solvent Radial Distribution Function (RDF).

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17

Mezyk, Stephen P., Ronald Cooper i John Sherwell. "Measurement of krypton dimer(+)/chloride ionic recombination rate constants in krypton". Journal of Physical Chemistry 96, nr 22 (październik 1992): 8858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100201a033.

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18

Runne, M., i G. Zimmerer. "Surface diffusion of metastable krypton atoms on krypton-doped solid argon". Journal of Luminescence 76-77 (luty 1998): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2313(97)00245-7.

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19

Parikh, Akshat K. "Krypton: A Scalable, Privacy-Preserving, and Decentralized Search Engine for the Web3 Era". International Journal of Blockchain Technologies and Applications 1, nr 2 (2023): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijbta.2023.1.2.95-112.

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This paper presents an architectural overview and detailed design of the Krypton network, the first decentralized search engine built on Web3 principles. Krypton leverages blockchain technology, token-driven incentives, and privacy-focused features to revolutionize internet search. The proposed solution incorporates distributed storage, decentralized web crawling and indexing, a consensus mechanism, open-source search algorithms, and a privacy-focused search experience. Krypton introduces the novel concept of Proof of Learning, a machine learning protocol embedded in the search engine to facilitate the discovery of decentralized platforms and enable direct peer-to-peer networking. The system also employs decentralized cloud technologies (validators in the PoS blockchain) to promote enhanced decentralization and encryption, paving the way for a more secure and equitable internet.

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20

Mäntylä, M., J. Perkkiö i J. Heikkonen. "Partition Coefficient Ratios and Tumour Perfusion Studied with 85mKr and 133Xe". Nuklearmedizin 26, nr 06 (1987): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1628899.

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The relative partition coefficients of krypton and xenon, and the regional blood flow in 27 superficial malignant tumour nodules in 22 patients with diagnosed tumours were measured using the 85mKr- and 133Xe-clearance method. In order to minimize the effect of biological variables on the measurements the radionuclides were injected simultaneously into the tumour. The distribution of the radiotracers was assumed to be in equilibrium at the beginning of the experiment. The blood perfusion was calculated by fitting a two-exponential function to the measuring points. The mean value of the perfusion rate calculated from the xenon results was 13 ± 10 ml/(100 g-min) [range 3 to 38 ml/(100 g-min)] and from the krypton results 19 ± 11 ml/(100 g-min) [range 5 to 45 ml/(100 g-min)]. These values were obtained, if the partition coefficients are equal to one. The equations obtained by using compartmental analysis were used for the calculation of the relative partition coefficient of krypton and xenon. The partition coefficient of krypton was found to be slightly smaller than that of xenon, which may be due to its smaller molecular weight.

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21

Antonova, Viktoriya V., Denis N. Silachev, Egor Y. Plotnikov, Irina B. Pevzner, Elmira I. Yakupova, Mikhail V. Pisarev, Ekaterina A. Boeva i in. "Neuroprotective Effects of Krypton Inhalation on Photothrombotic Ischemic Stroke". Biomedicines 12, nr 3 (13.03.2024): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030635.

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This is the first in vivo study to investigate the neuroprotective effects of krypton on focal cerebral ischemia. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of 2 h of inhalation of a krypton–oxygen mixture (Kr 70%/O2 30%) on the recovery of neurological functions and the degree of brain damage in rats after photoinduced ischemic stroke (PIS) and to investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for this neuroprotection. Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g (n = 32). Animals were randomized into four groups. Two groups (n = 20) underwent photoinduced ischemic stroke, followed by 2 h of inhalation of krypton–oxygen mixture consisting of Kr 70%/O2 30% or a nitrogen–oxygen breathing mixture consisting of N2 70%/O2 30%, followed by neurological examinations on days 3 and 7. The other two groups (n = 12) received only gas mixtures of the same concentration and exposure duration as in those in the PIS groups, then Western blot analysis of the potential molecular mechanisms was performed. The results of the study show that treatment with the krypton–oxygen mixture consisting of Kr 70%/O2 30% improves the neurological status on day 7 of observation, reduces the lesion volume according to the MRI examination and the number of Iba-1- and caspase-3-positive cells in the damaged area, promotes the activation of neoangiogenesis (an increase in the von Willebrand factor), and reduces the penumbra area and the number of NeuN-positive cells in it on day 14 of observation. Inhalation of the krypton–oxygen mixture also significantly increases the levels of phosphorylated AKT kinase (protein kinase B) and glycogen synthase kinase 3b (pGSK3b) and promotes the expression of transcription factor Nrf2, which was accompanied by the lowered expression of transcription factor NFkB (p50). Thus, we showed pronounced neuroprotection induced by krypton inhalation after stroke and identified the signaling pathways that may be responsible for restoring neurological functions and reducing damage.

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22

Foken, T., i H. Falke. "Technical Note: Calibration instrument for the krypton hygrometer KH20". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, nr 1 (17.02.2012): 1695–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-1695-2012.

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Abstract. A calibration instrument for krypton hygrometers (KH20, Campbell Sci.) with variable path length is presented. This unit allows for in-situ calibrations of the krypton hygrometer, which is typically not very stable over time, during measuring campaigns. It was constructed mainly for application at high altitudes and low temperatures, where further improvements are needed to the IR-hygrometers which are normally used. The changing path length requires that a changing concentration of the absorber be simulated. Because oxygen absorbs more strongly than water vapour, the calibration is made against oxygen and transferred to water vapour. The design of the calibration instrument is made as one unit containing a stepper motor system, PC and humidity sensor. For the calibration, it is necessary to install the krypton hygrometer on this unit.

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23

Foken, T., i H. Falke. "Technical Note: Calibration device for the krypton hygrometer KH20". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, nr 8 (1.08.2012): 1861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1861-2012.

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Abstract. A calibration device for krypton hygrometers (KH20, Campbell Scientific, Inc.) with variable path length is presented. This unit allows for in-situ calibrations of the krypton hygrometer, which is typically not very stable over time, during measuring campaigns. It was constructed mainly for application at high altitudes and low temperatures, where further improvements are needed to the IR-hygrometers which are normally used. The changing path length requires that a changing concentration of the absorber be simulated. Because oxygen absorbs more strongly than water vapour, the calibration is made against oxygen and transferred to water vapour. The design of the calibration instrument is made as one unit containing a stepper motor system, PC and humidity sensor. For the calibration, it is necessary to install the krypton hygrometer on this unit.

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24

Aktan, S. Gulderen, i Robert M. Mandelkorn. "Krypton Laser Suture Lysis". Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 29, nr 8 (sierpień 1998): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1542-8877-19980801-05.

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25

Norton, M. Grant, C. Barry Carter, Elizabeth L. Fleischer i James W. Mayer. "Solid krypton in MgO". Journal of Materials Research 7, nr 12 (grudzień 1992): 3171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.3171.

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Recent work by the authors has been extended to demonstrate the formation of solid krypton in single-crystal magnesium oxide. The solid inclusions, which were formed by ion implantation at room temperature, have been identified by electron diffraction. The formation of solid noble gas inclusions at room temperature indicates that they were under a high pressure. This pressure was determined, based on the measured lattice parameter, to be 1.7 GPa.

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26

Aprile, E., A. Bolotnikov, D. Chen i R. Mukherjee. "Wvalue in liquid krypton". Physical Review A 48, nr 2 (1.08.1993): 1313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.1313.

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27

Bilgram, J. H., M. Firmann i W. Känzig. "Dendritic solidification of krypton". Physical Review B 37, nr 1 (1.01.1988): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.37.685.

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28

Cohen, Aina, Paul Ellis, Nicole Kresge i S. Michael Soltis. "MAD phasing with krypton". Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 57, nr 2 (1.02.2001): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444900014670.

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29

Pettersson, Mika, Leonid Khriachtchev, Antti Lignell, Markku Räsänen, Z. Bihary i R. B. Gerber. "HKrF in solid krypton". Journal of Chemical Physics 116, nr 6 (8.02.2002): 2508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434992.

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30

Day, Peter, Marissa LaMadrid, Mark Lysek i David Goodstein. "Multilayer krypton phase diagram". Physical Review B 47, nr 12 (15.03.1993): 7501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.47.7501.

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31

Lehmann, J. "The chemistry of krypton". Coordination Chemistry Reviews 233-234 (1.11.2002): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8545(02)00202-3.

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32

Makabe, R. "Vergleichende Krypton- und Argonlasertrabekuloplastik". Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 189, nr 08 (sierpień 1986): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1050766.

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33

Engdahl, Anders, i Bengt Nelander. "Water in krypton matrices". Journal of Molecular Structure 193 (luty 1989): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(89)80125-5.

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34

Aulchenko, V. M., A. D. Bukin, S. G. Klimenko, G. M. Kolachev, L. A. Leontiev, A. L. Maslennikov, A. P. Onuchin i in. "Liquid krypton electromagnetic calorimeter". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 327, nr 1 (marzec 1993): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)91440-x.

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35

Shichi, Hiroyasu, Shinichi Matsubara i Tomihiro Hashizume. "Characteristics Comparison of Neon, Argon, and Krypton Ion Emissions from Gas Field Ionization Sources with a Single-Atom Tip". Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, nr 1 (30.01.2019): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927618016227.

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AbstractA scanning ion beam instrument equipped with a gas field ionization source (GFIS) has been commercialized, but only helium and neon are currently available as GFISs. In this study, the characteristics of neon, argon, and krypton ion emissions from a single-atom tip are compared, specifically for faster fabrication by milling of a silicon sample. Although the boiling point of argon is about 87 K, our experiments on characterizing argon ion emission can be carried out at temperatures of about 50 K at an argon gas pressure lower than 0.1 Pa. Argon exhibits ion current characteristics, as a function of tip voltage, between those of neon and krypton. The value obtained by multiplying the ion emission current by the sputtering yield is suitable for a figure of merit (FOM) for faster fabrication. The FOM for argon is the highest among the three ion species. This value must be extensively evaluated from the viewpoint of practical nano-fabrication application. The instabilities of neon, argon, and krypton ion currents (3σ) become as low as 8% in 1 h, which is sufficient for fabrication applications. We conclude that an argon or krypton GFIS ion beam instrument will be a useful tool for nano-fabrication.

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36

Cha, Hyemi, Mee Jang, Jong-Myoung Lim, Wanno Lee i Hyuncheol Kim. "Automated Sampling System for Monitoring 85Kr in Air". Atmosphere 14, nr 7 (1.07.2023): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071103.

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Radioactive krypton-85 (85Kr) gas, a chemically inert and non-proliferation indicator, is derived from fission products. Its detection relies on the Budesamt für Strahlenschutz–Institute of Atmospheric Radioactivity (BfS-IAR) method, which necessitated impurity removal using soda lime, silica gel, and liquid nitrogen for cryogenic adsorption. This manual process requires frequent replacements, posing challenges for its automation. To address this, we developed a prototype krypton sampling system as an interim research product for the fully automated remote monitoring of covert nuclear activity. The system incorporates a hollow fiber membrane for impurity removal, a computer-controlled multi-position valve for sampling, and an electric cooler for adsorption. The impurity removal modules demonstrated high efficiencies, removing H2O and CO2 at 99.8% and 97.8% rates, respectively. Further, the custom-made sampling system can process 16 samples in a single run without analyst intervention. We conducted experiments to verify the automatic krypton sampling capability. The activity concentration of 85Kr in ambient air was measured using the BfS-IAR processing and detection system. The system exhibited a recovery rate of ~7.8% for krypton in 1000 L air, demonstrating good continuous remote monitoring capability. This study promotes the development of an automated analysis system for the detection of 85Kr in ambient air.

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37

Ströker, Philipp, Robert Hellmann i Karsten Meier. "Thermodynamic properties of krypton from Monte Carlo simulations using ab initio potentials". Journal of Chemical Physics 157, nr 11 (21.09.2022): 114504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107851.

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Ten different thermodynamic properties of the noble gas krypton were calculated by Monte Carlo simulations in the isothermal-isobaric ensemble using a highly accurate ab initio pair potential, Feynman–Hibbs corrections for quantum effects, and an extended Axilrod–Teller–Muto potential to account for nonadditive three-body interactions. Fourteen state points at a liquid and a supercritical isotherm were simulated. To obtain results representative for macroscopic systems, simulations with several particle numbers were carried out and extrapolated to the thermodynamic limit. Our results agree well with experimental data from the literature, an accurate equation of state for krypton, and a recent virial equation of state (VEOS) for krypton in the region where the VEOS has converged. These results demonstrate that very good agreement between simulation and experiment can only be achieved if nonadditive three-body interactions and quantum effects are taken into account.

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38

Meublat, Laurent, Monique Lance i Roland Bougon. "Reaction of RuO4 with KrF2: A clear-cut method to prepare ruthenium oxide tetrafluoride". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, nr 11 (1.11.1989): 1729–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-266.

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The fluorination of ruthenium tetroxide RuO4 was attempted by using either fluorine or krypton difluoride KrF2 in HF solution. Of the two fluorinating agents, only KrF2 was found to be powerful enough to react with RuO4 and to transform it into ruthenium oxide tetrafluoride RuOF4. This oxide fluoride of ruthenium VI was characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, and infrared absorption spectroscopy. Keywords: ruthenium tetroxide, ruthenium oxide tetrafluoride, krypton difluoride, fluorination.

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39

Guo, Yufei, i M. A. Whitehead. "Calculation of the second electron affinities of atoms". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, nr 9 (1.09.1990): 1585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-244.

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The second electron affinities of the atoms helium to krypton are calculated using the self-interaction corrected generalized exchange local-spin-density functional theory with the correlation energy functional. The dependence of the second electron affinities of the elements O, S, and Se on the Watson sphere radius is discussed. The present results are compared with other theoretical values and experimental data for the elements helium through krypton. Keywords: second electron affinity, density functional theory.

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40

Jawad, Mohammed H., i Zahraa T. Turki. "Diagnosis of DC Glow Discharge Plasma of Krypton Gas Under Different Pressures". International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering 11, nr 1 (27.02.2024): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iajse/v11i1/iajse1113.

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In this study, we looked at how various pressure levels affected the plasma produced by the krypton gas blazing electric discharge. Various pressure readings between 0.6 and 1.4 Torr were employed. At 300 K in temperature a three-dimensional computer simulation based on the krypton plasma finite element approach was executed. By acquiring the plasma parameters (electron density, electric potential, and electron temperature), we were able to obtain a higher density plasma based on our findings.

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41

Holcomb, C. D., i J. A. Zollweg. "Comparison of interfacial tension and capillary constant for argon + krypton, CH4 + krypton, and C2H6 + krypton using two independent methods of measurement". Fluid Phase Equilibria 75 (sierpień 1992): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(92)87018-i.

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42

El-Machtoub, G. "Contributions of high-n dielectronic satellites to krypton K-shell emission spectra". Canadian Journal of Physics 81, nr 10 (1.10.2003): 1177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p03-097.

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We report here on the calculation of dielectronic recombination resonance strengths for high-lying K-shell resonance states of He-, Li-, and Be-like krypton ions. For proper analysis of spectral data explicit calculations of satellite intensity factors are carried out for all possible intermediate resonance states with n = 210. Our calculations successfully predict the details of X-ray emission spectra of highly charged krypton ions interacting with electron beams.PACS Nos.: 32.30.Rj, 32.70.Cs, 32.80.Rm, 34.79.+e

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43

Меркурьев, Д. В., С. В. Баранов, В. П. Ким, А. В. Мельников i Е. А. Шилов. "Динамика ионов в струе стационарного плазменного двигателя, работающего на криптоне". Письма в журнал технической физики 49, nr 3 (2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2023.03.54463.19416.

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The results of the spatial accelerated ion flow density distribution and of the mean energy of ions exhausting thruster and moving in the different directions in the Dynamics of ions in the plume of the stationary plasma thruster operating with Krypton of the experimental SPT model of new scheme operating with Krypton are presented in the given paper. There are also presented the results of the directed radial and “back” ion flows in the vicinity of the mentioned SPT experimental model.

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44

Soldatov, P. E., Yu A. Shulaguin, А. Yu Tyurin-Kuzmin i A. I. Dyachenko. "ENDURANCE OF HYPOXIC HYPOXIA AFTER PRELIMINARY BREATHING OF NORMOXIC MIXTURES CONTAINING ARGON OR KRYPTON". Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 55, nr 3 (2021): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2021-55-3-74-80.

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The purpose was assessment of the possibility to increase mammal's endurance of hypoxic hypoxia by preconditioning through breathing normoxic gas mixtures (BGM) containing argon or krypton. Preconditioning by krypton-containing BGM one or two hours prior to hypoxia (initial О2 concentration of 20.8 %) increased endurance of oxygen starvation. Preconditioning by argon-containing BGM did not bring this effect. Immediately after hypoxia several animals in both the test and control groups displayed a short-time generalized tremor that grew in the nitrogen – argon – krypton (N2 – Ar – Kr) succession consistently with their narcotic activities. This effect can be ascribed to modification by Ar and Kr of the humoral and neuronal tremor reactions to the hypoxic stress. Testing the preconditioning effect of Kr-containing BGM prior to hypoxia with the initial О2 concentration of 14.6 ± 0.40 % also demonstrated a decrease of minimal endurable О2 concentration although less evident. Effects from normoxic Kr-containing BGM correlates with the time space between preconditioning and hypoxia.

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45

Dąbrowski, Ludwik, i Marcin Szuta. "Bonding xenon and krypton on the surface of uranium dioxide single crystal". Nukleonika 59, nr 3 (1.08.2014): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2014-0013.

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Abstract We present density functional theory (DFT) calculation results of krypton and xenon atoms interaction on the surface of uranium dioxide single crystal. A pseudo-potential approach in the generalised gradient approximation (GGA) was applied using the ABINIT program package. To compute the unit cell parameters, the 25 atom super-cell was chosen. It has been revealed that close to the surface of a potential well is formed for xenon and krypton atom due to its interaction with the atoms of oxygen and uranium. Depth and shape of the well is the subject of ab initio calculations in adiabatic approximation. The calculations were performed both for the case of oxygenic and metallic surfaces. It has been shown that the potential well for the oxygenic surface is deeper than for the metallic surface. The thermal stability of immobilising the atoms of krypton and xenon in the potential wells were evaluated. The results are shown in graphs.

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46

Aouame, K., V. Destombes, H. Brunet, J. Galy, Ph Guillot i L. Roubi. "Spectroscopic and kinetic analysis of the krypton VUV continuum in neon-krypton mixtures". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 31, nr 22 (28.11.1998): 4929–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/31/22/006.

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47

Tu, Le-Yi, Guo-Min Yang, Cun-Feng Cheng, Gu-Liang Liu, Xiang-Yang Zhang i Shui-Ming Hu. "Analysis of Krypton-85 and Krypton-81 in a Few Liters of Air". Analytical Chemistry 86, nr 8 (3.04.2014): 4002–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac500415a.

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48

Singerman, Lawrence J., Frederick L. Ferris, Richard P. Mowery, Alexander J. Brucker, Robert P. Murphy, Brian C. Lerner i Gregory J. Mincey. "Krypton laser for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: The Krypton Argon Regression of Neovascularization Study". Journal of Diabetic Complications 2, nr 4 (październik 1988): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-6632(88)80007-2.

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49

Gryzlova, Elena V., Maksim D. Kiselev, Maria M. Popova, Anton A. Zubekhin, Giuseppe Sansone i Alexei N. Grum-Grzhimailo. "Multiple Sequential Ionization of Valence n = 4 Shell of Krypton by Intense Femtosecond XUV Pulses". Atoms 8, nr 4 (12.11.2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms8040080.

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Sequential photoionization of krypton by intense extreme ultraviolet femtosecond pulses is studied theoretically for the photon energies below the 3d excitation threshold. This regime with energetically forbidden Auger decay is characterized by special features, such as time scaling of the level population. The model is based on the solution of rate equations with photoionization cross sections of krypton in different charge and multiplet states determined using R-matrix calculations. Predictions of the ion yields and photoelectron spectra for various photon fluence are presented and discussed.

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50

Holcomb, Cynthia D., i John A. Zollweg. "Global corresponding states representation of the interfacial tension and capillary constant for the binary mixtures argon + krypton, methane + krypton, and krypton + ethane". Journal of Physical Chemistry 97, nr 18 (maj 1993): 4797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100120a036.

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