Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Knox County Fair”

This response to Robin Kirkpatrick's article in this issue of CounterText takes up the theme of what can be said when, through excess, we know that speech fails or will not do. Theologians know this, as did St Paul, and as do poets. Words can be carefully crafted to lead us (manuduction), to involve us, to entice us to play. Dante knew this, as did Aquinas. We can ‘fail’ in speaking because we have glimpsed what really ‘is’.

The purpose of this study was to investigate if small sampling areas (10 and 100 cm2) from bovine carcasses allowed obtaining bacterial counts that were characteristic of the hygiene level in abattoirs during the slaughtering process and, as a consequence, to know the hygiene level of the carcasses. Two abattoirs were classified according to the infrastructure and the operations as Good (G) and Fair (F). At these abattoirs, samples were taken from two sites (brisket and round), from two sampling areas (10 and 100 cm2 for each site), corresponding to nine carcasses per visit. Each abattoir was visited five times. The count of total viable microorganisms at 20°C was taken as an indicator of the microorganisms present. The differences between abattoirs, considering the sites, were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the differences between areas sampled (10 and 100 cm2) were significant and showed that the count will depend on the size of the area sampled. The conclusion is that small sampling areas are not adequate to evaluate the hygiene of bovine carcasses.

Agnes's brakes fail. Should she continue straight into the busy intersection or should she swerve into the field? Add to the story, what Agnes does not and cannot know, that continuing into the intersection will cause no harm, whereas swerving into the apparently empty field will cause a death. I evaluate arguments for the claim that she should enter the intersection, i.e. for objectivism about right and wrong; and arguments for the claim that she should swerve, i.e. for subjectivism about right and wrong, and conclude that subjectivism is more plausible. I also consider the view that ‘ought’ and ‘wrong’ are systematically ambiguous, that she subjectively ought to swerve and that she objectively ought to enter the intersection. I argue that most versions of this suggestion are unworkable, and that even the best version is less plausible than pure subjectivism.

The article covers the issues of factors influencing the formation of fair wages. The principles on which the system of guarantees of realization of the rights of workers to a fair wage should be based are considered. There are two groups of factors in the formation of wages: a) market; b) non-market or socio-legal. The first group includes: 1) changes in supply and demand in the market of goods and services in the production of which this work is used; 2) the usefulness of the resource of the entrepreneur; 3) the elasticity of demand for labor at price; 4) interchangeability of resources; 5) change in prices for consumer goods and services. The second group includes: 1) measures of state regulation related to the establishment of the minimum wage, minimum salary, subsistence level; 2) the level of wages and conditions of employment can have a significant impact on trade union policy, the strength of the trade union movement; 3) the final results of the enterprise and the personal contribution of the employee; 4) the existence of a system of guarantees for the realization of employees’ rights to fair remuneration. It is pointed out that we cannot study the institution of wages in isolation from the current economic situation in the country, so we need to know what factors affect the determination of the level of wages. There are four principles on which the system of guarantees for the realization of employees’ rights to fair remuneration should be based: 1) equality of remuneration; 2) timeliness of remuneration; 3) completeness of payment of wages; 4) fair pay. It is concluded that the proposed and analyzed factors that affect the formation of wages should be studied and taken into account during the regulatory reform of the institution of wages. In our opinion, the principles on which the system of guarantees for the realization of workers’ rights to fair remuneration should be based must be enshrined in law. It is argued that the institution of wages needs comprehensive reform. And above all, it is necessary to pay attention to the principles on which it should be built, because these are the fundamental foundations.

La tradithérapie au Bénin demeure en dépit de la multiplication des hôpitaux et centres de santé publics et privés, la médecine la plus accessible aux populations en premier lieu, en raison de son coût abordable par rapport à la médecine moderne, mais également, parce qu’au-delà de tout, elle continue de représenter l’héritage des ancêtres. Le présent article a pour objectif principal de présenter l’ancrage profond et encore très vivant des connaissances et savoir faire des « Tchakaloké », tradithérapeuthes spécialisés dans le soin des fractures et entorses en pays Idaatcha, dans la commune de Dassa-Zoumè, département des Collines au centre nord du Bénin. Cette recherche s’est appuyée sur une méthodologie d’observation participative axée sur des enquêtes de terrain, une approche empirique et une recherche documentaire spécialisée. Elle a abouti d’une part, à collecter des informations sur les pratiques usuelles de soins pour les entorses et les fractures chez les Tchakaloké et d’autre part, à mettre en évidence les connaissances et compétences majeures, de même que les conditions socioculturelles et socio-environnementales qui entourent ce savoir-faire de la médecine traditionnelle. Il en découle qu’en dépit des difficultés de transmission intergénérationnelle de plusieurs éléments du patrimoine culturel immatériel au Bénin, il existe dans nos sociétés actuelles, des connaissances et savoir-faire qui continuent de porter le flambeau d’un héritage ancestral multiséculaire. La réflexion commence par les enjeux de sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité (PCI), pour aborder ensuite les caractéristiques et enjeux du PCI au niveau africain. Le troisième point présente les Tchakaloké et leur art de soigner les fractures et les entorses. L’article se termine avec les enjeux d’une valorisation de ce savoir-faire.

In the past several years, STEM activities for children in libraries have exploded—literally and figuratively; LEGO contests, building blocks, snap circuits, coding challenges, maker spaces, computer classes, and science programs with exploding bags and bottles take place in libraries across the country. Anxious to rebrand ourselves for the modern age, we tell people that we are “not your grandmother’s library” and let patrons know that we have much to offer beyond books.

Diversified agro-ecological zones and the variation in the weather and climate with a year favors the production of Vegetables in Nepal at large extent. Production could be effective only if the Marketing is well adapted there. Marketing plays the vital role in the proper management of the produced product and help in raising the living standard of the respective farmers. Marketing not only focus on improving the earning capacity and employment opportunities of the respective vegetables producing farmers but also provide the fresh vegetables to the needy consumers at affordable price and their demands for vegetables seems to be fulfilled. To increase the efficiency of vegetables marketing in Nepal, there need to focus on building improved market information system which will provide the market information about the demand, supply to the producers, traders and consumers which will help in making proper production and marketing decisions. To make the Nepal, a self-dependent country on its own vegetables production, Marketing need to be highly focused. To know about the gender role in Agricultural production and marketing, crops they produce and the selling rate and the marketing status, problems and solution expected by farmers, I did a case study in the Chatakpur area of Dhangadhi,Kailali.

Resuscitations in the delivery room or the nursery cause significant stress for caregivers. Diligent preparation will improve the efficacy and safety of life-saving interventions and increase staff comfort. When establishment of an airway and delivery of positive pressure ventilation and chest compressions fail to result in return of spontaneous circulation, pharmacotherapeutic interventions should be considered. Epinephrine is first-line pharmacotherapy for severe bradycardia or cardiac arrest, increasing coronary arterial pressure and blood flow during chest compressions. Despite limited data regarding dosing and efficacy, the first dose of epinephrine may be delivered through the endotracheal tube during attainment of venous access (preferably a low-lying umbilical venous catheter in the delivery room). Intravenous dosing is preferred, and any facility caring for newborns must ensure optimized logistics including readily available dosing guidance and optimal flush volumes. After provision of epinephrine, additional medications may be considered, especially for resuscitations occurring outside of the immediate perinatal period, including normal saline, glucose, adenosine, atropine, and calcium. Clinicians must understand the indications, dosing, and monitoring parameters for these medications and ensure rapid availability for resuscitation. Every second truly counts in a neonatal resuscitation, and optimal understanding and preparation will ensure delivery of pharmacotherapy to optimize both patient outcomes and staff comfort.

AbstractArchaeologists are regularly asked to present public programs. The audiences are varied, as are the settings. Often, the programs are one-time events, and archaeologists usually talk about current or favorite projects. However, public programs may run into unexpected problems because they take archaeologists into unfamiliar situations. In addition, not all programs, including some that seem successful, leave the audience with the message the archaeologist intended to convey; occasionally, the audience will even receive the opposite message. This article is designed to help anyone preparing public programs to avoid some common problems. The lessons fit into three groups. The first group consists of knowledge lessons: know your audience, know their interests, and know their community. The second group consists of logistical lessons: how many programs or classes should be involved? How long should each program last, and what facilities should be used? The third group consists of development lessons for both you and your audience, including building goals and objectives into the program and using appropriate assessment methods. It also includes creating networks that support your program. Can you develop the individual encounters into a coherent approach? Whether a program is designed for a single school class of 30 fourth graders or for a booth at a county fair visited by 4,000 fairgoers, each one should be designed to provide a coherent message to the audience.

The Dynamics of Legal Aid Provision within the Legal System Aimed at Providing Limited Access to Justice and Referring to Core Principles Including Presumption of Innocence, Right to Know the Nature of Charges Against the Defendant, and Ability to Effectively Defend Against Those Charges in a Fair and Open Trial by an Independent and Impartial Court. The legal research method used in this study is normative juridical research that refers to the legal basis related to legal norms applicable in a country. This research approach uses legislative and comparative approaches regarding legal aid provision in Australia, the Netherlands, and South Africa. The research findings indicate that legal aid provided by lawyers representing their clients to provide legal assistance is at the core of the right to fair trial and must be provided to anyone as a concrete manifestation of the principle of equality before the law. Therefore, access to justice is not only for those with high social status but also for lower- and middle-class individuals who have economic limitations and have the same right to be treated fairly under the law. Based on these aspects, this paper will comprehensively discuss legal aid provision in the criminal justice system in the Netherlands, Australia, and South Africa.

Provides another argument for the thesis that, far from presenting an insurmountable obstacle to the project of constructive epistemology, the deployment of Austin’s requirement of fidelity enables us to find new solutions to epistemological problems; deploys Austin’s fidelity requirement to argue that neither our having a justified belief P, nor our having a justified true belief that P, is sufficient for P to count as part of our evidence—it is necessary that we know that P; that our decisions, as to what we know, have methodological import; that, as a consequence, it cannot be of any moment, to a properly conducted inquiry into what it takes for a person to know that P, what naïve respondents say about cases (including the cases cited in support of the Pragmatic Encroachment Thesis—the thesis that whether we know that P depends on whether we are prepared to act on P).

Illicit financial flows (IFFs) drain state finances and economic vitality, with disproportionate impact on developing economies. IFFs—including money laundering, tax evasion, and tax avoidance—pose a transnational problem addressed so far through international regimes of coordination and cooperation. But meaningful reductions in IFFs require addressing the root of the problem: information asymmetries. Developed nations and tax havens know where money is hidden and profits are made, while developing nations do not. Since the international system of global finance creates the incentive structure and permissive environment for illicit flows, it is at this level that states must focus their policy-making attention. New information-sharing mechanisms, such as automatic exchange of tax information and public country-by-country tax reporting, can level the playing field and enable lower-income states to effectively address the IFF problem.

Everyone knows Vietnam for its turbulent environment during the second half of the 20th century, but few know that archaeologists believe that civilization there existed as far back as the Bronze Age. Vietnam's history runs rampant with clashing dynasties, civil wars and power struggles between the North and South, and conflicts with neighboring and other countries. First ruled under China's close watch for centuries, Vietnam fell under conflicting commands of France and Japan during the 19th and 20th centuries-finally leading to the split of North and South Vietnam, and ultimately, the Vietnam War. Today, Vietnam still struggles with its scars from the past, but is slowly emerging as its own country, independent of China and France. An essential addition for high school and public library shelves, The History of Vietnam is the only reference book to examine Vietnam's complete history, from the 2nd century BCE to the present.

Principle 15 requires States to adopt measures that facilitate access to archives for victims, persons implicated in human rights violations, and individuals undertaking historical research. Access to records/archives means making them available for consultation as a result both of legal authorization and the existence of finding aids. Authorizing access to archives, particularly those of governments, is a political act. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 15, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework as well as its implementation, focusing on how international and national courts have taken a variety of positions on access. While the theoretical and best practice framework for access to archives exists, the chapter argues that implementation of Principle 15 is far from satisfactory. It also highlights important challenges that persist due to the reluctance of states to provide access to information, often linked to national security concerns.

It is no secret that the world has a COVID-19 vaccine problem. The majority of vaccination doses have been administered in Europe and North America, whilst many poorer counties have vaccinated less than 1% of their entire population. In light of the new variants presenting health risks, countries such as South Africa and India have proposed that the World Trade Organisation temporarily waive intellectual property rights for COVID-19 vaccines to help increase the production of vaccines. The world’s economic powerhouses such as U.S., Britain and the European Union vetoed the idea, submitting that intellectual property rights are important for ensuring continued innovation. They are of the opinion that waiving such rights would not result in increased production. The question therefore stands if these are only two options: either patents remain unchanged, or patents are disregarded. An alternative, and perhaps a middle ground is that of compulsory licensing. Although a seemingly good option, it presents its own problems. For instance, patents are territorial and grant the patent holder a monopoly for a limited time of 20 years. However, based on public needs – including health emergencies, a government can allow others to make the product, usually with a fair royalty, or fee, paid to the patent owner. However, this ends at the border. Article 31 of the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law, or TRIPS, limit compulsory licenses primarily to domestic production and use. This is also limited to companies within the territory, producing products primarily for export. This of course would make the whole point of such compulsory licenses redundant, since the countries producing such vaccines are not the countries that do not have access to them. The other problem with the COVID-19 vaccine is that the technologies used in producing such vaccines are complex and involve numerous patents, trade secrets and know-how. A compulsory licensing system would need to address not just patents but also the related intellectual property in question. To successfully expand vaccine production, countries need a moderately smooth structure to allow a country such as India, to grant a single, blanket license allowing companies to produce vaccines develop by the U.S. or European companies for export to all countries that lack their own manufacturing capacity. The proposed WTO waiver of intellectual property rights seeks to address the need of improved vaccine production, but it may be little too far stressed. Compulsory licensing would smooth the way for the expansion of vaccine manufacturing whilst at the same time still compensating the right holders.

What we value, like, endorse, want, and prefer changes over the course of our lives. Sometimes this is a result of decisions we make—such as when we choose to become a parent or move to a new country—and sometimes it is caused by forces beyond our control—such as when our political views change as we grow older. This poses a problem for any theory of how we ought to make decisions. Which values and preferences should we appeal to when we are making our decisions? Our current values? Our past ones? Our future ones? Or some amalgamation of all of them? But if that, which amalgamation? This book presents a theory of rational decision-making for people whose values have changed in the past and might change again in the future. It begins with expected utility theory, the orthodox theory of rational choice, and raises the problem of choosing for changing selves in that context. It then offers a new decision theory that avoids the problem. In the process, the book considers a host of related problems: Is it rational to give less weight to your far future preferences than to those in your near future? Can we have moral obligations to pursue the goals of our past selves? Do we know enough about our future preferences to make rational decisions that are sufficiently sensitive to them? How should we combine competing sets of values into a single set?

Delve into the often-overlooked lives and legacies of everyday women in Tudor and Stuart England. Owing to their privilege and social stature, much is known about the elite women of 16th- and 17th-century England. Historians know far less, however, about the everyday women from the middle and lower classes from the 1550s to 1650 who left behind only scattered bits and pieces of their lives. Born into a narrow class and gender hierarchy that placed women second to men in almost all regards, women from the poor and middling ranks had limited social and economic opportunities beyond what men and the church afforded them. Yet, as Theresa D. Kemp shows in this addition to the Daily Life through History series, many of these women, most of them illiterate by modern standards, found creative ways to assert agency and push back against social norms. In an era when William Shakespeare debuted his plays at the Globe Theatre in London, everyday English women were active in religious movements, wrote literature, and went to court to protest abuse at home. Ultimately, a close examination of the lives of these women reveals how instrumental they were in shaping English society during a transformative and dynamic period of British history.

For more than four decades after World War II, the quest for intelligence drove the Soviet Union and the United States to develop a high-stakes "game" of spying on one another throughout the Cold War. Each nation needed to be aware of and prepared to counter the capabilities of their primary nemesis. Therefore, as the Cold War period developed and technology advanced, the mutual goal to maintain up-to-date intelligence mandated that the process by which the "game" was played encompass an ever-wider range of intelligence gathering means. Covering far more than the United States and Soviet Union's use of human spies, this book examines the advanced technological means by which the two nations' intelligence agencies worked to ensure that they had an accurate understanding of the enemy. The easily accessible narrative covers the Cold War period from 1945 to 1989 as well as the post-Cold War era, enabling readers to gain an understanding of how the spies and elaborate espionage operations fit within the greater context of the national security concerns of the United States and the Soviet Union. Well-known Cold War historian Sean N. Kalic explains the ideological tenets that fueled the distrust and "the need to know" between the two adversarial countries, supplies a complete history of the technological means used to collect intelligence throughout the Cold War and into the more recent post-Cold War years, and documents how a mutual desire to have the upper hand resulted in both sides employing diverse and creative espionage methods.

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief comparative summary overview of the four cases.In Switzerland, most conservative Catholics escaped modernisation and centralism by relocating to the mountains, while Liberals and Protestants mostly remained in flat areas that became industrialised (Obinger, 2009). The federal government has been mainly liberal (anti-clerical) and close to Protestantism. Likewise, the Protestant population was in the majority until the 1970s. Currently, the Protestant cantons are the most competitive, while the mountainous Roman Catholic cantons are the least competitive.Uruguay exhibits the highest levels of social progress in Latin America (Sect. 10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_4#Sec2) as well as high safety. Along with Chile, it is the only country in Latin America with low perceptions of corruption. Further, Uruguay is by far Latin America’s most secular country with the lowest religiosity and lowest proportion of Roman Catholics on the continent. The Roman Catholic Church-State did not significantly establish itself in Uruguay, unlike in most Latin American countries. After gaining independence in 1828, Uruguay continued a secular direction with the recognition of civil unions in 1837. In 1917, the Uruguayan constitution completely separated church and state.Cuba ranks in the middle of world distribution on the transparency index. Compared to the cases studied (Europe and the Americas), the countries clustering with Cuba exhibit moderate to high corruption due to their Socialist Legal Origin.Colombia is one of the most inequitable and dangerous countries in the world. A “Catholic and conservative hegemony” has existed in Colombia until 1991, when the Constitution of Rights was promulgated and religious pluralism became legally recognised. However, as a result of centuries of hegemony, the Roman Catholic Church-State still enjoys ample privileges with the Colombian state.

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates the influential association of Protestantism and prosperity by explaining its historical focus on education and human capital building.Historically (and statistically), one key mechanism driving prosperity/transparency has been the Protestant emphasis on literacy so as to promote reading and understanding the Bible among wider circles (Becker & Woessmann, 2009). This contrasted starkly with the Roman Catholic practice of reciting parts of the Gospel in Latin scholarly language to mostly illiterate peasants (Androne, 2014). The teaching of God’s Word in vernacular languages created linguistic and methodical skills (i.e. exegetical understanding) that proved valuable beyond the religious realm. This practice also led to the accumulation of human capital, and thereby opened and perpetuated an important educational (and hence prosperity) gap between Protestants and Roman Catholics over time.As part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Jesuits have competed with Protestant education but attaching less importance to the Scriptures in their schooling. Some South American areas influenced by Jesuit missions exhibit 10–15% higher human capital and income than the surrounding Catholic populations. Yet, Jesuit instruction has been largely elitist and far less encompassing than Protestant educational coverage and accomplishment.

AbstractThe construction of the sea fortress Sveaborg outside Helsinki started in 1748 and caused an enormous influx of military staff into town; the soldiers far outnumbered the civilian population. The locals’ hospitality towards the army was not voluntary; the law obliged all burghers to accommodate military staff in their own homes. The biggest risks when soldiers arrived in town were related to public health, public order, and the billeting of soldiers. In mid-eighteenth-century Helsinki public health was not yet a concern, but the large-scaled billeting was an acute problem. Public order was a pressing concern too, to avoid conflicts the social order had to be maintained, everyone should know their proper places and behave accordingly. Since the army arrived in peacetime to its own country, the army and the local authorities constantly negotiated about the terms of the hospitality to maintain a safe and peaceful co-existence. The townsmen remained masters of their own houses and their own town, but they still had to submit to the state, the social hierarchies, and the common good. But the billeting also provided new economic opportunities for the burghers in the tavern and alcohol business, as well as skilled workforce for bold entrepreneurs.

I was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot county, Maryland. I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of...

Abstract It is far too early to know how the Rehnquist Court, or future Courts, will apply the First Amendment to the many novel questions that will arise in cyberspace, but the Court’s holdings in Reno v. ACLU/ALA answer several important questions. The Court’s mode of analysis in that and related decisions suggests that the Court will rely more heavily on ad hoc balancing, and less heavily on categorical analysis, in deciding future First Amendment questions arising in cyberspace, and even in other”new” modes of communication such as cable TV and direct broadcast satellite.

Rural settlement in Roman Britain has been the subject of many previous studies (e.g. Rivet 1958; 1964; Thomas 1966a; Dark and Dark 1997; Taylor 2007a), although in the past there has been a tendency to assume that lowland regions were uniformly ‘Roman’ and characterized by villas. The construction of villas represents the conscious adoption of a distinctively ‘Roman’ style of architecture by the land-owning class, and rather than being ‘nouveaux riche’ (Russell and Laycock 2010, 111), they are more likely to have been descended from old elites within the pre-Roman kingdoms. The Latin term villa referred simply to a country house, and while in practice the vast majority appear to have lain at the centre of agricultural estates, it is in this true sense—of a country house—that the term is used here (Percival 1988). Most books on Roman Britain try to illustrate the distribution of villas and through simple small-scale maps such as these, and with knowledge of well-known sites such as Bignor and Chedworth, it is easy to draw three assumptions: first, that we know what a Roman villa is, second, that we can map their distribution quite easily, and third that they were a typical feature of lowland areas. All of these assumptions, however, can be questioned. The first—that we understand the nature of Roman villas—seems the most straightforward, although the amount of recent excavation is in fact surprisingly limited as scheduling has protected so many sites from development, andmost of the early work focused on the main residential building as opposed to its ancillary structures. The expansion in first ‘rescue’ and latterly developerfunded excavation has, however, led to a far greater range of rural settlements being excavated and rather than there being a clear divide between ‘villa’ and ‘nonvilla’ sites, we can see that there was a continuum, with low-status timber structures at one end of the scale, palatial houses at the other, and a large number of sites in the middle that meet some, but not necessarily all, of the criteria for being regarded as a villa.

Two strands of evidence can be used to map where Anglo-Saxon immigrants made their home in Britain: the distributions of Grubenhäuser and burials furnished with a distinctive suite of Germanic grave goods (which are referred to here as ‘Anglo-Saxon’ burials). Exactly who is buried within ‘Anglo-Saxon’ cemeteries is not altogether clear, as they may include both the immigrant population with their direct descendants and some native Britons (e.g. Arnold 1988; Hodges 1989; Härke 1990; 2002; Higham 1992; Scull 1995; Lucy 2000; Hamerow 2002; Hills 2003; 2007; 2009; 2011), and without major advances in scientific analysis we will never know whether some of those buried were ‘really just disguised Britons’ (Hills 1993, 15). Recent work on ancient DNA at Oakington, in Cambridgeshire, has established that both immigrants and natives were buried in this ‘Anglo-Saxon’ cemetery (Pitts 2016), but in order to determine how far Anglo-Saxon colonization extended across the landscape of eastern England we must rely upon more traditional archaeology. Of particular importance is the distribution of Grubenhäuser, as these distinctive structures had no precedent in late Roman Britain, suggesting that they were constructed and used by immigrant communities. Grubenhäuser are represented in the archaeological record as shallow(c.0.3–0.5m deep), sub-rectangular (c.3 by 4 m), steep-sided, and flat-bottomed pits above which was probably constructed a suspended wooden floor (e.g. Fig. 8.1; Tipper 2004). These distinctive structures have variously been called ‘huts’, ‘sunken huts’, ‘sunken featured buildings’, and ‘SFBs’, although all of these terms are problematic. The term ‘hut’ in particular led to an interpretation that they were crude hovels, whereas, now that examples have been reconstructed, we can see that they were substantial and impressive buildings (Fig. 8.2). The German term Grubenhäuser is used here specifically because it indicates that they were an alien formof architecture: although a number of Romano-British buildingswith sunken floors have been excavated, Tipper (2004, 7–11) has demonstrated that they represent an entirely different building tradition of cellars with revetted sides, entrance stairways, and floors associated with hearths and sunken storage jars (e.g. King Harry Lane in Verulamium: Stead and Rigby 1989).

There was a planter in the country, not far from us, whom I will call Mr. Litch. He was an ill-bred, uneducated man, but very wealthy. He had six hundred slaves, many of whom he did not know by sight. His extensive plantation was...

Abstract In 1811, ironmaster Colonel Thomas Bull of East Nantmeal Township, Chester County, registered with the county clerk a six-month-old black girl Haney. In doing this, Bull ensured that he could keep Haney as his servant until she reached age 28, which, if she did serve that long, would make her one of the last blacks in Pennsylvania to serve under terms of the state’s gradual abolition act of 1780. Bull, nearing age 70 at Haney’s birth, had carefully safeguarded ownership of his slaves under the act, which held that owners could retain permanently all slaves born before the law went into effect and keep for 28 years all babies born to slave mothers thereafter, as long as the masters registered the blacks with the county government. Colonel Bull had claimed ownership of two young men, Jem and Judge, in 1780, and apparently acquired one or more slave women soon after that date because he listed two boys and a girl in 1789, and another child in 1802. As far as we know, he freed none of his slaves born before 1780 or their children born thereafter.1

The potential connection between environment and happiness is a relatively novel and understudied topic. This paper aims to contribute to this new research trend by investigating the long-term association between environmental protection and happiness by studying the correlation between the environment and students’ attitudes. There have been two types of academic interest in the relationship between the environment and happiness: first, there has been a real curiosity in how the environment influences individuals’ subjective well-being; second, there is a surge of interest in how proenvironmental actions affect individual's well-being, and how, in turn, people's emotional states can be used to prompt them into behaving in ways that are more ecologically responsible. The current concept of health is a complex interaction of environmental, organizational, and personal elements within the contexts and settings in which individuals live. Thus, broader environmental issues must be evaluated in the context of population health, as illustrated, for instance, in studies of migratory communities in which the impacts of a shifting life environment on health were shown to be considerable. Twenty-nine years ago, Chapter 36 of Agenda 21 proposed an education and sustainable development action plan. But even so, progress in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has so far been extremely slow. The authors of the paper have for precisely these reasons chose to conduct a survey amongst students of the University of Belgrade – Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Serbia, with the aim of finding out what exactly do students know about environmental happiness, what are their current attitudes towards the state of the environment in Serbia, and how all of this affects their future. The questionnaire included 102 students. An analysis of the results was carried out using the SPSS 25 software package.

The paper covers a number of civil process issues related to the rights to the fair trial, which are simultaneously essential to the digitization of the civil process which becomes a part of unified e-case system. Such issues definitely include a right of the applicable person to know about initiated proceedings and to carry out timely communication with a court. Related to this issue and specifically important is the conversion of a paper document into electronic form, and ensuring the credibility of such a written proof.

This study examines the growth phenomenon and strategies of Rixos Hotel Group, which is regarded as one of the local hotel groups. The growth forms of international hotel businesses vary from country to country. The hotel businesses need to get to know the working ways of both local partner and national tourism sector with the fact that legal arrangements and socio-cultural characteristics are very important in terms of growth strategies of hotel businesses in service industry. A Turkish Hotel Group has not been examined so far in the studies which have been already done about multinational hotel businesses. In this context, the growth type, growth strategy, guest relationships, education of employees and innovation applications of Rixos Hotel Group which is regarded one of the local hotel groups, are examined for the first time, which contributes to the importance level of this study in a positive way.

The premise that Active Queue Management (AQM) is effective in both quantitative and qualitative settings in residential and enterprise networks has repeatedly been established in multiple papers from academic journals along with private studies in addressing bufferbloat, characterized as excessive latency because of heavy network utilization. However, the presence and understanding of bufferbloat mitigation is absent and not well-known in the Philippine Internet of Things space except enthusiasts, willing to take the time to examine the concept along with its benefits. Hence, this paper examines possible reasons as to why AQM is not widely adopted by Philippine consumers and industries in increasing productivity considering the COVID-19 Pandemic: a lack of basic understanding of bufferbloat and its implications, the complexity of the concept, the know-how required to execute its implementation being far too high, and the lack of perceived benefit by existing telecommunications players in the country.

For international organizations, business centers are a way to simplify particular tasks. While some of the centers work on many projects for the parent corporation, others are highly specialized in only one. A business center's establishment in the host nation signifies an infusion of direct foreign investment for that nation, bringing with it information, expertise, technology and, know-how. The aim of the article is to identify the reverse transfer of knowledge from business centers in the Slovakia to their parent company. In this article, we investigate three chosen business centers located in Slovakia – a country belonging to the region of Central and Eastern Europe. We use the approach of a case study based on various cases. Then, using the method of comparison, we evaluate and compare the similarities and differences of these centers. Our research has led us to the conclusion that a reverse knowledge transfer can be seen in the examples of business centers in Slovakia that we have chosen; however, this knowledge does not flow back to the parent company in two cases but instead is transferred to other centers of the given company in other countries. In one instance, we fail to notice this information transfer. This is due to the chosen center being a special kind of center for a certain multinational corporation. In one instance, we found a definite reverse transfer of knowledge in the areas of sustainability and resilience from the center to the parent firm.

University of Bucharest, together other public and private Romanian universities, have implemented ID/IFR study programs starting with year 1999. We will use the acronymes: ID for Distance Learning and IFR for part-time on-campus study programs. The starting point was the project "Phare Multi-country Programme for Distance Education", 1994 - 1999, aimed at creating a network of 40 study centers IDD(CSIDD) in 11 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. University of Bucharest run one of seven CSIDD centres in Romania. Based on the Order no. 3289/02.19.1998, the Ministry of National Education CSIDD officially recognized the CSIDD centers, their managers. These CSIDD centres were afiliated with the European Training Foundation (ETF) in Turin. By decision of the Bucharest University Senate in May 1999, the CSIDD center was defined as the Department for Distance Learning, Lifelong Learning and Professional Conversion. During the last 14 years, this department has designed and implemented new ID/IFR study programs. These programs were authorized and acreditated by CNEAA and ARACIS, the national authorities in charge with authorization and accreditation of the study programs in higher education institutions, in Romania. At the same time, Lifelong learning and Professional conversion were also succesfully implemented: CISCO Networking Acdemy, Microsoft IT Academy, ECDL. All these initiatives are examples of good pratices for the public-private partnership. To illustrate this, we can refer to the learning resources provided to the University of Bucharest students that were produced in eLearning technology, early in 2003 (http://ecdl.credis.ro/cursuri-ecdl.html). As far as we know there is no other university that has similar learning resources. The paper will present in details the best ID/IFR practices implemented during the last 14 years within the Department for ID/IFR of the University of Bucharest.

Abstract The business intelligence tools allow you to work with databases containing historical drilling records. This gives a possibility to collect data into a single visualized shell, to see patterns, and, most importantly, to identify the main issues. A database among Yamal region projects was taken as an example. This process automation allows you to reduce the time for collecting information and makes it possible to conduct a more detailed and thoughtful analysis of project indicators. In turn, this results in making quick and effective decisions. At the initial stage, historical drilling data over three years was analyzed, namely information on more than 800 drilling runs. A model was formed from various sources in reliance on the database, and a visual working dashboard of the project was compiled. The dashboard allowed us to recognize the main issues that were plain to see. Awareness of plain-to-see issues gives the possibility to find out what information needs to be added to the data model in order to perform more thoughtful analysis. Collecting all the data in one place is not enough. In order to bring the data together, they were collated and visualized in the most explicit way. The bulk data collected in a single model allowed us to see the whole picture of what was happening on the project and to concentrate on solving the root problem. Major issues resulted in equipment failures due to vibrations in the horizontal section. A more detailed vibration analysis showed that the bit was the main driver of vibrations. Hence, the data on rock strength and bottom hole assembly (BHA) vibrations were added to the model for further analysis. However, the complete package of data does not guarantee success. It becomes problematic to see the patterns in some situations, since analogous wells are not always available. While business intelligence tools make it easy to manage filters and find analogy, that is only fair if you have enough offset data. Based on the analysis, the most efficient bit designs were selected and proposed. The updated range of bits allowed to increase ROP in the horizontal section and reduced failures due to vibrations, so the well construction cycle was shortened. These tools are accessible for technicians, which means there is no need-to-know programming languages. Suggested approach allows to accelerate decision-making and identification of key issues. In addition, existing tools give the possibility to monitor key performance indicators continuously within a single project as well as throughout the country. In contrast to the well-known program with tables, the main advantage is the automatic update of the already built data model. This fact speeds up the analytical process and report generation by times.

Abstract The business intelligence tools allow you to work with databases containing historical drilling records. This gives a possibility to collect data into a single visualized shell, to see patterns, and, most importantly, to identify the main issues. A database among Yamal region projects was taken as an example. This process automation allows you to reduce the time for collecting information and makes it possible to conduct a more detailed and thoughtful analysis of project indicators. In turn, this results in making quick and effective decisions. At the initial stage, historical drilling data over three years was analyzed, namely information on more than 800 drilling runs. A model was formed from various sources in reliance on the database, and a visual working dashboard of the project was compiled. The dashboard allowed us to recognize the main issues that were plain to see. Awareness of plain-to-see issues gives the possibility to find out what information needs to be added to the data model in order to perform more thoughtful analysis. Collecting all the data in one place is not enough. In order to bring the data together, they were collated and visualized in the most explicit way. The bulk data collected in a single model allowed us to see the whole picture of what was happening on the project and to concentrate on solving the root problem. Major issues resulted in equipment failures due to vibrations in the horizontal section. A more detailed vibration analysis showed that the bit was the main driver of vibrations. Hence, the data on rock strength and bottom hole assembly (BHA) vibrations were added to the model for further analysis. However, the complete package of data does not guarantee success. It becomes problematic to see the patterns in some situations, since analogous wells are not always available. While business intelligence tools make it easy to manage filters and find analogy, that is only fair if you have enough offset data. Based on the analysis, the most efficient bit designs were selected and proposed. The updated range of bits allowed to increase ROP in the horizontal section and reduced failures due to vibrations, so the well construction cycle was shortened. These tools are accessible for technicians, which means there is no need-to-know programming languages. Suggested approach allows to accelerate decision-making and identification of key issues. In addition, existing tools give the possibility to monitor key performance indicators continuously within a single project as well as throughout the country. In contrast to the well-known program with tables, the main advantage is the automatic update of the already built data model. This fact speeds up the analytical process and report generation by times.

Abstract Modern casing design can reduce significant amounts of CO2 and considerable cost per well [1]. Collapse design was modernized by ISO/API Technical committee 67, Sub Committee 5, Work Group 2b (ISO/API TC67/SC5/WG2b). Modernization of burst design has so far not had the same focus and only minor changes have been made. A new burst design model has been developed to add to the collapse prediction for a complete environmental and cost effective well design tool. It is based on the theories of Lubinski [2] (1975) and presents designs using “exact von Mises ellipsis” together with the Klever and Stewart ductile rupture model [3]. This paper presents the model developed for burst design and the improvement compared to current industry practice. Inspired by the current most accurate collapse prediction model [4], the modified burst model (prototype) is the first to consider actual wall thickness to predict a more accurate internal yield of OCTG (Oil Country Tubular Goods). Investigations show that the standard 12.5% wall thickness reduction for manufacturing tolerances may be obsolete. ISO 10400 offers physical measurements and statistics of tubular properties. Following the principals by WG2b applied with the Klever & Tamano collapse prediction, there is a set of data to be used for a specific batch of tubulars or they are deducted through large quantum of measurements; ensemble Probability Density Function (PDF). The value proposed as “ensemble PDF” for wall thickness is based on more than 10 000 measurements of tubulars from 11 vendors distributed over Electrical Weld (EW) and quenched and tempered (Q&T) qualities of miscellaneous sizes and grades. The batch specific value proposed is based on more modest numbers of specimens from 4 sources but offers “minimum measured wall thickness” for all the samples. Adding to the confidence of the final design is the automated ductile burst calculation, which is one of the latest contributions to burst modeling in the industry [4] [5] [6]. It is a useful aid for the design engineer to know the potential failure mode and the limit before loss of integrity. However, burst is limited to yield because exceeding this limit may lead to loss of the pipe’s effective diameter and eventually loss of integrity. Therefore, the ductile burst prediction is proposed as a visual aid only.

If killing a single person is considered as a major crime that forbidden by Sharia and law at the international level and at the level of all religions and divine legislation, so what about the concept of genocide!! Here, not just an individual with a weak influence on society is killed, but thousands of individuals, that means an entire nation, a future, energy and human and intellectual capabilities that can tip the scales, and on the other hand, broken and half-dead hearts are left behind from the horrific scenes of killing they witnessed before their eyes, moreover, the massacres of genocide continues to excrete its remnants and consequences for long years and for successive generations, and it may generate grudges of revenge among generations that did not receive the adequate awareness and psychological support which are necessary to rehabilitate these generations to benefit from the tragedies and bitter experiences of life to turn them into lessons and incentives to achieve progress and advancement. Genocide is a deadly poison whose toxic effect extends from generations to others unless it is wisely controlled. Here the role of the international community and its legal, legislative and humanitarian stance from these crimes is so important and supportive. Genocide can be occurred on two levels: external and internal. As for genocide on the external level: this is what happened at the hands of foreign powers against a certain people for colonial and expansionist goals in favor of the occupier or usurper. There are many examples throughout history, such as the Ottoman and British occupations...etc Whereas genocide at the internal level, can be defined as the repressive actions that governments practice against their own people for goals that could be extremist, racist or dictatorial, such as t ""Al-Anfal"" massacre in 1988 carried out by the previous regime against the Kurds in the Kurdistan region. The number of victims amounted at one hundred thousand martyrs, most of them were innocent and unarmed people from children, women and the elderly, and also the genocide which was practiced against of the organizers of Al-Shaibania Revolution in 1991 was another example of genocide in the internal level. It is possible to deduce a third level between the external and internal levels, which is the genocide that is done at the hands of internal elements from the people of the country, but in implementation of external agendas, for example, the scenes of organized and systematic sectarian killing that we witnessed daily during (2007) and (2008), followed by dozens of bloody explosions in various regions throughout the capital, which unfortunately was practiced by the people of the country who were misguided elements in order to destabilize the security of the country and we did not know until this moment in favor of which external party!! In the three aforementioned cases, nothing can justify the act of killing or genocide, but in my personal opinion, I see that genocide at the hands of foreign forces is less drastic effects than the genocides that done at the hands of internal forces that kill their own people to impose their control and to defense their survival, from the perspective of ""the survival for the strongest, the most criminal and the most dictatorial. The matter which actually dragged the country into the abyss and the ages of darkness and ignorance. As for the foreign occupier, he remains an occupier, and it is so natural for him to be resentful and spiteful and to keep moving with the bragging theory of that (the end justifies the means) and usurping lands illegally, but perhaps recently the occupier has begun to exploit loopholes in international laws and try to gain the support of the international community and international organizations to prove the legitimacy of what has no legitimacy, in the end to achieve goals which pour into the interest of the occupiers' country and from the principle of building the happiness and well-being of the occupiers' people at the expense of the misery and injustice of other peoples!! This remains absolutely dehumanizing societal crime, but at least it has a positive side, which is maximizing economic resources and thus achieving the welfare of a people at the expense of seizing the wealth of the occupied country. This remains the goal of the occupier since the beginning of creation to this day, but today the occupation associated with the horrific and systematic killing has begun to take a new template by framing the ugliness of the crime with humanitarian goals and the worst, to exploit religion to cover their criminal acts. A good example of this is the genocide that took place at the hands of the terrorist organization ISIS, that contradictory organization who adopted the religion which forbids killing and considers it as one of the greatest sins as a means to practice the most heinous types of killing that contemporary history has witnessed!! The ""Spiker"" and ""Sinjar"" massacres in 2014 are the best evidence of this duality in the ideology of this terrorist organization. We may note that the more we advance in time, the more justification for the crimes of murder and genocide increases. For example, we all know the first crimes of genocide represented by the fall of Baghdad at the hands of the Mongol leader ""Hulagu"" in 1258. At that time, the crimes of genocide did not need justification, as they were practiced openly and insolently for subversive, barbaric and criminal goals!! The question here imposes itself: why were the crimes of genocide in the past practiced openly and publicly without need to justify the ugliness of the act? And over time, the crimes of genocide began to be framed by pretexts to legitimize what is prohibited, and to permit what is forbidden!! Or to clothe brutality and barbarism in the patchwork quilt of humanity?? And with this question, crossed my mind the following ""Aya"" from the Glorious Quran (and do not kill the soul that God has forbidden except in the right) , this an explicit ""Aya"" that prohibits killing and permits it only in the right, through the use of the exception tool (except) that permits what coming after it . But the"" right"" that God describes in the glorious Quran has been translated by the human tongues into many forms and faces of falsehood!! Anyway, expect the answer of this controversial question within the results of this study. This study will discuss the axis of (ideologies of various types and genocide), as we will analyze excerpts from the speeches of the former regime that were announced on the local media after each act of genocide or purification, as the former regime described at that time, but the difference in this study is that the analysis will be according to a scientific and thoughtful approach which is far from the personal ideology of the researcher. The analysis will be based on a model proposed by the contemporary Dutch scientist ""Teun A. Van Dijk"". Born in 1943, ""Van Dijk"" is a distinguished scholar and teaching in major international universities. He has authored many approved books as curricula for teaching in the field of linguistics and political discourse analysis. In this study, Van Dijk's Model will be adopted to analyze political discourse ideologies according to forty-one criteria. The analysis process will be conducted in full transparency and credibility in accordance with these criteria without imposing the researcher's personal views. This study aims to shed light on the way of thinking that the dictatorial regimes adopt to impose their existence by force against the will of the people, which can be used to develop peoples' awareness to understand and analyze political statements in a scientific way away from the inherited ideologies imposed by customs, clan traditions, religion, doctrine and nationalism. With accurate scientific diagnosis, we put our hand on the wounds. So we can cure them and also remove the scars of these wounds. This is what we seek in this study, diagnosis and therefore suggesting the suitable treatment "