Rozprawy doktorskie: „Juvenile justice system”

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Dritsas, I. "The Athenian juvenile justice system". Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636739.

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This is the first study of the Athenian juvenile justice system and, indeed, of any such system in Greece. The thesis concentrates on the operation of the juvenile court, the probation service and the role of the police in the formal and informal handling of delinquent and anti-social minors. In his proposals, the researcher reconceptualises the local justice system in a way which encourages the informal handling of petty offenders, the development of a range of community alternatives for the rising number of repeated and serious offenders and the enhancement of its links with the local community.

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Donley, Ryan Michelle. "Girls in the juvenile justice system". Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2007. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=775.

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Lam, Po-wan Debora, i 林寶雲. "Gender-bias in Hong Kong juvenile justice system". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575539.

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Lam, Po-wan Debora. "Gender-bias in Hong Kong juvenile justice system". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575539.

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Chan, Pui-yi. "The juvenile justice system in Hong Kong helpful or punitive? /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31975240.

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Chan, Pui-yi, i 陳佩儀. "The juvenile justice system in Hong Kong: helpful or punitive?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975240.

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Stahlkopf, Christina. "Rhetoric or reality? : restorative justice in the youth justice system in England". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c00ef572-167f-4f91-91a1-5687d26972f4.

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This thesis explores the recent introduction of restorative justice into the youth justice system in England. It examines the historical and political context from which current youth justice policies have emerged and aims to evaluate how this new system is functioning 'on the ground' several years after being implemented. Specifically, the primary aim of the research is to investigate final warnings and referral orders. The findings are based on an in-depth study of one Youth Offending Team (YOT). The research adopted a predominantly qualitative, case study based method utilizing techniques of observation, informal conversations, formal interviews with the young offenders and their supporters as well as with authority figures who are amongst those responsible for policy and practice in the youth justice system. The substantive chapters of this thesis focus on the delivery of final warnings, referral order panel meetings, victim participation, and the structural, cultural and political influences on YOT practice. This research concludes that at present, restorative practices in England are seriously compromised. However, simply because these programmes experience difficulties, they should not necessarily be considered a failure. The present failures in practice are not related to the philosophical foundation of these programmes or even to the way in which they have been set up. Rather, the current shortcomings in practice are due mostly to a failure of implementation on the part of the YOT. The final warning and referral order programmes, if improved, have the potential to become an effective first encounter with the criminal justice system and to impact positively on many first time offenders.

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Atlas, Robin Michelle. "Treatment of mentally ill juvenile offenders in the criminal justice system". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2927.

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Mentally ill juveniles who are incarcerated in correctional facilities receive minimal or no treatment services. The research in this thesis determines that mentally ill juvenile offenders receive inadequate treatment. It also determined that juvenile correctional officers as well as others in the criminal justice system are not trained properly to deal with mentally ill juveniles.

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Richardson, Norma L. "The Juvenile Justice System: An Analysis of the Effectiveness of a Juvenile Delinquency Intervention Program". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2014. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/8.

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Juvenile delinquency in the nation’s cities, suburbs, and rural communities has been considered a longstanding problem with severe implications for not only youth offenders but their families and communities as well. The source of juvenile delinquency has been attributed to a number of factors including the breakdown of the family, antisocial behavior as a result of the child’s environment, and rapid urbanization of America’s cities. No matter the source, the problem of juvenile delinquency has been addressed by a variety of stakeholders including law enforcement agencies, community organizations, and school systems with the purpose of diminishing the problem. The current climate of juvenile justice reform is shifting toward prevention and intervention, rather than complete suppression by way of detainment. According to the theoretical framework applied to this study, a consideration for understanding forms of deviance relates to social controls and the presumption that conformity is not intrinsically accepted, but is the result of internal and external motivations or factors. This research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Youth Against Violence (YAV) program, which focused its efforts on reducing juvenile delinquency in the community and assisting youth to meet bond conditions in order to reenroll in traditional public schools. Participants were referred to the YAV program by court order, school referral, or parent/self referral for participation in an 8-week intervention and prevention program to help rehabilitate offenders for the purpose of successful re-entry into the community and completion of their education in public schools. To determine program effectiveness, this study utilized several independent variables including parental involvement, participant demographics, gang membership/affiliation, program curriculum, frequency of contact with law enforcement, family history with law enforcement, and extended family support. These variables were selected to measure participants’ perception of YAV program effectiveness. This mixed method analysis utilized participant surveys, focus groups with former participants, parents of former participants, and interviews with YAV personnel. The research concludes by identifying the significant relationships between the dependent and independent variables revealed in descriptive and correlative statistics. The research also discusses the emergent themes related to program effectiveness that were identified in qualitative analysis. Finally, the research provides recommendations for program practice, juvenile justice policy, and future rehabilitative and reentry research based on the research findings to assist practitioners with the development of prevention and intervention programs that can effectively deter youth from engaging in delinquency.

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Walker, Sharon. "Influences on Juvenile-Justice Court Dispositions: Sentencing Disparities, Race, Legal Representation, Degree of Offending, and Conflict in the Juvenile Justice System". TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/35.

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Raymond, Lezelda. "Transformation of the juvenile justice system: A paradigm shift from a punitive justice system of the old order to a restorative justice systems of the new dispensation". University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The aim of this study was to critically examined the juvenile justice system with regard to the theory of restorative justice as a better alternative to the punitive system that recognizes the rights of children as human rights is in line with the convention on the rights of the child. This research looked at punishment as a penal option, which the court imposes on a person for committing a crime. By means of a case study with regards to the One Stop Youth Justice Centre in Port Elizabeth, this study argued that the restorative method of dealing with youth offenders is a better alternative in contrast to the punitive system.

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Adams, Katelynn R. "Do Juvenile Offenders Hold to the Child Saving Mentality? The Results from a Survey of Juvenile Offenders Placed on Court Mandated Juvenile Probation". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3237.

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The juvenile justice system was established as a result of an unprecedented movement pioneered by the child savers. Child savers strived to protect America's children from physical and moral harm. Since the juvenile justice system's inception, research has focused extensively on the effectiveness of the juvenile system. Numerous studies have observed the perceptions of the general public, juvenile probation officers, and juvenile correctional staff regarding the juvenile justice system. The current study examined actual participants in the juvenile justice system to assess their opinions of the system that was designed to serve, protect, and rehabilitate them into active members of society. A survey was conducted with juvenile offenders who had been placed on court mandated juvenile probation, and their responses were analyzed and compared with previous research regarding the effectiveness of the juvenile justice system.

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Jones, Bennett. "The End Game of California's Juvenile Justice System: The Case for Complete Realignment and the Elimination of the Division of Juvenile Justice". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/794.

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The juvenile justice system was originally set up under the philosophy that juveniles are inherently different than adults and therefore should not be subject to same harsh punishment as adult criminals. Rehabilitative treatment methods became the center of the juvenile justice system in order to reduce recidivism rates and help reintegrate youths back into society as smoothly as possible. This philosophy changed early in the 21st century, and many states began treating youth offenders in ways similar to adult offenders, with a particular increase in direct files of juveniles to adult court. After about a decade of harsh punishment, the system once again reverted back to the rehabilitative model. California did so through several legislative reforms; however these reforms have not been as successful as they should have been, and the system is still in a state of disarray. California is currently balancing a failing state juvenile justice system while trying to simultaneously support realignment efforts to the county level. After evaluating the failures of Division of Juvenile Justice and the capacity of the counties, it is evident that counties are not only physically equipped to take on the increased responsibility but are much better suited to do so financially. To best uphold the original goals of the juvenile justice system and the rehabilitative model, California should move to close the Division of Juvenile Justice and completely realign all responsibility to the counties. Keeping juveniles close to their communities creates stronger ties, more continuity of treatment, and reduces the likelihood a youth will reoffend. By tailoring treatment to the individual on a local level, problems such as mental illness, substance abuse, and anger management, can be directly targeted and solved. Intervening at first arrest with effective treatment programs is crucial to decreasing the chance that a juvenile will become a career adult criminal. These juveniles are the future of society; focusing on the rehabilitation of these youths will not only increase community safety but will also produce healthy, productive citizens to contribute to the economy.

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Meyers, Rosemary E. "MAYSI-2: Local normative data and utility with juvenile offenders in a juvenile justice system agency". Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1385994720.

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Lewis, Denise Y. "Juvenile Delinquency: An Examination of the Disproportionality of Minority vs. Non-Minority Juvenile Offenders Involved with the Juvenile Justice System". Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1240968065.

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Quinn, Peter. "Unenlightened efficiency the administration of the juvenile correction system in New South Wales, 1905-1988 /". Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/623.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.
Title from title screen (viewed 7 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of History, Faculty of Arts. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Convery, Una Veronica. "The use and nature of custody for children in the Northern Ireland criminal justice system". Thesis, University of Ulster, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249454.

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Yau, Shu-fung Dave. "A consumer study of the impact of the criminal justice system on the young offenders' criminal career /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13990895.

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Ruesch, Gabrielle. "The Implementation of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Justice System and the Impact of Community Justice Boards in Pima County". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297751.

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The criminal justice system is filled with theories regarding the treatment of convicted offenders, one such theory is the restorative justice approach. This approach stands apart by aspiring to educate offenders while repairing community bonds. If this approach has the intended impact when implemented in the juvenile justice system, it presents an alternative to the traditional system by reducing the number of repeat offenders and preventing new offenders from arising because of the increased community involvement. In order to assess the effects and implications of restorative justice, the Community Justice Boards program of Pima County was looked to as an example of the application of background and theories pertaining to restorative justice in the juvenile justice system. Moreover, the potential benefits, short comings, and cost effectiveness of the implementation of restorative justice programs were examined. The findings that arose from the research conducted on the topic of restorative justice include that they have the possibility of being cost effective. Further, this form of policy has positive impacts on community involvement as has been the case with the Pima County system, but could benefit through the expansion of offenses addressed and a firm level of monitoring to ensure these programs do not stray from their goals.

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Penman, Mark. "Diversion and intervention within the Children's Hearings System". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3442.

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Using longitudinal data from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime and findings from qualitative interviews, it was found that the Children's Hearings system, in relation to young people referred on offending grounds, had no significant effect on the levels of self-reported offending in those referred to the Children's Hearings system, compared with a matched sample who had no contact with the system. In addition, no differences were found between a smaller matched sample who were placed on a Supervision Requirement and those with no contact with the system. The interventions provided within Supervision Requirements are argued to be ineffective and do not reflect the contemporary literature on effective practice. Interactions with the Children's Hearings system were not found to support labelling or deterrence theories. However, the gatekeeping practices of the police appeared to be biased and labelling in effect. The diversionary approach of the Children's Hearings system was supported through the finding that the majority of cohort members desisted from offending without requiring formal measures. It is argued that the functioning of the system could be improved by diverting more young people with offending behaviours prior to their referral to the Reporter (on the basis of their low risk and low levels of criminogenic needs). The small number of high risk offenders with high levels of criminogenic needs, who are unlikely to desist naturally, should receive structured interventions that reflect current findings in relation to effective practice.

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Spiller, Sydney. "SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS’ PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE DISORDER IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM". OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2700.

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The purpose of this study was to discover the current awareness of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) regarding the link between language disorder and the juvenile justice system. It is to consider how speech-language pathology, as a profession, think about the implications of language disorder on life outcomes as well as determine the need for speech-language intervention within the juvenile justice system. A Google Form was created and distributed to current speech-language pathologists that have their Certificate of Clinical competence, and have experience working with students in the educational setting. Results suggest SLPs are aware of the link between LD and the juvenile justice system as well as the aspects of language found difficult for these young offenders, but training and professional development on this topic is minimal. Participants report an interest in interprofessional practice and are positioned to become advocates for young offenders with LD in the juvenile justice system.

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Villa, Juan. "Multicultural Training for Mental Health Professionals Working in the Juvenile Justice System". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10265291.

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The juvenile justice system provides a multicultural arena for mental health professionals who are interested in working in forensic social work. This curriculum aims to demystify cultural competence and highlights the importance of adapting multicultural perspectives and theoretical approaches to increase knowledge, awareness, empathy and respect for the diverse cultures of juvenile offenders. This curriculum is intended to train professionals on how to facilitate cross-cultural communication within the juvenile justice system, and establish a multicultural environment in the workplace. Most importantly, it will explore the nature of the juvenile justice system, analyze cultural competence models and integrate both domains to enhance the assessment and treatment of young offenders.

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Adams, Katelynn R. "Do Juvenile Offenders Hold to the Child-Saving Mentality? The Results From a Statewide Survey of Juvenile Offenders in a Correctional Facility". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/278.

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At the end of the nineteenth century, individuals identified as child savers pioneered an unprecedented movement to save America’s children from physical and moral harm. The establishment of the juvenile justice system came as a result of the actions of the child savers. Researchers have focused extensively on many aspects of the juvenile justice system including studies on the effectiveness of the system to tracking the changes the system has undergone since its establishment. Numerous other studies examined opinions of the juvenile justice system. However, the research has focused solely on the general public, juvenile probation officers and juvenile correctional staff. The current study examined the actual participants within the juvenile justice system - the juvenile offenders - to gauge their perceptions of the system that was created to protect and turn them into law-abiding individuals. A survey was conducted with juvenile offenders housed within two conservative, Midwestern juvenile correctional facilities. The juveniles believed that rehabilitation should be an integral goal of the juvenile justice system and they endorsed community-based interventions as a means to change behavior. The results indicate that the juvenile offenders are in tune with the general public as seeing the juvenile justice system as a child saving institution rather than as a punitive endeavor.

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McCowan, Joan. "Impact of the Young Offenders Act on dispositions in the juvenile justice system". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5465.

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Policastro, Megan A. "Therapeutic jurisprudence and the importance of drug courts in the juvenile justice system". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1129.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies

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Foreman, Kimberly M. H. Meece Judith L. "Voices of HOPE educational histories of young women in the juvenile justice system /". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2173.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 26, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Education." Discipline: Education; Department/School: Education.

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McCafferty, James T. "The Predictive Validity of the Ohio Youth Assessment System-Disposition Instrument: A Revalidation Study". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384334038.

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Ghosh, Jaya. "A window on the juvenile justice system in India : an observation home in Bihar". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.734442.

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This thesis explores the experiences of children in conflict with the law living in the Observation Home at Patna, the state capital of Bihar, India. The data was collected through participant observation, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in consultation with the children, and 10 interviews were undertaken with stakeholders in the system. The study concentrates on the voices of children in order to develop an understanding of their experiences within the institutional environment and of their frames of reference in relation to different stakeholders as well as their own position in terms of participation and the working of the Juvenile Justice System. Based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Indian State is committed to implementing a child-friendly system and facilitating children’s right to participation. However, in practice we find a system where the children in conflict with the law are often labelled as 'criminals' when they come in the purview of the system and hence perceived as to deserve punishment rather than sympathy, especially if they are accused of serious offences. These children go through torture, inhumane treatment and Police brutality; the majority of them experience a lengthy trial, without sufficient legal assistance, information about the process and minimum scope for participation. Despite the elaborate international framework that exists for juvenile justice, the fact remains that there is a huge gap between the law and the real situation on the ground. The study aims to review the Juvenile Justice System, to contribute to a better understanding of the problems faced by the children in conflict with the law, and to investigate the obstacles to effective implementation with a particular focus on current practices. The state needs to go beyond just making policy-level changes based on international parameters or obligations and start to develop an effective system by bringing all the stakeholders together as a team committed to the achievement of a child- friendly system.

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Cowley, Denzil. "The Cape Town juvenile assessment centre and the transformation of the youth justice system". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6901.

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Bibliography: leaves 82-84.
The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Young People at Risk (IMC) undertook a comprehensive analysis of the Child and Youth Care system, including the Juvenile Justice system in South Africa and made recommendations for transformation thereof. Various transformation initiatives in the Child and Youth Care System stimulated the researcher's interest in the progress of the implementation of transformation policies. In particular the policies related to the Juvenile Justice system at the Cape Town Juvenile Justice Assessment Centre were of interest to the researcher. Services and legislation governing youth in conflict with the law was fragmented. New legislation was needed that incorporated national and international instruments to protect the rights of children and to regulate the juvenile justice system. Since the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Young People at Risk (IMC) in 1996, various documents, policies, discussion papers and draft legislation have been published. The aim of this study is to determine to what extent the recommendations in these various documents have been implemented at the Cape Town Juvenile Assessment Centre. The aim of the Cape Town Juvenile Assessment Centre is to assess all youth in conflict with the law in the magisterial district and, where possible, to divert the case away from the justice system. From the findings of the study it is clear that the Cape Town Juvenile Assessment Centre has progressed far on the continuum of implementing the transformation policies. The probation officers in particular had excellent insight into the transformation process and the implementation of practice principles. It was also clear that every effort was made to make services child and family centred. Diversion options are implemented where possible and detention of juveniles in prisons was reduced drastically. The Cape Town Juvenile Assessment Centre has good relationships with other role-players. Services are co-ordinated through a monthly co-ordination meeting, where role-players like the Departments of Social Services, Justice, South African Police Services and NICRO are represented. In summary, the Cape Town Juvenile Justice Assessment Centre has made commendable progress in implementing policy recommendations and policy related to the transformation of the juvenile justice system. There is, however, room for improvement, particularly with the after-hour assessments. Delegating decision-making powers to all prosecutors will streamline the diversion process. Diversion options for second- or third-time offenders should be developed. Furthermore, not enough support is given to youth in conflict with the law and their families in that very few of them are referred to welfare organisations for continued services.

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Fishwick, Elaine. "When the stars align’: decision-making in the NSW juvenile justice system 1990-2005". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13250.

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This thesis examines decision-making in the New South Wales juvenile justice system. It investigates what factors and which people influenced the setting of policy agendas and the choice of policy options during the period 1990 – 2005. Using data from in-depth interviews with key policy actors and from documentary analysis, it aims to identify the dynamic interplay of historical, institutional, legal, professional, pragmatic and political factors within wider economic, social and public policy contexts to explore how and why juvenile justice policy developed in the way that it did during this period. The time frame for the study begins with the publication of the report Kids In Justice: A Blueprint for the Nineties by the NSW Youth Justice Coalition, and continues to 2005, a year marked by the publication of the NSW Law Reform Commission’s Report on Young Offenders, public street disturbances in suburbs of Sydney and the resignation of the Labor Premier the Hon. Bob Carr on August 6th. This time frame is significant as it epitomizes what appears to be a gradual, although not complete shift in approaches to juvenile justice policy: from the promise of potentially progressive diversionary strategies envisaged in the Kids in Justice Report to an approach which increasingly appeared to be concerned with control and punishment and with appeasing media demands. The thesis is a trans disciplinary study. It draws on insights from law, policy studies, media studies and criminology, and pulls them together to develop a unique analytical approach to juvenile justice. It adopts a blended theoretical perspective by combining key elements of critical social sciences with complexity theory together, in an approach, which has been termed by Byrne (1998, 2011) as ‘complex realism’ and by Carroll (2009) as ‘critical complexity’. The thesis concludes that decision takes place within an historically contingent context of what can be termed ‘negotiated order’. There are elements of certainty in the decision-making process but it is also characterised by serendipity and change. Policy processes are dynamic and change can be at times minimal and incremental and at other times monumental. It is argued that people and their ambitions, emotions, skills and experiences are absolutely fundamental to any understanding of policy and this thesis emphasises their role in decision-making. It is anticipated that the insights gathered from looking at this moment in the history of juvenile justice and the influences on decision-making will not only contribute to a more detailed understanding of the policy process in criminology and related disciplines, but might also provide those engaged in advocacy and reform with some tools for even more effective action.

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Steward, Mable Merrybell. "The level of awareness of the criminal justice personnel in Cobb County, and Dekalb County Georgia's juvenile justice system regarding mental retardation and the mentally handicapped juvenile offender". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1990. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1786.

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This study investigated the awareness and understanding of justice personnel in Cobb County and Dekalb county of the Georgia Juvenile Justice System, regarding mental retardation and the mentally handicapped juvenile offender.The survey method was employed as the primary data gathering technique.The primary instrument used to collect the data was the Survey of Juvenile Justice Personnel Regarding Mental Retardation and the Mentally Handicapped Offender.The results of this investigation indicate that while juvenile justice personnel may have some understanding of mental retardation and the mentally handicapped juvenile offender,they are confused and uncertain about how to deal with this population in a professional manner.

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Krassenstein, Melissa D. "A Call for Dreams and Imagination in Juvenile Justice Abolition: A Reimagined System of Rehabilitation for Youth in Los Angeles". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/736.

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As prison abolition has made its way into the dominant discussions about mass incarceration issues in the United States, it seems that the role of abolitionist movements in the juvenile justice system has been almost entirely absent. With prison abolition energies spent on adult incarceration, incarcerated juveniles are left with incremental policy reform that fails to address fundamental problems of juvenile detention facilities. Of the 54,000 incarcerated minors, black teenagers are arrested at five times the rate of white teenagers, and Latino teenagers are arrested two to three times the rate of white teenagers. This thesis asks the research question of whether or not prison abolitionist frameworks can be applied to the juvenile justice models in Los Angeles. Unless the abolitionist movement makes a presence in the juvenile reform efforts, the system will criminalize the childhoods of black and brown youth from low-income backgrounds and the pipeline from schools to juvenile detention centers to adult prisons will continue to perpetuate. There is a need for dreams and imagination in the abolitionist movement against the juvenile prison system in Los Angeles County. The push for a future utopian alternative system will abolish the juvenile detention center system and restructure models of rehabilitation that are specifically designed for targeted communities in Los Angeles.

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Yassine, Lobna. "Governing through ‘neutrality’: A Poststructural Analysis of Risk Assessment in the NSW Juvenile Justice System". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21228.

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Internationally, the assessment of risk via the application of standardised assessment tools has become routine practice across criminal justice and penal systems. Ostensibly, risk assessment tools enable the prediction, and thereby prevention, of reoffending and recidivism. The use of risk assessment tools in the juvenile justice system in NSW, Australia is less than 20 years old, yet since 2001 one specific tool, the Youth Level of Service Case Management Inventory Australian Adaptation (YLS/CMI-AA), has become a key technology in interventions with young people. Young offenders who come into contact with the justice system are guaranteed two things: to be assessed for their risk of reoffending, and then to be treated for their offending behaviour, based on their predicted risk. Poststructural analyses of risk assessments have highlighted the way that the concept of ‘risk’ has become central in modern day systems of discipline and punishment and is implicated in both the governing of juvenile offenders and the population more broadly. This thesis builds upon existing work on risk to closely interrogate how juvenile justice risk assessment tools constitute, or make, the ‘problem’ of juvenile offending. The study applies Carol Bacchi’s ‘What’s the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) policy analysis approach to the YLS/CMI-AA 2.0 risk assessment tool and to a corpus of related texts to illuminate how risk assessments regulate, and actively shape who is defined, marked and classified as ‘risky’. In this sense, they are understood to do more than simply ‘predict’ and ‘prevent’. The WPR analysis enables the interrogation of the problem representations, or problematisations, that are lodged within texts such as the assessment tool, user guides and so on. This study demonstrates how the risk assessment tool administered to young people in NSW problematises crime as fixed, static, and something that has always existed, thereby making the imagined standards of behaviour appear to be real and wholly ahistorical. It also produces offenders as having a set of specific and common characteristics that include deviancy, immorality, and various forms of failure. The concept of ‘criminogenic pathways’ is integral to these representations and the risk assessment tool also firms up and naturalises taken-for-granted ideas about how somebody becomes an offender. This thesis contributes to international scholarship on the uptake up of risk discourses in juvenile penality by demonstrating how risk assessment tools have introduced a new form of governing, one that is backed by the ‘neutrality’ of science, and by extension the ‘neutrality’ of the state. The supposed assurance of ‘neutrality’ is used to defend, explain and justify the overrepresentation of certain people in penal systems, and, in Australia, Indigenous young people in particular. In addition, it appears that risk assessment tools function to regulate and discipline both juvenile offenders and ‘non-offending’ people more generally. The thesis also underlines the importance and usefulness of poststructuralist analytic strategies such as the WPR approach to defamiliarise fields concerned with the juvenile offender problem.

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Anthony, Stephanie Nichole. "Teacher attributions, expectations, and referrals for students involved in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems". Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1426.

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The primary purpose of this study was to examine differences in the attributions teachers make toward students in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. The study utilized vignettes and asked teachers to attribute the responsibility for declines in behavior and academic performance to one of five sources (the student, the parents, the teacher, the court system, or the student's friends). The study further asked teachers to identify the extent to which the changes were due to the student's internal traits and external factors, the likelihood of changes in behavior and academic performance with and without intervention, the teachers' beliefs about their ability to impact change, the amount of time the teachers reported being willing to spend with the students outside of class, and the likelihood of the student pursuing post-secondary education. Teachers were also asked to identify to whom they would first refer the student in the vignette for outside assistance due to declines in behavior and academic performance and then provide all referrals they would make. A total of 224 certified 6th -12th grade teachers in the state of Iowa completed the vignette survey between January 2014 and April 2014. Results indicated that teachers made different attributions toward students on the basis of their involvement in either the child welfare or juvenile justice system. Specifically, teachers attributed the reason for behavioral and academic declines to different sources for students in the child welfare system, the juvenile justice system, and the control condition. Teachers were more likely to attribute academic and behavioral declines to internal factors for students in the juvenile justice system and external factors for students in the child welfare system. Teachers reported students in the juvenile justice system as least likely to change without intervention. The majority of teachers across the three conditions indicated their first referral would be to mental health services within the school. Teachers did not differ in the total number of referrals made, the amount of time until making the referral, the amount of time they would be willing to spend with the student outside of class time in order to impact change, their feelings of efficacy to impact change, and the likelihood of the student obtaining post-secondary education. Finally, limitations of the study are presented, suggestions for future research are discussed, and the implications of this study for teachers and school psychologists are discussed.

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35

Salole, Abigail. "'It's kinda punishment': The role of the voluntary sector in the youth criminal justice system". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/230765/1/Abby_Salole_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines the relationship between the voluntary sector and the youth criminal justice system. By conceptualizing the interface between the statutory criminal justice system and the voluntary sector that previous scholarship has not yet fully explored, a new approach to understanding the complex and contradictory relationship between the state and the voluntary sector is developed. This research reveals ambivalences, tensions, and even opportunities that emerge from the state contracting out youth justice responsibilities. The relationship between the state and the voluntary sector has important consequences for the study of institutional responses to crime and conceptions of justice.

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36

Yau, Shu-fung Dave, i 游樹峰. "A consumer study of the impact of the criminal justice system on the young offenders' criminal career". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31250002.

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37

Berger, Batsheva. "Rehabilitation for Gang-Affiliated, Male, African American Juvenile Delinquents". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6400.

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Many social workers are unaware of their responsibilities related to African American, male, juvenile delinquents who have gang affiliation. Punishment by detention is detrimental to these youth because detention perpetuates criminal careers and does not rehabilitate juvenile offenders. The purpose of this action research study was to determine how social workers understood their role in the rehabilitation of gang-affiliated, African American, male juvenile delinquents. Differential association theory was used as the conceptual framework to understand the detriment of youth being incarcerated without rehabilitation. One focus group of 5 social workers was formed using purposive sampling of social workers who worked with the juvenile delinquent population in different settings. Manual transcription, hand coding, and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. Participants explained why social workers see the population of African American, male, juvenile delinquents with gang involvement as vulnerable, reasons for gang affiliation, barriers to treatment, and how to engage this population. Findings include strategies to promote positivity within urban environments, foster a sense community in these areas, and engage clients. Recommendations were made to advocate for policy change, incorporate the arts into intervention, and to create urban beautification programs. Findings and recommendations from this study might bring about social change by providing insight into how social workers understand their role in the rehabilitation of the population of African American, male, juvenile delinquents with gang involvement and what can be done to enhance the social work involvement.

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38

Veitch, William. "Ideology and hearings system operations : the perceptions of five participating groups". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21842.

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Recent research related to the children's hearings system - Scotland's juvenile 'justice system - is limited. This study is an attempt to address this empirical deficiency. It examines the perceptions of members of five participating groups (guidance teachers, social workers, police officers, panel members and reporters) on the structure and practices of the hearings system in three regions of Scotland. The research involved 389 respondents in a questionnaire survey, followed by 45 semi-structured interviews with a selected sub-sample. The study incorporated three research issues. Firstly, the groups' ideological perspectives on juvenile justice and their potential influence on attitudes towards the hearings system, secondly, the groups members' observations on present hearings system operations and thirdly the participants' convictions concerning future practice and structure. The general conclusions drawn from the investigation indicate that support across the five groups exists for the continuation of a welfare based juvenile justice system in Scotland but that differences between groups emerge on the matter of the organisation of that system. Majorities in the police officer, guidance teacher and social worker samples were ideologically opposed to lay decision-makers in juvenile justice and most interviewees from these groups expressed reservations concerning the continuation, in its present form, of the lay panel as the decision making body in the hearings system. Most panel members and reporters in contrast however, and again in accordance with their ideological stances, continued to support the dominant role of lay people in the decision-making process within hearings. The research conclusions further suggest the existence of a process of ideological modification on the part of group members when translating theoretical concepts into practical settings. This process, identified as situated accounts, in some instances permitted participants to acknowledge and work with aspects and practices within the hearings system which contradicted their underlying ideological beliefs.

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39

Barrett, Susan, i N/A. "Pathways to Detention". Griffith University. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070824.112806.

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This research utilised a range of deterministic and stochastic analyses to establish whether Queensland's juvenile justice system processes Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders differently. The impetus for this research stemmed from the continued high rates of Aboriginal over-representation within Australia's criminal justice system, despite diversionary measures to reduce such over-representation, and a commitment by the Queensland Government to reduce by 50% the number of Aboriginal peoples in custody by the year 2011. There are two competing hypotheses concerning the cause of this over-representation, (i) external factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage, unemployment or substance abuse, or (ii) systemic disparity within the criminal justice system. For this research, disparity is defined as the unacceptable use of discrimination; discrimination can be appropriate if it is used to define or enhance a situation, such as discriminating between offenders who are recidivists and those who are first time offenders. The inappropriate use of discrimination occurs for example, when harsher sentences are issued to offenders based on non-legal factors such as race or gender. Systemic disparity is therefore used here to represent the inappropriate use of discrimination against an offender by the criminal justice system. The second hypothesis, one of systemic disparity, provided the framework for this research, which posed the following primary question: Is there quantifiable evidence to support the existence of disparity acting against young male Aboriginal offenders within Queensland's juvenile justice system? Two separate but complementary studies were designed to address this issue: the pathways study and the trajectory study. The pathways study utilised 20,648 finalised appearances for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders in Queensland's juvenile courts, during 1999 to 2003. Three custodial decision-making stages (police custody, remand, and sentencing) were examined and two questions initially posed: Does the custodial decision made at one stage of the juvenile justice system impact on a subsequent custodial decision-making stage? Does criminal history, Aboriginal status, offence type or an interaction of these factors significantly influence the probability of (i) detention in police custody (ii) court remand (iii) a custodial order at sentencing? It was recognised that other legally relevant factors such as family structure and stability, school attendance and community ties might also influence these custodial decisions; however, for the purposes of this research it was not possible to include these variables in the analyses. Controlling for criminal history, findings from logistic regression analyses indicated that being detained in police custody increased the odds of being remanded into custody, and being remanded into custody increased the odds of a custodial order. Whilst Aboriginal status was not a consistent factor at any of these three custodial stages, there was clear evidence of disparity acting against the young male Aboriginal offender, particularly early in their criminal career. To examine these disparities further, these three custodial stages were modeled as eight processing pathways: four of which resulted in a custodial order and four in a noncustodial order. Using this processing model, a third question was posed: Do young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal male offenders have different custodial pathways? Findings indicated that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders were in general, processed along similar custodial pathways that did not include police custody, remand or a custodial order. However, young male Aboriginal offenders were less likely than equivalent non-Aboriginal offenders to have been processed along this pathway and more likely to be processed along the pathways that included remand. It was found that young offenders with a chronic criminal history were more likely to be processed along these remand pathways, and Aboriginal offenders were more likely to have a chronic criminal history than non-Aboriginal offenders; there was clear evidence of disparity at specific custodial stages of the system. In addition, as young male Aboriginal offenders progressed deeper into the system there was evidence of cumulative disparity, particularly along the remand pathways, meaning that the probability of being in custody increases as the offender progresses from one custodial stage to the next custodial stage. Given the existence of disparity, acting within the juvenile justice system and against the young male Aboriginal offender, it was important to formulate viable solutions to such disparity, particularly in light of the Queensland government's commitment to reduce Aboriginal offenders in custody by 50%. Deterministic analyses and computer simulations were used to test the viability of various reduction scenarios suggested by the data. Despite in some instances, different results from the deterministic analyses and the computer simulations, overall findings indicated that to reduce custodial disparity whether at the remand stage, the custodial order stage, or in custody overall (the summation of police custody, remand and custodial orders) that reducing remand, regardless of whether the young offender had been in police custody or not, was the best overall solution. The trajectory study built on the findings of the pathways study, which had identified criminal history as an important factor in the processing pathways of young male Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. Using the semi-parametric group based method, the criminal trajectories of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders in Queensland were modeled. These trajectories were based on the finalised appearances of two cohorts of young offenders aged 10 to 17 years of age: those born in 1983 and 1984 and who had turned 18 years of age in 2001 and 2002 respectively. All of these young male offenders had entered the adult system when they turned 17 years of age, and this data provided their complete juvenile history in Queensland. Prior analyses using this method had not considered Aboriginal status or race as a determining factor in these trajectory models, nor had these models been validated either internally or externally in published works. For this research, internal validity was considered as the correct classification of offenders into trajectory groups, and external validity as the ability to reproduce these results in a second or subsequent sample of juvenile offenders. Two questions were therefore posed in the trajectory study: Do young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal male offenders have different criminal trajectories? Can the predicted model(s) be validated, both internally and externally? Initial findings indicated that the optimal trajectory models selected on prior knowledge and the Bayesian Information Criterion did not validate internally. This finding brought into question the trajectory results of other published works that had not internally validated their models. The models finally selected as optimal indicated that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders did not have a common criminal trajectory and could not be modeled as one population. Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young offenders were modeled by a low-frequency group, a late-onset group, and a chronic trajectory group. However, the young male Aboriginal offender was more likely than the non-Aboriginal to have been in the chronic or the late onset group and less likely to have been in the lowfrequency group. External validation utilised an innovative but simple method that utilised all of the data in the modeling process along with a sample of this same data for validation purposes: 10% of the criminal profiles, which were characteristic of the trajectory groups, and a further 5% of randomly selected profiles were chosen for validation. All of the characteristic profiles, but only 50% of the randomly selected profiles were validated, and of the latter, the majority not validated was in the late-onset group. In total, 79.2% of the Aboriginal trajectories and 85.6% of the non-Aboriginal criminal trajectories were correctly externally validated. Overall, there are two important implications from this research for government. First, even though young male Aboriginal offenders are more likely to have a chronic criminal history than non-Aboriginal offenders, this factor does not account for all of the observed disparity acting against the young Aboriginal offender within Queensland's juvenile justice system: there is evidence of disparity within the system that is unaccounted for by either offence type or criminal history. Second, given this chronic criminal history, systemic solutions to systemic disparity whilst viable, will not ultimately resolve this problem: they are only short-term measures at the end of a very long justice system. Longer-term solutions are needed to address external factors such as socio-economic disadvantage, unemployment and substance abuse in Aboriginal communities, before these young people are exposed to the system. Continuing to concentrate on systemic solutions, to such an entrenched problem as Aboriginal overrepresentation and disparity, is a misdirection of system resources and is inconsistent with social justice.

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40

Barrett, Susan. "Pathways to Detention". Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366448.

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This research utilised a range of deterministic and stochastic analyses to establish whether Queensland's juvenile justice system processes Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders differently. The impetus for this research stemmed from the continued high rates of Aboriginal over-representation within Australia's criminal justice system, despite diversionary measures to reduce such over-representation, and a commitment by the Queensland Government to reduce by 50% the number of Aboriginal peoples in custody by the year 2011. There are two competing hypotheses concerning the cause of this over-representation, (i) external factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage, unemployment or substance abuse, or (ii) systemic disparity within the criminal justice system. For this research, disparity is defined as the unacceptable use of discrimination; discrimination can be appropriate if it is used to define or enhance a situation, such as discriminating between offenders who are recidivists and those who are first time offenders. The inappropriate use of discrimination occurs for example, when harsher sentences are issued to offenders based on non-legal factors such as race or gender. Systemic disparity is therefore used here to represent the inappropriate use of discrimination against an offender by the criminal justice system. The second hypothesis, one of systemic disparity, provided the framework for this research, which posed the following primary question: Is there quantifiable evidence to support the existence of disparity acting against young male Aboriginal offenders within Queensland's juvenile justice system? Two separate but complementary studies were designed to address this issue: the pathways study and the trajectory study. The pathways study utilised 20,648 finalised appearances for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders in Queensland's juvenile courts, during 1999 to 2003. Three custodial decision-making stages (police custody, remand, and sentencing) were examined and two questions initially posed: Does the custodial decision made at one stage of the juvenile justice system impact on a subsequent custodial decision-making stage? Does criminal history, Aboriginal status, offence type or an interaction of these factors significantly influence the probability of (i) detention in police custody (ii) court remand (iii) a custodial order at sentencing? It was recognised that other legally relevant factors such as family structure and stability, school attendance and community ties might also influence these custodial decisions; however, for the purposes of this research it was not possible to include these variables in the analyses. Controlling for criminal history, findings from logistic regression analyses indicated that being detained in police custody increased the odds of being remanded into custody, and being remanded into custody increased the odds of a custodial order. Whilst Aboriginal status was not a consistent factor at any of these three custodial stages, there was clear evidence of disparity acting against the young male Aboriginal offender, particularly early in their criminal career. To examine these disparities further, these three custodial stages were modeled as eight processing pathways: four of which resulted in a custodial order and four in a noncustodial order. Using this processing model, a third question was posed: Do young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal male offenders have different custodial pathways? Findings indicated that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders were in general, processed along similar custodial pathways that did not include police custody, remand or a custodial order. However, young male Aboriginal offenders were less likely than equivalent non-Aboriginal offenders to have been processed along this pathway and more likely to be processed along the pathways that included remand. It was found that young offenders with a chronic criminal history were more likely to be processed along these remand pathways, and Aboriginal offenders were more likely to have a chronic criminal history than non-Aboriginal offenders; there was clear evidence of disparity at specific custodial stages of the system. In addition, as young male Aboriginal offenders progressed deeper into the system there was evidence of cumulative disparity, particularly along the remand pathways, meaning that the probability of being in custody increases as the offender progresses from one custodial stage to the next custodial stage. Given the existence of disparity, acting within the juvenile justice system and against the young male Aboriginal offender, it was important to formulate viable solutions to such disparity, particularly in light of the Queensland government's commitment to reduce Aboriginal offenders in custody by 50%. Deterministic analyses and computer simulations were used to test the viability of various reduction scenarios suggested by the data. Despite in some instances, different results from the deterministic analyses and the computer simulations, overall findings indicated that to reduce custodial disparity whether at the remand stage, the custodial order stage, or in custody overall (the summation of police custody, remand and custodial orders) that reducing remand, regardless of whether the young offender had been in police custody or not, was the best overall solution. The trajectory study built on the findings of the pathways study, which had identified criminal history as an important factor in the processing pathways of young male Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. Using the semi-parametric group based method, the criminal trajectories of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders in Queensland were modeled. These trajectories were based on the finalised appearances of two cohorts of young offenders aged 10 to 17 years of age: those born in 1983 and 1984 and who had turned 18 years of age in 2001 and 2002 respectively. All of these young male offenders had entered the adult system when they turned 17 years of age, and this data provided their complete juvenile history in Queensland. Prior analyses using this method had not considered Aboriginal status or race as a determining factor in these trajectory models, nor had these models been validated either internally or externally in published works. For this research, internal validity was considered as the correct classification of offenders into trajectory groups, and external validity as the ability to reproduce these results in a second or subsequent sample of juvenile offenders. Two questions were therefore posed in the trajectory study: Do young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal male offenders have different criminal trajectories? Can the predicted model(s) be validated, both internally and externally? Initial findings indicated that the optimal trajectory models selected on prior knowledge and the Bayesian Information Criterion did not validate internally. This finding brought into question the trajectory results of other published works that had not internally validated their models. The models finally selected as optimal indicated that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders did not have a common criminal trajectory and could not be modeled as one population. Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young offenders were modeled by a low-frequency group, a late-onset group, and a chronic trajectory group. However, the young male Aboriginal offender was more likely than the non-Aboriginal to have been in the chronic or the late onset group and less likely to have been in the lowfrequency group. External validation utilised an innovative but simple method that utilised all of the data in the modeling process along with a sample of this same data for validation purposes: 10% of the criminal profiles, which were characteristic of the trajectory groups, and a further 5% of randomly selected profiles were chosen for validation. All of the characteristic profiles, but only 50% of the randomly selected profiles were validated, and of the latter, the majority not validated was in the late-onset group. In total, 79.2% of the Aboriginal trajectories and 85.6% of the non-Aboriginal criminal trajectories were correctly externally validated. Overall, there are two important implications from this research for government. First, even though young male Aboriginal offenders are more likely to have a chronic criminal history than non-Aboriginal offenders, this factor does not account for all of the observed disparity acting against the young Aboriginal offender within Queensland's juvenile justice system: there is evidence of disparity within the system that is unaccounted for by either offence type or criminal history. Second, given this chronic criminal history, systemic solutions to systemic disparity whilst viable, will not ultimately resolve this problem: they are only short-term measures at the end of a very long justice system. Longer-term solutions are needed to address external factors such as socio-economic disadvantage, unemployment and substance abuse in Aboriginal communities, before these young people are exposed to the system. Continuing to concentrate on systemic solutions, to such an entrenched problem as Aboriginal overrepresentation and disparity, is a misdirection of system resources and is inconsistent with social justice.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
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Fernandes, Jack J. "Sentencing Reform In The Nation’s Juvenile Justice System: A Set of State and Federal Policy Recommendations Following Miller v. Alabama (2012)". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1340.

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This research was focused on analyzing and interpreting the U.S. Supreme Court’s holdings in several cases that directly affect the juvenile justice system and the sentencing process of youth offenders. Drawing primarily from Miller v. Alabama (2012) and the Supreme Court’s ‘Miller doctrine’, this thesis goes against the viewpoints of many policymakers, arguing that life without parole and mandatory adult sentence minimums for youth offenders are ‘cruel and unusual’ punishments that are unconstitutional as sentencing options for a juvenile offender. In order to arrive at the conclusion that the aforementioned punishments violate a youth’s 8th Amendment right to a proportional sentence, this thesis drew from previously unavailable research in modern neuroscience that substantiates the Supreme Court’s claim that “Children are different” on a developmental basis and thus, can never possess the same degree of culpability for a crime as an adult offender. If one accepts the conclusions made in this thesis, it is a matter only of when, not if, the sentencing process for youth offenders experiences a paradigm shift on a legislative level, and becomes a much more efficient and successful process where rehabilitation becomes the foremost goal. If science and developmental psychology support the Supreme Court’s assertion that nearly all juvenile crime-activity is the result of “transient immaturity,” then why are 16 year olds being sentenced to life without the possibility of parole? This thesis explores the possible answers to this question, and anticipates the possible impediments to national changes in juvenile sentencing procedures.

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42

Kam, Ann K. "Are Crossover Youth "Slipping Through the Cracks?": The Philosophy, Policy, and Practice of Dual Jurisdiction in Juvenile Justice". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/326.

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Since the mid-1980s, California's juvenile justice system has been struggling to address two phenomena: crossover youth and the policy of dual jurisdiction. Crossover youth are children who are simultaneously involved in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems; in conjunction, the policy of dual jurisdiction is a policy that permits juvenile courts to assume collaborative jurisdiction over crossover youth's child welfare and juvenile justice cases. Between 1989 and 2004, the system's actors adhered to California Welfare & Institutions Code (WIC) § 241.1, which prohibited the policy of dual jurisdiction. As a result, the system's actors assigned crossover youth to either the child welfare or juvenile justice system, and these children did not receive proper treatment. However, in January 2005, the California state legislature amended WIC § 241.1 to incorporate Section (e), which is also known as the policy of dual jurisdiction. Subsequently, the system's actors now have the option to assign crossover youth to both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems, and these children can receive holistic services from both systems. Currently, approximately two southern Californian counties implement the policy of dual jurisdiction. This thesis argues that the implementation of dual jurisdiction is necessary as it serves in the best interests of crossover youth by addressing the issue of disproportionate minority contact, decreasing the rates of juvenile recidivism, and increasing the availability of rehabilitative services. This thesis also uses preliminary field research to demonstrate the policy of dual jurisdiction's benefits and to encourage more counties to adopt this policy.

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43

Sifuentes-Hammer, Amy. "The Correctional Orientation of Juvenile Facility Directors". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2865/.

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Over the last 30 years, the juvenile justice system and juvenile correctional ideology shifted to become more punitive in nature. However, studies examining this shift are lacking in the literature. The present study will attempt to assess what correctional ideology, rehabilitative or punitive, is dominant within juvenile corrections by conducting a national survey to juvenile facility directors. This study will be based on prior literature, most of which has focused upon line staff in an adult correctional setting. From this prior literature, more specifically from the work of Cullen et al. (1989), scales will be created to determine the correctional orientation of the key administrators in juvenile facilities. This will allow us to assess whether the correctional ideology driving the juvenile system has in fact become punitive. The findings from this study have the opportunity to alter the current status quo in juvenile corrections.

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44

Torres, Guadalupe Citlalli, i Victoria Vanesa Mariscal. "SOCIAL WORKERS PERSPECTIVES OF THE PROTECTIVE AND RISK FACTORS THAT AFFECT YOUTH IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM AND CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/324.

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Youth who have experienced maltreatment and the dysfunction of multiple placements are at risk of engaging in delinquent behaviors. Studies from various professionals found specific risk and protective factors that affect youth from being involved in the juvenile justice system. The current study adds significantly literature by identifying the risk and protective factors that affect foster youth in the child welfare and juvenile justice system based on social workers perspectives. The results indicate almost 93% of the participants agreed that multiple placements, 74% agreed that physical abuse, 61% agreed that group homes, and 67% agreed that sexual abuse serve as risk factors for foster youth. Foster youth who have encountered risks factors such as psychical abuse, sexual abuse, severe general neglect, mental health issues, multiple placements, group home placements, substance abuse, and negative support systems are at risk of being involved with the juvenile justice system. In addition, approximately 99% of the participants agreed that a mentor, 98% agreed that after school activities, 91% agreed that early parent bonding, 90% agreed that monitoring youths behaviors, and 73% agreed that contact with birth parents serves as protective factors that prevent youth from being involved from the juvenile justice system. The results identify factors such as early parent child bonding, school activities, contact with birth family, parents or caregivers monitoring their behavior, a mentor or role model, school involvement, and involvement with religious and spiritual activities serve as protective factors in preventing youth involvement in the juvenile justice system.

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45

Mooss, Angela Devi. "Gambling Behaviors among Youth Involved in Juvenile and Family Courts". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/63.

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Problem gambling currently affects between 5-7% of youth ages 12-18 (Hardooon & Derevensky, 2002); however, rates of problem gambling among youth who are involved with the Juvenile Justice System are more than twice that of school sample rates (Lieberman & Cuadrado, 2002). Furthermore, disordered gambling often co-occurs with substance use and criminal activity (Huang & Boyer, 2007), issues that are compounded in the Juvenile Justice population. The current study assessed gambling behaviors and risk factors of 145 youth involved in juvenile, juvenile drug, and family courts. Results indicated that nearly 13% of these youth are currently problem gamblers, and that males and African-Americans had higher problem gambling rates than female and Caucasian youth. Furthermore, gambling-related crime, substance use, scope of gambling activities, and time in detention facilities were all predictive of problem gambling severity, while suicidal ideation, urban environment, and lottery sales per capita were not. Finally, having a parent with a gambling problem also emerged as a risk factor;however, the risk was greater for males than for females. These results present a distinct need for youth to be screened for gambling problems upon entering and exiting the Juvenile Justice System, and for prevention and intervention services to be offered within juvenile and family court settings. Furthermore, communities need to take an active role in preventing youth gambling problems through increasing public awareness and insuring that appropriate and accurate messages reflecting gambling opportunities and outcomes are presented.

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46

Chan, Tsui-san Loretta. "An enquiry into the attitudes of youth towards law and the legal system and their relationship with youth delinquency". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1341768X.

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McKinney, Kimberlina N. "The punishment of other people's children: an investigative look at our juvenile justice system and its structural shortcomings". Scripps College, 2007. http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/u?/stc,9.

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The juvenile justice system has been criticized for its inability to curb the trend of juvenile crime and its continued ignorance to the valuable resources of community-based rehabilitation and treatment programs. The goal of this research paper is to discover new solutions to the structural shortcomings of the juvenile justice system and present my findings on the reasons for its contradictive structure and practices.

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48

Shrifter, Courtney Nicole. "Child Welfare and Delinquency: Examining Differences in First-Time Referrals of Crossover Youth within the Juvenile Justice System". PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/649.

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The link between child welfare and juvenile justice is well established, with over forty years of research that focuses on the increased risk of delinquency associated with child maltreatment. However, with over 700,000 children in the United States being victims of abuse and/or neglect in 2010 (DHHS, 2011), it is important to continue investigating this connection. Few studies are able to identify the same youth in both systems, therefore this study provides the unique opportunity using child welfare and juvenile justice administrative data from Oregon, to compare juvenile offenders that have been in the child welfare system, otherwise known as "Crossover" youth, to Non-Crossover juvenile offenders. The study attempted to examine if Crossover youth differ in terms of demographics, as well as if they committed offenses with higher severity scores than Non-Crossover youth. It also investigated whether an individual's status as a child welfare youth impact processing decisions in the juvenile justice system. Results indicate that Crossover youth have a higher percentage of females, African Americans, and are significantly younger. Crossover youth also have higher severity scores than non-crossover youth, and have a higher percentage of more intense adjudicated delinquent sanctions. Limitations of these findings and suggestions for further research are discussed.

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Kavur, Nilay. "Revisiting remand imprisonment within biopolitics : a study on Turkey's juvenile justice system through legislative, judiciary and executive powers". Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/57275/.

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Around 3.3 million people are remand prisoners worldwide, and remand imprisonment affects an excess of 14 million people per year (OSF Justice Initiative, 2014). In Turkey, around 70 per cent of young prisoners are on remand in the newly emerging high security prisons called Children's Closed Institutions for Execution of Punishment (and adult prisons). The remaining 30 per cent are sentenced and received by an open type of prisons known as Juvenile Education Houses. The very specific nature of remand imprisonment occupies little space in imprisonment and penal theories and governmentality studies. Remand imprisonment is either considered as a bureaucratic phase in the prosecution system or approached and criticized within human rights violations (right to fair trial and presumption of innocence). In this thesis I argue that the language of human rights impedes critiques that explore and deconstruct remand imprisonment within penal culture and penal politics in Turkey. The stability in the high proportion and the emergence of high security prisons for remanded youth in Turkey lead the researcher to presume that youth remand imprisonment acquires roles within crime control, and social control that could be comprehended within a look through Turkey's governmentality that would draw a picture of its legal culture. So, this thesis explores the role(s) of remand imprisonment in the juvenile justice system in Turkey by situating remand imprisonment in the centre of penal politics. The essential conceptual tools of prison studies including 'labour/discipline', 'time' and 'space' are analysed in this thesis. The diversity of young defendants charged with drug dealing, crimes against property, bodily injury, murder, sexual offences, and political offences in Turkey calls for a comprehensive method of thought. By adopting a study of Biopolitics, as a method of thought (Foucault, 2007, 2008; Lemke 2001, 2011b, Dean 2010, Rose 1996), I scrutinize the roles of remand imprisonment in Turkey's penal politics in relation to Turkey's political economy, its sovereign power relations with the citizens and in relation to the knowledge production/adaptation in its criminal justice system. Within Biopolitics, 'as the politics of optimizing life of the population,' I consider both the relation between the political economy and penal culture as situated within a revisionist history of imprisonment (Rusche and Kircheimmer, 2003; Melossi and Pavarini, 1981; Foucault, 1977; Foucault 1980), and also discuss the manifestation of sovereign power (Agamben, 1998, 2005) of the state towards youth in conflict with the law. I investigate the mode of knowledge production and adaptation in the youth justice system. I specifically concentrate on the effect of the prevalence of the language of rights on youth remand imprisonment in Turkey, and draw on the sociology of human rights literature to aid my analysis. I approach human rights as a socially constructed language embedded in the liberalism movement of Enlightenment, and demonstrate its compatibility with the quest for security through spatial control, at times when social security remains weak. The primary data for this thesis comes from qualitative interviews, observations, and document analysis conducted in Turkish courtrooms and prisons, as well as production of statistical knowledge based on the Ministry of Justice data. Based on the idea that 'law in action' or 'law in context' (Nelken, 2001) can be different than 'law in the books', explaining the praxis and meaning of remand imprisonment calls for an interpretive understanding (Weber, 1978) of meanings different figures attach to their action. In this thesis I scrutinize what meanings and purposes these different actors attach to remand imprisonment by analysing the data generated from interviews with 50 young prisoners in 6 different prisons (Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, Konya), as well as interviews with 38 youth justice professionals, constituted by prosecutors, lawyers, judges and social work officials, plus information from 65 hearings in three different Turkish courtrooms (Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir). Analysis of the data in governmentality demonstrates that remand imprisonment has evolved into a spatial crime control mechanism in the 'managerialist' conduct of the youth justice system. In this managerialist governmentality where professionalism over social security remains immature, the imagined self-sufficient, self-contained, invulnerable and decontextualized liberal, rational young defendant in the liberal rights discourse, is managed securely in the youth justice system through spatial control. Findings from this research demonstrate that youth remand imprisonment works as a first resort deterrence and control mechanism of security in Turkey, especially for those charged with offences related to drugs and property. The findings also show how youth remand imprisonment is rationalized and neutralized as sovereign power's expression of just desert, as remand imprisonment is not distinguished from prison sentence. The research data also fulfills an administrative control mechanism of evidence collection. So the diverse population of young remand prisoners are all 'managed' (Feeley and Simon, 1992; Bottoms, 1995) within the same regime of high security prisons that I call 'bureaucratic disposal resort'. This thesis adds a novel and needed contribution to the revisionist approach to imprisonment by analysing remand imprisonment as a crime control mechanism in Biopolitics through the country's political economy and its relations of sovereign power. Findings from the research provide an innovative platform to discuss the compatible relationship between the human rights discourse and the practice of remand imprisonment as a spatial crime control mechanism.

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Madsen, Diana. "JUVENILE JUSTICE AND THE UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD : A Qualitative Content Analysis on the example of the Russian Federation". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för kriminologi (KR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-36941.

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This paper analyses the child rights and juvenile justice system in the contemporary Russian Federation as one of the member countries, that adopted the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. The choice of the researched country is based on the fact, that Russia is one of the few countries in the world, that has adopted a system of juvenile justice and particularly, the juvenile court as an executive juvenile legal authority, that is primarily addressed to the facilitation of child rights and its compliance to the Convention. The paper provides a qualitative content analysis on the juvenile justice and the child rights in Russia, formed in the sequential themes, in which the child rights are compiled and discussed. The results of this paper show how the juvenile justice system is developed in Russia and which advantages/disadvantages it has, as well as what are the new themes in the Russian legislation on the child rights. Therefore, these results are relevant to the field of criminology, in order to conduct future research on the child delinquency, juvenile victimology and other related areas. Thus, an important aspect of this research is to underline a need in the further research in child rights protection, specifically becoming not only as an international obligation, but a national one for all of the countries. The analysis of this paper can serve as the basis for subsequent scientific research and thereby, to contribute to the new solutions of problems associated with the realization of the child rights and their protection.

Madsen, D. Juvenile Justice and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. A qualitative content analysis on the example of the Russian Federation. Degree project in Criminology 15 Credits. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Criminology, 2020

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