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1
Tsuda, T., K. Heki, S. Miyazaki, K. Aonashi, K. Hirahara, H. Nakamura, M. Tobita i in. "GPS meteorology project of Japan —Exploring frontiers of geodesy—". Earth, Planets and Space 50, nr 10 (październik 1998): i—v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03352172.
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Khunai-ool, Chimis V., i Elena G. Gienko. "GNSS-METEOROLOGY: OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD". Interexpo GEO-Siberia 6, nr 2 (8.07.2020): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-6-2-128-134.
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The article considers the possibilities and prospects for the development of GNSS meteorology based on domestic and foreign research. It is noted that the tropospheric delay of the GNSS signal is a valuable source of information about the state of the troposphere. The algorithm for estimating tropospheric delay and the services that perform this assessment (international GNSS service IGS and online service GAPS) are described. The content of the IGS output file with tropospheric delays at the IGS point is considered. The necessary conditions for the implementation of GNSS meteorology are listed, as well as structural diagrams of existing GNSS meteorology systems in the United States and Japan. It is shown that research in this area is being carried out in Russia. It is concluded that the network of permanent base stations in the Novosibirsk Region has the potential for the development of GNSS meteorology in the covered area.
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HOSHIKAWA, Kazutoshi, i Jun SUZUKI. "Local Meteorology and Agriculture on a Mountain-Slope in Central Japan". Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 60, nr 5 (2005): 853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.853.
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Miyagawa, Takuya. "FOR 'CENTRES OF CALCULATIONS?’: 'COLONIAL METEOROLOGY’ IN NINETEENTH CENTURY JAPAN". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 26, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1440-2807.2023.01.06.
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Kurokawa, J., T. Ohara, I. Uno, M. Hayasaki i H. Tanimoto. "Influence of meteorological variability on interannual variations of the springtime boundary layer ozone over Japan during 1981–2005". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, nr 2 (23.03.2009): 7555–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-7555-2009.
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Abstract. We investigated the influence of meteorological variability on the interannual variation of the springtime boundary layer ozone over Japan during 1981–2005 by multiyear simulations with the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system and the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS). CMAQ/REAS generally reproduced the observed interannual variability of springtime ozone over Japan, showing year-to-year variations larger than the annual rate of increase of the long-term trend. We then analyzed the influence of the interannual variation of meteorological fields in simulated results by using the fixed emissions for 2000 and meteorology data for each year. As a reference parameter, we calculated the area-weighted surface pressure anomaly over the Pacific Ocean east of Japan. When the anomaly has a large negative value, polluted air masses from continental Asia tend to be transported directly to Japan by westerly winds. In contrast, when the anomaly has a large positive value, the influences of the outflow from continental Asia tends to be small because the westerly components of wind fields around Japan are comparatively weak. Instead, southerly winds are relatively strong and transport clean air masses from the Pacific Ocean to Japan. Consequently, springtime ozone over Japan is higher (lower) than in ordinary years when the anomaly has a large negative (positive) value. In general, the interannual variation of springtime ozone over Japan is sensitive to the outflow from continental Asia. We also found some correlation between springtime ozone over Japan and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, indicating that higher and lower springtime ozone over Japan are related to La Niña and El Niño, respectively. Differences in the meridional displacement and diversity of cyclone tracks near Japan between El Niño and La Niña years may be responsible for interannual variations in the springtime boundary layer ozone over Japan.
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Kurokawa, J., T. Ohara, I. Uno, M. Hayasaki i H. Tanimoto. "Influence of meteorological variability on interannual variations of springtime boundary layer ozone over Japan during 1981–2005". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, nr 17 (1.09.2009): 6287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6287-2009.
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Abstract. We investigated the influence of meteorological variability on the interannual variation of springtime boundary layer ozone over Japan during 1981–2005 by multiyear simulations with the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system and the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS). CMAQ/REAS generally reproduced the observed interannual variability of springtime ozone over Japan, showing year-to-year variations larger than the annual rate of increase of the long-term trend. We then analyzed the influence of the interannual variation of meteorology in simulated results by using the fixed emissions for 2000 and meteorological fields for each year. As a reference parameter, we calculated the area-weighted surface pressure anomaly over the Pacific Ocean east of Japan. When the anomaly has a large negative value, polluted air masses from continental Asia tend to be transported directly to Japan by westerly winds. In contrast, when the anomaly has a large positive value, influence of the outflow from continental Asia tends to be small because the westerly components of wind fields around Japan are comparatively weak. Instead, southerly winds are relatively strong and transport clean air masses from the Pacific Ocean to Japan. Consequently, springtime ozone over Japan is higher (lower) than in ordinary years when the anomaly has a large negative (positive) value. In general, the interannual variation of springtime ozone over Japan is sensitive to the outflow from continental Asia. We also found some correlation between springtime ozone over Japan and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, indicating that higher and lower springtime ozone over Japan are related to La Niña and El Niño, respectively. Differences in the meridional displacement and diversity of cyclone tracks near Japan between El Niño and La Niña years may be responsible for interannual variations in the springtime boundary layer ozone over Japan.
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Feklova, Tatiana. "The History of Organization of the International System of Magnetic and Meteorological Observations in the Second Half of the 19th Century". Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 44, nr 1 (2023): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060024497-8.
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The article deals with some little-studied pages from the history of the development of international cooperation in the field of meteorology. With climate being a transboundary phenomenon, the international cooperation of researchers who studied it was a natural process. The first attempts to create an international network of meteorological stations date back to the mid-18th century. The article offers unique data about the distribution of meteorological stations by countries in the mid-19th century. The author looks into the stages in the development of the international network of meteorological stations and observatories. Special attention is given to the role of the Main Physical Observatory, and the scientists who worked there – first and foremost, the Observatory’s Director, Heinrich von Wild (Genrikh Ivanovich Vilʼd) – in the formation and evolution of this network. An important event in the development of meteorology was the 1st Meteorological Congress held in Vienna in 1873. One of the outcomes of this congress was creation of the Permanent Meteorological Committee. After the 2nd International Meteorological Congress held in Rome in 1879, the International Meteorological Committee was set up to replace the Permanent Meteorological Committee. Heinrich von Wild was appointed its President. The IMC’s goals were promoting and coordinating the work of meteorologists around the world. After some modernization, the committee has existed up to this day. The article offers the data on the contacts between Russia and other countries such as the UK, the USA, and Japan in the field of meteorology. Thus, as a result of the development of contacts between Russia and the UK, a magnetic and meteorological observatory was set up in Novo-Arkhangelsk (now Sitka, Alaska). This article is based on the archival records from the Russian State Archive of the Navy.
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Zikra, Muhammad, Noriaki Hashimoto, Kodama Mitsuyasu, Trika Pitana i Silvianita. "Seasonally Variation of Significant Wave Height for 25 Year Period Based on JMA/MRI-AGCM3.2 Wind Climate Data". Applied Mechanics and Materials 862 (styczeń 2017): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.862.67.
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The global ocean wave climate has long been of interest to the ocean engineering community because of the need for accurate operational wave data for applications such as vessel design, design of offshore and coastal structures or naval operations. Recently, there has been a major interest in wave climate changes as a result of global warming. Therefore, studies on predicting the effect of global warming on ocean wave climate are required. The objectives of this study are to analyze the accuracy and variability of global significant wave height hindcast for the 25 year period 1979-2003. This study describes the 25 year global significant wave height simulation derived from the Japan Meteorology Agency/Meteorology Research Institute (JMA/MRI)-AGCM3.2 wind climate data. The wind climate data were input into ocean wave model WAM with a global grid of spacing 1o in latitude by 1o in longitude. In situ wind and wave data sets from National Data Buoy Center (NDBC)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) database were used to evaluate the hindcast accuracy. The validation showed good agreement both wind and waves data. The wave hindcast analysis show that the seasonal variability of significant wave height in the Northern Hemisphere is greater than in the Southern Hemisphere. Meanwhile, most of the equatorial regions are in calm condition all year.
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Gavrilov, N. M., S. Fukao i T. Nakamura. "Gravity wave intensity and momentum fluxes in the mesosphere over Shigaraki, Japan (35°N, 136°E) during 1986-1997". Annales Geophysicae 18, nr 7 (31.07.2000): 834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0834-z.
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Abstract. Averaged seasonal variations of wind perturbation intensities and vertical flux of horizontal momentum produced by internal gravity waves (IGWs) with periods 0.2-1 h and 1-6 h are studied at the altitudes 65-80 km using the MU radar measurement data from the middle and upper atmosphere during 1986-1997 at Shigaraki, Japan (35° N, 136° E). IGW intensity has maxima in winter and summer, winter values having substantial interannual variations. Mean wave momentum flux is directed to the west in winter and to the east in summer, opposite to the mean wind in the middle atmosphere. Major IGW momentum fluxes come to the mesosphere over Shigaraki from the Pacific direction in winter and continental Asia in summer.Key words: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides) · Ionosphere (ionospheric disturbances)
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Sato, Kazutoshi, Eugenio Realini, Toshitaka Tsuda, Masanori Oigawa, Yuya Iwaki, Yoshinori Shoji i Hiromu Seko. "A High-Resolution, Precipitable Water Vapor Monitoring System Using a Dense Network of GNSS Receivers". Journal of Disaster Research 8, nr 1 (1.02.2013): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0037.
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This work describes a system aimed at the near realtimemonitoring of precipitable water vapor (PWV) by means of a dense network of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. These receivers are deployed with a horizontal spacing of 1-2 km around the Uji campus of Kyoto University, Japan. The PWV observed using a standard GPS meteorology technique, i.e., by using all satellites above a low elevation cutoff, is validated against radiosonde and radiometer measurements. The result is a RMS difference of about 2 mm. A more rigorous validation is done by selecting single GPS slant delays as they pass close to the radiosonde or the radiometer measuring directions, and higher accuracy is obtained. This method also makes it possible to preserve short-term fluctuations that are lost in the standard technique due to the averaging of several slant delays. Geostatistical analysis of the PWV observations shows that they are spatially correlated within the area of interest; this confirms that such a dense network can detect inhomogeneous distributions in water vapor. The PWV horizontal resolution is improved by using high-elevation satellites only, with the aim of exploiting at best the future Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), which will continuously provide at least one satellite close to the zenith over Japan.
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Uno, I., Y. He, T. Ohara, K. Yamaji, J. I. Kurokawa, M. Katayama, Z. Wang i in. "Systematic analysis of interannual and seasonal variations of model-simulated tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> in Asia and comparison with GOME-satellite data". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, nr 6 (10.11.2006): 11181–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-11181-2006.
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Abstract. Systematic analyses of interannual and seasonal variations of tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) based on GOME satellite data and the regional scale chemical transport model (CTM), Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ), are presented over eastern Asia between 1996 and June 2003. A newly developed year-by-year emission inventory (REAS) was used in CMAQ. The horizontal distribution of annual averaged GOME NO2 VCDs generally agrees well with the CMAQ results. However, CMAQ/REAS results underestimate the GOME retrievals with factors of 2–4 over polluted industrial regions such as Central East China (CEC), a major part of Korea, Hong Kong, and central and western Japan. For the Japan region, GOME and CMAQ NO2 data show good agreement with respect to interannual variation and show no clear increasing trend. For CEC, GOME and CMAQ NO2 data show good agreement and indicate a very rapid increasing trend from 2000. Analyses of the seasonal cycle of NO2 VCDs show that GOME data have systematically larger dips than CMAQ NO2 during February–April and September–November. Sensitivity experiments with fixed emission intensity reveal that the detection of emission trends from satellite in fall or winter have a larger error caused by the variability of meteorology. Examination during summer time and annual averaged NO2 VCDs are robust with respect to variability of meteorology and are therefore more suitable for analyses of emission trends. Analysis of recent trends of annual emissions in China shows that the increasing trends of 1996–1998 and 2000–2002 for GOME and CMAQ/REAS show good agreement, but the rate of increase by GOME is approximately 10–11% yr−1 after 2000; it is slightly steeper than CMAQ/REAS (8–9% yr−1). The greatest difference was apparent between the years 1998 and 2000: CMAQ/REAS only shows a few percentage points of increase, whereas GOME gives a greater than 8% yr−1 increase. The exact reason remains unclear, but the most likely explanation is that the emission trend based on the Chinese emission related statistics underestimates the rapid growth of emissions.
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Uno, I., Y. He, T. Ohara, K. Yamaji, J. I. Kurokawa, M. Katayama, Z. Wang i in. "Systematic analysis of interannual and seasonal variations of model-simulated tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> in Asia and comparison with GOME-satellite data". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, nr 6 (27.03.2007): 1671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1671-2007.
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Abstract. Systematic analyses of interannual and seasonal variations of tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) based on GOME satellite data and the regional scale chemical transport model (CTM), Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ), are presented for the atmosphere over eastern Asia between 1996 and June 2003. A newly developed year-by-year emission inventory (REAS) was used in CMAQ. The horizontal distribution of annual averaged GOME NO2 VCDs generally agrees well with the CMAQ results. However, CMAQ/REAS results underestimate the GOME retrievals with factors of 2–4 over polluted industrial regions such as Central East China (CEC), a major part of Korea, Hong Kong, and central and western Japan. The most probable reasons for the underestimation typically over the CEC are accuracy of the basic energy statistic data, emission factors, and socio-economic data used for construction of emission inventory. For the Japan region, GOME and CMAQ NO2 data show reasonable agreement with respect to interannual variation and show no clear increasing trend. For CEC, GOME and CMAQ NO2 data indicate a very rapid increasing trend from 2000. Analyses of the seasonal cycle of NO2 VCDs show that GOME data have larger dips than CMAQ NO2 during February–April and September–November. Sensitivity experiments with fixed emission intensity reveal that the detection of emission trends from satellite in fall or winter has a larger error caused by the variability of meteorology. Examination during summer time and annual averaged NO2 VCDs are robust with respect to variability of meteorology and are therefore more suitable for analyses of emission trends. Analysis of recent trends of annual emissions in China shows that the increasing trends of 1996–1998 and 2000–2002 for GOME and CMAQ/REAS show good agreement, but the rate of increase by GOME is approximately 10–11% yr−1 after 2000; it is slightly steeper than CMAQ/REAS (8–9% yr−1). The greatest difference was apparent between the years 1998 and 2000: CMAQ/REAS only shows a few percentage points of increase, whereas GOME gives a greater than 8% yr−1 increase. The exact reason remains unclear, but the most likely explanation is that the emission trend based on the Chinese emission related statistics underestimates the rapid growth of emissions.
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Miyahara, Hiroko, Ryuho Kataoka, Takehiko Mikami, Masumi Zaiki, Junpei Hirano, Minoru Yoshimura, Yasuyuki Aono i Kiyomi Iwahashi. "Solar rotational cycle in lightning activity in Japan during the 18–19th centuries". Annales Geophysicae 36, nr 2 (18.04.2018): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-633-2018.
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Abstract. Thunderstorm and cloud activities sometimes show a 27-day period, and this has long been studied to uncover a possible important link to solar rotation. Because the 27-day variations in the solar forcing parameters such as solar ultraviolet and galactic cosmic rays become more prominent when the solar activity is high, it is expected that the signal of the 27-day period in meteorological phenomena may wax and wane according to the changes in the solar activity level. In this study, we examine in detail the intensity variations in the signal of the 27-day solar rotational period in thunder and lightning activity from the 18th to the 19th centuries based on 150-year-long records found in old diaries kept in Japan and discuss their relation with the solar activity levels. Such long records enable us to examine the signals of solar rotation at both high and low solar activity levels. We found that the signal of the solar rotational period in the thunder and lightning activity increases as the solar activity increases. In this study, we also discuss the possibility of the impact of the long-term climatological conditions on the signals of the 27-day period in thunder/lightning activities. Keywords. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (lightning)
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Lee, Haeju, i Sung Hoon Park. "Stepwise Assessment of Different Saltation Theories in Comparison with Field Observation Data". Atmosphere 11, nr 1 (20.12.2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010010.
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Wind-blown dust models use input data, including soil conditions and meteorology, to interpret the multi-step wind erosion process and predict the quantity of dust emission. Therefore, the accuracy of the wind-blown dust models is dependent on the accuracy of each input condition and the robustness of the model schemes for each elemental step of wind erosion. A thorough evaluation of a wind-blown model thus requires validation of the input conditions and the elemental model schemes. However, most model evaluations and intercomparisons have focused on the final output of the models, i.e., the vertical dust emission. Recently, a delicate set of measurement data for saltation flux and friction velocity was reported from the Japan-Australia Dust Experiment (JADE) Project, which enabled the step-by-step evaluation of wind-blown dust models up to the saltation step. When all the input parameters were provided from the observations, both the two widely used saltation schemes showed very good agreement with measurements, with the correlation coefficient and the agreement of index both being larger than 0.9, which demonstrated the strong robustness of the physical schemes for saltation. However, using the meteorology model to estimate the input conditions such as weather and soil conditions, considerably degraded the models’ performance. The critical reason for the model failure was determined to be the inaccuracy in the estimation of the threshold friction velocity (representing soil condition), followed by inaccurate estimation of surface wind speed. It was not possible to determine which of the two saltation schemes was superior, based on the present study results. Such differentiation will require further evaluation studies using more measurements of saltation flux and vertical dust emissions.
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Worthington, R. M., R. D. Palmer i S. Fukao. "<i>Letter to the Editor</i>: Complete maps of the aspect sensitivity of VHF atmospheric radar echoes". Annales Geophysicae 17, nr 8 (31.08.1999): 1116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1116-z.
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Abstract. Using the MU radar at Shigaraki, Japan (34.85°N, 136.10°E), we measure the power distribution pattern of VHF radar echoes from the mid-troposphere. The large number of radar beam-pointing directions (320) allows the mapping of echo power from 0° to 40° from zenith, and also the dependence on azimuth, which has not been achieved before at VHF wavelengths. The results show how vertical shear of the horizontal wind is associated with a definite skewing of the VHF echo power distribution, for beam angles as far as 30° or more from zenith, so that aspect sensitivity cannot be assumed negligible at any beam-pointing angle that most existing VHF radars are able to use. Consequently, the use of VHF echo power to calculate intensity of atmospheric turbulence, which assumes only isotropic backscatter at large beam zenith angles, will sometimes not be valid.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; turbulence; instruments and techniques)
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Azami, Kazuhiro, Mariko Takemoto, Yasunori Otsuka, Satoshi Yamagishi i Shigekazu Nakazawa. "Meteorology and species composition of plant communities, birds and fishes before and after initial impoundment of Miharu Dam Reservoir, Japan". Landscape and Ecological Engineering 8, nr 1 (29.07.2011): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11355-011-0170-3.
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Maki, Masayuki, Ren Takaoka i Masato Iguchi. "Characteristics of Particle Size Distributions of Falling Volcanic Ash Measured by Optical Disdrometers at the Sakurajima Volcano, Japan". Atmosphere 12, nr 5 (6.05.2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050601.
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In the present study, we analyzed the particle size distribution (PSD) of falling volcanic ash particles measured using optical disdrometers during six explosive eruptions of the Sakurajima volcano in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Assuming the gamma PSD model, which is commonly used in radar meteorology, we examined the relationships between each of the gamma PSD parameters (the intercept parameter, the slope parameter, and the shape parameter) calculated by the complete moment method. It was shown that there were good correlations between each of the gamma PSD parameters, which might be one of the characteristics of falling volcanic ash particles. We found from the normalized gamma PSD analysis that the normalized intercept parameter and mass-weighted mean diameter are suitable for estimating the ash fall rate. We also derived empirical power law relationships between pairs of integrated PSD parameters: the ash fall rate, the volcanic ash mass concentration, the reflectivity factor, and the total number of ash particles per unit volume. The results of the present study provide essential information for studying microphysical processes in volcanic ash clouds, developing a method for quantitative ash fall estimation using weather radar, and improving ash transport and sedimentation models.
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Goldberg, Daniel L., Susan C. Anenberg, Zifeng Lu, David G. Streets, Lok N. Lamsal, Erin E McDuffie i Steven J. Smith. "Urban NO x emissions around the world declined faster than anticipated between 2005 and 2019". Environmental Research Letters 16, nr 11 (20.10.2021): 115004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2c34.
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Abstract Emission inventory development for air pollutants, by compiling records from individual emission sources, takes many years and involves extensive multi-national effort. A complementary method to estimate air pollution emissions is in the use of satellite remote sensing. In this study, NO2 observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument are combined with re-analysis meteorology to estimate urban nitrogen oxide (NO X ) emissions for 80 global cities between 2005 and 2019. The global average downward trend in satellite-derived urban NOX emissions was 3.1%–4.0% yr−1 between 2009 and 2018 while inventories show a 0%–2.2% yr−1 drop over the same timeframe. This difference is primarily driven by discrepancies between satellite-derived urban NO X emissions and inventories in Africa, China, India, Latin America, and the Middle East. In North America, Europe, Korea, Japan, and Australasia, NOX emissions dropped similarly as reported in the inventories. In Europe, Korea, and Japan only, the temporal trends match the inventories well, but the satellite estimate is consistently larger over time. While many of the discrepancies between satellite-based and inventory emissions estimates represent real differences, some of the discrepancies might be related to the assumptions made to compare the satellite-based estimates with inventory estimates, such as the spatial disaggregation of emissions inventories. Our work identifies that the three largest uncertainties in the satellite estimate are the tropospheric column measurements, wind speed and direction, and spatial definition of each city.
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Hocke, K., i K. Igarashi. "Diurnal and semidiurnal tide in the upper middle atmosphere during the first year of simultaneous MF radar observations in northern and southern Japan (45°N and 31°N)". Annales Geophysicae 17, nr 3 (31.03.1999): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0405-x.
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Abstract. The climatology of mean wind, diurnal and semidiurnal tide during the first year (1996-1997) of simultaneous wind observations at Wakkanai (45.4°N, 141.7°E) and Yamagawa (31.2°N, 130.6°E) is presented. The locations of the radars allow us to describe the latitudinal dependence of the tides. Tidal amplitude and phase profiles are compared with those of the global scale wave model (GSWM). While the observed amplitude profiles of the diurnal tide agree well with the GSWM values, the observed phase profiles often indicate longer vertical wavelengths than the GSWM phase profiles. In contrast to the GSWM simulation, the observations show a strong bimodal structure of the diurnal tide, with the phase advancing about 6 hours from summer to winter.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides)
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Dufour, Gaëlle, Didier Hauglustaine, Yunjiang Zhang, Maxim Eremenko, Yann Cohen, Audrey Gaudel, Guillaume Siour i in. "Recent ozone trends in the Chinese free troposphere: role of the local emission reductions and meteorology". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, nr 20 (28.10.2021): 16001–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16001-2021.
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Abstract. Free tropospheric ozone (O3) trends in the Central East China (CEC) and export regions are investigated for 2008–2017 using the IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) O3 observations and the LMDZ-OR-INCA model simulations, including the most recent Chinese emission inventory. The observed and modelled trends in the CEC region are −0.07 ± 0.02 and −0.08 ± 0.02 DU yr−1, respectively, for the lower free troposphere (3–6 km column) and −0.05 ± 0.02 and −0.06 ± 0.02 DU yr−1, respectively, for the upper free troposphere (6–9 km column). The statistical p value is smaller to 0.01 for all the derived trends. A good agreement between the observations and the model is also observed in the region, including the Korean Peninsula and Japan and corresponding to the region of pollution export from China. Based on sensitivity studies conducted with the model, we evaluate, at 60 % and 52 %, the contribution of the Chinese anthropogenic emissions to the trend in the lower and upper free troposphere, respectively. The second main contribution to the trend is the meteorological variability (34 % and 50 %, respectively). These results suggest that the reduction in NOx anthropogenic emissions that has occurred since 2013 in China led to a decrease in ozone in the Chinese free troposphere, contrary to the increase in ozone at the surface. We designed some tests to compare the trends derived by the IASI observations and the model to independent measurements, such as the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) or other satellite measurements (Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)). These comparisons do not confirm the O3 decrease and stress the difficulty in analysing short-term trends using multiple data sets with various sampling and the risk of overinterpreting the results.
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Sato, Tomonori, i Fujio Kimura. "Diurnal Cycle of Convective Instability around the Central Mountains in Japan during the Warm Season". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, nr 5 (1.05.2005): 1626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3423.1.
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Abstract Convective rainfall often shows a clear diurnal cycle. The nighttime peak of convective activity prevails in various regions near the world's mountains. The influence of the water vapor and convective instability upon nocturnal precipitation is investigated using a numerical model and observed data. Recent developments in GPS meteorology allow the estimation of precipitable water vapor (PWV) with a high temporal resolution. A dense network has been established in Japan. The GPS analysis in August 2000 provides the following results: In the early evening, a high-GPS-PWV region forms over mountainous areas because of the convergence of low-level moisture, which gradually propagates toward the adjacent plain before midnight. A region of convection propagates simultaneously eastward into the plain. The precipitating frequency correlates fairly well with the GPS-PWV and attains a maximum value at night over the plain. The model also provides similar characteristics in the diurnal cycles of rainfall and high PWV. Abundant moisture accumulates over the mountainous areas in the afternoon and then advects continuously toward the plain by the ambient wind. The specific humidity greatly increases at about the 800-hPa level over the plain at night, and the PWV reaches its nocturnal maximum. The increase in the specific humidity causes an increase of equivalent potential temperature at about the 800-hPa level; as a result, the convective instability index becomes more unstable over the plain at night. These findings are consistent with the diurnal cycle of the observed precipitating frequency.
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Park, M. E., C. H. Song, R. S. Park, J. Lee, J. Kim, S. Lee, J. H. Woo i in. "New approach to monitor transboundary particulate pollution over northeast Asia". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, nr 6 (14.06.2013): 15867–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-15867-2013.
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Abstract. A new approach to more accurately monitor and evaluate transboundary particulate matter (PM) pollution is introduced based on aerosol optical products from Korea's geostationary ocean color imager (GOCI). The area studied is northeast Asia including eastern parts of China, the Korean peninsula and Japan, where GOCI has been monitoring since June 2010. The hourly multi-spectral aerosol optical data that were retrieved from GOCI sensor onboard geostationary satellite COMS (Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite) through Yonsei aerosol retrieval algorithm were first presented and used in this study. The GOCI-retrieved aerosol optical data are integrated with estimated aerosol distributions from US EPA Models-3/CMAQ v4.5.1 model simulations via data assimilation technique, thereby making the aerosol data spatially continuous and available even for cloud contamination cells. The assimilated aerosol optical data are utilized to provide quantitative estimates of transboundary PM pollution from China to the Korean peninsula and Japan. For the period of 1 April to 31 May 2011 this analysis yields estimates that AOD as a proxy for surface-level PM2.5 or PM10 during long-range transport events increased by 117–265% compared to background average AOD at the four AERONET sites in Korea, and average AOD increases of 121% were found when averaged over the entire Korean peninsula. The paper demonstrates that the use of multi-spectral AOD retrievals from geostationary satellites can improve estimates of transboundary PM pollution. Such data will become more widely available later this decade when new sensors such as GEMS (Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer) and GOCI-2 are scheduled to be launched.
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Tsuchiya, Chikara, Kaoru Sato, Tomoe Nasuno, Akira T. Noda i Masaki Satoh. "Universal Frequency Spectra of Surface Meteorological Fluctuations". Journal of Climate 24, nr 17 (wrzesień 2011): 4718–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4196.1.
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Statistical characteristics of surface meteorology are examined in terms of frequency spectra. According to a recent work using hourly data over 50 yr in the Antarctic, the frequency spectra have a characteristic shape proportional to two different powers of the frequency in the frequency ranges lower and higher than a transition frequency of (several days)−1. To confirm the universality of the characteristic spectra, hourly data—including surface temperature, sea level pressure, and zonal and meridional winds—collected over 45 yr at 138 stations in Japan were analyzed. Similar spectral shapes are obtained for any physical quantities at all stations. The spectral slopes clearly depend on the latitude, particularly for sea level pressure, which in the high-frequency range are steeper at higher latitudes. Next, the analysis was extended using realistic simulation data over one month with a nonhydrostatic model to examine the global characteristics of the spectra in the high-frequency range. The model spectra accord well with the observations in Japan. The spectral slopes are largely dependent on the latitude—that is, shallow in the low latitudes, and steep in the middle and high latitudes for all the physical quantities. The latitudinal change of the spectral slope is severe around 30°, which may be due to the dynamical transition from nongeostrophy to geostrophy. The longitudinal variations are also observed according to the geography. The variance is large in the storm-track region for surface pressure, on the continents for temperature and over the ocean for winds.
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Teshiba, M., H. Hashiguchi, S. Fukao i Y. Shibagaki. "Typhoon 9707 observations with the MU radar and L-band boundary layer radar". Annales Geophysicae 19, nr 8 (31.08.2001): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-925-2001.
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Abstract. Typhoon 9707 (Opal) was observed with the VHF-band Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar, an L-band boundary layer radar (BLR), and a vertical-pointing C-band meteorological radar at the Shigaraki MU Observatory in Shiga prefecture, Japan on 20 June 1997. The typhoon center passed about 80 km southeast from the radar site. Mesoscale precipitating clouds developed due to warm-moist airmass transport from the typhoon, and passed over the MU radar site with easterly or southeasterly winds. We primarily present the wind behaviour including the vertical component which a conventional meteorological Doppler radar cannot directly observe, and discuss the relationship between the wind behaviour of the typhoon and the precipitating system. To investigate the dynamic structure of the typhoon, the observed wind was divided into radial and tangential wind components under the assumption that the typhoon had an axi-symmetric structure. Altitude range of outflow ascended from 1–3 km to 2–10 km with increasing distance (within 80–260 km range) from the typhoon center, and in-flow was observed above and below the outflow. Outflow and inflow were associated with updraft and downdraft, respectively. In the tangential wind, the maximum speed of counterclockwise winds was confirmed at 1–2 km altitudes. Based on the vertical velocity and the reflectivity obtained with the MU radar and the C-band meteorological radar, respectively, precipitating clouds, accompanied by the wind behaviour of the typhoon, were classified into stratiform and convective precipitating clouds. In the stratiform precipitating clouds, a vertical shear of radial wind and the maximum speed of counterclockwise wind were observed. There was a strong reflectivity layer called a ‘bright band’ around the 4.2 km altitude. We confirmed strong updrafts and down-drafts below and above it, respectively, and the existence of a relatively dry layer around the bright band level from radiosonde soundings. In the convective precipitating clouds, the regions of strong and weak reflectivities were well associated with those of updraft and downdraft, respectively.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology; precipitation) Radio science (remote sensing)
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Sudirman, Sudirman, Amir Mustofa Irawan, Dzikrullah Akbar, Peeyush Soni i Leila Neimane. "The Impact of Madden - Julian Oscillation and Sea Surface Temperature Process Interaction on Rainfall Variability During Rainy Season: A Case Study in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia". E3S Web of Conferences 374 (2023): 00034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337400034.
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Most studies of the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) have explored rainfall in a part of Indonesia. This paper takes a different approach and explores the impact of air-sea coupling interaction between Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and SST on rainfall variability in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). This study uses daily rainfall observation from some of the NTT seasonal zone (ZOM) from 1991to 2016. Meanwhile, the gridded data of SST around NTT was obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). For the amplitude of MJO, the data was downloaded from the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)’s website. This study used a statistical approach of conditional probability and gamma correlation to identify the impact of MJO-SST coupling interaction on rainfall variability in NTT. The results of this study showed that during rainy seasons and MJO located in phase 5, they are still a high probability of rainfall appearing in most NTT regions, even though SST is in cooling condition. The evidence shows that the result provides insights into the adequacy of MJO caused high rainfall variability in almost NTT regions in all of SST condition.
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Park, M. E., C. H. Song, R. S. Park, J. Lee, J. Kim, S. Lee, J. H. Woo i in. "New approach to monitor transboundary particulate pollution over Northeast Asia". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, nr 2 (22.01.2014): 659–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-659-2014.
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Abstract. A new approach to more accurately monitor and evaluate transboundary particulate matter (PM) pollution is introduced based on aerosol optical products from Korea's Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI). The area studied is Northeast Asia (including eastern parts of China, the Korean peninsula and Japan), where GOCI has been monitoring since June 2010. The hourly multi-spectral aerosol optical data that were retrieved from GOCI sensor onboard geostationary satellite COMS (Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite) through the Yonsei aerosol retrieval algorithm were first presented and used in this study. The GOCI-retrieved aerosol optical data are integrated with estimated aerosol distributions from US EPA Models-3/CMAQ (Community Multi-scale Air Quality) v4.5.1 model simulations via data assimilation technique, thereby making the aerosol data spatially continuous and available even for cloud contamination cells. The assimilated aerosol optical data are utilized to provide quantitative estimates of transboundary PM pollution from China to the Korean peninsula and Japan. For the period of 1 April to 31 May, 2011 this analysis yields estimates that AOD as a proxy for PM2.5 or PM10 during long-range transport events increased by 117–265% compared to background average AOD (aerosol optical depth) at the four AERONET sites in Korea, and average AOD increases of 121% were found when averaged over the entire Korean peninsula. This paper demonstrates that the use of multi-spectral AOD retrievals from geostationary satellites can improve estimates of transboundary PM pollution. Such data will become more widely available later this decade when new sensors such as the GEMS (Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer) and GOCI-2 are scheduled to be launched.
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Yamaji, Kazuyo, Satoru Chatani, Syuichi Itahashi, Masahiko Saito, Masayuki Takigawa, Tazuko Morikawa, Isao Kanda i in. "Model Inter-Comparison for PM2.5 Components over urban Areas in Japan in the J-STREAM Framework". Atmosphere 11, nr 3 (25.02.2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030222.
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A model inter-comparison of secondary pollutant simulations over urban areas in Japan, the first phase of Japan’s study for reference air quality modeling (J-STREAM Phase I), was conducted using 32 model settings. Simulated hourly concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which are primary pollutant precursors of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5), showed good agreement with the observed concentrations, but most of the simulated hourly sulfur oxide (SO2) concentrations were much higher than the observations. Simulated concentrations of PM2.5 and its components were compared to daily observed concentrations by using the filter pack method at selected ambient air pollution monitoring stations (AAPMSs) for each season. In general, most models showed good agreement with the observed total PM2.5 mass concentration levels in each season and provided goal or criteria levels of model ensemble statistics in warmer seasons. The good performances of these models were associated with the simulated reproducibility of some dominant components, sulfates (SO42−) and ammonium (NH4+). The other simulated PM2.5 components, i.e., nitrates (NO3−), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC), often show clear deviations from the observations. The considerable underestimations (approximately 30 µg/m3 for total PM2.5) of all participant models found on heavily polluted days with approximately 40–50 µg/m3 for total PM2.5 indicated some problems in the simulated local meteorology such as the atmospheric stability. This model inter-comparison suggests that these deviations may be owing to a need for further improvements both in the emission inventories and additional formation pathways in chemical transport models, and meteorological conditions also require improvement to simulate elevated atmospheric pollutants. Additional accumulated observations are likely needed to further evaluate the simulated concentrations and improve the model performance.
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Manson, A. H., C. E. Meek, T. Chshyolkova, S. K. Avery, D. Thorsen, J. W. MacDougall, W. Hocking i in. "Longitudinal and latitudinal variations in dynamic characteristics of the MLT (70−95km): a study involving the CUJO network". Annales Geophysicae 22, nr 2 (1.01.2004): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-347-2004.
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Abstract. The newly-installed MFR (medium frequency radar) at Platteville (40°N, 105°W) has provided the opportunity and impetus to create an operational network of middle- latitude MFRs stretching from 81°W–142°E. CUJO (Canada U.S. Japan Opportunity) comprises systems at London (43°N, 81°W), Platteville (40°N, 105°W), Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W), Wakkanai (45°N, 142°E) and Yamagawa (31°N, 131°E). It offers a significant 7000km longitudinal sector in the North American-Pacific region, and a useful range of latitudes (12–14°) at two longitudes. Annual climatologies involving both height and frequency versus time contour plots for periods from 8h to 30 days, show that the changes with longitude are very significant and distinctive, often exceeding the local latitudinal variations. Comparisons with models and the recent UARS-HRDI global analysis of tides are discussed. The fits of the horizontal wave numbers of the longer period oscillations are provided in unique frequency versus time contour plots and shown to be consistent with the expected dominant modes. Annual climatologies of planetary waves (16 day, 2 day) and gravity waves reveal strong seasonal and longitudinal variations. Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides; climatology)
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Namboothiri, S. P., P. Kishore i K. Igarashi. "Climatological studies of the quasi 16-day oscillations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at Yamagawa (31.2° N, 130.6° E), Japan". Annales Geophysicae 20, nr 8 (31.08.2002): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1239-2002.
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Abstract. The 16-day wave climatology at Yamagawa (31.2° N, 130.6° E) is investigated by analyzing the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) wind data collected with the recently installed MF radar. We have utilized the continuous data gathered during the five-year period 1996–2000. The wave climatology clearly shows some seasonal variations. The period of late autumn-spring is marked with larger wave activity, with the strongest waves being observed in the winter months. The maximum amplitude observed at Yamagawa is about 20 m/s, which is comparatively larger than the amplitudes observed at mid-latitude stations. The height dependence of the 16-day wave suggests that the maximum amplitude is observed at altitudes below 80 km. The summer months are characterized with much weaker wave activity. The vertical wavelength appears to be larger in the winter months and shorter in the summer months. The present analysis again confirms that the 16-day wave is highly sensitive to the background mean winds. Eastward motion of the background winds is a more favourable condition for the 16-day wave penetration to the MLT heights. The wave features show some signs of interannual variability. Overall, the observed features of the 16-day wave at Yamagawa, which is located at the edge of the subtropical latitudes, show some correspondence with the results reported for mid-latitude stations.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology; thermospheric dynamics)
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Chen, Siyu, Ruoming Cao, Shinpei Yoshitake i Toshiyuki Ohtsuka. "Canopy Phenology and Meteorology Shape the Seasonal Dynamics in Hydrological Fluxes of Dissolved Organic Carbon in an Evergreen Broadleaved Subtropical Forest in Central Japan". Forests 14, nr 5 (14.05.2023): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14051013.
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Seasonal variabilities in hydrological fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and their driving factors in the evergreen broad-leaved forest are inadequately understood. To aid this understanding, we conducted a three-year study to examine seasonal changes in DOC concentration and flux in throughfall, stemflow, and litter leachate in an evergreen broad-leaved subtropical forest in central Japan. We specifically addressed (1) how DOC in different hydrological fluxes vary on a monthly to seasonal basis, and (2) how canopy phenology and meteorology shape the DOC concentration and flux of throughfall, stemflow, and litter leachate trends in this evergreen forest. Clear seasonal changes were found in throughfall and stemflow DOC concentration but not in litter leachate DOC concentration; the highest throughfall DOC concentrations were observed in spring (10.03 mg L−1 in 2017 and 9.59 mg L−1 in 2018, respectively) and the highest stemflow DOC concentrations were observed in summer (13.95 mg L−1 in 2017 and 16.50 mg L−1 in 2018, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed the monthly throughfall DOC concentration to be positively related to the dry weight of fallen leaves (r = 0.72, p < 0.05) and flowers (r = 0.91, p < 0.05). In addition, Random Forest models predicted that the dry weight of flowers was a primary driver of throughfall DOC concentration and that the DOC concentrations of stemflow and litter leachate were constrained by the throughfall DOC concentration. DOC fluxes in different hydrological flux were significantly positive related to bulk precipitation amounts and temperature. Moreover, the throughfall DOC concentration had a considerable effect on throughfall and litter leachate DOC fluxes. Over 75% of annual net tree-DOC (throughfall + stemflow) fluxes and more than 70% of the annual litter leachate DOC fluxes were produced in the flowering season. Thus, we speculated that the seasonal phenological canopy changes (leaf emergence, fallen leaves, flowering, and pollen) and the sufficient rainfall had great impacts on the amount and quality of DOC concentrations in the evergreen forest; and, furthermore, that the DOC from different forest hydrological fluxes was a significant fraction of the carbon that accumulates in soils.
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Gavrilov, N. M., H. Luce, M. Crochet, F. Dalaudier i S. Fukao. "Turbulence parameter estimations from high-resolution balloon temperature measurements of the MUTSI-2000 campaign". Annales Geophysicae 23, nr 7 (14.10.2005): 2401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2401-2005.
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Abstract. Turbulence parameters in the tropo-stratosphere are analyzed using high-resolution balloon temperature measurements collected during the MUTSI (MU radar, Temperature sheets and Interferometry) campaign which took place near the Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar (Japan, 35° N, 136° E) in May 2000. Vertical profiles of the specific dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, ε, and turbulent diffusivity, K, are estimated from the Thorpe lengthscale, LT. The last is obtained by using two methods. The first one consists of measuring directly LT by reordering the potential temperature profiles. The second method is based on estimates of the temperature structure constant, CT2. A relationship between LT and CT2 can be found by assuming either adiabatic vertical displacements or a model based on turbulent energy balance consideration. Analysis shows that the adiabatic assumption gives indirect estimates of LT more consistent with direct measurements. We also found that vertical profiles of analyzed turbulence characteristics show substantial intermittency, leading to substantial scatter of the local, median and average values. General trends correspond to a decrease in ε and K from the boundary layer up to altitudes 20–25 km. Layers of increased turbulence are systematically observed in the tropo-stratosphere, which may be produced by instabilities of temperature and wind profiles. These maxima may substantially increase local values of turbulence diffusivity. Keywords. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (Turbulence)
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Liu, Boming, Jianping Guo, Wei Gong, Lijuan Shi, Yong Zhang i Yingying Ma. "Characteristics and performance of wind profiles as observed by the radar wind profiler network of China". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, nr 8 (25.08.2020): 4589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4589-2020.
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Abstract. Wind profiles are fundamental to the research and applications in boundary layer meteorology, air quality and numerical weather prediction. Large-scale wind profile data have been previously documented from network observations in several countries, such as Japan, the USA, various European countries and Australia, but nationwide wind profiles observations are poorly understood in China. In this study, the salient characteristics and performance of wind profiles as observed by the radar wind profiler network of China are investigated. This network consists of more than 100 stations instrumented with 1290 MHz Doppler radar designed primarily for measuring vertically resolved winds at various altitudes but mainly in the boundary layer. It has good spatial coverage, with much denser sites in eastern China. The wind profiles observed by this network can provide the horizontal wind direction, horizontal wind speed and vertical wind speed for every 120 m interval within the height of 0 to 3 km. The availability of the radar wind profiler network has been investigated in terms of effective detection height, data acquisition rate, data confidence and data accuracy. Further comparison analyses with reanalysis data indicate that the observation data at 89 stations are recommended and 17 stations are not recommended. The boundary layer wind profiles from China can provide useful input to numerical weather prediction systems at regional scales.
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KAJINO, Mizuo, Makoto DEUSHI, Tsuyoshi Thomas SEKIYAMA, Naga OSHIMA, Keiya YUMIMOTO, Taichu Yasumichi TANAKA, Joseph CHING i in. "NHM-Chem, the Japan Meteorological Agency's Regional Meteorology – Chemistry Model: Model Evaluations toward the Consistent Predictions of the Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties of Aerosols". Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 97, nr 2 (2019): 337–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2019-020.
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Saeki, T., R. Saito, D. Belikov i S. Maksyutov. "Global high-resolution simulations of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> using a NIES transport model to produce a priori concentrations for use in satellite data retrievals". Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 5, nr 3 (6.08.2012): 2215–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-5-2215-2012.
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Abstract. The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) measures column-averaged dry air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane (XCO2 and XCH4, respectively). Since the launch of GOSAT, model-simulated three-dimensional concentrations from a National Institute for Environmental Studies offline tracer Transport Model (NIES TM) have been used as a~priori concentration data for retrieving XCO2 and XCH4 from GOSAT short-wavelength infrared spectra at NIES. Though a priori concentrations for retrievals are optional, more reliable concentrations are desirable. In this paper we describe the newly developed NIES TM that has been adapted to provide global and near real-time concentrations of CO2 and CH4 using a high-resolution meteorological dataset, the Grid Point Value (GPV) prepared by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The spatial resolution of the NIES TM is set to 0.5° × 0.5° in the horizontal in order to utilize GPV data, which have a resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°, 21 pressure levels, and a time interval of 3 h. GPV data are provided to the GOSAT processing system with a delay of several hours, and the near real-time model simulation produces a priori concentrations driven by diurnally varying meteorology. A priori variance–covariance matrices of CO2 and CH4 are also derived from the simulation outputs and observation-based reference data for each month of the year at a resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and 21 pressure levels. Model performance is assessed by comparing simulation results with the GLOBALVIEW dataset and other observational data. The overall root-mean-square differences between model predictions and GLOBALVIEW analysis are estimated to be 2.28 ppm and 12.68 ppb for CO2 and CH4, respectively, and the seasonal correlation coefficients are 0.86 for CO2 and 0.61 for CH4. The model showed good performance particularly at oceanic and free tropospheric sites. The model also performs well in reproducing both the observed synoptic variations at some sites, and stratospheric profiles over Japan. These results give us confidence that the performance of our GPV-forced high-resolution NIES TM is adequate for use in satellite retrievals.
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Ding, Juli, Jianfang Fei, Xiaogang Huang, Xiaoping Cheng i Xiaohua Hu. "Observational Occurrence of Tropical Cyclone Ducts from GPS Dropsonde Data". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, nr 5 (maj 2013): 1221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-0256.1.
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AbstractOn the basis of global positioning system dropsonde data, Japan Meteorology Agency Regional Spectral Model analysis data, National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data, satellite products from the Naval Research Laboratory, and best-track tropical-cyclone (TC) datasets from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute, the statistical characteristics of the ducts induced by TCs (TC ducts) over the western North Pacific Ocean were analyzed for the period from September 2003 to September 2006, and two typical strong-duct cases with remarkable differences in formation cause were analyzed and compared. Of the total of 357 dropsondes, there are 212 cases that show ducting conditions, with an occurrence percentage of ~59%. Of the 212 TC-duct events, profiles with multiple ducting layers make up nearly one-half, with the main type of ducts being elevated ducts; in contrast, weak ducts make up over one-half, resulting in a weak median duct strength and thickness. Ducts formed in the transition zone, especially on the left side of TC tracks, tend to be much stronger and thicker than those formed inside TCs. The former are induced by the interaction between TCs and their surrounding systems, such as the inrush of dry and cold air from the north on the left side of TC tracks. The latter are associated with successive subsidence in the gaps between spiral cloud bands. With increasing TC intensities, the associated ducts inside TCs tend to be much stronger and thicker and to appear at higher altitudes.
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Lin, M., T. Holloway, T. Oki, D. G. Streets i A. Richter. "Mechanisms controlling surface ozone over East Asia: a multiscale study coupling regional and global chemical transport models". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, nr 6 (3.12.2008): 20239–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-20239-2008.
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Abstract. Mechanisms controlling surface ozone (O3) over East Asia are examined using the regional Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model at two horizontal scales: 81 km and 27 km. Through sensitivity studies and comparison with recently available satellite data and surface measurements in China and Japan, we find that the O3 budget over East Asia shows complex interactions among photochemical production, regional transport, meteorological conditions, burning of agricultural residues, and global inflows. For example, wintertime surface O3 over northern domain is sensitive to boundary conditions derived from the MOZART (Model for Ozone and Related Tracers) global model, whereas summertime O3 budget is controlled by the competitive processes between photochemical production and monsoonal intrusion of low-O3 marine air masses from tropical Pacific. We find that simulated surface O3 for 2001 does not exhibit the same sharp drop in July and August concentrations that is observed at two mountaintop sites (Tai and Hua) for 2004 and Beijing for 1995–2005. CMAQ sensitivity tests with two widely used photochemical schemes demonstrate that over the industrial areas in East Asia north of 30° N, SAPRC99 produces higher values of mean summertime O3 than CBIV, amounting to a difference of 10 ppb. In addition, analysis of NCEP winds and geopotential heights suggests that southwesterly monsoonal intrusion in central east China is weakened in August 2001 as compared with the climatologically mean for 1980–2005. Further examination of the O3 diurnal cycle at nine Japanese sites shows that boundary layer evolution has an important effect on the vertical mixing of ground-level O3, and error in near surface meteorology might contribute to overprediction of nighttime O3 in urban and rural areas. In conclusion, the uncertainties in simulating cloud activities and convection mixing, Asian monsoon circulation, photochemical production, and nighttime cooling explain why CMAQ with 81 km horizontal scale overpredicts the observed surface O3 in July and August over central east China and central Japan by 5–15 ppb (CBIV) and 15–25 ppb (SAPRC99). The results suggest clear benefits in evaluating atmospheric chemistry over Asia with high resolution regional model.
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Saeki, T., R. Saito, D. Belikov i S. Maksyutov. "Global high-resolution simulations of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> using a NIES transport model to produce a priori concentrations for use in satellite data retrievals". Geoscientific Model Development 6, nr 1 (25.01.2013): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-81-2013.
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Abstract. The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) measures column-averaged dry air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane (XCO2 and XCH4, respectively). Since the launch of GOSAT, model-simulated three-dimensional concentrations from a National Institute for Environmental Studies offline tracer Transport Model (NIES TM) have been used as a priori concentration data for operational near real-time retrievals of XCO2 and XCH4 from GOSAT short-wavelength infrared spectra at NIES. Although the choice of a priori profile has only a minor effect on retrieved XCO2 or XCH4, a realistic simulation with minimal deviation from observed data is desirable. In this paper, we describe the newly developed version of NIES TM that has been adapted to provide global and near real-time concentrations of CO2 and CH4 using a high-resolution meteorological dataset, the Grid Point Value (GPV) prepared by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The spatial resolution of the NIES TM is set to 0.5° × 0.5° in the horizontal in order to utilise GPV data, which have a resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°, 21 pressure levels and a time interval of 3 h. GPV data are provided to the GOSAT processing system with a delay of several hours, and the near real-time model simulation produces a priori concentrations driven by diurnally varying meteorology. A priori variance–covariance matrices of CO2 and CH4 are also derived from the simulation outputs and observation-based reference data for each month of the year at a resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and 21 pressure levels. Model performance is assessed by comparing simulation results with the GLOBALVIEW dataset and other observational data. The overall root-mean-square differences between model predictions and GLOBALVIEW analysis are estimated to be 1.45 ppm and 12.52 ppb for CO2 and CH4, respectively, and the seasonal correlation coefficients are 0.87 for CO2 and 0.53 for CH4. The model showed good performance particularly at oceanic and free tropospheric sites. The high-resolution model also performs well in reproducing both the observed synoptic variations at some sites and stratospheric profiles over Japan. These results give us confidence that the performance of our GPV-forced high-resolution NIES TM is adequate for use in satellite retrievals.
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Selvarajah, Hemakanth, Toshio Koike, Mohamed Rasmy, Katsunori Tamakawa, Akio Yamamoto, Masuru Kitsuregawa i Li Zhou. "Development of an Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Hydro-Meteorological Characteristics of the Mahaweli River Basin, Sri Lanka". Water 13, nr 9 (28.04.2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091218.
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Climate change is increasingly sensed by nations vulnerable to water-related disasters, and governments are acting to mitigate disasters and achieve sustainable development. Uncertainties in General Circulation Models’ (GCM) rainfall projections and seamless long-term hydrological simulations incorporating warming effects are major scientific challenges in assessing climate change impacts at the basin scale. Therefore, the Data Integration and Analysis System (DIAS) of Japan and the Water Energy Budget-based Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation model (WEB-RRI) were utilized to develop an integrated approach, which was then applied to the Mahaweli River Basin (MRB) in Sri Lanka to investigate climate change impacts on its hydro-meteorological characteristics. The results for the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) scenario from four selected GCMs showed that, with an average temperature increase of 1.1 °C over the 20 years in future (2026 to 2045), the basin will experience more extreme rainfall (increase ranging 204 to 476 mm/year) and intense flood disasters and receive sufficient water in the future climate (inflow increases will range between 11 m3/s to 57 m3/s). The socio-economic damage due to flood inundation will also increase in the future climate. However, qualitatively, the overall trend of model responses showed an increasing pattern in future meteorological droughts whereas there is uncertainty in hydrological droughts. Policymakers can utilize these results and react to implementing soft or hard countermeasures for future policymaking. The approach can be implemented for climate change impact assessment of hydro-meteorology in any other river basin worldwide.
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Xian, Peng, Jeffrey S. Reid, Melanie Ades, Angela Benedetti, Peter R. Colarco, Arlindo da Silva, Tom F. Eck i in. "Intercomparison of aerosol optical depths from four reanalyses and their multi-reanalysis consensus". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, nr 10 (31.05.2024): 6385–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024.
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Abstract. The emergence of aerosol reanalyses in recent years has facilitated a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) trends and attribution over multi-decadal timescales. Notable multi-year aerosol reanalyses currently available include NAAPS-RA from the US Naval Research Laboratory, the NASA MERRA-2, JRAero from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), and CAMSRA from Copernicus/ECMWF. These aerosol reanalyses are based on differing underlying meteorology models, representations of aerosol processes, as well as data assimilation methods and treatment of AOD observations. This study presents the basic verification characteristics of these four reanalyses versus both AERONET and MODIS retrievals in monthly AOD properties and identifies the strength of each reanalysis and the regions where divergence and challenges are prominent. Regions with high pollution and often mixed fine-mode and coarse-mode aerosol environments, such as South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Maritime Continent, pose significant challenges, as indicated by higher monthly AOD root mean square error. Moreover, regions that are distant from major aerosol source areas, including the polar regions and remote oceans, exhibit large relative differences in speciated AODs and fine-mode versus coarse-mode AODs among the four reanalyses. To ensure consistency across the globe, a multi-reanalysis consensus (MRC, i.e., ensemble mean) approach was developed similarly to the International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction Multi-Model Ensemble (ICAP-MME). Like the ICAP-MME, while the MRC does not consistently rank first among the reanalyses for individual regions, it performs well by ranking first or second globally in AOD correlation and RMSE, making it a suitable candidate for climate studies that require robust and consistent assessments.
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McMahon, T. A., M. C. Peel i D. J. Karoly. "Assessment of precipitation and temperature data from CMIP3 global climate models for hydrologic simulation". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, nr 1 (21.01.2015): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-361-2015.
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Abstract. The objective of this paper is to identify better performing Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) global climate models (GCMs) that reproduce grid-scale climatological statistics of observed precipitation and temperature for input to hydrologic simulation over global land regions. Current assessments are aimed mainly at examining the performance of GCMs from a climatology perspective and not from a hydrology standpoint. The performance of each GCM in reproducing the precipitation and temperature statistics was ranked and better performing GCMs identified for later analyses. Observed global land surface precipitation and temperature data were drawn from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) 3.10 gridded data set and re-sampled to the resolution of each GCM for comparison. Observed and GCM-based estimates of mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, mean monthly precipitation and temperature and Köppen–Geiger climate type were compared. The main metrics for assessing GCM performance were the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) index and root mean square error (RMSE) between modelled and observed long-term statistics. This information combined with a literature review of the performance of the CMIP3 models identified the following better performing GCMs from a hydrologic perspective: HadCM3 (Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research), MIROCm (Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate) (Center for Climate System Research (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Frontier Research Center for Global Change), MIUB (Meteorological Institute of the University of Bonn, Meteorological Research Institute of KMA, and Model and Data group), MPI (Max Planck Institute for Meteorology) and MRI (Japan Meteorological Research Institute). The future response of these GCMs was found to be representative of the 44 GCM ensemble members which confirms that the selected GCMs are reasonably representative of the range of future GCM projections.
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Xiao, Q., H. Zhang, M. Choi, S. Li, S. Kondragunta, J. Kim, B. Holben, R. C. Levy i Y. Liu. "Evaluation of VIIRS, GOCI, and MODIS Collection 6 AOD retrievals against ground sunphotometer measurements over East Asia". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, nr 15 (3.08.2015): 20709–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-20709-2015.
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Abstract. Persistent high aerosol loadings together with extremely high population density have raised serious air quality and public health concerns in many urban centers in East Asia. However, ground based air quality monitoring is relatively limited in this area. Recently, satellite retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at high resolution has become a powerful tool to characterize aerosol patterns in space and time. Using ground AOD measurements from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and the Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Networks (DRAGON)-Asia Campaign, as well as from handheld sunphotometers, we evaluated emerging aerosol products from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP), the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) aboard the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite (COMS), and Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Collection 6) in East Asia in 2012 and 2013. In the case study in Beijing, when compared with AOD measured by handheld sunphotometers, 51 % of VIIRS Environmental Data Record (EDR) AOD, 33 % of VIIRS Intermediate Product (IP) AOD, 31 % of GOCI AOD, 26 % of Terra MODIS C6 3 km AOD, and 16 % of Aqua MODIS C6 3 km AOD fell within the reference expected error (EE) envelop (±0.05 ± 0.15 AOD). Comparing against AERONET measurements over the Japan–South Korea region, 64 % of EDR, 37 % of IP, 62 % of GOCI, 39 % of Terra MODIS and 56 % of Aqua MODIS C6 3 km AOD fell within the EE. In general, satellite aerosol products performed better in tracking the day-to-day variability than tracking the spatial variability at high resolutions. The VIIRS EDR and GOCI products provided the most accurate AOD retrievals, while VIIRS IP and MODIS C6 3 km products had positive biases.
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Steinkamp, Kay, Sara E. Mikaloff Fletcher, Gordon Brailsford, Dan Smale, Stuart Moore, Elizabeth D. Keller, W. Troy Baisden, Hitoshi Mukai i Britton B. Stephens. "Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> observations and models suggest strong carbon uptake by forests in New Zealand". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, nr 1 (2.01.2017): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-47-2017.
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Abstract. A regional atmospheric inversion method has been developed to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of CO2 sinks and sources across New Zealand for 2011–2013. This approach infers net air–sea and air–land CO2 fluxes from measurement records, using back-trajectory simulations from the Numerical Atmospheric dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) Lagrangian dispersion model, driven by meteorology from the New Zealand Limited Area Model (NZLAM) weather prediction model. The inversion uses in situ measurements from two fixed sites, Baring Head on the southern tip of New Zealand's North Island (41.408° S, 174.871° E) and Lauder from the central South Island (45.038° S, 169.684° E), and ship board data from monthly cruises between Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. A range of scenarios is used to assess the sensitivity of the inversion method to underlying assumptions and to ensure robustness of the results. The results indicate a strong seasonal cycle in terrestrial land fluxes from the South Island of New Zealand, especially in western regions covered by indigenous forest, suggesting higher photosynthetic and respiratory activity than is evident in the current a priori land process model. On the annual scale, the terrestrial biosphere in New Zealand is estimated to be a net CO2 sink, removing 98 (±37) Tg CO2 yr−1 from the atmosphere on average during 2011–2013. This sink is much larger than the reported 27 Tg CO2 yr−1 from the national inventory for the same time period. The difference can be partially reconciled when factors related to forest and agricultural management and exports, fossil fuel emission estimates, hydrologic fluxes, and soil carbon change are considered, but some differences are likely to remain. Baseline uncertainty, model transport uncertainty, and limited sensitivity to the northern half of the North Island are the main contributors to flux uncertainty.
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Xiao, Q., H. Zhang, M. Choi, S. Li, S. Kondragunta, J. Kim, B. Holben, R. C. Levy i Y. Liu. "Evaluation of VIIRS, GOCI, and MODIS Collection 6 AOD retrievals against ground sunphotometer observations over East Asia". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, nr 3 (3.02.2016): 1255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1255-2016.
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Abstract. Persistent high aerosol loadings together with extremely high population densities have raised serious air quality and public health concerns in many urban centers in East Asia. However, ground-based air quality monitoring is relatively limited in this area. Recently, satellite-retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at high resolution has become a powerful tool to characterize aerosol patterns in space and time. Using ground AOD observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and the Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Networks (DRAGON)-Asia Campaign, as well as from handheld sunphotometers, we evaluated emerging aerosol products from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP), the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) aboard the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite (COMS), and Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Collection 6) in East Asia in 2012 and 2013. In the case study in Beijing, when compared with AOD observations from handheld sunphotometers, 51 % of VIIRS Environmental Data Record (EDR) AOD, 37 % of GOCI AOD, 33 % of VIIRS Intermediate Product (IP) AOD, 26 % of Terra MODIS C6 3 km AOD, and 16 % of Aqua MODIS C6 3 km AOD fell within the reference expected error (EE) envelope (±0.05 ± 0.15 AOD). Comparing against AERONET AOD over the Japan–South Korea region, 64 % of EDR, 37 % of IP, 61 % of GOCI, 39 % of Terra MODIS, and 56 % of Aqua MODIS C6 3 km AOD fell within the EE. In general, satellite aerosol products performed better in tracking the day-to-day variability than tracking the spatial variability at high resolutions. The VIIRS EDR and GOCI products provided the most accurate AOD retrievals, while VIIRS IP and MODIS C6 3 km products had positive biases.
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Keckhut, P., i K. Kodera. "Long-term changes of the upper stratosphere as seen by Japanese rocketsondes at Ryori (39°N, 141°E)". Annales Geophysicae 17, nr 9 (30.09.1999): 1210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1210-2.
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Abstract. Wind and temperature profiles measured routinely by rockets at Ryori (Japan) since 1970 are analysed to quantify interannual changes that occur in the upper stratosphere. The analysis involved using a least square fitting of the data with a multiparametric adaptative model composed of a linear combination of some functions that represent the main expected climate forcing responses of the stratosphere. These functions are seasonal cycles, solar activity changes, stratospheric optical depth induced by volcanic aerosols, equatorial wind oscillations and a possible linear trend. Step functions are also included in the analyses to take into account instrumental changes. Results reveal a small change for wind data series above 45 km when new corrections were introduced to take into account instrumental changes. However, no significant change of the mean is noted for temperature even after sondes were improved. While wind series reveal no significant trends, a significant cooling of 2.0 to 2.5 K/decade is observed in the mid upper stratosphere using this analysis method. This cooling is more than double the cooling predicted by models by a factor of more than two. In winter, it may be noted that the amplitude of the atmospheric response is enhanced. This is probably caused by the larger ozone depletion and/or by some dynamical feedback effects. In winter, cooling tends to be smaller around 40-45 km (in fact a warming trend is observed in December) as already observed in other data sets and simulated by models. Although the winter response to volcanic aerosols is in good agreement with numerical simulations, the solar signature is of the opposite sign to that expected. This is not understood, but it has already been observed with other data sets.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (evolution of one atmosphere; pressure · density · and temperature) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics)
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Dairaku, Koji, Seita Emori i Hironori Higashi. "Potential Changes in Extreme Events Under Global Climate Change". Journal of Disaster Research 3, nr 1 (1.02.2008): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0039.
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Climate-related disasters are a serious problem in Asia. Advances in the understanding of meteorology and in the development of monitoring and forecasting systems have enhanced early warning systems, contributing immensely to reducing fatalities resulting from typhoons, cyclones, and floods. The frequency of extreme events causing water-related disasters has increased, however, over the last decade and may grow in the future due to anthropogenic activity. The sections that follow introduce two recent efforts in hydrologic projection in Asia. Time-slice ensemble experiments using a high-resolution (T106) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) on the earth simulator revealed changes in the South Asian summer monsoon resulting from climate change. Model results under global warming conditions suggest increases in mean and extreme precipitation during the Asian summer monsoon. increases generally attributed to greater atmospheric moisture content. a thermodynamic change. Dynamic changes limit the intensification of mean precipitation. Enhanced extreme precipitation over land in South Asia arises from dynamic rather than thermodynamic changes. The impact of global warming on heavy precipitation features and flood risks in the Tama River basin in Japan is addressed using 12 atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation models (AOGCMs). Multi-model ensemble average 200-year quantiles in Tokyo from 2050 to 2300 under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC) Special Reports on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario climate conditions were 1.07-1.20 times greater than that under present climate conditions. A 200-year quantile extreme event in the present occurs in much shorter return periods in the A1B scenario. High-water discharge in the basin rose by 10%-26% and flood volume increased by 46%-131% for precipitation in a 200-year return period. The risk of flooding in the basin is thus, even though the increase of extreme precipitation is not substantial, projected to be much higher than that presently estimated.
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McMahon, T. A., M. C. Peel i D. J. Karoly. "Uncertainty in runoff based on Global Climate Model precipitation and temperature data – Part 1: Assessment of Global Climate Models". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, nr 5 (5.05.2014): 4531–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-4531-2014.
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Abstract. Two key sources of uncertainty in projections of future runoff for climate change impact assessments are uncertainty between Global Climate Models (GCMs) and within a GCM. Uncertainty between GCM projections of future climate can be assessed through analysis of runs of a given scenario from a wide range of GCMs. Within GCM uncertainty is the variability in GCM output that occurs when running a scenario multiple times but each run has slightly different, but equally plausible, initial conditions. The objective of this, the first of two complementary papers, is to reduce between-GCM uncertainty by identifying and removing poorly performing GCMs prior to the analysis presented in the second paper. Here we assess how well 46 runs from 22 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) GCMs are able to reproduce observed precipitation and temperature climatological statistics. The performance of each GCM in reproducing these statistics was ranked and better performing GCMs identified for later analyses. Observed global land surface precipitation and temperature data were drawn from the CRU 3.10 gridded dataset and re-sampled to the resolution of each GCM for comparison. Observed and GCM based estimates of mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, mean monthly precipitation and temperature and Köppen climate type were compared. The main metrics for assessing GCM performance were the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index and RMSE between modelled and observed long-term statistics. This information combined with a literature review of the performance of the CMIP3 models identified the following five models as the better performing models for the next phase of our analysis in assessing the uncertainty in runoff estimated from GCM projections of precipitation and temperature: HadCM3 (Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research), MIROCM (Center for Climate System Research (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Frontier Research Center for Global Change), MIUB (Meteorological Institute of the University of Bonn, Meteorological Research Institute of KMA, and Model and Data group), MPI (Max Planck Institute for Meteorology) and MRI (Japan Meteorological Research Institute).
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Okazaki, Atsushi, Takumi Honda, Shunji Kotsuki, Moeka Yamaji, Takuji Kubota, Riko Oki, Toshio Iguchi i Takemasa Miyoshi. "Simulating precipitation radar observations from a geostationary satellite". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, nr 7 (19.07.2019): 3985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3985-2019.
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Abstract. Spaceborne precipitation radars, such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, have been important platforms to provide a direct measurement of three-dimensional precipitation structure globally. Building upon the success of TRMM and GPM Core Observatory, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is currently surveying the feasibility of a potential satellite mission equipped with a precipitation radar on a geostationary orbit. The quasi-continuous observation realized by the geostationary satellite radar would offer a new insight into meteorology and would advance numerical weather prediction (NWP) through their effective use by data assimilation. Although the radar would be beneficial, the radar on the geostationary orbit measures precipitation obliquely at off-nadir points. In addition, the observing resolution will be several times larger than those on board TRMM and GPM Core Observatory due to the limited antenna size that we could deliver. The tilted sampling volume and the coarse resolution would result in more contamination from surface clutter. To investigate the impact of these limitations and to explore the potential usefulness of the geostationary satellite radar, this study simulates the observation data for a typhoon case using an NWP model and a radar simulator. The results demonstrate that it would be possible to obtain three-dimensional precipitation data. However, the quality of the observation depends on the beam width, the beam sampling span, and the position of precipitation systems. With a wide beam width and a coarse beam span, the radar cannot observe weak precipitation at low altitudes due to surface clutter. The limitation can be mitigated by oversampling (i.e., a wide beam width and a fine sampling span). With a narrow beam width and a fine beam sampling span, the surface clutter interference is confined to the surface level. When the precipitation system is located far from the nadir, the precipitation signal is obtained only for strong precipitation.
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Sessions, W. R., J. S. Reid, A. Benedetti, P. R. Colarco, A. da Silva, S. Lu, T. Sekiyama i in. "Development towards a global operational aerosol consensus: basic climatological characteristics of the International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction Multi-Model Ensemble (ICAP-MME)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, nr 1 (13.01.2015): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-335-2015.
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Abstract. Here we present the first steps in developing a global multi-model aerosol forecasting ensemble intended for eventual operational and basic research use. Drawing from members of the International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction (ICAP) latest generation of quasi-operational aerosol models, 5-day aerosol optical thickness (AOT) forecasts are analyzed for December 2011 through November 2012 from four institutions: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and Naval Research Lab/Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (NRL/FNMOC). For dust, we also include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Geospatial Advisory Committee (NOAA NGAC) product in our analysis. The Barcelona Supercomputing Centre and UK Met Office dust products have also recently become members of ICAP, but have insufficient data to be included in this analysis period. A simple consensus ensemble of member and mean AOT fields for modal species (e.g., fine and coarse mode, and a separate dust ensemble) is used to create the ICAP Multi-Model Ensemble (ICAP-MME). The ICAP-MME is run daily at 00:00 UTC for 6-hourly forecasts out to 120 h. Basing metrics on comparisons to 21 regionally representative Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites, all models generally captured the basic aerosol features of the globe. However, there is an overall AOT low bias among models, particularly for high AOT events. Biomass burning regions have the most diversity in seasonal average AOT. The Southern Ocean, though low in AOT, nevertheless also has high diversity. With regard to root mean square error (RMSE), as expected the ICAP-MME placed first over all models worldwide, and was typically first or second in ranking against all models at individual sites. These results are encouraging; furthermore, as more global operational aerosol models come online, we expect their inclusion in a robust operational multi-model ensemble will provide valuable aerosol forecasting guidance.
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Hess, P. G., i R. Zbinden. "Stratospheric impact on tropospheric ozone variability and trends: 1990–2009". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, nr 2 (18.01.2013): 649–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-649-2013.
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Abstract. The influence of stratospheric ozone on the interannual variability and trends in tropospheric ozone is evaluated between 30 and 90° N from 1990–2009 using ozone measurements and a global chemical transport model, the Community Atmospheric Model with chemistry (CAM-chem). Long-term measurements from ozonesondes, at 150 and 500 hPa, and the Measurements of OZone and water vapour by in-service Airbus aircraft programme (MOZAIC), at 500 hPa, are analyzed over Japan, Canada, the Eastern US and Northern and Central Europe. The measurements generally emphasize northern latitudes, although the simulation suggests that measurements over the Canadian, Northern and Central European regions are representative of the large-scale interannual ozone variability from 30 to 90° N at 500 hPa. CAM-chem is run with input meteorology from the National Center for Environmental Prediction; a tagging methodology is used to identify the stratospheric contribution to tropospheric ozone concentrations. A variant of the synthetic ozone tracer (synoz) is used to represent stratospheric ozone. Both the model and measurements indicate that on large spatial scales stratospheric interannual ozone variability drives significant tropospheric variability at 500 hPa and the surface. In particular, the simulation and the measurements suggest large stratospheric influence at the surface sites of Mace Head (Ireland) and Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) as well as many 500 hPa measurement locations. Both the measurements and simulation suggest the stratosphere has contributed to tropospheric ozone trends. In many locations between 30–90° N 500 hPa ozone significantly increased from 1990–2000, but has leveled off since (from 2000–2009). The simulated global ozone budget suggests global stratosphere-troposphere exchange increased in 1998–1999 in association with a global ozone anomaly. Discrepancies between the simulated and measured ozone budget include a large underestimation of measured ozone variability and discrepancies in long-term stratospheric ozone trends. This suggests the need for more sophisticated simulations including better representations of stratospheric chemistry and circulation.
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Natsir, Taufik Abdillah, Yudith Windrianto P, Retno Susetyaningsih, Kris Setyanto i Rita Dewi. "SIMULASI DAMPAK PENCEMARAN UDARA KARBON MONOKSIDA DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA AKIBAT EMISIS KENDARAAN BERMOTOR (Simulation of Carbon Monoxide Pollution Effect in Yogyakarta City Caused by The Emission of Motor Vehicles)". Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan 24, nr 1 (29.03.2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jml.23631.
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ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian terkait simulasi dampak pencemaran udara di Kota Yogyakarta akibat dari emisi kendaraan bermotor dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak AERMOD dan visualisasi hasil dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak SURFER 9. AERMOD merupakan perangkat lunak yang dikembangkan oleh US-EPA dan merupakan perangkat lunak yang direkomendasikan oleh US-EPA untuk memprakirakan dampak polutan udara. Penelitian dilakukan di 4 ruas jalan kota Yogyakarta, yaitu jalan Cik Di Tiro, jalan Prof. Herman Yohanes, jalan Colombo, dan jalan Jendral Sudirman dan dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2015. Data iklim diperoleh dari Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG) Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Parameter yang diukur adalah karbon monoksida (CO) dan jumlah kendaraan yang lewat di lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi tertinggi CO pada bulan Januari 2015 berada pada rentang antara 5.500 – 8.000 mg/m3 (4,46–6,49 ppm) berada di jalan Cik Di Tiro. Hasil simulasi selama 10 tahun menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2025, konsentrasi CO tertinggi hingga mencapai ± 16.000 mg/m3 (16 ppm) dan berada di jalan Cik Di Tiro.ABSTRACTA research of the simulation of air pollution effect in Yogyakarta city caused by the emission of motor vehicles had been conducted by using the AERMOD software, and the result was visualized by using SURFER 9. AERMOD was a software which was developed and is recommended by US-EPA to predict air pollution. The research was conducted on January 2015 in 4 locations in Yogyakarta city, which were Cik Di Tiro Road, Prof. Herman Yohanes Road, Colomobo Road, and Sudirman Road. Climatology data was obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) of the Special Province of Yogyakarta. Parameters which were measured in this research were carbon monoxide (CO) and traffic counting. The result showed that the highest concentration of CO on January 2015 was 5,500–8,000 mg/m3 (4.46–6.49 ppm) located in Cik Di Tiro Road. The result of air pollution simulation for ten years showed that in 2025, the highest concentration of CO would be approximately ± 16,000 mg/m3 (16 ppm), located in Cik Di Tiro Road.