Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Itanium”

This dissertation extends a WELD for Itanium processors. Emre Özer presented WELD architecture in his Ph.D. thesis. WELD integrates multithreading support into an Itanium processor to hide run-time latency effects that cannot be determined by the compiler. Also, it proposes a hardware technique called operation welding that merges operations from different threads to utilize the hardware resources. Hardware contexts such as program counters and the fetch units are duplicated to support for multithreading. The experimental results show that Dual-thread WELD attains a maximum of 11% speedup as compared to single-threaded Itanium architecture while still maintaining the hardware simplicity of the EPIC architecture.

The Xen Virtual Machine Monitor has proven to achieve higher efficiency in virtualizing the x86 architecture than competing x86 virtualization technologies. This makes virtualization on the x86 platform more feasible in High-Performance and mainframe computing, where virtualization can offer attractive solutions for managing resources between users. Virtualization is also attractive on the Itanium architecture. Future x86 and Itanium computer architectures include extensions which make virtualization more efficient. Moving to virtualizing resources through Xen may ready computer centers for the possibilities offered by these extensions. The Itanium architecture is ``uncooperative'' in terms of virtualization. Privilege-sensitive instructions make full virtualization inefficient and impose the need for para-virtualization. Para-virtualizing Linux involves changing certain native operations in the guest kernel in order to adapt it to the Xen virtual architecture. Minimum para-virtualizing impact on Linux is achieved by, instead of replacing illegal instructions, trapping them by the hypervisor, which then emulates them. Transparent para-virtualization allows the same Linux kernel binary to run on top of Xen and on physical hardware. Itanium region registers allow more graceful distribution of memory between guest operating systems, while not disturbing the Translation Lookaside Buffer. The Extensible Firmware Interface provides a standardized interface to hardware functions, and is easier to virtualize than legacy hardware interfaces. The overhead of running para-virtualized Linux on Itanium is reasonably small and measured to be around 4.9 %. Also, the overhead of running transparently para-virtualized Linux on physical hardware is reasonably small compared to non-virtualized Linux.

The abstraction provided by virtual memory is central to the operation of modern operating systems. Making the most efficient use of the available translation hardware is critical to achieving high performance. The multiple page-size support provided by almost all architectures promises considerable benefits but poses a number of implementation challenges. This thesis presents a minimally-invasive approach to transparent multiple page-size support for Itanium Linux. In particular, it examines the interaction between supporting large pages and Itanium's two inbuilt hardware page-table walkers; one being a virtual linear page-table with limited support for storing different page-size translations and the other a more flexible but higher overhead hash table based translation cache. Compared to a single-page-size kernel, a range of benchmarks show performance improvements when multiple page-sizes are available, generally large working sets that stress the TLB. However, other benchmarks are negatively impacted. Analysis shows that the increased TLB coverage, resulting from the use of large pages, frequently does not reduce TLB miss rates sufficiently to make up for the increased cost of TLB reloads. These results, which are specific to the Itanium architecture, suggest that large-page support for Itanium Linux is best enabled selectively with insight into application behaviour.

Cette thèse propose, dans sa première partie, d’étendre l’architecture EPIC des processeurs de la famille Itanium par l’ajout d’une pile matérielle. L’idée principale est qu’il est possible de combler l’écart de performance entre une architecture généraliste et les circuits spécialisés pour exécuter des machines virtuelles (FORTH,. NET, Java, etc. ). Pour ce faire nous proposons de réassigner dynamiquement un sous-ensemble des ressources existantes d’EPIC pour offrir une pile d’évaluation matérielle. Deux implémentations, non-intrusives et respectant la compatibilité binaire des applications existantes, sont proposées. La principale différence entre ces piles réside dans leur gestionnaire: logiciel ou matériel. La pile d’évaluation sous le contrôle du matériel présente des fonctions avancées comme le support des piles d’évaluation typées promues par la CIL de. NET. Ainsi, nous proposons un traducteur simple-passe de binaire CIL en binaire EPIC, utilisant la pile d’évaluation matérielle. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous avons étudié l’efficacité énergétique des applications sur les architectures Intel. Nous avons ainsi défini dans un premier temps une méthodologie et des outils de mesure de l’énergie consommée et la quantité de travail utile fournie par les logiciels. Dans un second temps, nous avons entamé l’étude de transformations de code source afin de réduire / contrôler la quantité d’énergie consommée par les logiciels
This thesis proposes, in its first part, to extend the EPIC architecture of the Itanium processor family by providing a hardware stack. The principal idea defended here is that it is possible to close the existing performance gap between generic architectures and application specific designs to run virtual machines (FORTH,. NET, Java, etc). With this intention, we propose to reallocate dynamically a subset of the EPIC architecture’s resources to implement a hardware evaluation stack. Two implementations are proposed, both non-intrusive and compatible with existing binary codes. The fundamental difference between these stacks lies in their manager: software or hardware. The hardware controlled evaluation stack offers support for advanced functions such as the support of strongly typed evaluation stacks required by. NET’s CIL. Thus, we propose a single pass CIL binary translator into EPIC binary, using the hardware evaluation stack. In the second part of this thesis, we studied the energy efficiency of software applications. First, we defined a methodology and developed tools to measure the energy consumption and the useful work provided by the software. In a second time, we engaged the study of source code transformation rules in order to reduce/control the quantity of consumed energy by the software

Šiame darbe buvo išnagrinėtos Intel Itanium (IA-64) architektūros savybės, įtakojančios kompiliatoriaus generuojamą kodą, ir išanalizuotos kompiliatoriaus optimizacijos, kurios buvo pritaikytos IA-64 architektūrai. Buvo prieita prie išvados, kad tokias optimizacijas galima susiskirstyti į kelis tipus. Pirmiausia nuo architektūros priklausomos optimizacijos, kurių efektyvumą galima padidinti išnaudojant predikaciją ir prognozavimo savybes ar kitas IA-64 specifines savybes. Antra, nuo architektūros nepriklausomos tradicinės optimizacijos, kurių pertvarkomo kodo efektyvumą galima padidinti parenkant kitokius šias optimizacijas valdančius kompiliavimo parametrus. Tyrime buvo išnagrinėtos ciklų optimizacijos, kurių kodą galimą būtų pakeisti valdomais parametrais. Tyrimas parodė, kad iš tiesų įmanoma sugeneruoti efektyvesnį kodą Intel Itanium architektūroje, keičiant šių parametrų reikšmes nuo numatytųjų reikšmių.
This thesis deeply explored Intel Itanium architecture features that improve a code generated by compiler. Compiler optimizations which are tuned to this architecture are also described. Accomplished research showed that there were several types of optimizations which can be improved on IA-64 architecture. Firstly, optimizations which are dependent on architecture can be optimized using predication and speculation or other unique IA-64 features. Secondly, optimizations that are undependable from traditional architecture can be improved using more aggressive compilation controllable parameters than they are by default. Loop optimizations were chosen for final research. Research proved that changing values of these parameters from default can improve program performance.

Contribution à la compilation de programmes irréguliers pour des architecturescomplexesLes architectures multicoeurs sont omniprésentes dans les processeurs généralistes et embarqués. Plusieurs flôts d'instructions (threads) sont exécutés, augmentant le parallélisme, évitant des contentions de ressources. L'execution concurrente d'un thread est déterminant pour le temps d'execution de l'application. Ainsi, l'exploitation fine d'un coeur est indispensable afin de découvrir du parallelisme d'instructions (ILP) au sein d'un flot d'instructions. Cette thèse traite de l'optimisation monocoeur de codes irréguliers comportant du parallélisme "caché". Nous avons conçus des transformations permettant d'augmenter leur ILP : Deep Jam convertissant du parallelisme à gros grain,restructuration des arbres de décisions et une plateforme d'ordonnancement d'instructions unifiant les dépendences de données et les contraintes de ressources complexes. Des accélérations par rapport à des techniques et compilateurs de pointe ont été obtenues sur Itanium 2
Contribution to the Compilation of Irregular Programs for Complex ArchitecturesMulticore architectures are ubiquitous in general purpose and embedded systems. Modern processors execute several instruction flows (threads) increasing the parallelism and accommodating for resource stalls. Both the execution of a thread and its interaction with the others shape the overall performance of an application. Thus, an accurate exploitation of a single core is mandatory: it leads to the necessity to discover the instruction-level parallelism (ILP) within an instruction flow. This thesis focuses on the monocore optimization of irregular codes hoseparallelism is "hidden" behind complex control flow. We designedtransformations to increase their ILP: Deep Jam converting coarse-grain parallelism, decision tree reshaping and an instruction-scheduling framework unifying data dependences and complex resource constraints. Everytransformation leads to significant speedups on a wide issue architecture(Itanium), compared to state-of-the-art techniques and compilers

ISA extensions are a very powerful approach to implement new hardware techniques that require or benefit from compiler support: decisions made at compile time can be complemented at runtime, achieving a synergistic effect between the compiler and the processor. This thesis is focused on two ISA extensions: predicate execution and register windows. Predicate execution is exploited by the if-conversion compiler technique. If-conversion removes control dependences by transforming them to data dependences, which helps to exploit ILP beyond a single basic-block. Register windows help to reduce the amount of loads and stores required to save and restore registers across procedure calls by storing multiple contexts into a large architectural register file.

In-order processors specially benefit from using both ISA extensions to overcome the limitations that control dependences and memory hierarchy impose on static scheduling. Predicate execution allows to move control dependence instructions past branches. Register windows reduce the amount of memory operations across procedure calls. Although if-conversion and register windows techniques have not been exclusively developed for in-order processors, their use for out-of-order processors has been studied very little. In this thesis we show that the uses of if-conversion and register windows introduce new performance opportunities and new challenges to face in out-of-order processors.

The use of if-conversion in out-of-order processors helps to eliminate hard-to-predict branches, alleviating the severe performance penalties caused by branch mispredictions. However, the removal of some conditional branches by if-conversion may adversely affect the predictability of the remaining branches, because it may reduce the amount of correlation information available to the branch predictor. Moreover, predicate execution in out-of-order processors has to deal with two performance issues. First, multiple definitions of the same logical register can be merged into a single control flow, where each definition is guarded with a different predicate. Second, instructions whose guarding predicate evaluates to false consume unnecessary resources. This thesis proposes a branch prediction scheme based on predicate prediction that solves the three problems mentioned above. This scheme, which is built on top of a predicated ISA that implement a compare-and-branch model such as the one considered in this thesis, has two advantages: First, the branch accuracy is improved because the correlation information is not lost after if-conversion and the mechanism we propose permits using the computed value of the branch predicate when available, achieving 100% of accuracy. Second it avoids the predicate out-of-order execution problems.

Regarding register windows, we propose a mechanism that reduces physical register requirements of an out-of-order processor to the bare minimum with almost no performance loss. The mechanism is based on identifying which architectural registers are in use by current in-flight instructions. The registers which are not in use, i.e. there is no in-flight instruction that references them, can be early released.

In this thesis we propose a very efficient and low-cost hardware implementation of predicate execution and register windows that provide important benefits to out-of-order processors.

Many applications are unable to obtain the peak performance offered by high performance architectures such as Itanium or Pentium-IV. This fact makes the code optimizations to be of utmost importance. Code specialization, which provides to the compilers, necessary information regarding important parameters in the code, is considered to be one of the most effective optimizations. Static specialization of code results in large code size, also referred to as, code explosion. Such large size of code results in cache misses and branch overhead, and also minimizes the effect of other optimizations. All these drawbacks deteriorate the performance of the application and necessitate the code to be specialized dynamically. The specialization of code is therefore performed by dynamic compilers and/or specializers by generating code at runtime, i. E. During execution of the program. The runtime specialization is not always beneficial since the runtime activities incur a large overhead during execution. This overhead can only be amortized by multiple invocations of the same code. Aimed at improving the performance of the applications, this thesis provides different strategies for specialization of code. By specializing code through static, dynamic and iterative compilation, we target the issues of code explosion and runtime overhead. Our Hybrid Specialization approach proceeds by specializing code and finding equivalent code versions. Instead of keeping all versions, any of these versions can be used as a template whose instructions are modified at runtime to adapt it to other versions. The performance is improved since the code is specialized at static compile time. The runtime specialization is therefore limited to modifying a small number of instructions. Different variants of these approaches address the issues of selection of variables for specialization, minimizing the number of compilations and reducing the frequency of runtime specialization. Our Iterative Specialization approach is able to optimize regular code by obtaining different optimization classes of some code which is specialized at static compile time. The code is iteratively transformed to benefit from these optimization classes and evaluated in order to obtain the best version. These approaches are portable and tested on high performance architectures like IA-64 and Pentium-IV using different versions of \textit{icc} and \textit{gcc} compilers. Using hybrid specialization and iterative specialization approaches, we are able to obtain a significant improvement in many complex benchmarks including SPEC, FFTW and ATLAS
De nombreuses applications sont incapables d'utiliser les performances crêtes offertes par des architectures modernes comme l'Itanium et Pentium-IV. Cela rend critique les optimisations de code réalisée par les compilateurs. Parmis toutes les optimisations réalisées par les compilateurs, la spécialisation de code, qui fournit aux compilateurs les valeurs des paramètres importants dans le code, est très efficace. La spécialisation statique a comme défault de produire une grande taille du code, appelée, l'explosion du code. Cette grande taille implique des défaults de caches et des coûts de branchements. Elle même impose des contraintes sur d'autres optimisations. Tous ces effets rendent nécessaire de spécialiser le code dynamiquement. La spécialisation de code est donc effectué par lescompilateurs/specialiseurs dynamiques, qui générent le code àl'exécution. Ces approches ne sont pas toujours bénéfique puisque l'exécution doit subir un grand surcoût de géneration à l'exécution qui peut détériorer la performance. De plus, afin d'être amorti, ce coût exige plusieurs invocations du même code. Visant à améliorer les performances des applications complexes, cettethèse propose différentes stratégies pour la spécialisation du code. En utilisant la compilation statique, dynamique et itérative, nous ciblons les problèmes d'explosion de la taille du code et le surcoût en temps induit par la génération du code à l'exécution. Notre "Spécialisation Hybride" génère des versions équivalentes du code après l'avoir specialisé statiquement. Au lieu de conserver toutes les versions, l'une de ces versions peut être utilisée comme un template dont les instructions sont modifiées pendant exécution afin d'être adaptée à d'autres versions. La performance est améliorée puisque le code est spécialisé au moment de la compilation statique. La spécialisation dynamique est donc limitée à la modification d'un petit nombre d'instructions. Différentes variantes de ces approches peuvent améliorer laspécialisation en choisissant des variables adéquates, en diminuant le nombre de compilations et en réduisant la fréquence de laspécialisation dynamique. Notre approche "Spécialisation Itérative" est en mesure d'optimiser les codes régulier en obtenant plusieurs classes optimales du code spécialisé au moment de la compilation statique. En suite, une transformation itérative est appliquée sur le code afin de bénéficier des classes optimales générées et obtenir la meilleure version. Les expérimentations ont été effectuées sur des architectures IA-64 et Pentium- IV, en utilisant les compilateurs gcc et icc. Les approches proposées (Spécialisation Hybride et Itérative), nous permettent d'obtenir une amélioration significative pour plusieurs benchmarks, y compris ceux de SPEC, FFTW et ATLAS

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1997-09-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_ml_dr_rcla.pdf: 2869727 bytes, checksum: 22660ba98fc3d3bc487247ab504f63fe (MD5)
Este trabalho chama a atenção para o papel das imagens no desenvolvimento do turismo, partindo do pressuposto que, sem imagens nítidas e duradouras, as localidades não florescem, ficando restritas a um estado letárgico. Procurou-se trabalhar com os enunciados de Miossec, geógrafo tunisiano, que reconhece no turismo três imagens: global, tradicional e atual. Por imagem global entende-se a necessidade do ser humano em sair do seu mundo cotidiano e rotineiro; por imagem tradicional, aquela fixada pela cultura através dos tempos; e, finalmente, por imagem atual, aquela ditada pelos padrões de beleza contemporâneos. Dessa forma, escolheu-se a cidade de Itanhaém para desenvolver uma pesquisa que pudesse focalizar essas três imagens enunciadas. Itanhaém, localidade do litoral sul paulista que possui antecedentes históricos, é meio de atração permanente, com o mar e suas praias. Além disso, é tombada pelo Patrimônio Histórico Cultural, legitimando sua condição de cidade histórica e turística.
This work call attention to the role of images in tourism development, assuming that without lasting and clear images, the locations do not bloom, being restricted to a lethargic state. We attempted to work with the enunciations of Miossec, Tunisian geographer who recognizes three images in tourism: global, traditional and recent. Global image is understood as the necessity of the human being to leave his daily and ordinary world; traditional image is that fixed by culture through time; and finally, recent image is the one dictated by the contemporary beauty standards.This way, the city of Itanhaém was chosen as the site to develop a research focusing on the three images above mentioned. Itanhaém, located in the south coastal regional of the state of São Paulo, has numerous historical antecedents, it is a place of permanent touristic attraction with its beaches. Besides, it is a cultural and historic patrimony, legitimizing its condition of historic and touristic city.

Orientador: Livia de Oliveira
Banca: Juergen Richard Langenbuch
Banca: Lineu Bley
Banca: Herbe Xavier
Banca: Marlene Teresinha de Muno Colesanti
Resumo: Este trabalho chama a atenção para o papel das imagens no desenvolvimento do turismo, partindo do pressuposto que, sem imagens nítidas e duradouras, as localidades não florescem, ficando restritas a um estado letárgico. Procurou-se trabalhar com os enunciados de Miossec, geógrafo tunisiano, que reconhece no turismo três imagens: global, tradicional e atual. Por imagem global entende-se a necessidade do ser humano em sair do seu mundo cotidiano e rotineiro; por imagem tradicional, aquela fixada pela cultura através dos tempos; e, finalmente, por imagem atual, aquela ditada pelos padrões de beleza contemporâneos. Dessa forma, escolheu-se a cidade de Itanhaém para desenvolver uma pesquisa que pudesse focalizar essas três imagens enunciadas. Itanhaém, localidade do litoral sul paulista que possui antecedentes históricos, é meio de atração permanente, com o mar e suas praias. Além disso, é tombada pelo Patrimônio Histórico Cultural, legitimando sua condição de cidade histórica e turística.
Abstract: This work call attention to the role of images in tourism development, assuming that without lasting and clear images, the locations do not bloom, being restricted to a lethargic state. We attempted to work with the enunciations of Miossec, Tunisian geographer who recognizes three images in tourism: global, traditional and recent. Global image is understood as the necessity of the human being to leave his daily and ordinary world; traditional image is that fixed by culture through time; and finally, recent image is the one dictated by the contemporary beauty standards.This way, the city of Itanhaém was chosen as the site to develop a research focusing on the three images above mentioned. Itanhaém, located in the south coastal regional of the state of São Paulo, has numerous historical antecedents, it is a place of permanent touristic attraction with its beaches. Besides, it is a cultural and historic patrimony, legitimizing its condition of historic and touristic city.
Doutor

Os processos morfodinâmicos em sistemas de desembocaduras estão relacionados a uma variedade de condições forçantes que criam condições hidrodinâmicas únicas. Correntes de maré, ondas e descarga fluvial, interagindo em diferentes níveis resultam em complexos padrões dinâmicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é entender os processos que controlam a dinâmica da desembocadura do estuário do rio Itanhém, Alcobaça, BA. A dinâmica do ambiente foi analisada através de imagens de satélite LANDSAT5-TM e da aplicação de um modelo numérico. As imagens de satélite disponíveis, para os anos de 1987, 1990, 1996, 2007, 2008 e 2009, foram utilizadas para extrair os contornos da linha de costa que, juntamente com dados batimétricos constituíram as malhas para o desenvolvimento de uma série de experimentos numéricos. O modelo numérico utilizado foi o MIKE 21 FM. Foram utilizados três módulos: propagação de ondas, hidrodinâmico e de transporte de sedimento, com retroalimentação entre as mudanças morfológicas e a hidrodinâmica. A descrição dos processos observados pelas imagens de satélite, juntamente com os resultados dos experimentos numéricos mostraram que na região ocorreu acúmulo de sedimentos com consequente crescimento de um pontal a barlamar da desembocadura entre 1987 e 2007. Em 2007 o pontal atingiu seu tamanho máximo, e em função de um evento de alta energia, se rompeu ao norte, deixando dois canais. No período quando o canal era mais estreito, houve maior transporte pela deriva verificado pelo crescimento do banco. Já no período de canal mais largo, houve interrupção na deriva e o banco não cresceu. O mecanismo principal de transporte de sedimentos na área de estudo deve-se principalmente à incidência das ondas do quadrante nordeste, que gera uma corrente de deriva litorânea para sul. As ondas do quadrante sul e sudeste, mais energéticas, e que poderiam gerar deriva na direção oposta, são refratadas pela presença dos parcéis e da progradação da linha de costa em Caravelas, localizados a sudeste e sul da área de estudo. O novo canal formado pelo rompimento do pontal tornou-se o principal meio de fluxo das correntes. Este fluxo atua como uma barreira, interrompendo a deriva litorânea de sedimentos, aprisionando-os a barlamar e limitando o suprimento de sedimentos responsáveis pelo crescimento do banco arenoso ao sul. Nota-se que o tamanho e a largura do novo canal definem a quantidade de sedimentos que atravessa a desembocadura, controlando o crescimento deste banco.
The morphodynamic processes at inlet systems are related to a variety of forcing conditions that create unique hydrodynamic conditions. The interaction of tidal currents, wave conditions, and river discharge at different levels result in complex dynamic patterns. The present work aims to understand the processes that control the dynamics of the Itanhaém River, Alcobaça (BA). The system dynamics was analyzed through the combined application of LANDSAT5-TM satellite images, field measurements and numerical modelling. A set of satellite images (for 1987, 1990, 1996, 2007, 2008 and 2009) was used to extract the coastline contours which, combined with the bathymetric data, defined the grids for a series of numerical experiments. Three modules of the MIKE 21 FM model have been applied: wave propagation, hydrodynamic and sediment transport, including the feedback between the morphological changes and the hydrodynamics. The description of the processes observed through the satellite images and the results of the numerical experiments show that there is a spit growth driving the inlet southwards between 1987 and 2007. In 2007 the spit reached its maximum extent and a high wave energy event breached the spit leaving the system with two openings to the ocean. The sediment supply to the southern sandbar is controlled by the longshore drift, with its quantities being apparently controlled by the inlet width. The main mechanism of sediment transport in the study area is mainly due to the northeasterly waves, moving sediments southwards. The more energetic southerly waves, which could lead to transport in the opposite direction, are refracted due to the wide shelf and the presence of coral reefs in the region. The new inlet formed by the spit breach became the main flow channel. This flow interrupts part of the littoral drift, retaining sediment updrift and limiting the sediment supply downdrift. The size and width of the new inlet define the amount of sediment being bypassed, controlling the growth of the sandbar.

Tradicinės x86 architektūros spartinimui artėjant prie galimybių ribos, kompanija Intel pradėjo kurti naują IA-64 architektūrą, paremtą EPIC – išreikštinai lygiagrečiai vykdomomis instrukcijomis vieno takto metu. Ši pagrindinė savybė leidžia vykdyti iki šešių instrukcijų per vieną taktą. Taipogi architektūra pasižymi tokiomis savybėmis, kurios leido efektyviai spręsti su kodo optimizavimu susijusias problemas tradicinėse architektūrose. Tačiau kompiliatorių optimizavimo algoritmai ilgą laiką buvo tobulinami tradicinėse architektūrose, todėl norint išnaudoti naująją architektūrą, reikia ieškoti būdų tobulinti esamus kompiliatorius. Vienas iš būdų – kompiliatoriaus vidinių parametrų atsakingų už optimizacijas reikšmių pritaikymas IA-64. Būtent toks yra šio darbo tikslas, kuriam pasiekti reikia išnagrinėti IA-64 savybes, jas vėliau eksperimentiškai taikyti realaus kodo pavyzdžiuose bei įvertinti jų įtaką kodo vykdymo spartai. Pagal gautus rezultatus nagrinėjami kompiliatoriaus vidiniai parametrai ir su specialia kompiliatorių testavimo programa randamas geriausias reikšmių rinkinys šiai architektūrai. Vėliau šis rinkinys išbandomas su taikomosiomis programomis. Gauto parametrų rinkinio reikšmės turėtų leisti generuoti efektyvesnį kodą IA-64 architektūrai.
After performance optimization of traditional architectures began to reach their limits, Intel corporation started to develop new architecture based on EPIC – Explicitly Parallel Instruction Counting. This main feature allowed up to six instructions to be executed in single CPU cycle. Also this architecture includes more features, which allowed efficient solution of traditional architectures code optimization problems. However for long time code optimization algorithms have been improved for traditional architectures only, as a result those algorithms should be adopted to new architecture. One of the ways to do that – exploration of internal compilers parameters, which are responsible for code optimizations. That is the primary target of this work and in order to reach it the features of the IA-64 architecture and impact to execution performance must be explored using real-life code examples. Tests results may be used later for internal parameters selection and further exploration of these parameters values by using special compiler performance testing benchmarks. The set of those new values could be tested with real life applications in order to prove efficiency of IA-64 architecture features.

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com finalidade de investigar o impacto da espécie exótica Clarias gariepinus no rio Itanhém, BA, tendo como referência o rio Caravelas. Foram analisados 214 estômagos de Clarias gariepinus, Centropomus undecimalis e C. parallelus desses dois locais. Brachyura compôs 92,8% da dieta de C. parallelus do rio Caravelas, enquanto que para C. undecimalis Teleostei compôs 72,5%. No rio Itanhém, os camarões foram mais importantes na alimentação de Clarias gariepinus, e para C. parallelus, Teleostei (98,1%). Não ocorreu sobreposição alimentar em nenhum dos casos estudados. Para caracterizar a ictiofauna, foram capturados 915 indivíduos do rio Caravelas e 2644 indivíduos do rio Itanhém. A espécie mais importante de Caravelas foi Diapterus auratus, e em Itanhém foi Stellifer naso. As variações da abundância da ictiofauna estiveram associadas, principalmente, à variação da salinidade. Para caracterizar as comunidades de pescadores e a problemática do Clarias gariepinus, aplicaram-se questionários socioeconômicos. Segundo os entrevistados (17 de Caravelas e 12 de Alcobaça), a espécie exótica traz como principais problemas, insuficiência de comercialização, predação sobre camarão e diminuição da renda dos pescadores. Pelos resultados desse trabalho não foi possível detectar indícios de mudanças na população de C. parallelus do rio Itanhém, apesar do impacto econômico detectado.
This work was developed in order to investigate the impact of the alien species Clarias gariepinus in the Itanhém River comparing to the adjacent Caravelas River, where this species does not occur. A total of 214 stomachs from C. gariepinus, Centropomus undecimalis, C. parallelus were analyzed. In Caravelas River, Brachyura was the main food item for C. parallelus, and Teleostei for C. undecimalis. In Itanhém River, shrimp was the most important food for C. gariepinus, and Teleostei for C. parallelus. There was no food overlap between the species within and among rivers. To characterize the fish fauna, 915 individuals and 2,644 were captured in Caravelas and Itanhém Rivers, respectively. Diapterus auratus was the most important species in Caravelas, while Stellifer naso in Itanhém. Seasonal variability on fish fauna was related to salinity. Twenty-nine questionnaires were applied to the local fishermen in order to evaluate the impact of the Clarias gariepinus introduction on the ecosystem and fishery. The main problems reported were that the C. gariepinus has no commercial value, they prey on shrimp, and the decreasing profit from fishery. There is no evidence of changes in the Centropomus parallelus population induced by the alien species, despite of its economic impact.

Submitted by Leda Lopes (ledacplopes@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-16T19:27:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Átila Perillo.pdf: 4421878 bytes, checksum: 86bb89b9ed59b7fca15d53d7237d0e41 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T21:25:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Átila Perillo.pdf: 4421878 bytes, checksum: 86bb89b9ed59b7fca15d53d7237d0e41 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T21:26:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Átila Perillo.pdf: 4421878 bytes, checksum: 86bb89b9ed59b7fca15d53d7237d0e41 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T21:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Átila Perillo.pdf: 4421878 bytes, checksum: 86bb89b9ed59b7fca15d53d7237d0e41 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26
O presente trabalho trata das análises de parte do conjunto lítico, lascado e evidenciado durante as escavações do sítio Arqueológico Itanguá 02, em 2010. Localizado sob um abrigo de rocha quartzítica, na região de Senador Modestino Gonçalves, Alto Vale do Araçuaí, Alto Jequitinhonha – MG. Este sítio faz parte de um Complexo Arqueológico denominado Campo das Flores, que conta com um total de aproximadamente 6.000 peças líticas, em sua maioria de quartzo hialino, apresentando diversos produtos resultantes do processo de lascamento, como: lascas, cassons, núcleos, batedores e instrumentos. As análises presentes neste trabalho têm como objetivo compreender a(s) cadeia(s) operatória(s) do lascamento presentes no sítio e a relação existente entre as pessoas que lá lascaram o quartzo e o abrigo, através da análise tecnológica dos materiais lascados supracidados além de inserir o sítio em um quadro de ocupação e contribuir para os estudos acerca da ocupação do Alto Jequitinhonha
This dissertation deals with the analysis of the lithic set evidenced during the excavations of the Archaeological site Itanguá 02 in 2010. Located under a shelter of quartzite rock, in the region of Senator Modestino Gonçalves, Alto Vale do Araçuaí, Alto Jequitinhonha - MG. This site is part of an archaeological complex called Campo das Flores, which has a total of approximately 6,000 lithic pieces, mostly hyaline quartz, presenting various products resulting from the flaking process, such as flakes, cassons, cores, hammers and instruments. The analysis presented in this work aim to understand the chain (s) operatoire (s) of flaking present on the site and the relationship between the people who flaked those quartz and the shelter through technological analysis of materials flaked and insert the site in an occupation situation. Therefore, this dissertation aims to contribute to the studies of the human occupation of the High Jequitinhonha.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T17:21:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEAL_Mariana_2016.pdf: 33531179 bytes, checksum: 79338822f2cee7514132a1426bb9d6ee (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T17:21:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LEAL_Mariana_2016.pdf: 33531179 bytes, checksum: 79338822f2cee7514132a1426bb9d6ee (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T17:21:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LEAL_Mariana_2016.pdf: 33531179 bytes, checksum: 79338822f2cee7514132a1426bb9d6ee (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T17:21:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEAL_Mariana_2016.pdf: 33531179 bytes, checksum: 79338822f2cee7514132a1426bb9d6ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-27
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Water is one of the most abundant natural resources on the planet, but at the same time is becoming scarce in both quantity and quality in many regions, causing numerous conflicts. The watershed must be a permeable environment, where water infiltrates the soil and reaches the water table and then can be distributed abundant and continuously. Knowledge of the physical and biological characteristics of the basin influencing the handling and consequently the production of water. This study aimed to characterize the Itanguá watershed to support the management of the National Capão Bonito Forest, SP for conservation of water. This dissertation was divided into chapters: chapter 1 contextualized the issues relevant to this study, in the form of bibliographic review, chapter 2 discussed the hydro-environmental characterization of the basin, chapter 3 identified the vulnerability of Itangua watershed to the floods and the areas to be reforested in the permanent preservation areas, chapter 4 identified the priority areas for soil and water conservation and chapter 5 provides a general conclusion. The first results indicated that 60% of the sources analyzed in situ, were characterized as point while the others were diffuse and according to macroscopic evaluation, 13% of the sources were considered with great, 80% good and 7% with reasonable conservation state. The main negative environmental impacts observed were the presence of both exotic species such as: Boar (Sus scrofa) and Pinus spp. and the absence of native vegetation in the area of permanent preservation. The morphometric analysis showed that the Itanguá watershed is an important site for the conservation of water resources by having more elongated and low tendency to form flooding. Were also found nine different priorities classes of soil conservation practices implementation and six classes for forest restoration in permanent preservation area of waterways. The results provided a characterization of the basin Itanguá and important information, since they contribute to the Flona the management plan of Capão Bonito. All methods used in the study were satisfactory to achieve the proposed purpose.
A água é um dos recursos naturais mais abundantes no planeta, mas que ao mesmo tempo está se tornando escasso tanto em quantidade como em qualidade em diversas regiões, ocasionando inúmeros conflitos. A bacia hidrográfica deve ser um ambiente permeável, onde a água infiltra no solo e alcança o lençol freático para depois ser distribuída de maneira abundante e contínua. O conhecimento das características físicas e biológicas da bacia influencia no manejo e, consequentemente, na produção de água. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização da bacia do Itanguá como suporte à gestão da Floresta Nacional de Capão Bonito, SP, visando à conservação da água. Essa dissertação foi dividida em capítulos, sendo que o capítulo 1 contextualizou os temas pertinentes à realização desse estudo, na forma de revisão bibliográfica, o capítulo 2 abordou a caracterização hidroambiental da bacia, o capítulo 3 avaliou a vulnerabilidade da bacia a enchentes e as áreas que necessitam ser reflorestadas, o capítulo 4 identificou as áreas prioritárias à conservação de solo e água e o capítulo 5 apresentou uma conclusão geral. Os primeiros resultados indicaram que 60% das nascentes analisadas in loco, foram caracterizadas como pontuais enquanto que as demais foram difusas e de acordo com a avaliação macroscópica, 13% das nascentes foram consideradas com ótimo, 80% com bom e 7% com razoável estado de conservação. Os principais impactos ambientais negativos observados foram a presença de espécies exóticas tanto animal como vegetal: Javali (Sus scrofa) e Pinus spp. e a ausência de vegetação nativa na área de preservação permanente dos cursos d’água. A análise morfométrica apontou que a bacia do Itanguá é um local importante para a conservação dos recursos hídricos por apresentar forma mais alongada e baixa tendência a enchentes e ao partir da análise do uso e cobertura da terra foi possível identificar quais os locais que precisam ser reflorestados na área de preservação permanente. Foram ainda encontradas nove diferentes classes de prioridades para a implantação de práticas conservacionistas de solo e seis classes para a restauração florestal na área de preservação permanente dos cursos d’água. Os resultados obtidos proporcionaram a caracterização da bacia do Itanguá e a obtenção de importantes informações, uma vez que contribuem com o Plano de Manejo da Flona de Capão Bonito. Todas as metodologias utilizadas no trabalho foram satisfatórias para alcançar os objetivos propostos.