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Data publikacji: 25 maja 2024

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1

M, Imamura, i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Measurements of proton-induced production cross sections for ³⁶Cl from Ca and K. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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2

Gussone, Nikolaus, Anne-Desiree Schmitt, Alexander Heuser, Frank Wombacher, Martin Dietzel, Edward Tipper i Martin Schiller. Calcium Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68953-9.

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3

Köhler-Langes, Florian. The Electron Mass and Calcium Isotope Shifts. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50877-1.

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4

K, Kyser T., United States. Dept. of Energy. Nevada Operations Office. i Geological Survey (U.S.), red. Uranium, thorium isotopic analyses and uranium-series ages of calcite and opal, and stable isotopic compositions of calcite from drill cores UE25a#1, USW G-2 and USW G-3/GU-3, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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5

K, Kyser T., United States. Dept. of Energy. Nevada Operations Office. i Geological Survey (U.S.), red. Uranium, thorium isotopic analyses and uranium-series ages of calcite and opal, and stable isotopic compositions of calcite from drill cores UE25a#1, USW G-2 and USW G-3/GU-3, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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6

Griffith, Elizabeth, i Matthew Fantle. Calcium Isotopes. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

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7

Griffith, Elizabeth, i Matthew Fantle. Calcium Isotopes. Cambridge University Press, 2021.

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8

Griffith, Elizabeth M., i Matthew S. Fantle. Calcium Isotopes. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

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9

Schmitt, Anne-Desirée, Nikolaus Gussone, Florian Böhm, Alexander Heuser i Frank Wombacher. Calcium and Magnesium Stable Isotope Chemistry. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2016.

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10

Ellam, Rob. 10. Probing the Earth with isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0010.

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‘Probing the Earth with isotopes’ shows how, using isotopes, we have come to understand the structure and behaviour of the Earth. The outer few tens of kilometres are divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust, the sub-surface is divided into the mantle and the core. From the base of the crust to about 2,800 km depth, the Earth is rocky and composed of minerals like olivine and pyroxene that are rich in magnesium, iron, and calcium. From about 2,800 km to about 5,100 km depth the outer core is liquid. The remaining 1,200 km or so to the centre of the Earth is solid metal.

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11

Gussone, Nikolaus, Martin Dietzel, Anne-Désirée Schmitt, Alexander Heuser i Frank Wombacher. Calcium Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Springer London, Limited, 2016.

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12

Gussone, Nikolaus, Martin Schiller, Martin Dietzel, Anne-Désirée Schmitt, Alexander Heuser, Frank Wombacher i Edward Tipper. Calcium Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Springer, 2018.

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13

Ellam, Rob. 7. Reconstructing the past and weathering the future. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0007.

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Tiny microfossils called Foraminifera form calcium carbonate shells that record the δ18O composition of the seawater in which they grew. These microfossils are found in sea bed sediment cores, and a lot of information from these oxygen isotope records can be extracted. ‘Reconstructing the past and weathering the future’ looks at the methodology used in palaeoclimate studies and explains gain and phase modelling and Milankovitch orbital cycles. Similar isotope temperature records have been constructed from polar ice cores. Atmospheric CO2 composition can be reconstructed from the amount of CO2 dissolved in the ice. A new sub-discipline of clumped isotope geochemistry—‘isotomics’—will have applications far beyond carbonate palaeothermometry.

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14

Köhler-Langes, Florian. Electron Mass and Calcium Isotope Shifts: High-Precision Measurements of Bound-Electron G-Factors of Highly Charged Ions. Springer International Publishing AG, 2018.

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15

Uranium, thorium isotopic analyses and uranium-series ages of calcite and opal, and stable isotopic compositions of calcite from drill cores UE25a#1, USW G-2 and USW G-3/GU-3, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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16

Köhler-Langes, Florian. The Electron Mass and Calcium Isotope Shifts: High-Precision Measurements of Bound-Electron g-Factors of Highly Charged Ions. Springer, 2017.

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17

Ralston, Stuart H. Paget’s disease of bone. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0144.

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Paget's disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.

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18

Ralston, Stuart H. Paget’s disease of bone. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0144_update_001.

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Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.

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